UNIT-1 : DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION (ADVANCED)

SESSION 1: CREATE AND APPLY STYLES IN THE DOCUMENT

A style is a set of formats that you can apply to selected pages, text, frames, and other
elements in your document to quickly change their appearance.
When you apply a style, you apply a whole group of formats at the same time.
For example, you may decide to change the indentation of all paragraphs, or change the
font of all titles.
OpenOffice.org supports the following types of styles:
 Page styles include margins, headers and footers, borders and backgrounds. In Calc,
page styles also include the sequence for printing sheets.
• Paragraph styles control all aspects of a paragraph’s appearance, such as text
alignment, tab stops, line spacing, and borders, and can include character formatting.
• Character styles affect selected text within a paragraph, such as the font and
size of text, or bold and italic formats.
• Frame styles are used to format graphic and text frames, including wrapping
type, borders, backgrounds, and columns.
• Numbering styles apply similar alignment, numbering or bullet
characters, and fonts to numbered or bulleted lists.
• Cell styles include fonts, alignment, borders, background, number formats (for
example, currency, date, number), and cell protection.
• Graphics styles in drawings and presentations include line, area, shadowing,
transparency, font, connectors, dimensioning, and other attributes.
• Presentation styles include attributes for font, indents, spacing, alignment,
and tabs.
Applying styles
OpenOffice.org provides several ways for you to select styles to apply.
Creating a new style from a selection
You can create a new style by copying an existing manual format.
 Open the Styles and Formatting window and choose the type of style you want
to create.
 In the document, select the item you want to save as a style.
 In the Styles and Formatting window, click on the
New Style from Selection
 In the Create Style dialog, type a name for the new style. The list shows the names
of existing custom styles of the selected type. Click OK to save the new style.
Modifying styles
OpenOffice.org provides several ways to modify styles (both the predefined styles and
custom styles that you create):
• Updating a style from a selection
• Load or copy styles from another document or template
SESSION 2 : INSERT AND USE IMAGES
Images can be added to a document in several ways: by inserting an image file, directly
from a graphics program or a scanner, or from the OOo Gallery.
Inserting an image file
When the image is in a file stored on the computer, you can insert it into an OOo
document using either of the following methods:
 Drag and drop
 Open a file browser window and locate the image you want to insert.
 Drag the image into the Writer document and drop it where you want it to
appear. A faint vertical line marks where the image will be dropped.

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  Insert Picture dialog
 Click in the Open Office document where you want the image to appear.
 Choose Insert > Picture > From File from the menu bar.
 On the Insert Picture dialog navigate to the file to be inserted, select it, and
click Open.
Inserting An Image From The Clipboard
1. Open both the source document and the target document.
2. In the source document, select the image to be copied.
3. Move the mouse pointer over the selected image and press Control+C to copy the
image to the clipboard.
4. Switch to the target document.
5. Click to place the cursor where the graphic is to be inserted.
6. Press Control+V to insert the image.
Inserting An Image Using A Scanner
To start this procedure, click where you want the graphic to be inserted and select Insert
> Picture > Scan > Select Source.
Inserting An Image From The Gallery
1. To open the Gallery, click on the Gallery icon (located in the right side of the
Standard toolbar) or choose Tools > Gallery from the menu bar.
2. Navigate through the Gallery to find the desired picture.
3. To insert the picture, click and drag it from the Gallery into the Writer document.
You can also right-click on the picture and choose Insert>Copy.
Modifying an image
When you insert a new image, you may need to modify it to suit the document. Here
we will discuss the use of the Picture toolbar, resizing, cropping, and a workaround to
rotate a picture.
 Using the Picture toolbar
When you insert an image or select one already present in the document, the Picture
toolbar appears. You can set it to always be present (View > Toolbars > Picture).
Picture control buttons from the Picture toolbar can also be added to the Standard
Toolbar.
From these three toolbars, you can apply small corrections to the graphic or obtain
special effects.

Graphics mode
You can change color images to grayscale by selecting the image and then selecting
Grayscale from the Graphics mode list.
Flip vertically or horizontally
To flip an image vertically or horizontally, select the image, and then click the
relevant icon.
Filters
Table 1 provides a short description of the available filters, however the best way
to understand them is to see them in action. Feel free to experiment with the different
filters and filters settings, remembering that you can undo all the changes by pressing
Ctrl+Z or Alt+Backspace or by selecting Edit > Undo.
Color
Use this toolbar to modify the individual RGB color components of the image (red,
green, blue) as well as the brightness, contrast, and gamma of the image. If the result is
not satisfactory, you can press Control+Z to restore the default values.
Transparency

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 Modify the percentage value in the Transparency box on the Picture toolbar to make
the image more transparent. This is particularly useful when creating a watermark or
when wrapping the image in the background.

Using The Formatting Toolbar And Picture Dialog Grouping Drawing

Objects
1. Select one object, then hold down the Shift key and select the others you want to
include in the group. The bounding box expands to include all the selected objects.
2. With the objects selected, hover the mouse pointer over one of the objects and choose
Format > Group > Group from the menu bar or right-click and choose Group > Group
from the pop-up menu.
Positioning image/graphics within the text
When you add a graphic to a text document, you need to choose how to position it with
respect to the text and other graphics.
Positioning of a graphic is controlled by four settings:
1. Arrangement refers to the placement of a graphic on an imaginary vertical axis.
Arrangement controls how graphics are stacked upon each other or relative to the
text.
2. Alignment refers to the vertical or horizontal placement of a graphic in relation
to the chosen anchor point.
3. Anchoring refers to the reference point for the graphics. This point could be the
page, or frame where the object is, a paragraph, or even a character. An image always
has an anchor point.
4. Text wrapping refers to the relation of graphics to the surrounding text, which may
wrap around the graphic on one or both sides, be overprinted behind or in front of
the graphic, or treat the graphic as a separate paragraph or character.
3. CREATE AND USE TEMPLATE
 A template is a model that you use to create other documents. For example, you
can create a template for business reports that has your company’s logo on the first
page. New documents created from this template will all have your company’s logo
on the first page.
Using the Template
To use a particular template, choose File > New > Templates and Documents.
Changing To A Different Template
To change to a different template, choose File > New > Templates and Documents.
Working with tables
Rows-Row is a grouping of cells that run from the left to right of a page.
Cell- The intersection point between a row and a column is a cell.
Inserting a Table
1. Position the insertion point where you want the table to appear.
2. Choose Table ->Insert ->Table option. This will display the Insert Table dialog box.

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Writer's table of contents feature lets you build an automated table of contents from the
headings in your document.. For example, you can use the Heading 1 style for chapter
titles and the Heading 2 and Heading 3 styles for chapter subheadings.
Opening Writer's Table Of Contents Feature
4. CREATE AND CUSTOMIZE TABLE OF CONTENTS
Select Insert > Indexes and Tables > Indexes and Tables.
• Use the Index/Table tab to set the table's attributes.
• Use the Entries and Styles tabs to format the table entries.
• Use the Background tab to add color or a graphic to the table
background.
Protecting against manual changes
To protect the table of contents from being changed accidentally, check the Protected
against manual changes check box. If this box is checked, the table of contents can only
be changed using the context menu or the Insert Table/Index window
Using the Entries tab
Use the Entries tab, to format the entries in the table of contents. For each outline
level, you can add and delete elements, such as chapter numbers, and you can also apply
character styles to individual elements.
Deleting elements
To delete an element from the Structure line, click the button that represents that element
and then press the Delete key on your keyboard.
Adding elements
To add an element to the Structure line, follow these steps:
1. Place your cursor in the white field to the left of where you want to insert
the element.
2. Click one of the five buttons that are just below the Structure line. (For
example, to add a tab stop, click the Tab stop button.) A button representing the new
element appears on the Structure line.
Applying character styles
To apply a character style to an element on the Structure line:
On the Structure line, click the button that represents the element to which you want to
apply a style.
From the Character Style drop-down list, select the desired style. Writer applies the
selected style to the selected element.
To apply a paragraph style to an outline level, follow these steps:
1) In the Levels list box, select the desired outline level by clicking it.
2) In the Paragraph Styles list box, click the paragraph style that you want to apply.
3) Click the <button to apply the selected paragraph style to the
selectedoutline
4) level.
SESSION 5: IMPLEMENT MAIL MERGE
A mail merge is a way to take a letter you’ve written and send it to a whole bunch of
people, personalizing it with information about them so they might think that you typed
that letter personally for them.
Create a Mail Merge Document:
1. Open a template, if you have one you want to use, or create a new Writer document.
2. Save the document with the appropriate name, like
mailmerge_openenrollment.ods or mailmerge_parents.odt.
Note: Don’t save it in Word format. You must save it in OpenOffice.org Writer format or the mail
merge won’t work.
Editing a saved file of mailing labels
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To edit a saved file of mailing labels, open the saved label file in the normal way. You will
be prompted to update all links. Choose No for the following reason:
The first label on the page is termed the “Master Label” and all other labels are linked to
it. If you update the links, then all labels will end up containing the same data, which is
probably not what you want.
You can edit individual records in the normal way, by highlighting and changing the font
name, for example.
Preparing for printing
To prepare mailing labels for printing:
● Choose File > New > Labels.
● On the Options tab, ensure that the Synchronize contents option is elected.
● On the Labels tab (), select the Database and Table. Select the Brand of labels
to be used, and then select the Type of label.
Printing
● Choose File > Print. The message shown in appears. Click Yes to print.In the Mail
Merge dialog (), you can choose to print all records or selected records. To select
records to be printed, use Ctrl+click to select individual records. To select a block of
records, select the first record in the block, scroll to the last record in the block, and
Shift+click on the last record.
● Click OK to send the labels directly to the printer.

Fill in the blanks:

1. _PARAGRAPHS_ can be used to break continuous text to one or more sentences.

2. Paragraph group is available under _PAGE LAYOUT .
3. Default tab stop position is _0.5_.
4. _HEADERS_ can be used for inserting information at the top of each page automatically.
5. Header option is available under _HEADERS AND FOOTERS_ group in Insert Tab.
6. _FOOTERS_ can be used for inserting information at the bottom of each page automatically.
7. T he Footer option is available under _HEADERS AND FOOTERS_ group in the Insert Tab.
8. _STYLES_ are customized options for creating professional looking documents with the
minimum efforts.
9. You can change styles by using the STYLES_ group under the Home tab.
10. Templates or document templates refer to a SAMPLE FILL IN THE BLANK document.
11.Creating a new document based on a _TEMPLATE can save you _TIME AND EFFORTS
because _ALL THE WORK IT TAKES TO DESIGN THE DOCUMENT HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE_.
12. PAGE_ & _SECTION_ breaks can be used to separate a document into sections.
13. Using page breaks, you can create different _HEADERS AND FOOTERS , DIFFERENT
FOOTNOTE NUMBERING , CHANGE LAYOUT
14. A section break controls the _FORMATTING_ of the document content that _PRECEDES_ it,
until it reaches another section break.
15. T o see a section/page break, click the _SHOW/ HIDE_ button.
16. After selecting the text you need to click the _GROW FONT_ in the Font group to make the font
size larger than the current font size.
17. T o remove the character formatting, select the text and click on CLEAR FORMATTING_in the
Font group.
18. On selecting SENTENCE CASE_, the first character in the first word of the selected
sentence will be converted to Capital Letter.
19. On selecting _CAPITALIZED EACH WORD_, the first character in all the words of the selected
sentence will be converted to Capital Letter.
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 20. Embedding an object _PART the document while linking an object does_NOT_ into the document
files.
21. Readers trying to access the linked object must also have _DIRECT ACCESS_ file that forms that
object.
22. Clip Art can help in making a document look _COLOURFUL and PRESENTABLE_.
23. Clip Art is available under _CLIP ART Illustrations group in Insert Tab

24. To search for a picture, place the cursor _BEFORE_ the text, click Insert Tab,
and click _PICTURE_ under Illustrations.
25. After you have inserted the picture, you can wrap the text by using the WRAP TEXT option.
26. To open an embedded document, DOUBLE CLICK ON_ it.
27. Embedded objects CANNOT be printed.
28. When you embed objects in a document, you may have trouble emailing it
because THE SIZE OF THE DOCUMENT INCREASES SIGNIFICANTLY SIZE _.
29. You can insert lines, basic geometric shapes, arrows, equation shapes, flowchart
shapes, stars, banners, and callouts using the _SHAPE_ option.
30. Symbol option is available under SYMBOL_ group in the Insert tab.

Q1. What are Styles ? What are the advantages of using styles?
Ans. A style is a set of formats that you can apply to selected pages, text, frames, and other
elements in your document to quickly change their appearance.
Advantages of using styles are :
1. Styles help us to apply consistent formatting to the documents.
2. Using styles we can easily change the existing format.
3. Styles makes major formatting changes simple.
Q2. Give any four styles supported by OpenOffice.org
Ans. Four Styles supported by OpenOffice.org are.
1. Page styles include margins, headers and footers, borders and backgrounds.
2. Paragraph styles control all aspects of a paragraph’s appearance, such as text alignment, tab
stops, line spacing, and borders.
3. Character styles affect selected text within a paragraph, such as the font and size of text, or
bold and italic formats.
4. Numbering styles apply similar alignment, numbering or bullet.
Q3. How can we create our own styles?
Ans. We can create new styles by following two ways :
1. Creating new styles from selection.
2. Dragging And Dropping To Create A Style.
Q4. Explain any four Graphic filters.
Ans. Four graphic filters are :
Invert : Inverts the color values of a color image or the brightness values of a grayscale image.
Smooth : Softens the contrast of an image.
Sharpen : Increases the contrast of an image.
Posterize : Makes a picture appear like a painting.
Q5. Explain Image Cropping.
Ans. When you are interested in a section of the image for the purpose of your document, you
may wish to crop (cut off) parts of it. Right click on image and select Picture from the pop-up
menu. In the Picture dialog box, select the Crop page and select the part from left, right, top and
bottom which you want to remove.
digital documentation class 10
Digital Documentation Class 10 IT Code 402
Q6. List any three methods of inserting images in a text document.
Ans. Three methods of inserting images in a text document are :
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a. Drag and Drop
b. Inserting An Image From The Clipboard
c. Inserting An Image Using A Scanner
Q7. What do you understand by the terms:
a. Text Wrapping
b. Anchoring
Ans. Text wrapping refers to the relation of graphics to the surrounding text, which may wrap
around the graphic on one or both sides, be overprinted behind or in front of the graphic.
Anchoring : IT refers to the reference point for the graphics. This point could be the page, or
frame where the object is. An image always has an anchor point.
Q8. What are templates? What are the advantages of using templates?
Ans. A template is a model that you use to create other documents. For example, you can create a
template for business reports that has your company’s logo on the first page. When you create a
new documents from this template will all have your company’s logo on the first page.
One of the major advantages of using templates is the ease of updating styles in more than one
document. Another advantage is that it also saves your time.
Q9. What is the difference between styles and templates?
Ans.

Styles Templates

A style is a set of formats that you can apply to

selected pages, text, frames, and other elements A template is a model that you use to
in your document to quickly change their create other documents.
appearance.

Templates help to keep formatting

Styles help to keep formatting consistent in the
consistent across multiple
entire document
documents

Q10. Explain different ways of creating a template

Ans. Templates can be created in the following two ways
1. Creating A Template From A Document
To create a template from a document:
a. Open a new or existing document of the type you want to make into a template
b. Add the content and styles that you want.
c. From the main menu, choose
File > Templates > Save.
d. The template dialog box open.
e. Type the name of the template.
f. Click OK to save the new template
2. Creating A Template Using A Wizard
a. From the main menu, choose File > Wizards >[type of template required]
b. Follow the instructions on the pages of the wizard.
c. In the last section of the wizard, you can specify the name and location for saving the template.
Q11. Explain Mail Merge.
Ans. A mail merge is a way to take a letter you’ve written and send it to a whole bunch of people,
personalizing it with information about them so they might think that you typed that letter
personally for them. In short, it’s a way to be personal, yet efficient.
Q12. What are advantages of Mail Merge?
Ans. Advantages of mail merge are :
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 1. It saves our time and efforts.
2. It helps to create multiple personalized letters in a very less time.
3. It also help to keep the formatting consistent in all the letters.
Q13. Give examples of databases in which the Data Source can be created.

Ans. Databases in which the Data Source can be created are :

1. MySQL
2. MS – Access
3. OpenOffice base
4. Oracle Q14. List any five items that can be added to the header area?
The following are the items can be added to the header area.
 Page Number - Inserts page numbers into the document.
 Date & Time - Inserts the current date or time into the current document.
 Quick Parts - Meant for insert reusable parts of the content in the document, fields and document
properties.
 Picture - Meant for inserting a picture from the other source file
 Clipart - Insert Clip art into the document to illustrate a specific concept.
 Subheading of the article.
 Narrator's address or telephone number.

Q15. List any two websites that offers free clip arts.

Ans: what is clip art? List of Free Clip Art Websites?

pre-installed collection of pictures that help us decorate our presentation are known as cliparts.

http://www.openclipart.org • http://www.pdclipart.org • http://www.clker.com •

http://www.freeclipartnow.com • http://www.wpclipart.com
Q16. What are Objects in a Word processing software
a word processing software includes creating, editing, saving and printing documents.
copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document. Word processing
software includes PDF files, excel charts or worksheets, or PowerPoint presentation
depending on version of word you are using
Q17. List any three word wrapping options available in a word processing software?
. Ans: The three word wrapping options available in a word processing software are: tight,
square and through.
Q18. List word wrapping options available in a word processing software.
Ans: The following are the word wrapping options available in word processing software: 
In line with text  Square  Tight  Through  Top and Bottom  Behind the text  Infront of
text

Q.19. what is WORD PROCESSING?

Ans: Word processing is the ability to create documents using a word processor. Example using MS
word.

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 UNIT-2 : ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET (ADVANCED)
Session 1 : Analyze data using scenarios and goal seek
Consolidating data
Data Consolidation allows you to gather together your data from separate worksheets into a master
worksheet. In other words, the Data Consolidation function takes data from a series of worksheets or
workbooks and summaries it into a single worksheet that you can update easily.
The data from the consolidation ranges and target range are saved when you save the worksheet. If you
later open a worksheet in which consolidation has been defined, this data will again be available. It is
available under Data menu->Consolidate option

Creating subtotals.
SUBTOTAL is a function listed under the Mathematical category when you use the Function Wizard
(Insert > Function). Because of its usefulness, the function has a graphical interface. It is accessible
from Data menu.
SUBTOTAL, totals/adds data arranged in an array—that is, a group of cells with labels for columns
and/or rows. Using the Subtotals dialog, you can select arrays, and then choose a statistical function to
apply to them. For efficiency, you can choose up to three groups of arrays to which to apply a function.
When you click OK, Calc adds subtotals and grand totals to the selected arrays, using the Result and
Result2 cell styles for them. It is available under Data -> Subtotals

Scenarios
Scenarios are a tool to test “what-if” questions. Each scenario is named, and can be edited and
formatted separately. When you print the spreadsheet, only the content of the currently active
scenario is printed.
A scenario is essentially a saved set of cell values for your calculations. You can easily switch
between these sets using the Navigator or a drop-down list which can be shown beside the
changing cells.
For example, if you wanted to calculate the effect of different interest rates on an investment, you
could add a scenario for each interest rate, and quickly view the results. Formulas that rely on the
values changed by your scenario are updated when the scenario is opened. Available Tools >
Scenarios
Creating scenarios
To create a scenario, select all the cells that provide the data for the scenario.
Tools > Scenarios

Goal Seek
Using Goal Seek option under Tools menu, you can discover what values will produce the result that
you want.
Using Goal Seek
Tools > Goal Seek reverses the usual order for a formula. Usually, you run a formula to get the result
when certain arguments are entered. By contrast, with Goal Seek, you work with a completed formula to
see what values you need in an argument to get the results that you want.

Using the Solver

Tools > Solver amounts to a more elaborate form of Goal Seek. The difference is that the Solver deals
with equations with multiple unknown variables. It is specifically designed to minimize or maximize the
result according to a set of rules that you define.

Each of these rules sets up whether an argument in the formula

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should be greater than, lesser than, or equal to the value you enter.
If you want the argument to remain unchanged, you enter a rule that the cell that contains it should be
equal to its current entry.
For arguments that you would like to change, you need to add two rules to define a range of possible
values:
The limiting conditions : For example, you can set the constraint that one of the variables or cells
must not be bigger than another variable, or not bigger than a given value. You can also define the
constraint that one or more variables must be integers or binary values.

Session 2 : Link Data and Spreadsheets Using Multiple Workbooks and Linking Cells
Spreadsheet also allows you to link the cells from various worksheets and from various spread sheets
to summarize data from several sources. In this manner, you can create formulas that span different
sources and make calculations using a combination of local and linked information.
Multiple sheets help keep information organized;
Setting up multiple sheets
Identifying sheets
When you open a new spreadsheet it has, by default, it has a sheet named Sheet1 which is managed
using tabs at the bottom of the spreadsheet, as shown below.
Inserting new sheets
There are several ways to insert a new sheet. The first step, in all cases, is to select the sheet that will be
next to the new sheet. Then do any of the following:
Select the plus icon at the bottom of the screen.
Or, select Home > Insert > Insert Sheet.

Renaming Worksheets
There are three ways you can rename a worksheet
1. Double-click on one of the existing worksheet names.
2. Right-click on an existing worksheet name, then choose Rename from the resulting Context
menu.
3. Select the worksheet you want to rename (click on the worksheet tab) and then select the
Sheet option from the Format menu. This displays a submenu from which

4. you should select the Rename option.

Insert Sheet from different Spreadsheet
If you prefer, select the Link option to insert the external sheet as a link instead as a copy. This is one of
several ways to include “live” data from another spreadsheet.
The links can be updated manually to show the current contents of the external file; or, depending on
the options you have selected in Tools > Options > OpenOffice.org Calc

> General > Updating, whenever the file is opened.

Create or change a cell reference
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A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used to find the values or
data that you want formula to calculate.
In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to refer to:
• Data from one or more contiguous cells on the worksheet.
• Data contained in different areas of a worksheet.
• Data on other worksheets in the same workbook.
Creating reference to other sheets
There are two ways to reference cells in other sheets: by entering the formula directly using the
keyboard or by using the mouse.
Calc can link different files together. The process is the same, but we add one more parameter to
indicate which file the sheet is in.
Creating The Reference With The Keyboard
Typing the reference is simple once you know the format the reference takes. The reference has
three parts to it: Path and file name . Sheet name . Cell name
The general format for the reference is
=’file:///Path &File Name’#$SheetName.CellName

Working with Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks can be used in Calc to jump to a different location from within a spreadsheet and can lead
to other parts of the current file, to different files or even to web sites.

Relative And Absolute Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks can be stored within your file as either relative or absolute. An absolute link will stop
working only if the target is moved. A relative link will stop working only if the start and target locations
change relative to each other. For instance, if you have two spreadsheets in the same folder linked to
each other and you move the entire folder to a new location, a relative hyperlink will not break.

To change the way that OOo saves the hyperlinks in your file, select Tools > Options > Load/Save >
General and choose if you want URLs saved relatively when referencing the File System, or the Internet,
or both. You can insert and modify links using the Hyperlink dialog. To display the dialog, click the
Hyperlink icon on the Standard toolbar or choose Insert > Hyperlink from the menu bar. To turn
existing text into a link, highlight it before opening the Hyperlink dialog.

Linking To External Data

You can insert tables from HTML documents, and data located within named ranges from an
OpenOffice.org Calc or Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, into a Calc spreadsheet
You can do this in two ways: using the External Data dialog or using the Navigator.

Insert -> Link to External Data.

Tools -> Options -> OpenOffice.org Base -> Databases

Session 3 : Sharing Worksheet Data

In most office settings, there is a shared drive where teams can store common files for everyone to use.
This usually leads to sighting of the message:
“The document [file name] is locked for editing by another user. To open a read-only copy of this
document, click“!!
This message appears because someone else already has the file open. Sometimes however, it is
necessary to have multiple people working on a file at the same time. This can be to either speed up
data entry or simply make things easier for collaboration purposes.

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Spreadsheet software allows the user to share the workbook and place it in the network location
where several users can access it simultaneously. in this exercise, you will learn how to share a
worksheet.

Now to share the spreadsheets do the following.

At any time, you can set up a spreadsheet for sharing with others. With the spreadsheet document
open, choose Tools > Share
Document to activate the collaboration features for this worksheet. A dialog opens where you can
choose to enable or disable sharing.
When you save a shared spreadsheet, one of several situations may occur:
● If the worksheet was not modified and saved by another user since you opened it, the worksheet is
saved.
If the worksheet was modified and saved by another user since you opened it, one of the
following events will occur:
● If the changes do not conflict, the worksheet is saved, the dialog below appears, and
any cells modified by the other user are shown with a red border.
● If the changes conflict, the Resolve Conflicts dialog is shown. You must decide for each
conflict which version to keep, yours or the other person’s. When all conflicts are resolved,
the worksheet is saved. While you are resolving the conflicts, no other user can save the
shared worksheet.
● If another user is trying to save the shared worksheet and resolve conflicts, you see a
message that the shared spreadsheet file is locked due to a merge-in in progress. You can
choose to cancel the
● Save command for now, or retry saving later. When you successfully save a shared
spreadsheet, the worksheet shows the latest version of all changes that got saved by all users.
● Calc has the feature to track what data was changed, when the change was made, who made the
change and in which cell the change has occurred. Edit > Changes > Record from the menu bar. A
colored border, with a dot in the upper left-hand corner, appears around a cell where changes were
made. Other reviewers then quickly know which cells were edited. A deleted column or row is marked
by a heavy colored bar.

● Calc automatically adds to any recorded change a comment describing what was changed
(for example, Cell B4 changed from ‘9’ to ‘4’). Reviewers and authors can add their comments
to explain their changes. Edit > Changes > Comments.

● When you receive a worksheet back with changes, the beauty of the recording changes
system becomes evident. Now, as the original author, you can step through each change and
decide how to proceed. To begin this process: Edit > Changes > Accept or Reject
● When sharing worksheets reviewers may forget to record the changes they make. This is not a
problem with Calc because Calc can find the changes by comparing worksheets. In order to compare
worksheets you need to have the original worksheet and the one that is edited. Edit > Compare
Document.

Session 4 : Create and use Macros in Spreadsheet

● A macro is a saved sequence of commands or keystrokes that are stored for later use.
● A macro is a recorded name of set of tasks or commands in MS Excel which is used to
repeat them by single click or shortcut key.
Advantages of Macro
1. It saves user’s time
2. Repeat a number of commands in just one click or using the shortcut key
3. User can record numerous formatting commands or formulas in a single worksheet
12
 4. User can use their names for each macro
5. It reduces the errors occurring with repetitive tasks
6. It is capable to perform any kind of complex calculations easily
To get macro go to view->macros

Record macro dialog box in MS Excel

1. Macro Name: Give a name for your macro.
2. Shortcut key: You can assign a shortcut key for the macro.
3. Store macro in: It provides three locations to store your macro as follows:
 Personal macro workbook
 New Workbook
 This Workbook
4. Description: You can write a brief description of your macro.
Fill in the blanks:

1. _AUTOMATIC CALCULATION of formulas is one of the most powerful features of

electronic spreadsheets.
2. AUTOSUM_ is used for adding the values given in cells automatically without
writing the formula.
3. AutoSum option is available in EDITING_group under the Home tab.
4. Autosum automatically selects the values around the cells either _HORIZONTALLY_
or_VERTICALLY_.
5. CONDITIONAL FORMATTING allows you to change the formatting (font
color, border, shading) of the cells based on the values in it.
6. Conditional formatting is available under STYLES GROUP in Home tab.
7. When you freeze a row, HEADER_ remains constant.
8. Freeze Panes option is available under _WINDOW group in VIEW tab.
9. T he panes are formed where your CURSOR is placed.
10. T o insert a _VERTICAL page break, select the row below where you want to insert the page
break.
11. T o insert a _HORIZONTAL_page break, select the column to the right of where you want to
insert the page break.
12. The Breaks option is available under_PAGE SETUP group in the Page Layout tab.

13
13. To return to Normal view after you finish working with the page breaks, you need to click

NORMAL_ in the _WORKBOOK VIEWS_ group under the View tab.

14. Spread sheet software provides various page layout options for organizing pages
using _PAGE LAYOUT OPTION_.
15. Margins option is available under_WORKBOOK VIEW group in the VIEW_ tab.
16. Two types of page orientation are _PORTRAIT & LANDSCAPE_.
17. Different types of views are available under _WORKBOOK VIEW_ in the View tab.
18. The five types of views available are NORMAL VIEW_ , _PAGE LAYOUT,
_CUSTOM VIEWS_, _PAGE BREAK PREVIEW_& FULL SCREEN
.
19. The _CUSTOM VIEWS_helps you to view a selected area of a workbook.
20. Assigning names to cells in a worksheet help you to LOCATE QUICKLY specific cells.
21. The Define Name option is available underDEFINES NAMES_ group in the
FORMULAS tab.
22. A chart is a GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of data, in which the data is
represented by symbols, such as _BAR in a bar chart, _LINES_ in a line chart, or
SLICES in a pie chart.
23. T he three tabs that are available after inserting the chart in the spreadsheet are

_DESIGN , LAYOUT_ & _FORMAT_.

24. Sort helps you arrange the selected data either in an ASCENDING_ or _DESCENDING
order.
25. Using filter you can extract data based on SOME CONDITIONDS .
26. Sort option is available in SORT AND FILTER group under the Data tab.
27. Filter option is available in _ SORT AND FILTER group under the Data tab.
28. Switch Windows option is available in _ WINDOW group under the View tab.
29. Linking cells from different _WORKSHEETS_ / _SPREADSHEET_ helps you to
summarize data from different sources.
30. Linking data helps you help to keep information UPTO DATE_ without
editing at multiple locations.
31. Share Workbook option is available in _CHANGES_ group under the Review tab.
32. Shared workbooks don’t allow _MERGING CELL, CONDITIONAL
FORMATTING_ & inserting_PICTURES or _GRAPHS.

33. At the bottom of each worksheet window is a small tab that indicates the name of the
worksheets in the workbook.
34. A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used to
find the values or data that you want formula to calculate.
35. Spreadsheet software allows the user to share the workbook and place it in
the Network location where several users can access.
36. Spreadsheet software can find the changes by Comparing Sheets.
37. Macros are useful to repeat a task the same way over and over again.
Question and Answers (Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced)
Q1. How can we rename a worksheet?

Ans. There are three ways you can rename a worksheet

a. Double-click on one of the existing worksheet names.
b. Right-click on an existing worksheet name, then choose Rename from the
resulting Context menu.
14
c. Select the worksheet you want to rename (click on the worksheet tab) and then
select the Sheet option from the Format menu. This displays a submenu from which
you should select the Rename option.

Q2. What are the two ways of referencing cells in other worksheets?

Ans. Two ways to reference cells in other sheets: by entering the formula directly
using the keyboard or by using the mouse.

Q3. Differentiate between Relative and absolute hyperlinks.

Ans. Hyperlinks can be used in Calc to jump to a different location from within a
spreadsheet. An absolute link will stop working only if the target is moved. A
relative link will stop working only if the start and target locations change relative
to each other. For instance, if you have two spreadsheets in the same folder linked to
each other and you move the entire folder to a new location, a relative hyperlink
will not break.

Q4. List the procedure involved in Linking HTML Tables to Calc Worksheet.

Ans. You can insert tables from HTML documents, and data located within named
ranges from an OpenOffice.org Calc or Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, into a Calc
spreadsheet.
We can do this in two ways: using the External Data dialog or using the Navigator.

Using the External Data dialog

a. Open the Calc worksheet where the external data is to be inserted. This is the
target worksheet.
b. Select the cell where the external data is to be inserted.
c. Choose Insert -> Link to External Data.
d. On the External Data dialog, type the URL of the source worksheet or click the […]
button to open a file selection dialog. Press Enter to get Calc to load the list of
available tables.
e. In the Available tables/range list, select the named ranges or tables you want to
insert. You can also specify that the ranges or tables are updated every (number of)
seconds.
f. Click OK to close this dialog and insert the linked data.

Electronic Spreadsheet

Q5. What is the purpose of adding comments?

Ans. Comments are mostly used in shared Calc sheet which is used to explain the
changes made in the sheet to the author of the sheet.

Q6. How can we add comments to the changes made?

Ans. Comments can be added as follows:

1. Make the change to the spreadsheet.
2. Select the cell with the change.
3. Choose Edit > Changes > Comments. The automatically-added comment provided
by Calc appears in the title bar of this dialog and cannot be edited.
15
4. Type your own comment and click OK.
After you have added a comment to a changed cell, you can see it by hovering the
mouse pointer over the cell.

Q7. What are Macros?

Ans. A macro is a saved sequence of commands or keystrokes that are stored for
later use. Macros are especially useful to repeat a task the same way over and over
again.

Q8. How can we record a Macro?

Ans. Steps to record macro are as follows
a. Use Tools > Macros > Record Macro to start the macro recorder. The Record
Macro dialog is displayed with a stop recording button.

b. Perform the actions you want to be recorded in the document.

c. Click Stop Recording.
d. The Macro dialog appears, in which you can save and run the macro.

UNIT-3 : Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:- In a

stationary shop, detailed records of the materials available in the shop is database.
Similarly in a computerized system, we need to maintain several files, we would used
database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL. These
database programs are used to organize the data as per our needs in the computer
system.
Database Management System (DBMS) - A database management system is a software
package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a
database. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the
same database. Some of the DBMSs are Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft
Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.

Advantages of Database
Reduces Data Redundancy : no chance of encountering duplicate data
Sharing of Data : the users of the database can share the data among themselves
Data Integrity : Data integrity means that the data is accurate and consistent in the
database
Data Security : Only authorised users are allowed to access the database and their
identity is authenticated using a username and password
Privacy : The privacy rule in a database states that only the authorized users can access a
database according to its privacy constraints
Backup and Recovery : Database Management System automatically takes care of backup
and recovery.
Data Consistency : Data Consistency means there should be multiple mismatching copies
of the same data.

Data can be organized into two types:-

Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common
field. Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.

16
Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual
databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Databases on the database servers
are accessed through command line or graphic user interface tools referred to as
Frontends; database servers are referred to as Back-ends. Such type of data access is
referred to as Client-server model.

RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management

system that is based on the relational model. In the relational model of a database, all data
is represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into relations (tables). A database
organized in terms the relational model is a relational database.

Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used for storing and
managing information.

Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the database.

Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.

Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields) stored in your

database about one of the items.
Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in while
adding information to your database.
For example, Database : Employee

Emp_Code Emp_Name Emp_Address Emp_Designation Emp_ContactNo Emp_Salary

E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs.5000

Item : Employee
Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address , Emp_Designation ,
Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary
Record :
Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs. 50,000
Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely

identifies the record. Eg. E001 which is unique to every employee.

Important Question :- How data is organized in a RDBMS ?
Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.

TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical
columns and horizontal rows. Each row is identified by a unique key index or the key
field.

COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for
each row of the table. For eg. Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.

ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a single, data items in a table. Each
row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the same
structure.

17
DATA TYPES :- Datatypes are used to identify the type of data we are going to store
in the database.
Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly classified into five categories:-

• Numeric Types
• Alphanumeric Types
• Binary Types
• Date Time
• Other variable Types

NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric values like mobile number, age,
etc.
The different types of numeric data types available are-

1. Boolean (Yes / No)

6. Numeric

2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer) 7. Decimal

3. SmallInt (Small Integer) 8. Real

4. Integer 9. Float

5. BigInt (Big Integer) 10. Double

ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-
The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric types are

1.
LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)

2. Char (Text-fix) (Small Text)

3. VarChar (Text) (Text of specified Length)

4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text) (Comparisions are not case

sensitive)

BINARY TYPES:-

● Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be used for storing
photos, music files or (in general file of any format) etc.

The list of different datatypes available in Binary types are :-

LongVarBinary (Image)
●
. Binary (Binary (fix)

VarBinary (Binary)

18
 DATE TIME:-

Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the field used in the
table of a database. It can be used for storing information such as date of birth, date of
admission etc.

The list of different data types available in Date Time type are :-

● Date (Stores month, day and year information)

● Time (Store hour , minute and second information)
● Timestamp (Stores date and time information)

PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table. These
keys are also indexed in the database, making it faster for the database to search a record.

FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing)
table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.
Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and provides the PK(Primary Key)
Attributes to be copied. The “many” side of a relation is always the child, into which the
FK(Foreign Key) attributes are copied.
Memorize it : one, parent, PK (Primary Key) ; many, child , FK (Foreign Key)
There are two types of languages:-
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands

that define the different structures in a database. DDL statements create,modify and
remove database objects such as tables, indexes and users.
Common DDL Statements are:-
1. Create :- Used to create database objects.
2. Alter :- Used to modify database objects.
3. Drop :- Used to delete database objects.
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands that enables users to
access and manipulate data in a database.
mmon DML Statements are:-
1. SELECT :- Used for retrieval of information from the database.
2. INSERT :- Used for insertion of new information into the database.
3. DELETE :- Used for deletion of information in the database.
4. UPDATE :- Used for modification of information in the database.

Types of DML:-
1. Procedural:- The user specifies what data is needed and how to get it.
2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is needed.
Note:- A popular data manipulation language is SQL (Structured Query Language.)
In this article on SQL Commands, I am going to consider the below database as an
example, to show you how to write commands.

Employee_Info
Emp.No Emp.Name Contact Number Salary DOB City
101 Ravi 4567891235 40000 12-3-1980 Bangalore
102 Kiran 1234567890 56000 15-8-1989 Hyderabad
103 Rajani 9987654321 78000 23-9-1990 Chennai
19
CREATE : To create Table

CREATE TABLE Employee_Info

DROP : To Delete
DROP DATABASE Employee (complete information present in the database will be lost)
DROP TABLE TableName (complete information present in the table will be lost)

TRUNCATE Table Employee_Info (your information will be lost, but not

the table)

ALTER : This statement is used to add, delete, modify columns in an existing table

ALTER TABLE
Employee_Info ADD BloodGroup varchar(255);.

INSERT : This statement is used to insert new records into the table.

INSERT INTO Employee_Info VALUES ('02', 'Anay','Soumya', '9432156783', ' Marathalli

House No 23', 'Delhi', 'India');

UPDATE : This statement is used to modify the records already present in the table

UPDATE Employee_Info SET EmployeeName = 'Aahana', City= 'Ahmedabad' WHERE

EmployeeID = 1;

DELETE : This statement is used to delete the existing records in a table

DELETE FROM Employee_Info WHERE EmployeeName='Preeti';

SELECT : This statement is used to select data from a database and the data returned is
stored in a result table, called the result-set.

SELECT EmployeeID, EmployeeName FROM Employee_Info;

( is used to select all from the table SELECT * FROM Employee_Info;

. Fill in the blanks.

1. A database is an organized collection of data.

2. A DBMS is a software package that can be used for creating and managing databases.
3. A RDBMS is a database management system that is based on the relational model.
4. Three popular DBMS software are Microsoft Access, OpenOfficeBase & MySQL.
5. A Primary Key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table.
6. Composite Key is a combination of one or more columns.
7. A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of
vertical columns and horizontal rows.
8. A column is a set of data values of a particular type, one for each row of the table.
9. A row represents a single, data item in a table.
10. Datatypes are used to identify which type of data we are going to store in the
20
database.
11. Create table DDL command is used to create a table.
12. Common DDL statements are create, alter and drop.
13. The types of languages used for creating and manipulating the data in the Database
are DDL & DML.
14. A DDL is a standard for commands that define the different structures in a database.
15. A DML is a language that enables users to access and manipulate data in a database.
16. A Select is a part of DML involving information retrieval only.
17. A popular data manipulation language is SQL.
18. Tables are the basic building blocks of a database.
19. There are three types of Relationships in a table.
20. A form helps the user to systematically store information in the database.
21. A form enables users to view, enter, and change data directly in database objects
such as tables.
22. SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or
database views.
23. By default, data is arranged in ascending order using ORDER BY clause.
24. UPDATE statement is used for modifying records in a database.
25. DELETE statement is used to remove one or more records in a Database.
26. To create a form you need to select the form option available under Database section.
27. A query helps to collect specific information from the pool of data in the database.
28. Report is used to display the summary of data.
29. Forms are the interfaces with which the user interacts.
30. Data from multiple tables can be linked with the help of Primary Key and Foreign
Key constraints.
Q1. What does DBMS Stands for?

Ans. DBMS stands for Database Management System.

Q2. What does RDBMS Stands for?

Ans. RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

Q3. How is data organized in a RDBMS?

Ans. The Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) organizes the data into
tables. In tables vertical lines are called fields and horizontal lines are called
records.

Q4. State the relationship and difference between a primary and foreign key.
Ans. Primary key and Foreign key are used to relate the tables so that data can be
fetched from multiple tables. We cannot enter duplicate values in Primary key
while duplicate values can be entered in Foreign Key.

Q5. In how many ways tables can be created in Base?

Ans. Tables can be created in two ways.

1. In Design view
2. Using Wizard

Q6. Why are data types used in DBMS /RDBMS?

Q7. List datatypes available in Numeric Datatype?

21
Ans. The different types of numeric data types are:

Boolean Bigint Float

Tinyint Numeric Double
Smallint Decimal
Integer Real

Q8. List datatypes available in Alphanumeric Data Type?

Ans. The different types of Alphanumeric Data Type are:

Longvarchar Varchar
Char Varchar_Ignore Case

Q9. Define the structure of a table.

Ans. A table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized in vertical columns
and horizontal rows. A table has a defined number of columns, but can have any
number of rows.

Q10. Differentiate between Tuples and Attributes of a table.

Ans. A row also called a Record or Tuple represents a single, data item in a table.
Whereas A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each
row of the table.

Q11. Name different Binary data types.

Ans. The different Binary data types are:

1. Longvarbinary 2. Binary 3. Varbinary

Q12. What is the file extension for databases created using OpenOffice.Org Base?

Ans. The extension is .odb

Q13. List any three file formats that can be managed using OpenOffice.Org Base?

Ans. Three file formats that can be managed using OpenOffice.Org Base.

1. .odb 2. .odf 3. .odt

Q14. How many types of relationships can be created in Base? Explain each of them.

Ans. There are three types of relationship in OpenOffice Base.

ONE to ONE : In this relationship, both the tables must have primary key columns.
Example: In the given tables EMP and DEPT, EMP_ID in EMP table and DEPT_ID in
DEPT table are the primary keys.
ONE to MANY : In this relationship, one of the table must have primary key column. It
signifies that one column of primary key table is associated with all the columns of
associated table.
MANY to MANY : In this relationship, no table has the primary key column. It signifies
that all the columns of primary key table are associated with all the columns of
22
associated table.

Q15. What do you mean by Sorting? In how many ways it can be done?

Ans. Sorting means arranging elements in particular sequence. It can be done in two
ways.

1. Increasing order
2. Decreasing Order

23
Q16. Explain Referential Integrity with the help of an example.

Ans. Referential integrity is used to maintain accuracy and consistency of data in a

relationship. In Base, data can be linked between two or more tables with the help of
primary key and foreign key constraints. for example we have two tables :
Student table has fields Admno, Name, Fname , Mname (Admno is a primary Key)
Teacher table has fields T_id, Admno, Tname, Tsal (T_id is primary key and Admno is
Foreign Key)
Both the above tables can be linked by Common Fields ie Admno

Q17. Name DML commands.

Ans. DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. DML Commands are :
SELECT – retrieve data from a database.
INSERT – insert data into a table.
UPDATE – updates existing data within a table.
DELETE – deletes all or specific records from a table.

Q18. What is the purpose of using queries?

Ans. The purpose of using query is to collect specific information from the pool of
data(TABLE). A query also helps us to extract information from different tables.

Q19. Which clause of the Select statement helps to display specific data?

Ans. ‘Where’ clause of the Select statement helps to display specific data.

Q20. Differentiate between Where and Orderby clause of SQL statements.

Ans. Where clause helps to retrieve specific row from the table and ORDER BY clause
specifies an order in which to return the rows.

Q21. State the purpose of Update Command with the help of an example.

Ans. Update statement is used for modifying records in a table. for example the
following command will increase the salary of all employees by Rs 2000.
Update emp set sal = sal + 2000;

Information Technology Code 402 Class 10 Book Solutions

Short Answer Questions – Page 161
Q22. Why is there a need to create Forms?

Ans. A form provides the user a systematic way of storing information into the
database. It is an interface in a user specified layout that lets users to view, enter, and
change data directly in database objects such as tables.

24
 Q23. What is the purpose of creating Reports?

Ans. A report helps to display the data in a summarized manner. It is used to

generate the overall work outcome in a clear format. We can create reports in
OpenOffice Base using wizard.

Q24. What are the prerequisites to create a Form and Reports?

Ans. Table must be created and selected before creating forms and reports in
OpenOffice Base.

Q25. Differentiate between Forms and Reports.

Forms Reports

A form provides an interface that allows Reports are used to present data from
users to enter, change and view the data in a tables
database table. Forms are made up of elements or queries in a format that can be
such as textboxes and labels. printed.

We can make changes to data. We can not make changes to the data.

information technology code 402 class 10 book solutions

Q26. Can a form display data from queries?

Ans. Yes

Q27. In how many ways Forms and Reports can be created in a database?

Ans. Forms and Reports can be created in two ways:

1. Create Form in design View
2. Create Form using wizard

UNIT-4 :WEB APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY

SESSION 1: WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

Computer Accessibility refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all,
regardless of their disability., it enables a person with a disability or impairment to use a
computer. It is known as Assistive Technology.

LAUNCHING ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

To launch accessibility options in WindowsXP, Click Start > Control Panel > Accessibility
Options.
KEYBOARD TAB

25
Sticky Keys
StickyKeys is an accessibility feature to help computer users with physical disabilities, but
it is also used by others as a means to reduce repetitive strain.

FilterKeys
FilterKeys is a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function that tells the
keyboard to ignore brief or repeated keystrokes, making typing easier for people with hand
tremors.

ToggleKeys
ToggleKeys is also a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function which is
designed for people who have vision impairment or cognitive disabilities. When
ToggleKeys is turned on, computer emits sound cues when the locking keys (Caps Lock,
Num Lock, or Scroll Lock) are pressed. A high sound is emitted when the keys are switched
on and a low sound is emitted when they are switched off.

Sound Tab
Select the Sound Tab. A window with options to configure accessibility options for sound is
displayed

SoundSentry
SoundSentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments. SoundSentry generates
visual warnings, such as a blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the computer
generates a sound.

ShowSounds
ShowSounds instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also provide
information visually, through text captions or informative icons.

Display Tab
Select the Display Tab. A window with options to configure accessibility options for display
is displayed.

High Contrast
High Contrast is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision impairment. You can
change the size and color of fonts and the background for ease of viewing.

Cursor Options
Cursor Options is also an accessibility feature that assists people with vision impairment by
changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.

MOUSE TAB
MouseKeys
MouseKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people who have difficulty using a mouse.
This option uses the keyboard (especially numeric keypad) as a pointing device instead of a
mouse.
26
General Tab
This tab enables you to configure accessibility options for all users.
Select the General Tab, a window to configure additional accessibility options will be
displayed

SerialKeys
SerialKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people that have difficulty using a
keyboard or a mouse (or both).

SESSION 2 : NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components
interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of
resources and information.

PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE:

Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer networks.
Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent CPU.

CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE:
Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing services to
other computers (in the network) are called client server networks. The computer(s)
which provide services are called servers and the ones that use these services are called
clients.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
There are two major types of network Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network
(WAN).
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a limited
geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely
positioned group of buildings.
Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting computers
and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.
WIDE AREA NETWORK
A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links
across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is the most popular
WAN, and is used by businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual
consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others.
INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.
WORLD WIDE WEB
World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system
of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can
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view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate
between them via hyperlinks.
Some of the advantages associated with networking are:
•Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of
data.
•Files transfer : Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents, presentations, audio
files, video files, etc. to other users.
•Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can also be
shared.
•Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and share it
among other computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple Internet connection
for each computer
•Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email clients, chat
application, audio & video calling, etc. is another advantage.

GETTING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET

To use the Internet, you need an Internet connection. Internet connections are provided by
Internet Service Providers such as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Airtel,Jio,
Vodafone,

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization which provides you with access to the
Internet via a dial-up (using modem) or direct (hard wired) or wireless connection.

MODEM
Modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form (analog signals) that
can travel over phone lines. It also re-converts the analog signals back into digital signals.
The word modem is derived from its function MOdulator/DEModulator.

TYPES OF COMMON INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

Types of Internet Connectivity can be broadly categorized into Wired Technology and
Wireless Technology.
Wired Technology
Dial-up:- It uses the facilities of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to
establish a internet connection via telephone lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial
a number and get access to internet. Dial-up connections are extremely slow.
DSL:- DSL is Digital Subscriber Line provides internet connectivity by transmitting digital
data over wires of a local telephone network. It enables the use of Telephone and Data
Transmission on a single telephone line. For using DSL Connection, we need a DSL modem
and a subscription.
Cable Internet Access:- It is a form of broadband Internet access that uses the cable TV
infrastructure. It is provided through existing cable TV networks and it is similar to DSL.

DATA TRANSFER ON THE INTERNET

● The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.
● A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from, where
it should end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets.
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● Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. All
packets may not take the same route.
● At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or
damaged, a message is sent asking for them to be resent. This continues until all packets
have been received intact. The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All
this done in seconds!

SESSION 3: INTRODUCTION TO INSTANT MESSAGING

Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that offers an
instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most instant
messaging software include the option for performing file transfers, audio chat, video
calling and conferencing, sharing desktops, etc.
Key Features of an instant messaging are as follows:

a. Text Messages can be sent to one or more person (Similar to SMS)

b. Audio calling and conferencing.
c. Video calling and conferencing.
d. File transfers (Not limited to documents, spread sheets, audio files, video
files, etc.)
e. Message history (Save messages for future reference)

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INSTANT MESSAGING SERVICES
There are two kinds of instant messaging software – application based and Web based.
Application Based:- These software are downloaded and installed on user’s computer.
Eg. Google Talk , Yahoo!Messenger , Skype , Window Live Messenger , Rediff Bol etc.
Web Based:- They are accessed using browsers such as Internet Explorer etc. Eg. MSN
Web Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger for the Web , Meebo , IMO etc.

CREATING AN INSTANT MESSAGING ACCOUNT

In this exercise, you will learn to create an instant messaging account for using Google
Talk.
Note: You need to download and install Google Talk application from
www.google.com/talk prior to this exercise.
LAUNCHING GOOGLE TALK
• To launch Google Talk, Click Start > Programs >Google Talk>Google Talk.

• You can also double-click on the Google icon on the desktop if

Talk is available.
You need to have a list of contacts that are available for chat. If you don’t have any
contacts, you can add their Gmail account to your contact list by sending an invite.
If you don’t have a Gmail account already you can create a new Gmail account.

SESSION 4: CHATTING WITH A CONTACT – GOOGLE TALK

Whenever your friend in the contact list is online you can see the person along with a
green dot.
You can start sending text chat message instantly by double-clicking on a
contact.

There are some general rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting.

● Messages should be short and to the point.

● Always introduce yourself by name if your screen name doesn’t reflect it.
● Always ask if the other person has time to chat first - regardless of how
important you think what you have to say is, it’s not going to be well received
if the recipient is busy.
● Give people time to respond - Multiple questions sent to a recipient
before they’ve had a chance to answer can seem more like an
interrogation rather than a conversation.

WEB PAGES – BLOG

A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical users for creating personal web
pages. Blog is similar to an online personal diary and similar to use. A blog is used to
convey messages, events, news, announcements etc.

Blogs are usually managed through web browser which needs an internet connection.
A blog can also be created through Offline Blog Software and later publish the content
when the internet connection is available.
Examples of Websites that offer blog services:-
www.blogger.com
www.wordpress.com
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www.weebly.com
www.blog.com

SESSION 6: USING OFFLINE BLOG EDITORS

If you do not have an active internet connection, you can create blogs using a blog
application and publish the blog whenever internet connectivity is available.

There are several free offline blog editors available that can be downloaded and
installed on the local computer such as: Qumana, Windows Live Writer , Blogdesk

SESSION 7: ONLINE TRANSACTIONS

The transactions over the internet are called Online Transactions

Like purchasing of goods, selling of goods, booking a ticket, payment of fees etc. all
comes under the category of Online transactions
Examples
( For Buying Goods :- amazon, jabong, myntra, flipkart , ebay etc.

( For Booking of Tickets :- IRCTC , Redbus etc.

( For Payment of School Fee :-

epay.unionbankofindia.co.in/kvfee

Payments tools to use Online transaction

For completing an online transaction we must need:-
1) Valid Debit Card

2) Valid Credit Card

3) Net Banking Subscription

SESSION 8: INTERNET SECURITY

It is a branch of computer security specifically related to the internet, involving browser
security and also network security.
Objectives of Internet Security
The main objective of internet security is to establish rules and measures to use against
attacks over the internet.

Online Threats
The threats / vulnerabilities that uses World Wide Web (Internet) to facilitate crimes
are called Online Threats. Like:-

1) Phishing :- The act of acquiring personal / private and sensitive data from
personal computers for use in fraudulent activities. For eg. Mails from unknown
persons that ask for your credit / debit card details.
2) Email spoofing :- It is the creation of email messages with a forged sender
address. For eg. Sending an email with a forged email address which appears to
be original. These mails are infected mails which contain worms.

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 3) Chat Spoofing:- Spoofing means hoax, trick, or deceive which contains false
information. Hiding / Faking the identity of another person over the internet is
called chat spoofing
Best practices for security over Internet

1) Use strong passwords: A combination of alphanumeric and special characters

could be used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by
other users.

General Guidelines for strong password

a) Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted.

b) Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition words, dictionary

words, usernames, pet names etc.

c) Include numbers and symbols in passwords.

d) Use Capital and lowercase letters.

e) Avoid using same password for multiple sites or purposes.

f) Avoid using something that the public or workmates know you strongly like
or dislikes.

2. Backup your data: Always keep copies of data in CD, pendrives etc, so it could be
helpful in situation when there is a loss of data.

3. Use Encryption software: Use encrypted software available within the operating
software to protect data from unauthorized users.

4. Keep username and password private: Never save passwords or usernames on

computers that are used in shared environments like net café.

5. Registering with website: Read privacy policy whenever you register with a
website, the policy will include information about how the website use personal
data.

6. Do not share personal information: Be cautious when filling out forms on

internet. Because your personal information or emails could be used by
unauthorized users to send fake or unwanted emails. So, first research and verify if
it’s a trusted website or not before providing personal information to any website.

7. Secure transactions: It is always recommended to use only secure websites for

online shopping or transactions, because these websites store your credit card or
online banking personal information. Verify if the website uses secure transaction,
usually it is indicated through a digital certificate represented as a golden lock in
the web browser’s address bar.

8. Use Antivirus and antispyware software: These software’s protect your computer
from any changes by malwares/threats. Keep these software’s up to date.
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9. Do not immediately respond to mails from unknown users: Some mails, that
promise you jobs or announce lottery results, may contain virus or scripts or they
can try to gather your personal information. Never open the attachments from
unknown persons.

10.Install firewalls: Firewalls keep your system and network secure. They could be
software or hardware. So, Install and configure your firewall.

11.Regularly update your operating system and software applications.

12.When you visit websites, cookies are created on your system that may contain your
personal or logon details. Clear browser cookies frequently so that your logon
details could not be tracked by unauthorized users

SESSION 9 : Maintain workplace safety

Maintain workplace safety

● Basic safety rules to follow at workplace – Fire safety, Falls and slips, Electrical
safety, Use of first aid.

Basic Fire safety rules in an organization are :

Fire escape plans must be installed at proper levels
- Conduct regular drills

- Maintenance of safety equipment must be taken care of regularly

Falls and Slips Safety rules

- Workplace must be proper ventilated

- Floors must be clean and dry

- Oil spills, dust must be immediately cleaned.

Electrical safety rules:

- Electrical equipment approved by a recognised organization.

- Take care that the outlets/ circuits should not be overloaded

Session 10 : Prevent Accidents and Emergencies

Accident: an accident is an unplanned event that may happen all of a sudden and may
lead to unwanted or unprecedented results/outcomes.
Handling accidents:
- Safety measures must be placed to prevent workplace accidents
- Immediately call the medical team for any injury
- Stay alert
- Pay attention to and follow emergency drills

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Session 11: Protect Health and Safety at work

Checklist for Workstations :

The workstation should:
● provide sufficient space for the user to alter position comfortably
● provide adequate lighting
● have windows fitted with adjustable coverings to alter the sunlight level
● be spacious enough when a workstation is shared by more than one person

The display screen should:

● display well-defined characters of adequate size and spacing
● have easily adjustable brightness and contrast
● tilt and swivel easily to suit the user

The keyboard should:

● be able to tilt easily and should be able to separate from the screen to allow the
user to adopt a comfortable working position

The work surface should:

● provide adequate space for the user
● be of an adequate size to allow the screen, keyboard and other peripherals to be
flexibly arranged

Workplace Evacuation
In case of emergency there should be provision for evacuation. Evacuation is the
process of emptying a place in case of an emergency, disaster.

Every company must ensure following points for evacuation in case of any
emergency:

 An evacuation policy : Every organization must have an evacuation policy. All the
Team Leaders are responsible for informing about the policy to their employees
about it. Proper attention must be paid when the Team Leader is informing you
about these details. Negligence at this time may cost lives.
 Organization must have a designated assembly point for emergencies. Ensure
that every employee/ worker must know where it is.
 A ‘buddy system’ for individuals with special needs or disabilities must be
designated. This system ensures that differently-abled are assisted and guided
out of the premises or the impacted area properly. If you are a buddy to
someone, ensure that your buddy is safe at the assembly point with you.
 Floor plans with evacuation routes in work areas. Ensure that you understand
these so you can use it in time of need.
 Assembly areas, where you are required to assemble after evacuation, must
be properly taken care of.
 Periodic evacuation drills should be conducted. Ensure that you pay attention during
these drills. You need to save your life and you can be helpful in saving someone
else’s life too.

Healthy Living
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‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’ - a very popular saying is true

‘Healthy Lifestyle leads to a healthy being. A healthy living has a lasting impact on an
individual which ultimately yields a healthy environment at home as well as at work
place. a happy and healthy worker will always perform best to his ability.
A healthy lifestyle helps to keep and improve people’s health and wellbeing.
a healthy lifestyle includes :
- healthy eating habits
- physical activities
- stress management
- healthy mind
- sound sleep
Fill in the blanks
1. The option in Microsoft Windows XP used for helping users with physical disabilities
and to reduce repetitive strain is Sticky Keys.
2. Sound Sentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments.
3. The High Contrast option in Microsoft Windows XP is designed to assist people
with Vision impairments.
4. Serial Keys is designed to assist people that have difficulty using a keyboard or a
mouse.
5. The acronym for LAN is Local Area Network.
6. Three types of Wired Internet Connectivity are Dial up , DSL & Cable Internet
Access.
7. Instant Messaging is a form of communication over the Internet that offers an
instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver.
8. Microphone , Headsets & Speakers & Web Camera are required for audio and video
conferencing.
9. An organization can face some Health Hazards that could put the lives of the
employees in danger.
10. Hazards can be of different types depending on the Industry and
the Environment in which the employees work.
11. Organization must have a designated assembly point for emergencies
Questions and Answers
Q1. Define networking?
Ans. A computer network is a collection of computers that allow sharing of
resources and information.
Q2. Give any three advantages of networking.
Ans. Three advantages of networking are :

1. Data Sharing: 3. Hardware Sharing

2. Files Transfer 4. Internet Access Sharing

Q3. Explain the term packet with reference to data transfer.

Ans. Data transfer over the network is divided into small segments called packet.
Each packet is sent from one computer to another computer until it finds its
destination.
Q4. Explain Wifi and its significance.
Ans. Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity. Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an
electronic device such as computers or mobile phones to exchange data
wirelessly over a network.
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Wi-Fi is used where cables cannot be run (such as old buildings, outdoor areas) to
provide network and Internet access
Q5. Compare LAN with WAN.
Ans.

LAN WAN

It Stands for Local Area Network It Stands for Wide Area Network

It covers a small geographical area. It spreads across countries.

Q6. Expand the Following terms :

a. DSL : Digital Subscriber Line e. LAN : Local Area Network

b. ISP : Internet Service Provider f. MAN : Metropolitan Area Network
c. Modem : Modulator and g. WAN : Wide Area Network
Demodulator h. P2P : Peer to Peer
d. WWW : World Wide Web

Q7. Explain P2P Architecture and how it is different from Client Server Architecture?
Ans. Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer
networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent
CPU.
Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing
services to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks.
The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones that use
these services are called clients.
Q8. List any five application based instant messaging software.
Ans. Five application based instant messaging software are :

 Google Talk  Windows Live Messenger

 Yahoo! Messenger  Rediff Bol
 Skype

Q9. What do you mean by instant messages?

Ans. Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that
offers an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to
receiver.
Q10. Give any three key features of Instant Messaging.
Ans. Three key features of Instant Messaging are :
1. Text Messages can be sent to one or more person
2. Audio calling and conferencing.
3. Video calling and conferencing.
Q11. State any 03 rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting on the Internet.
Ans. Three rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting on the Internet are :
1. Messages should be short and to the point.
2. Always introduce yourself by name if your screen name doesn’t reflect it.
3. Always ask if the other person has time to chat first.
Q12. What are the basic needs to use instant messaging (chat) software.
Ans. The basic needs to use instant messaging (chat) software are :

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 1. A valid instant messaging account.
2. An active internet Connection.
3. A computer and a browser
Q13. What is a blog? Explain its use.
Ans. A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical (or technical users)
users for creating personal web pages. Blogs are similar to an online personal
diary and simple to use.
We can use a blog to convey messages about events, announcements, news,
reviews, etc.
Q14. List any 5 websites that provide blog service.
Ans. Five websites that provide blog service are :

1. www.WordPress.com 4. www.weebly.com
2. www.blogger.com 5. www.blogsome.com
3. www.blog.com

Q15. Difference between web page and website.

Ans. A single HTML document is called a web page. A collection of web pages is
called web site.
Q16. What do you mean by publishing a post?
Ans. Publishing a post means to make the post public. Once we finished typing the
content, we need to publish the post for others to see. To view the post, you can
type the blog address in the address bar of the web browser.
Q17. Explain the purpose of an offline blog editor.
Ans. Whenever we do not have an active internet connection, we can create blogs
using a blog application and publish the blog whenever internet connectivity is
available.
Q18. List any five offline blog editors.
Ans. Five Offline blog editors are :

1. Qumana 4. MarsEdit
2. Windows Live Writer 5. BlogJet
3. Blogdesk

Q19. Explain the purpose of Online transactions.

Ans. Online transactions have made transactions very convenient and simplified
the workflow in many forms in a business. Online transactions deals with transfer
of money over the internet.
Q20. List any five websites that allow online transactions.
Ans. Five websites that allow online transactions are :

1. IRCTC 4. RedBus
2. Flipkart 5. Amazon
3. EBay

Q21. List any three payment tools to use online transactions.

Ans. Three payment tools to use online transactions are :

1. Credit card 4. Net Banking

2. Debit Card 5. Paytm
3. UPI 6. PhonePe
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Q22. Give any two benefits of online transactions.
Ans. Two benefits of online transactions are :
1. Money can be transferred immediately.
2. It helps to reduce black marketing to some extent.
Q23. Explain the purpose of Internet Security.
Ans. Internet security is a branch of computer security specifically related to the
Internet. Its objective is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks
over the Internet.
Q24. Explain different kinds of online threats.
Ans. Different online threats are :

1 Phishing 3. Chat spoofing

2. Email spoofing

Q25. Explain the need to clear data stored in browsers.

Ans. Browsers often prompt to save usernames and passwords when users
attempt to logon to websites. Browsers can also store data such as cookies, visited
websites or webpages data, browsing history, etc. However it is not advisable to
leave the web browser store this data particularly on public or shared computers.
So it is advisable to clear data stored in browsers particularly on public or shared
computers.
Q26. Explain any five tips to manage strong passwords.
Ans. Following are general guidelines for managing strong passwords :
1. Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted.
2. Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition, dictionary words, letter or
number sequences, usernames, relative or pet names, etc.
3. Including numbers, and symbols in passwords if allowed.
4. Use capital and lower-case letters.
5. Avoid using the same password for multiple sites or purposes.
Q27. Explain any four best practices to secure data.
Ans. Four best practices to secure data are :
1. Keeping your username and password private.
2. Use updated antivirus and antispyware software.
3. Clear browser cookies frequently.
4. Do not click on link shared by unknown users.
5. Never install software from unknown sources.
6. Install firewalls
Q28. Explain use of Antivirus and Anti Spyware.
Ans. Antivirus and Antispyware programs offer real-time protection monitoring
your computer for any changes by malware software. Keep your Antivirus and
Antispyware software always up to date, this can help in protecting your
computer from any threats.
Q29. Enlist any three basic safety rules to follow at workplace.
Ans. Basic safety rules to follow at workplace –

1. Fire safety 2. Falls and slips 3. Electrical safety

Q30. Give any two basic safety rules for ensuring Falls and Slips safety.
Ans. Two basic safety rules for ensuring Falls and Slips safety are as follows :
a. Keep the moving area clean and clutter free.
b. Workplace must be proper ventilated receive light.
38
c. Wear non slippery footwear.
d. Floors must be clean and dry.
Q31. Give any two electrical safety rules in any organization.
Ans. Two electrical safety rules in any organization are as follows :
1. Electrical equipment used should be approved by a recognized organization.
2. Workers should be trained to handle the electric equipment safely.
Q32. Explain any two first aid rules.
Ans. Two first aid rules are :
1. Assure the injured to remain calm and not to panic.
2. Keep them warm if they are under shock.
Q33. What do you mean by occupational hazards?
Ans. An occupational hazard is the illness one may acquire due to his occupation.
for example people working in a chemical factory may get affected due to
presence of certain chemicals.
Q34. List any three types of occupational hazards.
Ans. Three types of occupational hazards are as follows :

1. Physical hazards 2. Chemical hazards 3. Biological hazards

Q35. Explain the terms accident and emergency.

Ans. Accident can be defined as an unfortunate incident that occurs
unintentionally causing hazardous result or injury or unwanted results.
Any unexpected situation that needs immediate attention and action is called
emergency.
Q36. Enlist any four types of accidents.
Ans. Accidents may be of following types :

1. Accidents at workplace : Slips and 3. Road traffic accidents

fall accidents 4. Clinical Accidents
2. Industrial disease/illness 5. Sports related accidents

Q37. Give any three situations of emergency that require evacuation.

Ans. Some of the types of emergencies that require evacuation are:

1. Fire 5. Hurricane 8. Civil

2. Explosion 6. Tornado disturbance
3. Floods 7. Toxic material 9. Workplace
4. Earthquake release violence

Q38. Give any two ways to handle accidents.

Ans. Accidents must be handled carefully. Two ways to handle accidents are :
(Write any two)
1. Every organization must follow SOP for accident handling.
2. Safety measures must be placed to prevent workplace accidents.
3. Immediately call the medical team for any injury. 4. Stay Alert
Q39. List any three types of hazards.
Ans. Different types of hazards are as follows : (Write any three)

Physical Biological
Chemical Mechanical

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Q40. Give a checklist for workstations to minimize the hazards.
Ans. Checklist for Workstations : The workstation should:
1. Provide sufficient space for the user to alter position comfortably.
2. Provide adequate lighting.
3. Have windows fitted with adjustable coverings to alter the sunlight level.
4. Be spacious enough when a workstation is shared by more than one person.
Q41. Explain the term ‘Evacuation Policy’.
Ans. Evacuation Policy means a plan to evacuate a place in case of any emergency or disaster.
Evacuation is the process of emptying a place in case of an emergency, disaster. Every
organization must have an evacuation policy.
Q42. Explain Buddy System to implement evacuation efficiently in case of emergency.
Ans. This system ensures that differently-abled are assisted and guided out of the premises or
the impacted area properly. If you are a buddy to someone, ensure that your buddy is safe at the
assembly point with you in case of any emergency.
Q43. Explain the terms Floor Plans and Assembly /areas.
Ans. Floor Plans means to show evacuation routes in work area. It is the responsibility of all
employees or workers to understand these plans so that they can use in case of any emergency.
Assembly areas : A space where all employees or workers are required to assemble after evacuation.
Q44. Describe the importance of periodic evacuation drills.
Ans. Evacuation drills are very important for all employees or workers so that they know which
path they have to follow to evacuate their floor/room/office in case of any emergency.
Q45. Explain importance of a healthy lifestyle.
Ans. Healthy Lifestyle leads to a healthy being. A healthy living has a lasting impact on an
individual at home as well as at work place. A happy and healthy worker will always perform
best to his ability.
Q46. Give any four points of a healthy lifestyle.
Ans. Healthy lifestyle includes : (Write any four)

1 Healthy eating habits

2. Physical activities
3. Stress management
4. Healthy mind
5. Sound sleep

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