“Calculator can only

“Calculator can only

calculate- they
calculate- cannot do
they cannot do
mathematics”
mathematics”

SURVEY
COMPUTATION
NOOR FAIZAH BINTI ZOHARDIN
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

BEARING INTERNAL ANGLE BACK BEARING

Angle from true north to line Different between to + 180 from front bearing
bearing

Bearing

Angle
A

Front bearing for line AC is

Bearing for line A to B is 192⁰ 22’ Angle y
= 223⁰ 19’ 28”
52” = 135° 34’ 54” - 39° 06’ 41”
Back bearing for line AC
= 96° 28’ 13”
means bearing from C to A
= 223⁰ 19’ 28”- 180⁰
= 43⁰ 19’ 28”

Value 127⁰ 55’ 15” is back

bearing for line AB , to get
true bearing or front
bearing for line AB
127⁰ 55’ 15” + 180⁰
= 307⁰ 55’ 15”

Bearing Angle

Angle from true north to traverse line Different between 2 bearing

Whole circle bearing Quadrant bearing

Bearing from true north to traverse Bearing/ angle from Y axis

line 0° at North or South
0° at true North Bearing from 0 - 90
Bearing from 0 - 360

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 2
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

BACK BEARING

Figure 1 : Bearing

BACK BEARING

Base on the above figure:-

a. Bearing/ front bearing from A to B is 58° 26’ 35”

Back bearing or bearing from B to A is 58° 26’ 35” + 180° = 238° 26’ 35”

b. Bearing/ front bearing from B to C is 109° 37’ 55”

Back bearing or bearing from C to B is 109° 37’ 55” + 180° = 289° 37’ 55”

c. Bearing / front bearing from C to D is 232° 08’ 47”

Back bearing or bearing from D to C is 232° 08’ 47” - 180° = 52° 08’ 47”

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 3
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

CALCULATE ANGLE FROM 2 BEARING

Base on following diagram, calculate angle y

Note:

1. Check value for each

bearing
2. + 180° to get right
bearing
3. To get angle:-
- Rotate anticlockwise
- Large bearing minus
small bearing

Angle y = 135° 34’ 54” - 39° 06’ 41”

= 96° 28’ 13”

Not right value, to get right
value - 180°

Angle y = 129° 53’ 12” - (237° 26’ 19” - 180°)

= 129° 53’ 12” - 57° 26’ 19”

= 72° 26’ 53”

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 4
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

SOLUTION

Option 1 Option 2

Calculate angle θ1 = 360⁰ - 289⁰ 23’ 22”

Calculate angle θ1
= 70⁰ 36’ 38”
= 289⁰ 23’ 22” - 49⁰ 43’ 26”
= 239⁰ 39’ 56”
Calculate angle θ2 = 49⁰ 43’ 26”
Angle y
Calculate angle y
= θ1 + θ2 = 70⁰ 36’ 38” + 49⁰ 43’ 26”
= 360° - 239⁰ 39’ 56”
= 120⁰ 20’ 04”
= 120⁰ 20’ 04”

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 5
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

Angle y = (26° 03’ 24” + 180°) - 73° 01’ 42”

Angle y = (127° 55’ 15” + 180°)- 223° 19’ 28” = 206° 03’ 24” - 73° 01’ 42”
= 307° 55’ 15” - 223° 19’ 28” = 133° 01’ 42”
= 84° 35’ 47”

Angle y = (360°-326° 25’ 56”)+ (208° 13’ 25”-

180°)
= 33° 34’ 04” + 28° 13’ 25” Angle y = ( 35°36’43”+180°) - 18° 05’ 47”
= 61° 47’ 29” = 215°36’ 43” - 18° 05’ 47”
= 197° 30’ 56”

Angle y = 213° 53’ 20” -138° 59’ 39”

Angle y = (360° - 282° 38’ 16”) + 36° 59’ 50” = 74° 53’ 41”
= 77° 21’ 44” + 36° 59’ 50”
= 114° 21’ 34”

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 6
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

1. Base on figure 2, Calculate internal angle for stn 1, 2, 3 and 4

Figure 2

Answer

Angle stn 1 = ( 321° 23′ 49 -180°) - 70° 49' 45" = 70° 34′ 04"

Angle stn 2 = (70° 49′ 45" + 180°) - 132° 52' 14 = 117° 57′ 31"

Angle stn 3 = ( 132° 52′ 14" + 180° ) -233° 25' 14" = 79° 27′ 00"

Angle stn 4 = ( 360° − 321° 23′ 49 ) + (233° 25' 14" − 180°) = 92° 01′ 25"

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 7
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

CALCULATE BEARING

Base on following diagram, calculate bearing for line x to q

Note :-

To calculate bearing

✓ Check bearing
✓ if clockwise = bearing +
angle
✓ anticlockwise = bearing -
angle

Example 1

Clockwise, so to calculate
bearing = given bearing +
angle

Bearing x to q = 196° 17’ 53” + 113° 52’ 26”

= 310° 10’ 19”

Example 2

Anticlockwise, so to calculate
bearing = given bearing -
angle

Bearing x to q = 289° 59’ 48” - 44° 53’ 18”

= 245° 06’ 30”

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 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

Example 3

Calculate angle θ1 = 360⁰ - 299⁰ 43’ 22”

= 60⁰ 16’ 38”

Bearing xq = 105⁰ 30’ 10” - 60⁰ 16’ 38”

= 45⁰ 13’ 32”

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 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

EXAMPLE 4

Bearing x to q = 43° 42’ 08” + 78° 38’ 51” Bearing x q

= 122° 20’ 59”
= 74°02’ 07” – (360° - 305° 12’ 21”)
= 19° 14’ 28”

Bearing x q Bearing xq = 214° 43’ 25” – (360° -235° 16’ 35”)

= (317° 54’ 05” -180° )+ 80° 31’ 20” = 90° 00’ 00”
= 137° 54’ 05” + 80° 31’ 20”
= 218° 25’ 25”

Bearing x to q
Bearing x to q
= (130°51’ 28” + 180° ) - 112° 59’ 15”
= 360° - ( 137° 23’ 33” - 99° 37’34”)
= 310° 51’ 28” - 112° 59’ 15”
= 322° 14’ 01”
= 197° 52’ 13”

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 10
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

Base on figure 3, Show the calculation the bearing for line 2-3,3-4,4-5,5-

Figure 3

𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐺 2 − 3 = ( 35° 50′ 31" + 180°) – 110° 27′ 34" = 105° 22′ 57"

𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐺 3 − 4 = (105° 22′ 57" + 180°) – 98° 19′ 43" = 187° 03′ 14"

𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐺 4 − 5 = 360° – (117° 07′ 16" – (187° 03′ 14" − 180°)) = 249° 55′ 58"

𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐺 1 − 5 = 35° 50′ 31" + 117° 34′ 39" = 153° 25′ 10"

Based on angle are given in Figure 4, show the calculation to get bearing for line 2-1, and 4 -3

Figure 4

Bearing 2-1 = 76 53 10 – (220 50 50 -180 ) = 36 02 20

= 360 – 36 02 20 = 323 57 40

Bearing 3-4 = 220 50 50 + 101 00 10 = 321 51 00

So, bearing 4-2 = 321 51 00 – 180 = 141 51 00

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 11
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

QUADRANT BEARING AND WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING

 Whole circle bearing- clockwise angle from 0˚ to 360˚

 Quadratic bearing

✓ angle lying between 0˚ to 90˚

✓ direction from north or south

quadrant bearing = N θ° E Quadrant bearing = S θ° E

Whole circle bearing = θ° Whole circle bearing = 180° - θ°

Quadrant bearing = N θ° W
Quadrant bearing = S θ° W
Whole circle bearing = 360° - θ°
Whole circle bearing = 180° + θ°

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 12
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

CONVERT QUADRANT BEARING TO WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING

QUADRANT BEARING WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING DRAWING

N 70° 35’ 40” E = 70° 35’ 40”

N 35° 45’ 23” W = 360° - 35° 45’ 23”

= 324° 14’ 37”

S 40° 37’ 30” E = 180° - 40° 37’ 30”

= 139° 22’ 30”

S 40° 37’ 30” W `= 180° + 40° 37’ 30”

= 220° 37’ 30”

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 13
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

CONVERT WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING TO QUADRANT BEARING

WHOLE CIRCLE QUADRANT BEARING DRAWING

BEARING
70° 35’ 40” = N 70° 35’ 40” E

135° 45’ 23” = 180° - 135° 45’ 23”

= S 44° 14’ 37” E

240° 37’ 30” = 240° 37’ 30” - 180°

= S 60° 37’ 30” W

340° 37’ 30” = 360° - 340° 37’ 30”

= N 19° 22’ 30” W

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 14
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

1. Base on table A1, Convert quadrant bearing to whole

Table A1

LINE QUADRANT BEARING

1-2 N 80⁰ 10’ 40” E
2-3 S 38⁰ 48’ 50” E
3-4 S 7⁰ 13’ 10’ E
4-5 S 80⁰ 12’ 50” W
5-1 N 25⁰ 48’ 50” W

Answer

Line 1-2 = 80 10 40

Line 2-3 = 180- 38 48 50 = 141 11 10

Line 2-3 = 180 – 07 13 10 = 172 46 50

Line 4-5 = 180 + 80 12 50 = 260 12 50

Line 5-1 = 360 – 25 48 50 = 334 11 10

2. Base on table A2, Convert bearing to whole circle bearing or quadrant

bearing

Table A2

Whole circle bearing Quadrant bearing

200° 30′ 10
295° 40′ 10
𝑁 20° 45′ 50" 𝑊
𝑆 42° 10′40" 𝐸

Answer

Whole circle bearing Quadrant bearing

200° 30′ 10 𝑺𝟐𝟎°𝟑𝟎′𝟏𝟎"𝑾
295° 40′ 10 𝑵𝟔𝟒° 𝟏𝟗′𝟓𝟎"𝑾
𝟑𝟑𝟗° 𝟏𝟒′ 𝟏𝟎" 𝑁 20° 45′ 50" 𝑊
𝟏𝟑𝟕° 𝟒𝟗′𝟐𝟎" 𝑆 42° 10′40" 𝐸

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 15
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

TUTORIAL

1. Base on the figure 1 and the data given, calculate all the internal angle
for this traverse.

2. Base on the close traverse data given, sketch the traverse and calculate
all the internal angle for this traverse.
LINE BEARING

AB 100⁰ 08’ 01”

BC 140⁰ 28’ 18”

CD 237⁰ 53’ 12”

DE 270⁰ 44’24”

EF 357⁰ 12’ 14”

FA 28⁰ 17’ 02”

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 16
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

3. Base on figure, calculate bearing for BC and CD if bearing for line AB

is 320⁰ 20’14” and internal angle for ABC is 50⁰ 20’ 15” and internal
angle for BCD is 114⁰ 20’29”.

4. Base on the data given:-

i. Convert the quadrant bearing to whole bearing

ii. Calculate the internal angle for whole traverse

LINE QUADRANT BEARING

AB N 80⁰ 10’ 41” E

BC S 37⁰ 48’ 51” E

CD S 2⁰ 13’ 10’ E

DE S 82⁰ 12’ 49” W

EF N 24⁰ 48’ 46” W

FG N 84⁰ 05’ 33” W

GA N 17⁰ 05’ 45” E

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 17
 CHAPTER 1 : BEARING AND ANGLE

5. Calculate all the internal angle for travese below.

6. Base on following diagram :-

i. Bearing DE

ii. Bearing EA

iii. Bearing AB

iv. Bearing BC

NFZ-DGU |JKA-PMM 18
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2

Triangulation

1. c² = a² + b² - 2ab cos C
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 −𝑐 2
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐 =
2𝑎𝑏

1
3. area = absin C
2

4. area = s(s − a)( s − b)( s − c)

a+b+c
s=
2

sin A sin B
5. =
a b

Pythagoras theorem 1. 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2

𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
2. sin 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐶 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
3. cos 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐶 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
4. tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 20
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 1: PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

30 40
sin 60° 52’ 07” = Tan 83° 19’ 20” =
AP
AB
AP = 4.683
AB = 34.344

AD
sin 70° 54’ 10” =
11 .029
AD = 10.422 BC
sin 60 28'30" =
48 .223
XD
cos 70° 54’ 10” = BC = 41.961
11 .029
XD = 3.608

12 .352
cos θ =
60 .231
12 .352
θ = cos -1
60 .231

θ = 78° 09’ 58”

𝐵𝐶 = √(60.231)2 − (12.352)2
BC = 58.951

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 21
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

Example 2

Calculate distance for line AG and AB

FIND ANGLE A

Angle A = (23⁰17’17” + 180⁰)-56⁰10’32”

= 147⁰ 06’ 45”

FIND ANGLE B

Angle B =(56⁰ 10’ 32” +180⁰) – (38⁰ 20’ 18” + 180⁰)

= 17⁰ 50’ 14”

FIND ANGLE G

Angle G = 38⁰20’18’ - 23⁰17’17”

= 15⁰ 03’ 01”

FIND DISTANCE AG USING SIN METHOD

sin 147⁰06′45" sin 17⁰50′14"

=
84.178 𝐴𝐺
AG = 47.487

FIND DISTANCE AB USING SIN METHOD

sin 147⁰06′45" sin 15⁰03′01"

=
84.178 𝐴𝐵
AB = 40.255

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 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

Example 3

Calculate distance AB and bearing AG

FIND ANGLE B

= (23⁰17’17” + 180⁰)-(342⁰52’05”-180⁰)

= 40⁰ 25’ 12”

FIND ANGLE A USING SIN METHOD

sin 40⁰25′12" sin 𝐴

=
36.759 56.234
A = 82⁰ 42’ 12”

FIND BEARING AG

BEARING AG= 23⁰17’17’ + 82⁰ 42’ 12”

= 105⁰ 59’ 29”

FIND ANGLE G

ANGLE G = 342⁰52’05” –(105⁰59’29” +180⁰)

= 56⁰ 52’ 36”

FIND DISTANCE AB USING SIN METHOD

sin 56⁰52′36" sin 40°25′12"

=
𝐴𝐵 36.759
AB = 47.480

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 23
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

Example 4

Calculate bearing and distance for line XD

Angle XED = (227⁰ 45’ 25” - 180° )- (200° 48’ 06” - 180° )

= 26° 57’ 19”

Distance XD = √(64.439)2 + (150.611)2 − 2(64.439)(150.611) cos 26° 57’ 19”

= 97.644

sin 26° 57’ 19” sin 𝑥

=
97.644 64.439

Angle EXD = 17° 24’ 23”

Bearing XD = 200°48’ 06” - 17° 24’ 23”

= 183° 23 43”

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 24
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 5

Given area for triangulation AXY is 1568.518m². Calculate distance AX and bearing and
distance for line XY

Calculate distance AX using area formula

Calculate angle A = 153° 46’ 44” - 88° 57’ 42”

= 64°49’02”
1
area =  ( AX )( AY ) sin A
2

1
1568.518 =  ( AX )(66.380 ) sin 6449'02"
2

AX =52.222

Calculate bearing and distance for line XY

𝑋𝑌 2 = 𝐴𝑌 2 + 𝐴𝑋 2 − 2(𝐴𝑌)(𝐴𝑋) cos 𝐴

𝑋𝑌 2 = (66.380)2 + (52.222)2 − 2(66.380)(52.222) cos 64°49’02”

𝑋𝑌 2 = 4183.403

𝑋𝑌 = √4183.403

𝑋𝑌 = 64.679

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 25
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒚
sin 64°49’02” 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
=
64.679 52.222
sin 𝑦 = 0.731

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.731

𝑦 = 46° 56′31"

Calculate bearing xy

Bearing YA = 153° 46’ 44” + 180°

= 333° 46’ 44”

Bearing XY = 46° 56′31" - (360° - 333° 46’ 44”)

= 20° 43’ 15”

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 26
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

1. Base on figure 3, calculate :

a. Distance AC

b. Angle CAB

c. Distance DC

d. Angle ADC

Distance AC

= √( 64.138 2) + 66.7332 = 92.558 𝑚

Angle CAB
66.733
tan 𝐴 =
64.138

A = 46° 08′ 9.42"

Distance DC

DC = √80.7962 + 92.5582 − 2( 80.796)(92.558) × cos 96° 03′ 08"

= 129.120 m

Angle ADC
sin 96° 03′ 08" sin 𝐷
=
129.120 92.558

𝐶 = 45° 28′ 00"

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 27
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

1. Base on figure 4, calculate area for ABC and distance for line AC

Figure 4/ rajah 4

Area ABC

𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵 = (317° 09′ 48 - (98° 42' 14 + 180°))

= 38° 27′ 34"

1
Area = (71.936)(87.757) sin 38° 27′ 34"
2

= 1963.183 𝑚2

Distance AC

𝐴𝐶 2 = 71.9362 + 87.7572 − 2(71.936)(87.757) cos 38°27′34"

AC = 54.676

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 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 6

Station A and B are used to observe the building height. Bearing from A to B is 84° 44’ 03” and
distance 65.796 m. Bearing from station A to lowest tower is 49° 53’ 08” and bearing from
station B to lowest tower is 302° 41’24”.Vertical angle from station A to top of building is 35⁰ 18’
20” and vertical angle from station B to top of building is 37⁰ 19’ 02” . Calculate height of the
building and distance from station A and B to building.

Calculate distance AP and distance BP

Angle B = 302° 41’ 24” –( 84° 44’ 03” + 180° )
= 37° 57’ 21”

Angle P = (49° 53’ 08” + 180° ) –(302° 41’ 24” - 180°)

= 229° 53’ 08” - 122° 41’ 24”
= 107° 11’ 44”

Angle A = 84° 44’ 03’ - 49° 53’ 08”

= 34° 50’ 55”
sin 37° 57’ 21” sin 107° 11’ 44”
=
𝐴𝑃 65.796

AP = 42.362
sin 34° 50’ 55” sin 107° 11’ 44”
=
𝐵𝑃 65.796

BP = 39.356
Height of building
𝑃𝑄
Tan 35⁰ 18’ 20” =
42.362

PQ = 30.000

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 29
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 7

Station A and B are used to observe the building height. Bearing from A to B is 84° 44’ 03” and
distance 65.796 m. Bearing from station A to lowest tower is 49° 53’ 08” and bearing from
station B to lowest tower is 302° 41’24”.Vertical angle from station A to top of building is 35⁰ 18’
20” and vertical angle from station B to top of building is 37⁰ 19’ 02” . Calculate height of the
building and distance from station A and B to building.

Calculate distance AP and distance BP

Angle B = 302° 41’ 24” –( 84° 44’ 03” + 180° )
= 37° 57’ 21”
Angle P = (49° 53’ 08” + 180° ) –(302° 41’ 24” - 180°)
= 229° 53’ 08” - 122° 41’ 24”
= 107° 11’ 44”

Angle A = 84° 44’ 03’ - 49° 53’ 08”

= 34° 50’ 55”

sin 37° 57’ 21” sin 107° 11’ 44”

=
𝐴𝑃 65.796

AP = 42.362

sin 34° 50’ 55” sin 107° 11’ 44”

=
𝐵𝑃 65.796

BP = 39.356

Height of building
𝑃𝑄
Tan 35⁰ 18’ 20” =
42.362

PQ = 30.000

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 30
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 8

A slope distance is observed as 120.221 𝑚 . The vertical angle is observed as

88˚ 40′ 10 . What is the horizontal distance.

𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝐻𝐷 = 𝑆𝐷 sin 𝜃

𝐻𝐷 = 120.221 sin 88° 40′ 10"

𝐻𝐷 = 120.189 𝑚

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 31
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________
TUTORIAL

Calculate distance BC ,AC and angle BAC

Calculate distance AD and bearing BC
32⁰ 51’ 33”

Answer : BC: 25.116 , AC 45.578 Answer : AD: 29.834 bearing BC :127° 35’35”
angle BAC= 33° 26’22”

Given area for triangulatian ABD is 600.680m² and area for triangulation BDC is 502.849 m² .
Calculate distance for line DC.

Answer: DC : 26.919

Calculate distance EC ,AC and area CDE

Answer: EC : 22.060 , AC :33.372 Area CDE : 269.385m²

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 32
 CHAPTER 2 : TRIANGLE
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. Base on given situation, calculate:-
i. Height of tower BC
ii. Horizontal distance AD
iii. Slope distance AB

2. Base on diagram below, calculate height h2. Given data

Reduce lavel A and B = 30 m

Reduce lavel D = 135.5 m

Vertical angle α = 30⁰ 00 00

Vertical angle β = 36⁰ 20’ 00”

Instrument height ,hi = 1.5 m

Horizontal distance from station A to B = 128.5m

NFZ-DGU | JKM-PMM 33
CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

NFZ-DGU | JKA-PMM
34
 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

CHAPTER 3

TRAVERSE

TRAVERSE is continues line with bearing and distance

OPEN TRAVERSE CLOSE TRAVERSE

▪ Start and close the traverse at same point

▪ Close the traverse at

unknown coordinate

▪ Start and close the traverse at known

coordinate

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35
 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE

LATITUDE DEPARTURE

▪ Distance x cos (bearing) ▪ Distance x sin (bearing)

▪ Different of N/S coordinate ▪ Different of E/ W coordinate
▪ Latitude = distance x cos bearing ▪ Departure = distance x sin bearing

Latitude = 62 - 100 Depart = 232 – 200

= - 38 = 32

ADJUSTMENT FOR LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE

BOWDITCH METHOD TRANSIT METHOD

LATITUDE

DEPARTURE

LINEAR MISCLOSURE

LINEAR MISCLOSURE =

(latit) 2 + (depart) 2
1:
total of dis tan ce

NFZ-DGU | JKA-PMM
36
 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

Example 1

Base on following diagram calculate latitude, departure and linear misclosure for this
traverse

STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
1
2 45° 11’ 50” 10.658 7.510 7.562
3 113° 25’ 10” 14.468 5.750 13.276
4 179° 10’ 20” 11.888 11.887 0.172
5 221° 37’ 50” 15.144 11.319 10.061
1 332° 57’ 10” 24.085 21.451 10.952
Total 76.243 28.961 28.956 21.010 21.013
Different 0.005 -0.003

(0.005 ) 2 + (0.003 ) 2
Linear misclosure =1:
76.243

= 1 : 13 076

Latit = 10.658 x cos 45° 11’ 50” = 7.510

Depart = 10.658 x sin 45° 11’ 50” =7.562

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

1. Base on Table 1, calculate latit , depart and linear misclosure.

Table 1/ Jadual 1

STN BEARING DISTANCE

2 23° 53′ 10" 56.264

3 104° 05′ 40 " 68.023

4 192° 04′ 50" 47.034

5 248° 07′ 10" 53.788

1 317° 02′ 50" 42.581

STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
1
2 23° 53′ 10" 56.264 51.445 22.782
3 ′
104° 05 40 " 68.023 16.565 65.975
4 192° 04′ 50" 47.034 45.992 9.844
5 248° 07′ 10" 53.788 20.045 49.913
1 317° 02′ 50" 42.581 31.166 29.014
Total 267.690
Different 0.009 0.014

√(0.009)2 +(0.014)2
Linear misclosure =1: 267.690

= 1 : 16 084

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

CALCULATE LATITUDE, DEPARTURE AND ADJUSTMENT USING BOWDITCH METHOD

STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
1
2 54° 13’ 30” 13.358 7.809 10.838
+0.000 -0.001
7.809 10.837
3 117° 01’ 00” 16.510 7.500 14.708
-0.001 -0.001
7.499 14.707
4 196° 53’ 50” 17.989 17.212 5.229
-0.001 +0.001
17.211 5.230
5 271° 04’ 00” 24.380 0.454 24.376
+0.000 +0.001
0.454 24.377
1 13° 52’ 50” 16.941 16.446 4.064
+0.001 -0.001
16.447 4.063
Total 89.178 24.709 24.712 29.610 29.605
Different 0.003 0.005

16 .941
(0.003 ) 2 + (0.005 ) 2 Note:  0.005 = 0.001
Linear misclosure =1: 89 .178
89 .178
(+) for small value and
= 1 : 15 294 (– ) for large value

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

CALCULATE LATITUDE, DEPARTURE AND ADJUSTMENT USING BOWDITCH METHOD

STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART ADJUSTED ADJUSTED NEW LATIT NEW
LATIT DEPART DEPART
N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
1

2 23° 53′ 10" 56.264 51.445 22.782 -0.002 +0.003 51.443 22.785

3 104° 05′ 40 " 68.023 16.565 65.975 +0.002 +0.004 -16.567 65.979

4 192° 04′ 50" 47.034 45.992 9.844 +0.002 -0.002 -45.994 -9.842

5 248° 07′ 10" 53.788 20.045 49.913 +0.002 -0.003 -20.047 -49.910

1 317° 02′ 50" 42.581 31.166 29.014 -0.001 -0.002 31.165 -29.012

Total 267.690 82.611 82.602 88.757 88.771 0.000 0.000

Different 0.009 0.014

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

CALCULATE LATITUDE, DEPARTURE AND ADJUSTMENT USING TRANSIT METHOD

LATIT DEPART ADJUSTED ADJUSTED NEW

STN BEARING DISTANCE NEW LATIT
LATIT DEPART DEPART
N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
1

2 23° 53′ 10" 56.264 51.445 22.782 -0.003 +0.002 51.442 22.784

3 104° 05′ 40 " 68.023 16.565 65.975 +0.001 +0.005 -16.566 65.980

4 192° 04′ 50" 47.034 45.992 9.844 +0.002 -0.001 -45.994 -9.843

5 248° 07′ 10" 53.788 20.045 49.913 +0.001 -0.004 -20.046 -49.909

1 317° 02′ 50" 42.581 31.166 29.014 -0.002 -0.002 31.164 -29.012

Total 267.690 82.611 82.602 88.757 88.771 0.000 0.000

Different 0.009 0.014

165.213 177.528

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

CALCULATE LATITUDE, DEPARTURE AND ADJUSTMENT USING TRANSIT METHOD

STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
1
2 54° 13’ 30” 13.358 7.809 10.838
+0.000 -0.001
7.809 10.837
3 117° 01’ 00” 16.510 7.500 14.708
-0.000 -0.001
7.500 14.707
4 196° 53’ 50” 17.989 17.212 5.229
-0.001 +0.000
17.211 5.229
5 271° 04’ 00” 24.380 0.454 24.376
+0.000 +0.002
0.454 24.378
1 13° 52’ 50” 16.941 16.446 4.064
+0.001 -0.000
16.447 4.064
Total 89.178 24.709 24.712 29.610 29.605
Different -0.003 0.005
49.421 59.215

24 .376
 0.005 = 0.002
59 .215

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

CALCULATE AREA USING DOUBLE MERIDIAN METHOD

STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART 2 X LATIT 2X (2XLATIT) X

N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-) DEPART DEPART
1
2 54° 13’ 30” 13.358 7.809 10.838
+0.000 -0.001 7.809 10.837 84.626
7.809 10.837
3 117° 01’ 00” 16.510 7.500 14.708
-0.001 -0.001 8.119 36.381 119.406
7.499 14.707
4 196° 53’ 50” 17.989 17.212 5.229
-0.001 +0.001 -16.591 45.858 86.771
17.211 5.230
5 271° 04’ 00” 24.380 0.454 24.376
+0.000 +0.001 -33.348 16.251 812.924
0.454 24.377
1 13° 52’ 50” 16.941 16.446 4.064
+0.001 -0.001 -16.447 -4.063 -66.824
16.447 4.063
Total 89.178 24.709 24.712 29.610 29.605 1036.903
Different 0.003 0.005

1036 .903
Area =
2
16.251-24.377+4.063 -16.447 x 4.064
= 518.452 =-4.063 = - 66.824

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

CALCULATE AREA USING DOUBLE MERIDIAN METHOD

STN LATIT DEPART 2 X LATIT 2 X DEPART (2XLATIT) X

DEPART
1

2 21.370 22.222 21.370 22.22175 474.8878383

3 -6.150 32.541 36.590 76.98415 1190.67343

4 -33.103 14.804 -2.663 124.3283 -39.42904575

5 -21.384 -29.611 -57.151 109.5204 1692.330743

6 12.747 -28.291 -65.788 51.61762 1861.227507

1 26.520 -11.663 -26.520 11.66318 309.3112745

∑ 𝟐 × 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕 × 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 =
𝟐

5489.002
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = = 2744.5 𝑚2
2

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

MISSING LINE

depart
Distance = (latit) 2 + (depart) 2 Bearing = tan  =
latit

IDENTIFY BEARING BASE ON LATITUDE AND DEPA

RTURE

LATIT AND DEPART DIAGRAM BEARING

Latitude (+)
Bearing = θ
Departure (+)

Latitude (-)
Bearing = 180 - θ
Departure (+)

Latitude (-)
Bearing = 180 + θ
Departure (-)

Latitude (+)
Bearing = 360 - θ
Departure (-)

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

Base on following diagram, calculate bearing and distance for station 4 to 5

STEP BY STEP :

1. 1st check all bearing

2. After that calculate latit and
depart for all line
3. Calculate total of latit and
depart
4. Using latit and depart to
calculate bearing and distance

1. Bearing from station 1 to 2 = 245° 45’ 10” - 180° = 65° 45’ 10”

STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

5
1 347° 58’ 50” 36.625 35.822 -7.627
2 65° 45’ 10” 26.489 10.878 24.152
3 131° 39’ 10” 28.942 -19.235 21.625
4 209° 52’ 30” 22.183 -19.235 -11.050
5 -8.230 -27.100
Total (cheking) 0.000 0.000

(8.230 ) 2 + (27 .100 ) 2

Distance =

= 28.322

27 .100
tan  =
8.230

θ = 73° 06’ 25”

Bearing 4-5 = 180° + 73° 06’ 25”

= 253° 06’ 25”

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

Base on following diagram, calculate bearing and distance for station 2 to 3

1. Bearing from station 3 to 4 = 285° 47’ 34” - 180° = 105° 47’ 34”

STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

3
4 105° 47’ 34” 37.282 -10.147 35.875
5 158° 29’ 10” 39.990 -37.204 14.665
1 241° 23’ 00” 47.549 -22.773 -41.741
2 319° 44’ 44” 49.931 38.106 -32.265
3 32.018 23.466
Total (cheking) 0.000 0.000
Distance = (32.018) 2 + (23.466) 2

= 39.696

23 .466
tan  =
32 .018
θ = 36⁰ 14’ 16”

Bearing 2-3 = 36⁰ 14’ 16”

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

TUTORIAL

1. Base on following diagram calculate latitude, departure, linear misclosure and

adjust all latitude and departure using Bowditch method for this traverse.

Answer Linear Misclosure : 1: 23026

2. Base on following diagram calculate latitude, departure, linear misclosure and

adjust all latitude and departure using transit method for this traverse.

Answer Linear Misclosure : 1: 28649

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

3. Base on following diagram, calculate bearing and distance for station 4 to 5

Answer : 41.507 193⁰ 52’ 11”

2 . Base on following diagram, calculate bearing and distance for station 6 to 1

Answer : 35.556 146⁰ 39’ 58”

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

SOLVE MISSING DATA FOR ADJUSSENT LINE

EXAMPLE 1

I) Find bearing for line CD and line DE

STEP BY STEP

1) First ,joint point from C to E, after that, calculate bearing and distance for that
line.

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

Calculate bearing and distance CE

LINE BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

EF 281⁰36’23” 61.448 12.363 -60.192
FG 353⁰39’11” 53.430 53.103 -5.907
GA 50⁰05’59” 49.496 31.749 37.971
AB 94⁰17’04” 45.129 -3.371 45.003
BC 127⁰33’36” 49.160 -29.968 38.970 Inverse total latit n
CE -63.876 -55.845 depart
check 0.000 0.000

Distance CE = √63.8762 + 55.8452

= 84.846

𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
tan 𝜃 =
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡

55.845
𝜃 = tan−1
63.876

𝜃 = 41°09′ 44"

Latit (N/S) Depart (E/W)

-63.876 -55.845

Bearing CE = 180⁰ + 41°09′ 44"

Identify the bearing
= 221⁰ 09’ 44”
position base on latit and
depart data.

LINE BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

CE 221⁰ 09’ 44” 84.846 -63.876 -55.845

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

60.793

Calculate bearing of CD

i. calculate angle of c using cos method

𝐸𝐷 2 = 𝐸𝐶 2 + 𝐶𝐷 2 − 2(𝐸𝐶)(𝐶𝐷) cos 𝐶

60.7932 = 84.8462 + 52.4322 − 2(84.846)(52.432) cos 𝐶 Angle CDE is obtuse

C = 45⁰ 21’ 20” angle , so the real angle
must calculate like that
ii. bearing CD = 221⁰ 09’ 44” - 45⁰ 21’ 20”
D = 180⁰ -83° 12′28"
= 175⁰ 48’ 24”
=96⁰ 47’ 32”

iii. Calculate bearing DE using sin method

sin 45° 21′20" sin 𝜃

=
60.793 84.846
𝜃 = 83° 12′28"
60.793

So, bearing DE = (180⁰ + 175⁰ 48’ 24”) - 96⁰ 47’ 32”

= 259⁰ 00’ 52”

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

EXAMPLE 2

I) Find bearing for line AG and line AB

Calculate distance and bearing for line GB

LINE BEARING DISTANCELATIT DEPART

BC 127⁰33’36” 49.160 -29.968 38.970
CD 175⁰36’37” 52.432 -52.278 4.013
DE 235⁰34’15” 23.321 -13.185 -19.236
EF 272⁰14’20” 40.655 1.588 -40.624
FG 308⁰12’23” 44.973 27.816 -35.339
GB 66.027 52.216
check 0.000 0.000

Distance GB = √66.0272 + 52.2162

= 84.179

𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
tan 𝜃 =
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡

52.216
𝜃 = tan−1
66.027

𝜃 = 38°20′ 17"

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

Latit (N/S) Depart (E/W)

66.027 52.216

Bearing GB = 38°20′ 17"

Identify the baering
position base on latit and
line bearing distance latit depart depart data.
GB 38°20′ 17" 84.179 66.027 52.216

FIND ANGLE A

Angle A = (23⁰17’17” + 180⁰)-56⁰10’32”

= 147⁰ 06’ 45”

FIND ANGLE B

Angle B =(56⁰ 10’ 32” +180⁰) – (38⁰ 20’ 17” + 180⁰)

= 17⁰ 50’ 15”

FIND ANGLE G

Angle G = 38⁰20’17’ - 23⁰17’17”

= 15⁰ 03’ 00”

FIND DISTANCE AG USING SIN METHOD

sin 147⁰06′45" sin 17⁰50′15"
=
84.178 𝐴𝐺
AG = 47.487

FIND DISTANCE AB USING SIN METHOD

sin 147⁰06′45" sin 15⁰03′01"
=
84.178 𝐴𝐵
AB = 40.255

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

EXAMPLE 3

Find distance AB and bearing AG.

Calculate bearing and distance for line GB

LINE BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

BC 121⁰00’07” 39.014 -20.095 33.441
CD 72⁰10’12” 40.936 12.534 38.970
DE 181⁰09’49” 39.619 -39.611 -0.805
EF 209⁰08’52” 29.602 -25.853 -14.418
FG 295⁰23’45” 44.969 19.286 -40.623
GB 53.739 -16.565
check 0.000 0.000

Distance GB = √53.7392 + 16.5652

= 56.234

𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
tan 𝜃=
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
16.565
𝜃 = tan−1 53.739 = 17°07′ 55"

Latit (N/S) Depart (E/W)

53.739 -16.565 Identify the bearing
position base on latit and
depart data.
Bearing GB = 360° − 17°07′ 55" = 342⁰52’05”

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

Line bearing distance latit depart

GB 342⁰52’05” 56.234 53.739 -16.565

FIND ANGLE B

= (23⁰17’17” + 180⁰)-(342⁰52’05”-180⁰)

= 40⁰ 25’ 12”

FIND ANGLE A USING SIN METHOD

sin 40⁰25′12" sin 𝐴

=
36.759 56.234
A = 82⁰ 42’ 12”

FIND BEARING AG

BEARING AG= 23⁰17’17’ + 82⁰ 42’ 12”

= 105⁰ 59’ 29”

FIND ANGLE G

ANGLE G = 342⁰52’05” –(105⁰59’29” +180⁰)

= 56⁰ 52’ 36”

FIND DISTANCE AB USING SIN METHOD

sin 56⁰52′36" sin 40°25′12"

=
𝐴𝐵 36.759
AB = 47.480

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

Area division

EXAMPLE 1

The area for Lot230 is 8330.499m². Land lord want to apply subdivision for the lot where
the area for lot ADXY is 1/3 from the whole area. Distance from D to Y is 44.351m.
Calculate distance and bearing for line XY.

LOT 230

Step by step

1. Calculate area for lot ABXY

1
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 8330.499 = 2776.833𝑚2
3
2. Draw line from x to y
3. Connect line A to Y (distance D to Y was given)
4. Calculate bearing and distance for line AY

LINE BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

YD 278°36’26” 44.351 6.638 -43.851
DA 15°20’52” 54.868 52.911 14.522
AY 153° 46’ 44” 66.380 -59.549 29.329

Bearing AY = 180° - 26° 13’ 16”

= 153° 46’ 44”

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

5. Calculate area for triangulation ADY

Area 1
=  ( AD)( DY ) sin D
2
Angle D = (278°36’26”-180°) - 15°20’52”
= 83° 15’ 34”
1
areaADY =  (54.868 )( 44.351) sin 8315'34"
2
= 1208.315

6. Calculate area for triangulation AXY

Area AXY = Area AXYD – area ADY

= 2776.833 – 1208.315

= 1568.518

7. Calculate distance AX using area formula

Calculate angle A = 153° 46’ 44” - 88° 57’ 42”

= 64°49’02”
1
area =  ( AX )( AY ) sin A
2

1
1568.518 =  ( AX )(66.380 ) sin 6449'02"
2

AX =52.222

8. Calculate bearing and distance for line XY

LINE BEARING DISTANC LATIT DEPART

E
YA 333° 46’ 44” 66.380 59.549 -29.329
AX 88°57’42” 52.222 0.946 52.213
XY 200° 43’ 14” 64.679 -60.495 -22.884

Bearing XY = 180° + 20° 43’ 14”

= 200° 43’ 14”

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

EXAMPLE 2

The area for Lot 252 is 27047.750 m². Land lord want to apply subdivision for the lot where
the area for lot ABXE is 1/2 from the whole area. Calculate distance and bearing for line
BX.

LOT 252
27047.750 m².

Step by step

1. Calculate area for lot ABXE

1
area =  27047 .750 = 13523 .875
2
2. Draw line from B to X
3. Connect line E to B (distance D to B was given)
4. Calculate bearing and distance for line BE

LINE BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

EA 350°28’44” 96.903 95.568 -16.029
AB 77°01’08” 128.996 28.976 125.699
BE 221° 21’ 59” 165.948 -124.544 -109.670

Bearing BE = 180° + 41° 21’ 59”

= 221° 21’ 59”

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 CHAPTER 3: TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

5. Calculate area for triangulation ABE

1
area =  ( AE )( AB) sin A
2
Angle A = (350°28’44”-180°) - 77°01’08”

= 93°27’36”
1
areaABE =  (96.903 )(128.996 ) sin 9327 '36"
2
= 6238.657
6. Calculate area for triangulation XEB

Area AXY = Area ABXE – area ABE

= 13523 .875 – 6238.657

= 7285.218

7. Calculate distance E X using area formula

Calculate angle A = (271° 37’ 12”-180°) – (221° 21’ 59” -180°)

= 50° 15’ 13”
1
area =  ( EB)( EX ) sin C
2

1
7285.218 =  ( EX )(165.948 ) sin 50° 15' 13"
2

EX =114.193

8. Calculate bearing and distance for line BX

LINE BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART

XE 271° 37’ 12” 114.193 3.228 -114.147

EB 41° 21’ 59” 165.948 124.544 109.670
BX 177° 59’36” 127.850 -127.772 4.477

Bearing BX = 180° - 2° 0’ 24”

= 177° 59’36”

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CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

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 CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

CHAPTER 4

Coordinate

North /south coordinate = know coordinate + value of latitude

East /west coordinate = know coordinate + value of departure

COORDINATE VALUE

N 100 E 200 Coordinate N = + 100

Coordinate E = + 200

S 200 W 200 Coordinate S = - 200

Coordinate W = - 200

N 100 W 300 Coordinate N = + 100

Coordinate W = - 300

S 250 E 250 Coordinate S = - 250

Coordinate E = + 250

Basic coordinate calculation

1. Check bearing , bearing must given from know coordinate to un know

coordinate
2. After that, calculate latitude and departure
3. Finaly, calculate all the coordinate

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 CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

DIAGRAM CALCULATION

1. Latit
= 90.972 cos 55⁰ 09’03”
= 51.983

2. depart
= 90.972 sin 55⁰ 09’03”
= 74.657

3. Coordinate N
= 200.230 + 51.983
= 252.213

4. Coordinate E
= 320.210 + 74.657
= 394.867
So coordinate station 2

= N 252.213 E 394.867

1. Bearing 1 to 2
= 311⁰ 13’ 55” - 180⁰
= 131⁰ 13’ 55”
2. Latit
= 55.723 cos 131⁰ 13’ 55”
= -36.728
3. Depart
= 55.723 sin 131⁰ 13’ 55”
41.906

4. Coordinate N
= 100 + (-36.728)
= 63.272
5. Coordinate W
= - 250 + 41.906
= -208.094

Coordinate station 2

= N 63.272 W 208.094

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CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

1. Bearing 2 to 1
= 129⁰ 38’ 59” + 180⁰
= 309⁰ 38’ 59
2. Latit
= 88.096 cos 129⁰ 38’ 59”
3. Depart
= 88.096 sin 129⁰ 38’ 59”
= 67.830

4. Coordinate S
= -100 + (-56.213)
-156.213
5. Coordinate E
= - 200 + 67.830
= 267.830

Coordinate station 2

= S 156.213 E 267.830

1. Bearing 2 to 1
= 53⁰ 12’ 20” + 180⁰
= 233⁰ 12’ 20”
2. Latit
= 82.122 cos 233⁰ 12’ 20”
= -49.187
3. Depart
= 82.122 cos 233⁰ 12’ 20”
= - 65.762

4. Cordinate S
= - 150 + (-49.187)
= - 199.187
5. Coordinate E
= 200 + (- 65.762)
= -134.238

Coordinate station 2 = S 199.187

E 134.238

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 CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

Example 1

Calculate coordinate for all station. Given coordinate for station 1 is N 200 E
350.

Step by step

1. Check all bearing, bearing should be read from known station.

So bearing for line 3 to 4 is 229⁰ 18’ 10” - 180⁰ = 49⁰ 18’ 10”
2. Calculate latitude and departure for all line
3. Calculate coordinate using latitude, departure and given coordinate.

COORDINATE
STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART
N/S E/W

1 200 350

2 51⁰ 39’ 30” 46.823 29.047 36.724 229.047 386.724

3 118⁰ 45’ 33” 54.661 -26.299 47.919 202.748 434.643

4 49⁰ 18’ 10” 42.740 27.869 32.404 230.617 467.047

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 CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

Example 2

Calculate coordinate for all station. Given coordinate for station 3 is S 200 E
200 .

Step by step

1. Check all bearing, bearing should be read from known station.

So bearing for line 2 to 1 is 55⁰ 37’ 33” + 180⁰ =235⁰ 37’ 33”
2. Calculate latitude and departure for all line
3. Calculate coordinate using latitude, departure and given coordinate.

COORDINATE
STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART
N/S E/W

3 - 200 200

2 297⁰ 59’ 38” 42.057 19.741 -37.136 -180.943 162.864

1 235⁰ 37’ 33” 44.755 -25.268 -36.939 -43.347 125.925

COORDINATE
STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART
N/S E/W

3 - 200 200

4 57⁰ 08’ 38” 34.567 18.754 29.038 -181.246 229.038

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Example 3

Base on latitude and departure given, calculate coordinate for all station.
Given coordinate for station 5 is N 320 W 200

STN LATIT DEPART

2 12.363 -60.192

3 53.103 -5.907

4 31.749 37.971

5 -3.371 45.003

6 -29.968 38.970

1 -63.876 -55.845

Answer

COORDINATE
STN LATIT DEPART
N/S E/W

5 320.000 -200.000

6 -29.968 38.970 290.032 -161.030

1 -63.876 -55.845 226.156 -216.875

2 12.363 -60.192 238.519 -277.067

3 53.103 -5.907 291.622 -282.974

4 31.749 37.971 323.371 -245.003

5 -3.371 45.003 320.000 -200.000

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Example 4

Base on diagram given, calculate the coordinate for all station. Given
coordinate for station 1 is S200 E 200.

Answer

COORDINATE
STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART
N/S E/W

1 -200 200

2 318⁰ 44’ 01” 55.864 41.990 -36.846 -158.010 -163.154

3 51⁰ 09’54” 49.907 31.296 38.875 -126.714 202.029

4 118⁰ 27’49” 46.300 -22.067 40.703 -148.781 242.732

5 173⁰ 56’51” 40.370 -40.145 4.257 -188.926 246.989

1 256⁰ 44’ 20” 48.276 -11.074 -46.989 -200.000 200

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Example 5

Base on diagram given; calculate the coordinate for all station. Given
coordinate for station 4 is S200 W 200

Answer

COORDINATE
STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART
N/S E/W

4 -200 -200

5 244⁰ 01’ 57” 46.753 -20.471 -42.033 -220.471 -242.033

1 328⁰ 33’ 15” 39.265 33.498 -20.484 -186.973 -262.517

2 33⁰ 42’ 25” 44.103 36.689 24.475 -150.284 -238.042

3 100⁰ 38’ 02” 44.662 -8.242 43.895 -158.526 -194.147

4 188⁰ 01’ 56” 41.885 -41.474 -5.853 -200.000 -200.000

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Example 6

Calculate bearing from 2 know coordinate

Answer

Bearing and distance for line 1 to 2

1. Latit = 233.137 – 200 = 33.137

2. Depart = 245.335 – 200 = 45.335

Distance 1 to 2

1-2 =√(33.137)2 + (45.335)2 = 56.154

Bearing 1 to 2

𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝑊)
tan 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 ( 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑆)
45.335
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 33.137

𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.368108157

𝜃 = 53° 50′ 08"

Bearing 1 to 2 is 53⁰ 50’ 08” because both latit and depart are positive.

Bearing and distance for line 2 to 3

1. Latit =204.680- 233.137 = -28.457

2. Depart = 304.534 - 245.335 = 59.199

Distance 2 to 3

2 – 3 =√(28.457)2 + (59.199)2 = 65.684

Bearing 2 to 3
59.199
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 28.457

𝜃 = 64° 19′ 34"

Bearing 2 to 3 = 360⁰ - 64° 19′ 34" = 295⁰ 40’ 25”

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EXAMPLE 7

Calculate bearing and distance for line 1 to 2 and line 2 to 3

Answer

Bearing and distance for line 1 to 2

3. Latit = -227.853 – (- 200) = - 27.853

4. Depart = 303.909 – 250 = 53.909

Distance 1 to 2

1-2 =√(27.853)2 + (53.909)2 = 60.679

Bearing 1 to 2

𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝑊)
tan 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 ( 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑆)
53.909
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 27.853

𝜃 = 62° 40′ 34"

Bearing 1 to 2 is 180⁰- 62° 40′ 34"= 117⁰ 19’ 26”

Bearing and distance for line 2 to 3

3. Latit =-212.460 –(-227.853) =15.393

4. Depart = 361.485 – 303.909 = 57.576

Distance 2 to 3

2 – 3 =√(15.393)2 + (57.576)2 = 59.598

Bearing 2 to 3
57.576
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 15.393

𝜃 = 75° 01′ 55"

Bearing 2 to 3 is 75° 01′ 55"

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Example 8

Calculate coordinate for intersection point P

Answer

Calculate bearing for line AC and line BD

Bearing and distance for line B to D

1. Latit = 10.442-100 = -89.558

2. Depart = 325.651 – 200 = 125.651

Bearing B to D

𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝑊)
tan 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 ( 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑆)
125.651
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 89.558

𝜃 = 54° 31′ 14"

Bearing B to D is 180 − 54° 31′ 14" = 125⁰ 28′ 46"

Bearing and distance for line B to D

1. Latit = 91.945 – 28.922 = 63.023

2. Depart = 312.375 – 200.947 = 111.428

Bearing A to C
111.428
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
63.023

𝜃 = 60° 30′ 28"

Bearing A to C is 60° 30′ 28"

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To calculate coordinate P, first calculate bearing and distance for line BA

Bearing and distance for line BA

1. Latit = 28.922-100 = -71.078

2. Depart = 200.947 -200 = 0.947

Distance 1 to 2

1-2 =√(71.078)2 + (0.947)2 = 71.084

Bearing 1 to 2
0.947
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 71.078

𝜃 = 0° 45′ 48"

Bearing 1 to 2 is 360⁰ -0⁰ 45’ 48” = 359⁰ 14’ 12”

Calculate angle P angle B

Angle P = (125⁰ 28’ 46” + 180⁰ ) – ( 60⁰ 30’ 28” + 180⁰ ) =64⁰ 58’ 18”

Angle B = (359⁰ 14’ 12”-180⁰ ) - 125⁰ 28’ 46” = 53⁰ 45’ 26”

Distance AP

𝑠𝑖𝑛 64⁰ 58’ 18” 𝑠𝑖𝑛 53⁰ 45’ 26”

=
71.084 𝐴𝑃

Distance AP = 63.272

Calculate latit and depart for line AP

COORDINATE
STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART
N/S E/W

A 28.922 200.947

P 60⁰ 30’ 28” 63.272 31.149 55.073 60.071 256.020

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Example 9

Calculate area using coordinate method. Given coordinate for station 1 N

100 E 150

COORDINATE
STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART AREA
N/S E/W

1 100 150 Area 1 Area 2

2 121⁰00’07” 39.014 -20.095 33.441 79.90 183.441 18344.1 11985.75

3 72⁰10’12” 40.936 12.534 38.970 92.439 222.411 17771.751 16957.103

4 181⁰09’49” 39.619 -39.611 -0.805 52.828 221.606 20485.037 11749.528

5 -14.418 26.975 207.188 10945.328 5977.822

209⁰08’52” 29.602 -25.853

6 -40.623 46.261 166.565 4493.091 9584.724

295⁰23’45” 44.969 19.286

1 342⁰52’05” 56.234 53.739 -16.565 100 150 6939.150 16656.5

TOTAL 78978.457 72911.427

∑ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 1 − ∑ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2
78978.457 − 72911.427
=
2
= 3033.515

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 CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

Example 10

Calculate area using coordinate method. Given coordinate for station 1 is S

200 E 150

COORDINATE
DISTAN
STN BEARING LATIT DEPART AREA
CE
N/S E/W

1 -200 150

2 334⁰28’42” 52.006 46.931 -22.407 -153.069 127.593 -25518.6 -22960.4

3 309⁰40’46” 55.410 35.379 -42.645 -117.690 84.948 -13002.9 -15016.4

4 16⁰12’21” 69.926 67.148 19.516 -50.542 104.464 -12294.4 -4293.4

5 95⁰00’02” 99.401 -8.664 99.023 -59.206 203.487 -10284.6 -6184.9

1 200⁰48’ 06” 150.611 -140.794 -53.487 -200 150 -8880.9 -40697.4

TOTAL -69981.4 -89152.5

−𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟒−(−𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟓)
Area =
𝟐

= 9585.5

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 CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

Example 10

Calculate area using coordinate method. Given coordinate for station 2 is N 100 W 200

COORDINATE
STN BEARING DISTANCE LATIT DEPART AREA
N/S E/W

2 100 -200

3 82⁰ 46’30” 129.457 16.281 128.429 116.281 -71.571 -7157.1 -23256.2

4 161⁰ 50’ 50” 89.207 -84.767 27.793 31.514 -43.778 -5090.54962 -2255.48849

5 203⁰ 42’ 40” 94.153 -86.205 -37.861 -54.691 -81.639 -2572.77145 2394.262598

1 300⁰ 00’ 20” 159.927 79.977 -138.493 25.286 -220.132 12039.23921 -2064.32375

2 15⁰ 04’ 51” 77.379 74.714 20.133 100 -199.999 -5057.17471 -22013.2

TOTAL -7838.35657 -47194.9497

-47194.9497

−𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟖.𝟑𝟓𝟕−(−𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟒.𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟕)
Area = 𝟐

= 19678.296

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TUTORIAL

1. Calculate bearing and distance for line AB and coordinate for point C

2. Calculate coordinate for traverse and calculate area using coordinate

method. Given coordinate for station 1 ia N 100 W 250.

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 CHAPTER 4 : COORDINATE COMPUTATION

3. Base on given diagram,calculate coordinate for point P.

Answer:

95.684

282.352

4. Base on this table ,calculate:-

i. Coordinate for each station, given coordinate for staion 3 is S
430.050 E 150.300
ii. Sketch the traverse

STATION LATIT DEPART

2 -29.968 38.970

3 -52.278 4.013

4 -13.185 -19.236

5 1.588 -40.624

6 27.816 -35.339

1 66.027 52.216

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5. Base on given data, calculate:-

i. Bearing and distance for each station
ii. Calculate area for this traverse
iii. Sketch the traverse

Coordinate
Station
N/S E/W

1 320.000 450.000

2 386.017 495.362

3 367.764 596.135

4 287.144 614.401

5 222.953 519.109

1 320.000 450.000

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 CHAPTER 5: THREE POINTS AND THREE DISTANCE PROBLEMS

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 CHAPTER 5: THREE POINTS AND THREE DISTANCE PROBLEMS

THREE POINT & THREE DISTANCES PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 1

Calculate distance for line BP

Step by step

1. Calculate angle ABC using cos method

109.232² = 65.004² + 77.683² - 2(65.004)(77.683) cos θ

θ = 99° 31’ 35”

2. Calculate angle φ using formula

Distance a < distance b
a sin q
Tan φ =
b sin p
65.004 𝑠𝑖𝑛 28°03′15"
Tan φ =77.683 𝑠𝑖𝑛 21°05′17"

𝜑 = 47° 33’ 53”

3. Calculate angle X+Y = 360 – ( 2803'15" + 2105 '17" ) − 99° 31’ 35”

= 211° 19’ 53”

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4. Calculate angle x-y using formula

tan
𝑥−𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝜑 − 45°) 𝑡𝑎𝑛
(𝑥+𝑦) Reminder :
2 2
Position of angle x must at
211° 19' 53"
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 47° 33' 53" − 45°) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 triangulation with line b
2
𝑥−𝑦 Distance of b > distance a
= −09° 04′ 29"
2
x-y = -18° 08’ 58”

5. Calculate value of x and y using simultaneous equation method

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 211° 19’ 53”

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −18° 08’ 58”
2𝑦 = 229° 28’ 51”

𝑌 = 114° 44’ 26”

x + 114° 44’ 26” = 211° 19’ 53”

x = 96° 35’ 27”

6. Calculate distance for line BP using sin method

𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 14° 44' 26" 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 1°05′17"

=
BP 65.004

BP = 164.083

Reminder :

Use angle y to calculate BP

because small distance will
give better result

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EXAMPLE 2

Calculate distance for BP

Step by step

1. Calculate angle ABC

= (329° 37’ 10” -180°) -43° 45’ 09”

= 105° 52’ 01”

2. Calculate angle φ using formula

Distance a < distance b

a sin q
Tan φ =
b sin p

56 .694 sin 29 07 '19"

Tan φ =
79 .145 sin 20 01'13"
Φ = 45° 31’ 10”

3. Calculate angle X+Y = 360 –( 2907 '19" + 2001'13" )-105° 52’ 01”

= 204° 59’ 27”

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4. Calculate angle x-y using formula

x− y ( x + y)
tan = tan( − 45 ) tan
2 2

204° 59' 27"

= tan( 45° 31' 10" −45 ) tan
2
x− y
= −02 20 ' 34"
2
x-y = -04° 41’ 07”

5. Calculate value of x and y using simultaneous equation method

x + y = 204° 59’ 27”

-(x - y = -04° 41’ 07”)
2y = 209° 40’ 34”

Y = 104° 50’ 17”

x + 104° 50’ 17” = 204° 59’ 27”

x = 100° 09’ 10”

6. Calculate distance for line BP using sin method

sin 104° 50' 17" sin 20 01'13"

=
BP 56 .694

BP = 160.079m

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EXAMPLE 3

Calculate distance PB, PC and PA

Step by step:-

1. Calculate angle x + y = 360° - (117°07’17” + 116°23’47”) - 62°10’10”

= 64° 18’ 46”

2. Calculate angle φ using formula

a sin q Distance a < distance b

Tan φ =
b sin p

103 .1sin 116 23'47"

Tan φ =
122 .504 sin 117 07 '17"
Φ = 40° 15’ 52”

3. Calculate angle x-y using formula

x− y ( x + y)
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = tan( − 45 ) tan
2 2

64° 18' 46"

= tan( 40° 15' 52" −45 ) tan
2
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −05°57′ 45"

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7. Calculate value of x and y using simultaneous equation method

x + y = 64° 18’ 46”

x − y = −0557 ' 45"
2y = 70° 16’ 31”

Y = 35° 08’ 16”

x + 35° 08’ 16” = 64° 18’ 46”

x = 29° 10’ 30”

8. Calculate distance for line BP,PA & PC using sin method

sin 35° 08' 16" sin 117 07 '17"

=
BP 103 .100

BP = 66.668

Angle ABP = 180° - (117°07’17” + 35° 08’ 16”)

= 27° 44’ 27”

sin 27° 44' 27" sin 117 07 '17"

=
AP 103 .100

AP = 53.919

Angle PBC = 62° 10’ 10” - 27° 44’ 27”

= 34° 25’ 43”

sin 34° 25' 43" sin 116 23'47"

=
PC 122 .504

PC = 77.323

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EXAMPLE 4

Calculate distance for line BC

𝐵𝐶(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑄 • 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅)

=
(𝐴𝐵)(𝐶𝐷) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑃)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑅)

𝐵𝐶(35.716 + 𝐵𝐶 + 35.588) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 7°03′50" • 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 16°19′25" + 27°03′50" + 14°37′31′)

=
(35.716)(35.588) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 6°19′25")(𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 4°37′31′)

𝐵𝐶(71.304 + 𝐵𝐶) 0.45498 • 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 58°00′46")

=
1271.061 (0.28106)(0.25250)

𝐵𝐶 2 + 71.304𝐵𝐶 0.3859
=
1271.061 0.07096
BC² +71.304BC = 6912.379

Solve value of BC using quadratic formula

Calculate using
BC² +71.304BC - 6912.379 = 0 calculator

BC = 54. 810 Select positive

value only

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EXAMPLE 5

Calculate distance for line BC

STEP BY STEP

1. Calculate distance AB using Theorems Pythagoras

Latit = 150 – 149.830 = 0.170
Depart = 250 – 282.424 = -32.424

Distance AB =√(0.170)2 + (−32.424)2

AB = 32.424

2. Calculate angle APB, PBC and CPD

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 352°59’16” − 336° 04’ 27” = 16°54’49”

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑃𝐶 = (360° − ( 352°59’16”) + 15°44’07” = 22°44’51”
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑃𝐷 = 37°16’23” − 15°44’07” = 21°32’16”

3. Calculate distance BC using formula

𝐵𝐶(32.424 + 𝐵𝐶 + 48.767) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2°44′51" • 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 16°54′49" + 22°44′51" + 21°32′16′)

=
(32.424)(48.767) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 6°54′49")(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 1°32′16′)

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 CHAPTER 5: THREE POINTS AND THREE DISTANCE PROBLEMS
𝐵𝐶(81.191 + 𝐵𝐶) 0.38667 • 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 61°11′56")
=
1581.221 (0.290929)(0.367115)

𝐵𝐶 2 + 81.191𝐵𝐶 0.338838
=
1581.221 0.106804

BC² +81.191BC = 5016.457822

Solve value of BC using quadratic formula

Calculate using
BC² +81.191BC – 5016.457822 = 0 calculator

BC = 41.041 Select positive

value only

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 CHAPTER 5: THREE POINTS AND THREE DISTANCE PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 6

Calculate distance PB, PC and PA

Given :-

Distance B-A = 1321.06 m

Distance A-C = 1376.68 m

α = 890 15’ 30”

β = 1280 20’ 10”

angle BAC = 1020 45’ 20”

Calculate distance PB, PC and PA

Step by step

Find equation for x + y and x - y

Angle x + y =360° - (890 15’ 30”+1280 20’ 10”) -1020 45’ 20”

= 39° 39’ 00”

1321.06 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 28°20′10"

𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜑 =
1376.68 𝑠𝑖𝑛 8 9°15′30"
𝜑 = 36° 58’ 15”

x− y 39° 39' 00"

tan = tan (36° 58’ 15” - 45°) .tan
2 2

x- y = -5° 49’ 21”

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 CHAPTER 5: THREE POINTS AND THREE DISTANCE PROBLEMS
Find value x and y

x + y = 39° 39’ 00”

-(x- y = -5° 49’ 21”)

2y = 45° 28’ 21”
Y =22° 44’ 11”

x + 22° 44’ 11” = 39° 39’ 00”

x = 16°54’49”

Calculate distance PA

sin 16°54'49" sin 128 20 '10"

=
PA 1376 .68

PA = 510.612

Calculate Distance PC

Angle PAC = 180° -(16°54’49”+1280 20’ 10”)

= 34° 45’ 01”

𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 4° 45' 01" 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 28°20′10"
=
PC 1376.68
PC =1000.412

Calculate Distance PB

Angle BAP = 102° 45’ 20” - 34° 45’ 01”

= 68° 0’19”
𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 8° 0'19" 𝑠𝑖𝑛 8 9° 15' 30"
=
𝑃𝐵 1321.06
PB = 1225.014 m

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 CHAPTER 5: THREE POINTS AND THREE DISTANCE PROBLEMS
TUTORIAL 1 TUTORIAL 2

Calculate distance for line BC Calculate distance for line BP

Answer BP = 107.603
Answer BC = 38.528

TUTORIAL 3 TUTORIAL 4

Calculate distance AP, PB and PC Calculate distance AP, PB and PC

Answer: AP = 41.381 PB = 37.555 PC = Answer: AP = 29.237 PB = 27.838 PC = 39.062
70.550

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