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11) Stokes' Theorem: F) Gauss's Law

This document discusses Gauss's law and several related concepts from electromagnetism, including: - Gauss's law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge. - Stokes' theorem relates the circulation of a vector field to the surface integral of the curl of the field. - Ampere's law relates the line integral of the magnetic field to the current enclosed. - Vector potentials can be used to represent solenoidal vector fields in terms of derivatives of the potential.

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mani243
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52 views5 pages

11) Stokes' Theorem: F) Gauss's Law

This document discusses Gauss's law and several related concepts from electromagnetism, including: - Gauss's law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge. - Stokes' theorem relates the circulation of a vector field to the surface integral of the curl of the field. - Ampere's law relates the line integral of the magnetic field to the current enclosed. - Vector potentials can be used to represent solenoidal vector fields in terms of derivatives of the potential.

Uploaded by

mani243
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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f) Gausss Law

For a point charge,


! E= 1 q er 4!" 0 r 2
!1

Since

qinside = # ! d"
"

where = source (charge) density, and

For a sphere centred on q,

" Eid! = " 4#$


!1

q d! r2

1 q q ! d# = " 0 $ 4!" 0 r 2 #1

" Eid! = " #i E d$


! $

then
"

Flux through any surface (2) containing no charges,


!2

! ! ! " Eid! = " #i E d$


$2

(divergence theorem) so 3 3
3 q

# !i E d" = # %
"

$
0

d"

=0

(continuity for const density and no sources)

Flux through any surface (3) containing charge q,

! " !i E = #0

differential form of Gausss Law

!3

" Eid! = " #i E d$


$3

! ! q = $ !i E d" + $ !i E d" = !0 "# " ##


3 3

Gausss Law:

! ! q " Eid! = inside #0 !

11) Stokes theorem


a) 2d
Greens theorem:

b) Interpretation of
Recall
! ! ! V =! "r

! ! "V

! !

! V

)) % !x " !y ( dxdy = ! (P dx + Q dy) ) $ '


A !A

# !Q

!P &

! r

For

! V = Pi + Q + Rk j
! dr = dxi + dy j

, ,

and for so

! % #Q $ #P ( (! " V )i k = ' & #x #y * ) ! ! V idr = Pdx + Qdy

## (! " V )i kdxdy = " (V idr ) #


A $A

! !

Consider a uid rotating about the z-axis ! ! ! At any point P, V = ! " r ! ! ! Then, ! " V = ! " (# " r ) ! ! ! ! = ! ("ir ) # (! i")r

This is special case of Stokes theorem:

$$ (! " V )ind# = " (V idr ) $


#
%#

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! " V = # (!ir ) $ (# i!)r


but

c) Line integral as circulation


Circulation of V:

! "x "y "z !ir = + + =3 "x "y "z

" V idr !

! !

From Greens theorem in the xy plane,

! # # # ! ! and (! i")r = ! x xi + ! y yi + ! z zi = ! #x #y #z
! ! so ! " V = 2#
is a measure of uid rotation -- hence curl.

!A

" (V idr ) = "" (# $ V )i kdA


A

! !

For an arbitrary velocity eld, the curl represents the microscopic circulation:
Place a sphere at a point in the uid, and its rotation represents the curl If the sphere is on an axis, the rotation gives the component of the curl on that

axis. If the curl is zero, the eld is irrotational at that point.


5 6

Example:
i ! ! "V = # #x y j # #y $x

! j V (x, y) = yi ! x
k # = k($1 $ 1) = $2 k #z 0

! j V (x, y) = yi ! x
For C:

! ! " V = #2 k

x 2 y2 + =1 4 9

" V idr = "12# !


C

! !

(uniform)

Area of ellipse: A = ! ab = 6!

2 2 For C: x + y = 1 4 9

" V idr = " (y dx " x dy) ! !


C C

! !

So,

" V idr !
C

! !

! = Ai " # V

Use

x = 2 cos! , dx = "2 sin ! d! y = 3sin ! , dy = 3cos! d!

2$ ! ! 2$ V idr = ! 3sin " (#2 sin " )d" # ! 2 cos" (3cos" )d" " ! C 0

Circulation per unit area

= !6 $ d" = !12#
0

2#

!A

" (V idr ) = "" (# $ V )i kdA


A

! !

Example
! ! "V = k

! V (x, y) = !yi

Circulation per unit area (microscopic circulation) in xy plane

parallel vectors, but circulation non-zero

= lim
! "0

1 ! ! 1 lim # V idr = ! "0 ! !" C

## ($ % V )i kd!
!

For C: x + y = 1
2 2

2$ ! ! V idr = " "y dx = ! " sin # (" sin # d# ) = $ " ! ! C C 0

! 1 = ! " V i k lim # $0 # ! = ! " V ik

( (

) )

%%
#

d#

because in the limit of small ! ! , " # V i k is constant

(area) For a surface element with normal n

Again,

! ! ! " V idr = Ai " # V !


C

! "0

lim

! 1 ! ! # V idr = $ % V in !" C

10

d) Stokes theorem
Consider any simple curve and a 2-sided surface bounded by it. (This excludes the Moebius strip: )

Example
Find

! j V = 4 yi + x + 2zk
!
for S:

$ ! " V in d #
S

x 2 + y2 + z 2 = a2 , z ! 0

! For an element of area d! = d! n ! ! ! " V idr = $ % V ind" #


!(d " )

Stokes law:

$ ! " V in d# = " V idr $


S C C

! !

for C: x 2 + y 2 = a 2 in xy plane

= ! (4 y dx + x dy) = " = "3# a 2

For a nite surface , adjacent path integrals cancel leaving only the outer path:

or, since the integral is the same for any surface bounded by C,

#
!"

!(d" )

! ! ! " V idr = ## $ % V in d " #


"

$ ! " V in d # = $ ! " V in d #
S S%

where S % : is disk x 2 + y 2 = a 2

" V idr = ## $ % V in d" #


"

! !

Stokes theorem

= $ (1 ! 4)ki k d " =-3% a 2


S#

11

12

e) Amperes Law

f) Conservative elds
C I
!
For a simply connected region, and F well-behaved,

" Bidr = I !
0 C

! !

! ! ! ! ! " Bidr = 0 " J id! where J is the current density through !


C

! ! ! ! " F = 0 # % ! " F id$ = 0


! ! ! " Fidr = 0
C

! ! ! By Stokes theorem, " Bidr = $ ! " Bin d # $


so
#

! independence of path

! ! ! $ ! " Bin d# = 0 $ J id#


#

! ! ! Fidr is exact
Differential form of Amperes Law

This is true for any so

! ! ! " B = 0 J

! ! F = "W

13

14

For a eld if or If

! E = !"#

g) Vector Potential
We had, If

! !i E = 0 (no sources) then !i!" = 0 ! 2" = 0


Laplaces equation

! ! ! " V = 0 # V = $!%

irrotational

! ! ! !iV = 0 " V = ! # A

solenoidal

A is the vector potential

! !i E = " / # 0
2

then ! " = # $ / % 0

Poissons equation

! ! ! Construct A if !iV = 0 such that V = ! " A ! ! V=! " A represents 3 equations in partial derivatives of A, but there are 9 such derivatives: !Ax,y,z

!x, y, z
Therefore, there are 6 degrees of freedom.

15

16

Choose Ax = 0, using up 3 degrees of freedom. Then


i ! ! V =!" A= # #x Ax j # #y Ay k # #z Az
# !A !Ay & " !Az + k !Ay =i% z " ( j !x $ !y !z ' !x
Vx
Vy

# !A !Ay & Vx = % z " $ !y ' !z (

= !#

"Vy "y

dx +

"V "g(y, z) ! # z dx using eq's (1) & (2) "y "z

Vz

# "Vy "Vz & = !) % + dx + h(y, z) $ "y ' "z (

! Ay = " Vz dx + f (y, z)

(1)

From

! !iV = 0,

$ "Vy "Vz ' "Vx = #& # % "y ( "x "z )

Choose f(x,y) = 0, using up 2 degrees of freedom, leaving one


! Az = " # Vy dx + g(y, z)

so
(2)

Vx = "

!Vx dx + h(y, z) !x

= Vx (x, y, z) ! Vx (0, y, z) + h(y, z)

This species A, except for g(y,z), which must be chosen to satisfy the Vx equation:
# !A !Ay & Vx = % z " $ !y ' !z (

# "g(y, z) & ! h(y, z) = Vx (0, y, z) % = $ ' "y (

17

18

Ax = 0

Ay = ! Vz dx Az = ! " Vy dx + g(y, z) g(y, z) = ! Vx (0, y, z)dy

Note, A is not unique. ! " !u = 0 for any u, so


! ! ! ! A! = A + "u also satisfies V = " # A!

19

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