LTW - CH B Workbook
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prisci.inchristLTW - CH B Workbook
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prisci.inchristLost Tools of Writing
Workbook
Challenge B
Ø Essay 1-2 – The Phantom Tollbooth
Ø Essay 3-4 – Little Britches: Father and I Were Ranchers
Ø Essay 5 – Where the Red Ferns Grow
Ø Essay 6 – The Hiding Place
Ø Essay 7 – Tanglewood Tales
Lost Tools of Writing
Workbook Pages
Essay 1-2
Book: ___________________________________________
Student: _________________________________________
LTOW – Issue Creation Sheet
Book: ________________________________________________________________
List 3 characters: List 3 decisions each character made:
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
v Generate a “should” question:
Should _______________ (character) have done ________________________________ (action)?
v Convert that into your ISSUE:
Whether ______________ (character) should have _______________________________ (action).
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Invention – Essay 2
5 Common Topics
Comparison – Compare the terms
• How is X similar to Y?
• How is X different from Y?
Definition – Define the terms
• Who or what is X?
• What kind of thing is X?
• What are the parts of X?
Circumstance
• What was happening in the same place and time as your issue or situation?
• What was happening at the same time as, but in a different place from your
issue or situation?
o Where are they?
o Who else is there?
o What else is happening?
Relation
• What led to the situation in which a decision needs to be made?
• What followed the decision?
• What proceeded the decision?
• What were/would be the effects of the choice?
Testimony – Who is a witness?
• What do witnesses say about the character and his actions?
• Why do witnesses think that?
• What do they know to give this testimony?
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Arrangement
Arrangement – Essay 2
Sorting
Sorting helps us to take the information in the ANI chart and put it into groups of related ideas.
• Place a symbol by the first item in your A column. (Do not use numbers)
• Look at the next item in the list and consider whether you would put these two items in the
same group. Do they have a similar theme or idea? If so, give the second item the same symbol
as the first. If not, move on.
• Continue through the list comparing each new item to the first and giving the initial symbol to
any that are similar in theme.
• Move to the next item in the list that does not have a symbol and give it a unique symbol.
• Repeat the process of comparing each unmarked item to theme of the item with the new
symbol. Give this symbol to any items that are similar in theme.
• Continue this process until all items have been placed into a group.
• Repeat the same process for your N column.
Give each symbol a theme, or a word that summarizes the ideas in that group. Write the themes below:
Groups in A column Groups in N column
Symbol – Group Theme Symbol – Group Theme
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
• Circle your three most compelling groups (themes) in each column.
• Determine if you will defend the A column or the N column.
• Write the thesis you will defend:
_______________________________ should / should not have ________________________________________
(character) (action)
Below, list the three most compelling themes that you circled from the side you have chosen to defend.
Fill in the ideas from your ANI that were grouped with each theme. Once you’re done, circle the three
strongest ideas within each theme. Each theme is a proof, and each circled idea beneath it is a sub-proof.
Proofs & Sub-Proofs for chosen position
Theme 1: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 2: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 3: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
LTOW Essay 2
Arrangement Worksheet
Your issue: ________________________________________________________________________________
Thesis & Proof
Write your issue as a thesis statement: ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your first proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your second proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your third proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
(Summarize your argument)
Repeat your thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Repeat the main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
(Introduce your argument)
Write your Thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Add the Enumeration: __(for three reasons) ___________________________________________________
List your 3 main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
LTOW Basic Persuasive Essay Template
Essay 2
Write an outline using the template below. Bold components are to be filled in with your information from the
Arrangement Worksheet. Underlined components have been most recently learned.
I. Introduction
A. Thesis: __________________________________________________________________________
B. Enumeration: __ (for 3 reasons) ____________________________________________________
C. Exposition
1. Proof I: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Proof II: ___________________________________________________________________
3. Proof III: __________________________________________________________________
II. Proof
A. Proof I: _________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
B. Proof II: ________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
C. Proof III: ________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
III. Conclusion
A. Thesis: __________________________________________________________________________
B. Summary of Proof
1. Proof I: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Proof II: __________________________________________________________________
3. Proof III: __________________________________________________________________
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Elocution
Elocution - Essay 2
Parallelism 1: Words
Parallelism: a similarity of structure in pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
List three terms from your essay:
A: ________________________ B: ________________________ C: ________________________
List parts of speech that relate to each term in the boxes below:
PART OF
SPEECH A __________________ B __________________ C __________________
Nouns
(list people,
places, or things
related to the
term)
Verbs
(list actions
related to the
term)
Adjectives:
(list adjectives
related to the
term)
Adverbs:
(list adverbs that
relate to a verb or
adjective above)
Use two or three words from the boxes above and create sentences with parallel word structure.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears.
• Edmund followed the White Witch quickly, willingly, and foolishly.
• Everyday Cinderella cleaned, worked, and slept in the ashes.
Add Parallelism of words to your essay. Use an example from above or come up with
another as your essay develops.
Essay 2 Checklist
Essay follows Template 2
Introduction has a thesis with enumeration and exposition
Main proofs are written clearly
Each main proof is supported by three sub-proofs
Conclusion restates the thesis and summarizes the proofs in a single sentence without the
enumeration
Marked and labeled each scheme:
o Parallelism 1: words
Checked spelling of uncertain words in dictionary
Checked grammar:
o Verb tense is consistent
o Subjects and verbs agree
o Repaired fragments and run-ons
Checked punctuation:
o Capital letters are used correctly
o Commas, colons, semicolons, and hyphens are used correctly
o Correct end punctuation is used
Lost Tools of Writing
Workbook Pages
Essay 3-4
Book: ___________________________________________
Student: _________________________________________
LTOW – Issue Creation Sheet
Book: ________________________________________________________________
List 3 characters: List 3 decisions each character made:
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
v Generate a “should” question:
Should _______________ (character) have done ________________________________ (action)?
v Convert that into your ISSUE:
Whether ______________ (character) should have _______________________________ (action).
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Invention – Essay 2
5 Common Topics
Comparison – Compare the terms
• How is X similar to Y?
• How is X different from Y?
Definition – Define the terms
• Who or what is X?
• What kind of thing is X?
• What are the parts of X?
Circumstance
• What was happening in the same place and time as your issue or situation?
• What was happening at the same time as, but in a different place from your
issue or situation?
o Where are they?
o Who else is there?
o What else is happening?
Relation
• What led to the situation in which a decision needs to be made?
• What followed the decision?
• What proceeded the decision?
• What were/would be the effects of the choice?
Testimony – Who is a witness?
• What do witnesses say about the character and his actions?
• Why do witnesses think that?
• What do they know to give this testimony?
Invention – Essay 3
Comparison 1 - Similarities
Compare two terms (people, places, things, etc. from the essay) and see how they are similar regarding
what they have, what they are, and what they do.
What they both have What they both are What they both do
(nouns) (adjectives / nouns) (verbs)
Terms
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
Place these comparisons in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
Invention – Essay 4
Comparison II - Differences
List two terms you will compare:
A: _______________________________________ B: _______________________________________
Example: [Edmund] [White Witch]
Both A & B DO But A/B does more/less _____(verb) But A/B does _____(verb) better/worse
(list verbs) than A/B than A/B
[Both want power & wear coats] [But Edmund wants less power than the WW] [But WW wears a warmer coat than Edmund]
Both A & B HAVE But A/B has more/less _____(noun) But A/B has better/worse _____(noun)
(list nouns both have) than A/B (describe the difference) than A/B (describe the difference)
[Both have hair & acquaintances] [But WW has more acquaintances than E] [But WW has better hair than Edmund]
Both A & B ARE
(List adjectives both share) But A/B is more/less _______ (Adj) than A/B (describe the difference)
[Both are manipulative] [But WW is more manipulative than E]
Both A & B ARE
(List groups both belong to) While A is ______ (group/kind) B is ______ (different group/kind)
[Both are creatures] [While Edmund is a human boy, the White Witch is a native of Charn.]
Choose NEW terms à A: _____________________________ B: ________________________________
Both A & B DO But A/B does more/less _____(verb) But A/B does _____(verb) better/worse
(list verbs) than A/B than A/B
Both A & B HAVE But A/B has more/less _____(noun) But A/B has better/worse _____(noun)
(list nouns both have) than A/B (describe the difference) than A/B (describe the difference)
Both A & B ARE
(List adjectives both share) But A/B is more/less _______ (Adj) than A/B (describe the difference)
Both A & B ARE
(List groups both belong to) While A is ______ (group/kind) B is ______ (different group/kind)
Place your comparisons in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Arrangement
Arrangement – Essay 2
Sorting
Sorting helps us to take the information in the ANI chart and put it into groups of related ideas.
• Place a symbol by the first item in your A column. (Do not use numbers)
• Look at the next item in the list and consider whether you would put these two items in the
same group. Do they have a similar theme or idea? If so, give the second item the same symbol
as the first. If not, move on.
• Continue through the list comparing each new item to the first and giving the initial symbol to
any that are similar in theme.
• Move to the next item in the list that does not have a symbol and give it a unique symbol.
• Repeat the process of comparing each unmarked item to theme of the item with the new
symbol. Give this symbol to any items that are similar in theme.
• Continue this process until all items have been placed into a group.
• Repeat the same process for your N column.
Give each symbol a theme, or a word that summarizes the ideas in that group. Write the themes below:
Groups in A column Groups in N column
Symbol – Group Theme Symbol – Group Theme
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
• Circle your three most compelling groups (themes) in each column.
• Determine if you will defend the A column or the N column.
• Write the thesis you will defend:
_______________________________ should / should not have ________________________________________
(character) (action)
Below, list the three most compelling themes that you circled from the side you have chosen to defend.
Fill in the ideas from your ANI that were grouped with each theme. Once you’re done, circle the three
strongest ideas within each theme. Each theme is a proof, and each circled idea beneath it is a sub-proof.
Proofs & Sub-Proofs for chosen position
Theme 1: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 2: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 3: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 3
Exordium
Exordium: The opening of an essay or speech placed at the beginning of the introduction. Its purpose
is to make the audience members receptive to the speech or essay so they will listen.
Brainstorm ideas in these three categories to help you come up with an Exordium for your essay.
Ask three questions:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Write two things you can challenge your reader to do:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Provide a quotation relevant to the issue:
• Source:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Quotation:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 4
Amplification
Amplification: Part of the essay’s conclusion in which the writer states to whom his Issue matters and
why it matters to that person or group.
Write your thesis statement: _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Identify your audience. This can be an actor in the Issue, or another person or group who can judge the
decision being made in the Issue. This is the person/group you are trying to convince of your position.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Select a person or group the audience cares about, and explain how they will be affected by the
decision. Consider a few options such as: animals or an animal, family or family members, friends of
your audience, ancestors, descendants, a specific group of people (identify), local community,
community leaders, government (local, state, national), voluntary organizations (church, Boy Scouts),
God, etc.
How the decision affects them
Person/group: (why the audience cares):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Choose the one person or group from above on whom your Thesis would have the most impact.
• To whom your Thesis matters:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Why your Thesis matters to them:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Express this Amplification as a complete sentence in your essay:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
LTOW Essay 4
Arrangement Worksheet
Your issue: ________________________________________________________________________________
Thesis & Proof
Write your issue as a thesis statement: ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your first proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your second proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your third proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
(Summarize your argument)
Repeat your thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Repeat the main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Amplification
Outline an amplification, showing to whom your thesis matters and why:
It matters to ______________________________________________________________________________,
because __________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
(Introduce your argument)
Write your Thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Add the Enumeration: __(for three reasons) ___________________________________________________
List your 3 main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Choose and add an exordium:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
LTOW Basic Persuasive Essay Template
Essay 4
Write an outline using the template below. Bold components are to be filled in with your information from the
Arrangement Worksheet. Underlined components have been most recently learned.
I. Introduction
A. Exordium: ______________________________________________________________________
B. Thesis: __________________________________________________________________________
C. Enumeration: __ (for 3 reasons) ____________________________________________________
D. Exposition
1. Proof I: _______________________________________________________________
2. Proof II: ______________________________________________________________
3. Proof III: _____________________________________________________________
II. Proof
A. Proof I: _________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
B. Proof II: ________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
C. Proof III: ________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
III. Conclusion
A. Thesis: __________________________________________________________________________
B. Summary of Proof
1. Proof I: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Proof II: __________________________________________________________________
3. Proof III: __________________________________________________________________
C. Amplification
1. To whom it matters: ________________________________________________________
2. Why it matters to that person/group: ________________________________________
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Elocution
Elocution - Essay 2
Parallelism 1: Words
Parallelism: a similarity of structure in pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
List three terms from your essay:
A: ________________________ B: ________________________ C: ________________________
List parts of speech that relate to each term in the boxes below:
PART OF
SPEECH A __________________ B __________________ C __________________
Nouns
(list people,
places, or things
related to the
term)
Verbs
(list actions
related to the
term)
Adjectives:
(list adjectives
related to the
term)
Adverbs:
(list adverbs that
relate to a verb or
adjective above)
Use two or three words from the boxes above and create sentences with parallel word structure.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears.
• Edmund followed the White Witch quickly, willingly, and foolishly.
• Everyday Cinderella cleaned, worked, and slept in the ashes.
Add Parallelism of words to your essay. Use an example from above or come up with
another as your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 3
Verbs: Precise & Active
Check your essay for vague verbs and make them more precise. (Vague verbs include
have/had/has, go/went, get/got, say/said, etc.)
Check your essay for passive verbs and make them active. (A passive verb is when the subject is
not doing the action of the verb. “The ball was kicked by me” is passive. “I kicked the ball” is active.)
Elocution - Essay 4
Parallelism II: Phrases/Clauses
Parallelism: similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
• Pick a phrase or clause from your writing with a structure that can be imitated (for example:
prepositional phrases, infinitives, adjective/adverb clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate additional phrases or clauses with the same structure:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Write a sentence (or rewrite an existing sentence) combining your initial phrase or clause with two
new phrases or clauses that follow the same pattern.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• The Romans destroyed Numantia, razed Carthage, obliterated Corinth, overthrew Fregellae.
• I came; I saw; I conquered.
• Such secrecy avoided the possibility of conflict, of rejection, and of dismissal from opposing
senators.
Add an example of Parallelism utilizing phrases or clauses to your essay. Use the example
you created above or come up with another as your essay develops.
Essay 4 Checklist
Essay follows Template 4
Amplification is added to the end of the essay
Main proofs are written clearly and supported with sub-proofs
Proofs are parallel
Exordium is added to the beginning of the essay
Introduction has a thesis with enumeration and exposition
Repaired weak verbs
o Vague
o Passive
Marked and labeled each scheme:
o Parallelism 1: words
o Parallelism 2: phrases or clauses
Checked spelling of uncertain words in dictionary
Checked grammar:
o Verb tense is consistent
o Subjects and verbs agree
o Repaired fragments and run-ons
Checked punctuation:
o Capital letters are used correctly
o Commas, colons, semicolons, and hyphens are used correctly
o Correct end punctuation is used
Lost Tools of Writing
Workbook pages
Essay 5
Book: ___________________________________________
Student: _________________________________________
LTOW – Issue Creation Sheet
Book: ________________________________________________________________
List 3 characters: List 3 decisions each character made:
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
v Generate a “should” question:
Should _______________ (character) have done ________________________________ (action)?
v Convert that into your ISSUE:
Whether ______________ (character) should have _______________________________ (action).
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Invention – Essay 2
5 Common Topics
Comparison – Compare the terms
• How is X similar to Y?
• How is X different from Y?
Definition – Define the terms
• Who or what is X?
• What kind of thing is X?
• What are the parts of X?
Circumstance
• What was happening in the same place and time as your issue or situation?
• What was happening at the same time as, but in a different place from your
issue or situation?
o Where are they?
o Who else is there?
o What else is happening?
Relation
• What led to the situation in which a decision needs to be made?
• What followed the decision?
• What proceeded the decision?
• What were/would be the effects of the choice?
Testimony – Who is a witness?
• What do witnesses say about the character and his actions?
• Why do witnesses think that?
• What do they know to give this testimony?
Invention – Essay 3
Comparison 1 - Similarities
Compare two terms (people, places, things, etc. from the essay) and see how they are similar regarding
what they have, what they are, and what they do.
What they both have What they both are What they both do
(nouns) (adjectives / nouns) (verbs)
Terms
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
Place these comparisons in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
Invention – Essay 4
Comparison II - Differences
List two terms you will compare:
A: _______________________________________ B: _______________________________________
Example: [Edmund] [White Witch]
Both A & B DO But A/B does more/less _____(verb) But A/B does _____(verb) better/worse
(list verbs) than A/B than A/B
[Both want power & wear coats] [But Edmund wants less power than the WW] [But WW wears a warmer coat than Edmund]
Both A & B HAVE But A/B has more/less _____(noun) But A/B has better/worse _____(noun)
(list nouns both have) than A/B (describe the difference) than A/B (describe the difference)
[Both have hair & acquaintances] [But WW has more acquaintances than E] [But WW has better hair than Edmund]
Both A & B ARE
(List adjectives both share) But A/B is more/less _______ (Adj) than A/B (describe the difference)
[Both are manipulative] [But WW is more manipulative than E]
Both A & B ARE
(List groups both belong to) While A is ______ (group/kind) B is ______ (different group/kind)
[Both are creatures] [While Edmund is a human boy, the White Witch is a native of Charn.]
Choose NEW terms à A: _____________________________ B: ________________________________
Both A & B DO But A/B does more/less _____(verb) But A/B does _____(verb) better/worse
(list verbs) than A/B than A/B
Both A & B HAVE But A/B has more/less _____(noun) But A/B has better/worse _____(noun)
(list nouns both have) than A/B (describe the difference) than A/B (describe the difference)
Both A & B ARE
(List adjectives both share) But A/B is more/less _______ (Adj) than A/B (describe the difference)
Both A & B ARE
(List groups both belong to) While A is ______ (group/kind) B is ______ (different group/kind)
Place your comparisons in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Invention – Essay 5
Definition
• Identify a term from your issue: ____________________________________________________________
• List three or four groups this term belongs to: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select one of the groups listed: _____________________________________________________________
• List other members (three or four) of the group you selected: ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What qualities do all members of this group share? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What characteristic makes your term different from these other group members? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write your definition. Include the term, its group, and its difference. (State that the term is a
member of its group and how it is different from all the other members.) _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES:
Term: Edmund Term: Mr. Tumnus
Group: boy (Englishman, brother, son) Group: faun
Difference: motivated by envy Difference: invited Lucy to tea
Definition: Edmund was a boy motivated by envy. Definition: Mr. Tumnus is a faun who invited Lucy to tea
• Identify a term from your issue: ____________________________________________________________
• List three or four groups this term belongs to: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select one of the groups listed: _____________________________________________________________
• List other members (three or four) of the group you selected: ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What qualities do all members of this group share? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What characteristic makes your term different from these other group members? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write your definition. Include the term, its group, and its difference. (State that the term is a
member of its group and how it is different from all the other members.) _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Place these definitions (and any others you create) in your ANI chart in the appropriate
columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Arrangement
Arrangement – Essay 2
Sorting
Sorting helps us to take the information in the ANI chart and put it into groups of related ideas.
• Place a symbol by the first item in your A column. (Do not use numbers)
• Look at the next item in the list and consider whether you would put these two items in the
same group. Do they have a similar theme or idea? If so, give the second item the same symbol
as the first. If not, move on.
• Continue through the list comparing each new item to the first and giving the initial symbol to
any that are similar in theme.
• Move to the next item in the list that does not have a symbol and give it a unique symbol.
• Repeat the process of comparing each unmarked item to theme of the item with the new
symbol. Give this symbol to any items that are similar in theme.
• Continue this process until all items have been placed into a group.
• Repeat the same process for your N column.
Give each symbol a theme, or a word that summarizes the ideas in that group. Write the themes below:
Groups in A column Groups in N column
Symbol – Group Theme Symbol – Group Theme
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
• Circle your three most compelling groups (themes) in each column.
• Determine if you will defend the A column or the N column.
• Write the thesis you will defend:
_______________________________ should / should not have ________________________________________
(character) (action)
Below, list the three most compelling themes that you circled from the side you have chosen to defend.
Fill in the ideas from your ANI that were grouped with each theme. Once you’re done, circle the three
strongest ideas within each theme. Each theme is a proof, and each circled idea beneath it is a sub-proof.
Proofs & Sub-Proofs for chosen position
Theme 1: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 2: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 3: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 3
Exordium
Exordium: The opening of an essay or speech placed at the beginning of the introduction. Its purpose
is to make the audience members receptive to the speech or essay so they will listen.
Brainstorm ideas in these three categories to help you come up with an Exordium for your essay.
Ask three questions:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Write two things you can challenge your reader to do:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Provide a quotation relevant to the issue:
• Source:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Quotation:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 4
Amplification
Amplification: Part of the essay’s conclusion in which the writer states to whom his Issue matters and
why it matters to that person or group.
Write your thesis statement: _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Identify your audience. This can be an actor in the Issue, or another person or group who can judge the
decision being made in the Issue. This is the person/group you are trying to convince of your position.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Select a person or group the audience cares about, and explain how they will be affected by the
decision. Consider a few options such as: animals or an animal, family or family members, friends of
your audience, ancestors, descendants, a specific group of people (identify), local community,
community leaders, government (local, state, national), voluntary organizations (church, Boy Scouts),
God, etc.
How the decision affects them
Person/group: (why the audience cares):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Choose the one person or group from above on whom your Thesis would have the most impact.
• To whom your Thesis matters:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Why your Thesis matters to them:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Express this Amplification as a complete sentence in your essay:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 5
Division
Division: A statement of the agreement and disagreement between the two sides of an argument or
debate. It includes: common opinion, thesis, and counter-thesis.
• Write your thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write the counter-thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
What are some terms common to both sides? _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Common Opinions
What are ideas or opinions surrounding the thesis that are common to both sides? (common views of
the situation, and/or common wants, needs, fears, beliefs)
Regarding your issue, it is commonly agreed that …
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Agreement
From the list above, choose one point on which both sides agree:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Disagreement
Some people believe ________________________________________________________________ (thesis).
Conversely, some other people believe _________________________________________ (counter-thesis).
Express this Division as a complete sentence in your essay.
Examples:
• Everyone agrees that Edmund followed the White Witch, but some believe that Edmund should
have followed her and some believe that he should not have followed her.
• Everyone agrees that Cinderella was invited to the celebration, but some believe that she should
have gone to the celebration and some believe she should not have gone.
LTOW Essay 5
Arrangement Worksheet
Your issue: ________________________________________________________________________________
Thesis & Proof
Write your issue as a thesis statement: ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your first proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your second proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your third proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
(Summarize your argument)
Repeat your thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Repeat the main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Amplification
Outline an amplification, showing to whom your thesis matters and why:
It matters to ______________________________________________________________________________,
because __________________________________________________________________________________
Division
(Clarify your argument)
State the agreement between you and your opponent:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
State the two positions that can be taken:
• Affirmative:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Negative:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Distribution
Write your Thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Add the Enumeration: __(for three reasons) ___________________________________________________
List your 3 main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
(Introduce your argument)
Choose and add an exordium:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
LTOW Basic Persuasive Essay Template
Essay 5
Write an outline using the template below. Bold components are to be filled in with your information from the
Arrangement Worksheet. Underlined components have been most recently learned.
I. Introduction
A. Exordium: ______________________________________________________________________
B. Division
1. Agreement: ________________________________________________________________
2. Disagreement
a. Thesis: _____________________________________________________________
b. Counter-Thesis: ____________________________________________________
C. Distribution
1. Thesis: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Enumeration: __ (for 3 reasons) ______________________________________________
3. Exposition
a. Proof I: ____________________________________________________________
b. Proof II: ___________________________________________________________
c. Proof III: ___________________________________________________________
II. Proof
A. Proof I: _________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
B. Proof II: ________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
C. Proof III: ________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: _______________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: _______________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: _______________________________________________________________
III. Conclusion
A. Thesis: __________________________________________________________________________
B. Summary of Proof
1. Proof I: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Proof II: __________________________________________________________________
3. Proof III: __________________________________________________________________
C. Amplification
1. To whom it matters: ________________________________________________________
2. Why it matters to that person/group: ________________________________________
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Elocution
Elocution - Essay 2
Parallelism 1: Words
Parallelism: a similarity of structure in pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
List three terms from your essay:
A: ________________________ B: ________________________ C: ________________________
List parts of speech that relate to each term in the boxes below:
PART OF
SPEECH A __________________ B __________________ C __________________
Nouns
(list people,
places, or things
related to the
term)
Verbs
(list actions
related to the
term)
Adjectives:
(list adjectives
related to the
term)
Adverbs:
(list adverbs that
relate to a verb or
adjective above)
Use two or three words from the boxes above and create sentences with parallel word structure.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears.
• Edmund followed the White Witch quickly, willingly, and foolishly.
• Everyday Cinderella cleaned, worked, and slept in the ashes.
Add Parallelism of words to your essay. Use an example from above or come up with
another as your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 3
Verbs: Precise & Active
Check your essay for vague verbs and make them more precise. (Vague verbs include
have/had/has, go/went, get/got, say/said, etc.)
Check your essay for passive verbs and make them active. (A passive verb is when the subject is
not doing the action of the verb. “The ball was kicked by me” is passive. “I kicked the ball” is active.)
Elocution - Essay 4
Parallelism II: Phrases/Clauses
Parallelism: similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
• Pick a phrase or clause from your writing with a structure that can be imitated (for example:
prepositional phrases, infinitives, adjective/adverb clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate additional phrases or clauses with the same structure:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Write a sentence (or rewrite an existing sentence) combining your initial phrase or clause with two
new phrases or clauses that follow the same pattern.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• The Romans destroyed Numantia, razed Carthage, obliterated Corinth, overthrew Fregellae.
• I came; I saw; I conquered.
• Such secrecy avoided the possibility of conflict, of rejection, and of dismissal from opposing
senators.
Add an example of Parallelism utilizing phrases or clauses to your essay. Use the example
you created above or come up with another as your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 5
Antithesis
Antithesis: a scheme in which strongly contrasting or opposing ideas are expressed in parallel form.
• Find an idea in your writing that you can emphasize with a contrasting phrase or clause:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate contrasting ideas (words, phrases, or clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select a contrasting idea from above, make it parallel to the original, and write a sentence (or
rewrite an existing sentence) using these two contrasting ideas in parallel form.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Try another one:
• Find an idea in your writing that you can emphasize with a contrasting phrase or clause:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate contrasting ideas (words, phrases, or clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select a contrasting idea from above, make it parallel to the original, and write a sentence (or
rewrite an existing sentence) using these two contrasting ideas in parallel form.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Edmund hoped for power, but settled for promises.
• To err is human; to forgive divine.
• That’s one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.
Add Antithesis to your essay. Use the example you created above or come up with another
as your essay develops.
Essay 5 Checklist
Essay follows Template 5
Division is added to the essay
Main proofs are written clearly and supported with sub-proofs
Proofs are parallel
Amplification is added to the end of the essay
Introduction has a thesis with enumeration and exposition
Exordium is added to the beginning of the essay
Repaired weak verbs
o Vague
o Passive
Marked and labeled each scheme:
o Parallelism 1 & 2
o Antithesis
Checked spelling of uncertain words in dictionary
Checked grammar:
o Verb tense is consistent
o Subjects and verbs agree
o Repaired fragments and run-ons
Checked punctuation:
o Capital letters are used correctly
o Commas, colons, semicolons, and hyphens are used correctly
o Correct end punctuation is used
o Quotation marks are used correctly
Lost Tools of Writing
Workbook pages
Essay 6
Book: ___________________________________________
Student: _________________________________________
LTOW – Issue Creation Sheet
Book: ________________________________________________________________
List 3 characters: List 3 decisions each character made:
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
v Generate a “should” question:
Should _______________ (character) have done ________________________________ (action)?
v Convert that into your ISSUE:
Whether ______________ (character) should have _______________________________ (action).
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Invention – Essay 2
5 Common Topics
Comparison – Compare the terms
• How is X similar to Y?
• How is X different from Y?
Definition – Define the terms
• Who or what is X?
• What kind of thing is X?
• What are the parts of X?
Circumstance
• What was happening in the same place and time as your issue or situation?
• What was happening at the same time as, but in a different place from your
issue or situation?
o Where are they?
o Who else is there?
o What else is happening?
Relation
• What led to the situation in which a decision needs to be made?
• What followed the decision?
• What proceeded the decision?
• What were/would be the effects of the choice?
Testimony – Who is a witness?
• What do witnesses say about the character and his actions?
• Why do witnesses think that?
• What do they know to give this testimony?
Invention – Essay 3
Comparison 1 - Similarities
Compare two terms (people, places, things, etc. from the essay) and see how they are similar regarding
what they have, what they are, and what they do.
What they both have What they both are What they both do
(nouns) (adjectives / nouns) (verbs)
Terms
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
Place these comparisons in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
Invention – Essay 4
Comparison II - Differences
List two terms you will compare:
A: _______________________________________ B: _______________________________________
Example: [Edmund] [White Witch]
Both A & B DO But A/B does more/less _____(verb) But A/B does _____(verb) better/worse
(list verbs) than A/B than A/B
[Both want power & wear coats] [But Edmund wants less power than the WW] [But WW wears a warmer coat than Edmund]
Both A & B HAVE But A/B has more/less _____(noun) But A/B has better/worse _____(noun)
(list nouns both have) than A/B (describe the difference) than A/B (describe the difference)
[Both have hair & acquaintances] [But WW has more acquaintances than E] [But WW has better hair than Edmund]
Both A & B ARE
(List adjectives both share) But A/B is more/less _______ (Adj) than A/B (describe the difference)
[Both are manipulative] [But WW is more manipulative than E]
Both A & B ARE
(List groups both belong to) While A is ______ (group/kind) B is ______ (different group/kind)
[Both are creatures] [While Edmund is a human boy, the White Witch is a native of Charn.]
Choose NEW terms à A: _____________________________ B: ________________________________
Both A & B DO But A/B does more/less _____(verb) But A/B does _____(verb) better/worse
(list verbs) than A/B than A/B
Both A & B HAVE But A/B has more/less _____(noun) But A/B has better/worse _____(noun)
(list nouns both have) than A/B (describe the difference) than A/B (describe the difference)
Both A & B ARE
(List adjectives both share) But A/B is more/less _______ (Adj) than A/B (describe the difference)
Both A & B ARE
(List groups both belong to) While A is ______ (group/kind) B is ______ (different group/kind)
Place your comparisons in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Invention – Essay 5
Definition
• Identify a term from your issue: ____________________________________________________________
• List three or four groups this term belongs to: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select one of the groups listed: _____________________________________________________________
• List other members (three or four) of the group you selected: ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What qualities do all members of this group share? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What characteristic makes your term different from these other group members? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write your definition. Include the term, its group, and its difference. (State that the term is a
member of its group and how it is different from all the other members.) _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES:
Term: Edmund Term: Mr. Tumnus
Group: boy (Englishman, brother, son) Group: faun
Difference: motivated by envy Difference: invited Lucy to tea
Definition: Edmund was a boy motivated by envy. Definition: Mr. Tumnus is a faun who invited Lucy to tea
• Identify a term from your issue: ____________________________________________________________
• List three or four groups this term belongs to: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select one of the groups listed: _____________________________________________________________
• List other members (three or four) of the group you selected: ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What qualities do all members of this group share? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What characteristic makes your term different from these other group members? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write your definition. Include the term, its group, and its difference. (State that the term is a
member of its group and how it is different from all the other members.) _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Place these definitions (and any others you create) in your ANI chart in the appropriate
columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
Invention – Essay 6
Circumstance
Your issue: Whether ________________ should have ____________________________________________
Describe the situation (the time/location in which your issue needs to be decided):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Use the chart to list actions and events that occur at the same time as, but in different locations from
your issue.
Location 3
Location 2
Location 1
Situation
Place these actions and events in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Arrangement
Arrangement – Essay 2
Sorting
Sorting helps us to take the information in the ANI chart and put it into groups of related ideas.
• Place a symbol by the first item in your A column. (Do not use numbers)
• Look at the next item in the list and consider whether you would put these two items in the
same group. Do they have a similar theme or idea? If so, give the second item the same symbol
as the first. If not, move on.
• Continue through the list comparing each new item to the first and giving the initial symbol to
any that are similar in theme.
• Move to the next item in the list that does not have a symbol and give it a unique symbol.
• Repeat the process of comparing each unmarked item to theme of the item with the new
symbol. Give this symbol to any items that are similar in theme.
• Continue this process until all items have been placed into a group.
• Repeat the same process for your N column.
Give each symbol a theme, or a word that summarizes the ideas in that group. Write the themes below:
Groups in A column Groups in N column
Symbol – Group Theme Symbol – Group Theme
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
• Circle your three most compelling groups (themes) in each column.
• Determine if you will defend the A column or the N column.
• Write the thesis you will defend:
_______________________________ should / should not have ________________________________________
(character) (action)
Below, list the three most compelling themes that you circled from the side you have chosen to defend.
Fill in the ideas from your ANI that were grouped with each theme. Once you’re done, circle the three
strongest ideas within each theme. Each theme is a proof, and each circled idea beneath it is a sub-proof.
Proofs & Sub-Proofs for chosen position
Theme 1: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 2: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 3: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 3
Exordium
Exordium: The opening of an essay or speech placed at the beginning of the introduction. Its purpose
is to make the audience members receptive to the speech or essay so they will listen.
Brainstorm ideas in these three categories to help you come up with an Exordium for your essay.
Ask three questions:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Write two things you can challenge your reader to do:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Provide a quotation relevant to the issue:
• Source:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Quotation:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 4
Amplification
Amplification: Part of the essay’s conclusion in which the writer states to whom his Issue matters and
why it matters to that person or group.
Write your thesis statement: _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Identify your audience. This can be an actor in the Issue, or another person or group who can judge the
decision being made in the Issue. This is the person/group you are trying to convince of your position.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Select a person or group the audience cares about, and explain how they will be affected by the
decision. Consider a few options such as: animals or an animal, family or family members, friends of
your audience, ancestors, descendants, a specific group of people (identify), local community,
community leaders, government (local, state, national), voluntary organizations (church, Boy Scouts),
God, etc.
How the decision affects them
Person/group: (why the audience cares):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Choose the one person or group from above on whom your Thesis would have the most impact.
• To whom your Thesis matters:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Why your Thesis matters to them:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Express this Amplification as a complete sentence in your essay:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 5
Division
Division: A statement of the agreement and disagreement between the two sides of an argument or
debate. It includes: common opinion, thesis, and counter-thesis.
• Write your thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write the counter-thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
What are some terms common to both sides? _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Common Opinions
What are ideas or opinions surrounding the thesis that are common to both sides? (common views of
the situation, and/or common wants, needs, fears, beliefs)
Regarding your issue, it is commonly agreed that …
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Agreement
From the list above, choose one point on which both sides agree:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Disagreement
Some people believe ________________________________________________________________ (thesis).
Conversely, some other people believe _________________________________________ (counter-thesis).
Express this Division as a complete sentence in your essay.
Examples:
• Everyone agrees that Edmund followed the White Witch, but some believe that Edmund should
have followed her and some believe that he should not have followed her.
• Everyone agrees that Cinderella was invited to the celebration, but some believe that she should
have gone to the celebration and some believe she should not have gone.
Arrangement - Essay 6
Refutation
Refutation: The response to an opposing argument. For the persuasive essay, anticipate two arguments
that an opponent may have against your thesis. Sate those two counter-proofs and why they are inadequate.
Write your thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your counter-thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Counter-Proof 1: Choose one proof from the opposing side of your ANI that supports the counter-thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
o List the three best sub-proofs from your ANI that support this counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
o Explain why this proof is not persuasive:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Counter-Proof 2: Choose a 2nd proof from the opposing side of your ANI that supports the counter-thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
o List the three best sub proofs from your ANI to support this counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
o Explain why this proof is not persuasive:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Ø Summary of Refutation:
o In your outline write: Insufficient reason to (Counter-Thesis).
o In your paper, your summary should look something like: Neither the argument that
(Counter-Proof 1) nor the argument that (Counter-Proof 2) provides sufficient reason for
(Counter-Thesis).
LTOW Essay 6
Arrangement Worksheet
Your issue: ________________________________________________________________________________
Thesis & Proof
Write your issue as a thesis statement: ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your first proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your second proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your third proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Refutation
Write a counter-thesis: _____________________________________________________________________
Write your first counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 sub-proofs for the first counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• State why this is not persuasive:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your second counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 sub-proofs for the second counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• State why this is not persuasive:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Summarize your complete Refutation:
Counter-proof 1:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Counter-proof 2:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Refutation statement: (Neither counter-proof 1 nor counter-proof 2 provide sufficient reasons for
counter-thesis)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
(Summarize your argument)
Repeat your thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Repeat the main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Amplification
Outline an amplification, showing to whom your thesis matters and why:
It matters to ______________________________________________________________________________,
because __________________________________________________________________________________
Division
(Clarify your argument)
State the agreement between you and your opponent:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
State the two positions that can be taken:
• Affirmative:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Negative:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Distribution
Write your Thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Add the Enumeration: __(for three reasons) ___________________________________________________
List your 3 main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
(Introduce your argument)
Choose and add an exordium:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
LTOW Basic Persuasive Essay Template
Essay 6
Write an outline using the template below. Bold components are to be filled in with your information from the Arrangement
Worksheet. Underlined components have been most recently learned.
I. Introduction
A. Exordium: _______________________________________________________________________
B. Division
1. Agreement: _________________________________________________________________
2. Disagreement
a. Thesis: _____________________________________________________________
b. Counter-Thesis: ______________________________________________________
C. Distribution
1. Thesis: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Enumeration: __ (for 3 reasons) ________________________________________________
3. Exposition
a. Proof I: _____________________________________________________________
b. Proof II: ____________________________________________________________
c. Proof III: ___________________________________________________________
II. Proof
A. Proof I: __________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: ________________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: ________________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: ________________________________________________________________
B. Proof II: _________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: ________________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: ________________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: ________________________________________________________________
C. Proof III: ________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: ________________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: ________________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: ________________________________________________________________
III. Refutation
A. Counter-Thesis: ___________________________________________________________________
B. Counter-Proof 1: __________________________________________________________________
1. Summary of support for reason 1: _______________________________________________
2. Inadequacy of reason 1: _______________________________________________________
C. Counter-Proof 2: __________________________________________________________________
1. Summary of support for reason 2: _______________________________________________
2. Inadequacy of reason 2: ______________________________________________________
D. Summary of Refutation: ____________________________________________________________
IV. Conclusion
A. Thesis: __________________________________________________________________________
B. Summary of Proof
1. Proof I: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Proof II: ___________________________________________________________________
3. Proof III: ___________________________________________________________________
C. Amplification
1. To whom it matters: _________________________________________________________
2. Why it matters to that person/group: ___________________________________________
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Elocution
Elocution - Essay 2
Parallelism 1: Words
Parallelism: a similarity of structure in pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
List three terms from your essay:
A: ________________________ B: ________________________ C: ________________________
List parts of speech that relate to each term in the boxes below:
PART OF
SPEECH A __________________ B __________________ C __________________
Nouns
(list people,
places, or things
related to the
term)
Verbs
(list actions
related to the
term)
Adjectives:
(list adjectives
related to the
term)
Adverbs:
(list adverbs that
relate to a verb or
adjective above)
Use two or three words from the boxes above and create sentences with parallel word structure.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears.
• Edmund followed the White Witch quickly, willingly, and foolishly.
• Everyday Cinderella cleaned, worked, and slept in the ashes.
Add Parallelism of words to your essay. Use an example from above or come up with
another as your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 3
Verbs: Precise & Active
Check your essay for vague verbs and make them more precise. (Vague verbs include
have/had/has, go/went, get/got, say/said, etc.)
Check your essay for passive verbs and make them active. (A passive verb is when the subject is
not doing the action of the verb. “The ball was kicked by me” is passive. “I kicked the ball” is active.)
Elocution - Essay 4
Parallelism II: Phrases/Clauses
Parallelism: similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
• Pick a phrase or clause from your writing with a structure that can be imitated (for example:
prepositional phrases, infinitives, adjective/adverb clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate additional phrases or clauses with the same structure:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Write a sentence (or rewrite an existing sentence) combining your initial phrase or clause with two
new phrases or clauses that follow the same pattern.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• The Romans destroyed Numantia, razed Carthage, obliterated Corinth, overthrew Fregellae.
• I came; I saw; I conquered.
• Such secrecy avoided the possibility of conflict, of rejection, and of dismissal from opposing
senators.
Add an example of Parallelism utilizing phrases or clauses to your essay. Use the example
you created above or come up with another as your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 5
Antithesis
Antithesis: a scheme in which strongly contrasting or opposing ideas are expressed in parallel form.
• Find an idea in your writing that you can emphasize with a contrasting phrase or clause:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate contrasting ideas (words, phrases, or clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select a contrasting idea from above, make it parallel to the original, and write a sentence (or
rewrite an existing sentence) using these two contrasting ideas in parallel form.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Try another one:
• Find an idea in your writing that you can emphasize with a contrasting phrase or clause:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate contrasting ideas (words, phrases, or clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select a contrasting idea from above, make it parallel to the original, and write a sentence (or
rewrite an existing sentence) using these two contrasting ideas in parallel form.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Edmund hoped for power, but settled for promises.
• To err is human; to forgive divine.
• That’s one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.
Add Antithesis to your essay. Use the example you created above or come up with another
as your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 6
Simile
Simile: a trope that makes an explicit comparison of two things different in kind but sharing a common
characteristic. Similes use “like,” or “as,” or “seems” to make a comparison.
• Choose a term that you’d like to describe with a simile:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 4-5 characteristics or qualities of this term:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Choose a thing of a different kind that shares one of these qualities:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Join the new term to your original term with a comparative word such as “like” or “as.”
Example: “(original term) is like (new term).” OR “(original term) is as (quality) as (new term).”
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Edmund saw the drop for a second in midair, shining like a diamond.
• A good friend is as reliable as the sunrise.
Add a Simile to your essay. Use the example you created above or come up with another as
your essay develops.
Essay 6 Checklist
Essay follows Template 6
Refutation is added to the essay
Main proofs are written clearly and supported with sub-proofs
Proofs are parallel
Amplification is added to the end of the essay
Introduction has a thesis with enumeration and exposition
Division is added to the essay
Exordium is added to the beginning of the essay
Repaired weak verbs
o Vague
o Passive
Marked and labeled each scheme:
o Parallelism 1 & 2
o Antithesis
Marked and labeled each trope:
o Simile
Checked spelling of uncertain words in dictionary
Checked grammar:
o Verb tense is consistent
o Subjects and verbs agree
o Repaired fragments and run-ons
Checked punctuation:
o Capital letters are used correctly
o Commas, colons, semicolons, and hyphens are used correctly
o Correct end punctuation is used
o Quotation marks are used correctly
Lost Tools of Writing
Workbook pages
Essay 7
Book: ___________________________________________
Student: _________________________________________
LTOW – Issue Creation Sheet
Book: ________________________________________________________________
List 3 characters: List 3 decisions each character made:
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
v Generate a “should” question:
Should _______________ (character) have done ________________________________ (action)?
v Convert that into your ISSUE:
Whether ______________ (character) should have _______________________________ (action).
LTOW Essay 3 2
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Book: __________________________________________ Issue: ________________________________________________________________________
Affirmative Negative Interesting
Invention – Essay 2
5 Common Topics
Comparison – Compare the terms
• How is X similar to Y?
• How is X different from Y?
Definition – Define the terms
• Who or what is X?
• What kind of thing is X?
• What are the parts of X?
Circumstance
• What was happening in the same place and time as your issue or situation?
• What was happening at the same time as, but in a different place from your
issue or situation?
o Where are they?
o Who else is there?
o What else is happening?
Relation
• What led to the situation in which a decision needs to be made?
• What followed the decision?
• What proceeded the decision?
• What were/would be the effects of the choice?
Testimony – Who is a witness?
• What do witnesses say about the character and his actions?
• Why do witnesses think that?
• What do they know to give this testimony?
Invention – Essay 3
Comparison 1 - Similarities
Compare two terms (people, places, things, etc. from the essay) and see how they are similar regarding
what they have, what they are, and what they do.
What they both have What they both are What they both do
(nouns) (adjectives / nouns) (verbs)
Terms
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
(Choose new terms)
A: ________________
B: ________________
Place these comparisons in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
Invention – Essay 4
Comparison II - Differences
List two terms you will compare:
A: _______________________________________ B: _______________________________________
Example: [Edmund] [White Witch]
Both A & B DO But A/B does more/less _____(verb) But A/B does _____(verb) better/worse
(list verbs) than A/B than A/B
[Both want power & wear coats] [But Edmund wants less power than the WW] [But WW wears a warmer coat than Edmund]
Both A & B HAVE But A/B has more/less _____(noun) But A/B has better/worse _____(noun)
(list nouns both have) than A/B (describe the difference) than A/B (describe the difference)
[Both have hair & acquaintances] [But WW has more acquaintances than E] [But WW has better hair than Edmund]
Both A & B ARE
(List adjectives both share) But A/B is more/less _______ (Adj) than A/B (describe the difference)
[Both are manipulative] [But WW is more manipulative than E]
Both A & B ARE
(List groups both belong to) While A is ______ (group/kind) B is ______ (different group/kind)
[Both are creatures] [While Edmund is a human boy, the White Witch is a native of Charn.]
Choose NEW terms à A: _____________________________ B: ________________________________
Both A & B DO But A/B does more/less _____(verb) But A/B does _____(verb) better/worse
(list verbs) than A/B than A/B
Both A & B HAVE But A/B has more/less _____(noun) But A/B has better/worse _____(noun)
(list nouns both have) than A/B (describe the difference) than A/B (describe the difference)
Both A & B ARE
(List adjectives both share) But A/B is more/less _______ (Adj) than A/B (describe the difference)
Both A & B ARE
(List groups both belong to) While A is ______ (group/kind) B is ______ (different group/kind)
Place your comparisons in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Invention – Essay 5
Definition
• Identify a term from your issue: ____________________________________________________________
• List three or four groups this term belongs to: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select one of the groups listed: _____________________________________________________________
• List other members (three or four) of the group you selected: ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What qualities do all members of this group share? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What characteristic makes your term different from these other group members? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write your definition. Include the term, its group, and its difference. (State that the term is a
member of its group and how it is different from all the other members.) _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES:
Term: Edmund Term: Mr. Tumnus
Group: boy (Englishman, brother, son) Group: faun
Difference: motivated by envy Difference: invited Lucy to tea
Definition: Edmund was a boy motivated by envy. Definition: Mr. Tumnus is a faun who invited Lucy to tea
• Identify a term from your issue: ____________________________________________________________
• List three or four groups this term belongs to: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select one of the groups listed: _____________________________________________________________
• List other members (three or four) of the group you selected: ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What qualities do all members of this group share? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What characteristic makes your term different from these other group members? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write your definition. Include the term, its group, and its difference. (State that the term is a
member of its group and how it is different from all the other members.) _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Place these definitions (and any others you create) in your ANI chart in the appropriate
columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
LTOW Essay 9 8
Invention – Essay 6
Circumstance
Your issue: Whether ________________ should have ____________________________________________
Describe the situation (the time/location in which your issue needs to be decided):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Use the chart to list actions and events that occur at the same time as, but in different locations from
your issue.
Location 3
Location 2
Location 1
Situation
Place these actions and events in your ANI chart in the appropriate columns.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
Invention – Essay 7
Relation: Cause&Effect
Write your Issue.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Describe the situation in which the actor finds himself.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. List several actions or events that preceded this situation.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Select and circle several causes or probable causes of the situation.
4. List several actions or events that followed or will likely follow the Affirmative decision.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. List several actions or events that followed or will likely follow the Negative decision.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Select and circle several effects or probable effects of each decision.
Review you I column and move any appropriate items to the A or N columns.
LTOW Essay 9 8
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Arrangement
Arrangement – Essay 2
Sorting
Sorting helps us to take the information in the ANI chart and put it into groups of related ideas.
• Place a symbol by the first item in your A column. (Do not use numbers)
• Look at the next item in the list and consider whether you would put these two items in the
same group. Do they have a similar theme or idea? If so, give the second item the same symbol
as the first. If not, move on.
• Continue through the list comparing each new item to the first and giving the initial symbol to
any that are similar in theme.
• Move to the next item in the list that does not have a symbol and give it a unique symbol.
• Repeat the process of comparing each unmarked item to theme of the item with the new
symbol. Give this symbol to any items that are similar in theme.
• Continue this process until all items have been placed into a group.
• Repeat the same process for your N column.
Give each symbol a theme, or a word that summarizes the ideas in that group. Write the themes below:
Groups in A column Groups in N column
Symbol – Group Theme Symbol – Group Theme
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
• Circle your three most compelling groups (themes) in each column.
• Determine if you will defend the A column or the N column.
• Write the thesis you will defend:
_______________________________ should / should not have ________________________________________
(character) (action)
Below, list the three most compelling themes that you circled from the side you have chosen to defend.
Fill in the ideas from your ANI that were grouped with each theme. Once you’re done, circle the three
strongest ideas within each theme. Each theme is a proof, and each circled idea beneath it is a sub-proof.
Proofs & Sub-Proofs for chosen position
Theme 1: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 2: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Theme 3: ___________________________________________________________________________(Proof)
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
v ________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 3
Exordium
Exordium: The opening of an essay or speech placed at the beginning of the introduction. Its purpose
is to make the audience members receptive to the speech or essay so they will listen.
Brainstorm ideas in these three categories to help you come up with an Exordium for your essay.
Ask three questions:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Write two things you can challenge your reader to do:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Provide a quotation relevant to the issue:
• Source:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Quotation:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 4
Amplification
Amplification: Part of the essay’s conclusion in which the writer states to whom his Issue matters and
why it matters to that person or group.
Write your thesis statement: _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Identify your audience. This can be an actor in the Issue, or another person or group who can judge the
decision being made in the Issue. This is the person/group you are trying to convince of your position.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Select a person or group the audience cares about, and explain how they will be affected by the
decision. Consider a few options such as: animals or an animal, family or family members, friends of
your audience, ancestors, descendants, a specific group of people (identify), local community,
community leaders, government (local, state, national), voluntary organizations (church, Boy Scouts),
God, etc.
How the decision affects them
Person/group: (why the audience cares):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Choose the one person or group from above on whom your Thesis would have the most impact.
• To whom your Thesis matters:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Why your Thesis matters to them:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Express this Amplification as a complete sentence in your essay:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Arrangement - Essay 5
Division
Division: A statement of the agreement and disagreement between the two sides of an argument or
debate. It includes: common opinion, thesis, and counter-thesis.
• Write your thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Write the counter-thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
What are some terms common to both sides? _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Common Opinions
What are ideas or opinions surrounding the thesis that are common to both sides? (common views of
the situation, and/or common wants, needs, fears, beliefs)
Regarding your issue, it is commonly agreed that …
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Agreement
From the list above, choose one point on which both sides agree:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Disagreement
Some people believe ________________________________________________________________ (thesis).
Conversely, some other people believe _________________________________________ (counter-thesis).
Express this Division as a complete sentence in your essay.
Examples:
• Everyone agrees that Edmund followed the White Witch, but some believe that Edmund should
have followed her and some believe that he should not have followed her.
• Everyone agrees that Cinderella was invited to the celebration, but some believe that she should
have gone to the celebration and some believe she should not have gone.
Arrangement - Essay 6
Refutation
Refutation: The response to an opposing argument. For the persuasive essay, anticipate two arguments
that an opponent may have against your thesis. Sate those two counter-proofs and why they are inadequate.
Write your thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your counter-thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Counter-Proof 1: Choose one proof from the opposing side of your ANI that supports the counter-thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
o List the three best sub-proofs from your ANI that support this counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
o Explain why this proof is not persuasive:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Counter-Proof 2: Choose a 2nd proof from the opposing side of your ANI that supports the counter-thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
o List the three best sub proofs from your ANI to support this counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
o Explain why this proof is not persuasive:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Ø Summary of Refutation:
o In your outline write: Insufficient reason to (Counter-Thesis).
o In your paper, your summary should look something like: Neither the argument that
(Counter-Proof 1) nor the argument that (Counter-Proof 2) provides sufficient reason for
(Counter-Thesis).
Arrangement - Essay 7
Narratio
Narratio: The "statement of facts" or the context which leads to the Issue in question.
Write your thesis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe the situation in which the actor finds himself:
• Time
________________________________________________________________________________________
• Place
________________________________________________________________________________________
• Actors
________________________________________________________________________________________
What action or decision led to this situation?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
What caused the action or decision above? List a sequence of actions, events, and/or decisions that cuased
the situation.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Select the causes to include in your Narratio.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
LTOW Essay 7
Arrangement Worksheet
Your issue: ________________________________________________________________________________
Thesis & Proof
Write your issue as a thesis statement: ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your first proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your second proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your third proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 Sub-proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Refutation
Write a counter-thesis: _____________________________________________________________________
Write your first counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 sub-proofs for the first counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• State why this is not persuasive:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Write your second counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 3 sub-proofs for the second counter-proof:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• State why this is not persuasive:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Summarize your complete Refutation:
Counter-proof 1:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Counter-proof 2:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Refutation statement: (Neither counter-proof 1 nor counter-proof 2 provide sufficient reasons for
counter-thesis)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
(Summarize your argument)
Repeat your thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Repeat the main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Amplification
Outline an amplification, showing to whom your thesis matters and why:
It matters to ______________________________________________________________________________,
because __________________________________________________________________________________
Division
(Clarify your argument)
State the agreement between you and your opponent:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
State the two positions that can be taken:
• Affirmative:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Negative:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Distribution
Write your Thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Add the Enumeration: __(for three reasons) ___________________________________________________
List your 3 main proofs:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Narratio
(Statement of Facts)
Outline the situation: time, place, and people.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
List the causes of the situation.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
(Introduce your argument)
Choose and add an exordium:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
LTOW Basic Persuasive Essay Template
Essay 6
Write an outline using the template below. Bold components are to be filled in with your information from the Arrangement
Worksheet. Underlined components have been most recently learned.
I. Introduction
A. Exordium: _______________________________________________________________________
B. Narratio
1. Situation: _________________________________________________________________
2. Actions: __________________________________________________________________
C. Division
1. Agreement: _________________________________________________________________
2. Disagreement
a. Thesis: _____________________________________________________________
b. Counter-Thesis: ______________________________________________________
D. Distribution
1. Thesis: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Enumeration: __ (for 3 reasons) ________________________________________________
3. Exposition
a. Proof I: _____________________________________________________________
b. Proof II: ____________________________________________________________
c. Proof III: ___________________________________________________________
II. Proof
A. Proof I: __________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: ________________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: ________________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: ________________________________________________________________
B. Proof II: _________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: ________________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: ________________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: ________________________________________________________________
C. Proof III: ________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-Proof 1: ________________________________________________________________
2. Sub-Proof 2: ________________________________________________________________
3. Sub-Proof 3: ________________________________________________________________
III. Refutation
A. Counter-Thesis: ___________________________________________________________________
B. Counter-Proof 1: __________________________________________________________________
1. Summary of support for reason 1: _______________________________________________
2. Inadequacy of reason 1: _______________________________________________________
C. Counter-Proof 2: __________________________________________________________________
1. Summary of support for reason 2: _______________________________________________
2. Inadequacy of reason 2: ______________________________________________________
D. Summary of Refutation: ____________________________________________________________
IV. Conclusion
A. Thesis: __________________________________________________________________________
B. Summary of Proof
1. Proof I: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Proof II: ___________________________________________________________________
3. Proof III: ___________________________________________________________________
C. Amplification
1. To whom it matters: _________________________________________________________
2. Why it matters to that person/group: ___________________________________________
Lost Tools of
Writing:
Elocution
Elocution - Essay 2
Parallelism 1: Words
Parallelism: a similarity of structure in pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
List three terms from your essay:
A: ________________________ B: ________________________ C: ________________________
List parts of speech that relate to each term in the boxes below:
PART OF
SPEECH A __________________ B __________________ C __________________
Nouns
(list people,
places, or things
related to the
term)
Verbs
(list actions
related to the
term)
Adjectives:
(list adjectives
related to the
term)
Adverbs:
(list adverbs that
relate to a verb or
adjective above)
Use two or three words from the boxes above and create sentences with parallel word structure.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears.
• Edmund followed the White Witch quickly, willingly, and foolishly.
• Everyday Cinderella cleaned, worked, and slept in the ashes.
Add Parallelism of words to your essay. Use an example from above or come up with
another as your essay develops.
LTOW Essay 6 184
Elocution - Essay 3
Verbs: Precise & Active
Check your essay for vague verbs and make them more precise. (Vague verbs include
have/had/has, go/went, get/got, say/said, etc.)
Check your essay for passive verbs and make them active. (A passive verb is when the subject is
not doing the action of the verb. “The ball was kicked by me” is passive. “I kicked the ball” is active.)
Elocution - Essay 4
Parallelism II: Phrases/Clauses
Parallelism: similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
• Pick a phrase or clause from your writing with a structure that can be imitated (for example:
prepositional phrases, infinitives, adjective/adverb clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate additional phrases or clauses with the same structure:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
• Write a sentence (or rewrite an existing sentence) combining your initial phrase or clause with two
new phrases or clauses that follow the same pattern.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• The Romans destroyed Numantia, razed Carthage, obliterated Corinth, overthrew Fregellae.
• I came; I saw; I conquered.
• Such secrecy avoided the possibility of conflict, of rejection, and of dismissal from opposing
senators.
Add an example of Parallelism utilizing phrases or clauses to your essay. Use the example
you created above or come up with another as your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 5
Antithesis
Antithesis: a scheme in which strongly contrasting or opposing ideas are expressed in parallel form.
• Find an idea in your writing that you can emphasize with a contrasting phrase or clause:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate contrasting ideas (words, phrases, or clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select a contrasting idea from above, make it parallel to the original, and write a sentence (or
rewrite an existing sentence) using these two contrasting ideas in parallel form.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Try another one:
• Find an idea in your writing that you can emphasize with a contrasting phrase or clause:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Generate contrasting ideas (words, phrases, or clauses):
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Select a contrasting idea from above, make it parallel to the original, and write a sentence (or
rewrite an existing sentence) using these two contrasting ideas in parallel form.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Edmund hoped for power, but settled for promises.
• To err is human; to forgive divine.
• That’s one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.
Add Antithesis to your essay. Use the example you created above or come up with another
as your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 6
Simile
Simile: a trope that makes an explicit comparison of two things different in kind but sharing a common
characteristic. Similes use “like,” or “as,” or “seems” to make a comparison.
• Choose a term that you’d like to describe with a simile:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• List 4-5 characteristics or qualities of this term:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Choose a thing of a different kind that shares one of these qualities:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Join the new term to your original term with a comparative word such as “like” or “as.”
Example: “(original term) is like (new term).” OR “(original term) is as (quality) as (new term).”
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
• Edmund saw the drop for a second in midair, shining like a diamond.
• A good friend is as reliable as the sunrise.
Add a Simile to your essay. Use the example you created above or come up with another as
your essay develops.
Elocution - Essay 7
Alliteration
Alliteration: a scheme that uses the repetition of adjacent or closely connected consonant sounds.
Steps to Writing Alliteration
1. Select a seed-word to use in your alliteration.
2. Identify the consonant sound to repeat.
3. Generate more words that begin with the same consonant sound and fit your sentence.
4. Rewrite the sentence using words from your list.
Practice
1. Use alliteration in a sentence about someone you know, such as a family member or friend.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Use alliteration in a sentence about something you can see outside.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Use alliteration in a sentence about a character in a favorite book.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Now add your own examples of alliteration to Essay Seven.
Essay 7 Checklist
Essay follows Template 6
Narratio is added to the essay
Refutation is added to the essay
Main proofs are written clearly and supported with sub-proofs
Proofs are parallel
Amplification is added to the end of the essay
Introduction has a thesis with enumeration and exposition
Division is added to the essay
Exordium is added to the beginning of the essay
Repaired weak verbs
o Vague
o Passive
Marked and labeled each scheme:
o Parallelism 1 & 2
o Antithesis
o Alliteration
Marked and labeled each trope:
o Simile
Checked spelling of uncertain words in dictionary
Checked grammar:
o Verb tense is consistent
o Subjects and verbs agree
o Repaired fragments and run-ons
Checked punctuation:
o Capital letters are used correctly
o Commas, colons, semicolons, and hyphens are used correctly
o Correct end punctuation is used
o Quotation marks are used correctly
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