NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

P.E., Huallanca,[email protected]
Software Engineering student
La Salle University

SUMMARY

Thisarticleit is based on thenanotechnologyfocusing on the area of the

computer science, it alsosamplea briefintroductionof hisconceptand meaning of
todayScienceadvances, and thetechnologywhat is coming in the near future can be
used for a purpose that enhances thequality of lifeof the human being
Keywords
Nanotechnology, benefits, computing.

1. INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is a field of applied sciences dedicated to control and

manipulation of matter on a scale smaller than a micrometer, that is, at the level of
atoms and molecules (nanomaterials). and the exploitation of phenomena and properties of
nanomaterial

Nanotechnology is focused on 'molecular manufacturing' that will allow

work and manipulate thestructuresmolecular structures and their atoms, and this would lead us to the
possibility of manufacturing materials andmachinesstarting from the rearrangement of atoms and
molecules, but what benefits would they bring us?
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
In a few years, computers will be quite different from the current ones.
Advances in the field of nanotechnology will make computers stop
use silicon as a system to integrate the transistors that compose it and
start dealing with what is called quantum mechanics, which will make them use
atomic scale transistors.
In this way, these quantum computers can calculate every combination
of turning on and off at the same time, which would make them much faster than
the current data processors when it comes to solving certain complex problems of
mathematical calculations.

Materials made with nanotechnology have less

defects and better quality. Their properties are completely the same,
maintaining all the same quantities of divisions, length and
diameter in a different way than when manipulating material in
large quantities. The new industrial methodology capable of
produce the new products that arrive in the market with the name
The nanotechnology has already generated 450 in the world.
products that are circulating daily unnoticed by the
consumers.
Classification of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is divided into two classifications, according to the technique of

application: top-down techniques and bottom-up techniques
up (Bottom up). In the case of nanotechnology Top-down, it is about
design and miniaturize the size of structures to achieve nanoscale
functional systems in the case of nanoelectronics production
(miniaturization of electronic systems). And in the case of nanotechnology
bottom-up type, focuses on the construction of structures and objects more
large from their atomic and molecular components, that is, this type of
nanotechnology is embraced as the main approach of nanotechnology already
that allows matter to be controlled extremely
On the other hand, nanotechnology can be classified or subdivided according to
the scope of application, in this way it can be divided into dry and wet.
This classification is determined according to the medium in and for which it is generated.
application, the medium can be aqueous (wet nanotechnology) and the case of the
absence of a humid environment (dry nanotechnology).
The application of wet nanotechnology is directed towards the development of
biological systems, these include the manipulation of genetic material,
membranes, enzymes, and other cellular components, which are immersed in
an aqueous medium. From the perspective of dry nanotechnology, it stands out as
characteristic its predominant application in the field of electronics and it
you can mention magnetism, optical devices and
development of inorganic materials.

Types of nanotechnology

What characterizes the fields of application of nanotechnology depends

directly from the form, procedure, and purpose for which the manipulation is given
of matter at the nano scale. These materials used are called
nanomaterials, which can be obtained from the environment with their
natural characteristics or can be generated synthetically to the
which are attributed special characteristics. In turn, nanomaterials
They can be subdivided into nanoparticles, nanolayers, and nanocomposites.

Various products in nanotechnology

As the years went by, the most diverse investigations emerged in the
more diverse areas of study. This enabled the development of various
nanomaterials, nanoparticles, and various futuristic hypotheses, that every day
What's happening is that they stop being hypothetical. All these products are from big
benefits to society, the environment, and the industry.
Dendrimer: they are three-dimensional, nanoscale molecules, so called
because the structures resemble trees with branches (dendrons). The
dendrimers are capable of hosting, either in the internal cavities as well
also on the surface, small molecules that can later be released in
moments, what makes them promising supply agents of
medications, and agents for the supply of perfumes and herbicides with
scheduled release according to a time scheme.

Fago T4: its design is inspired by viruses, bringing to life a machine that
it has the ability to place its legs on the surface of bacteria and
inject them with DNA.

Nanowires: they are nanostructures in the form of a filament, coated with

specific biological receptors for certain types of microorganisms and/or
substances that when immersed in a cellular medium can vary their
electric conductivity when recognizing the agent according to the type of receptors
on its surface.

Photonic Nanobiosensors: they are nanobiosensors based on

gold or magnetic nanoparticles that interact with the Quantum
Energy dots (quantum dots) of electromagnetic radiation called
photons.

Nanobombs: they are conglomerations of carbon nanotubes coated with

nanometer-scale antibodies, which once exposed to light and heat
resultant, they are unable to dissipate the concentrated energy and a
kind of explosion

Nanosensors: nanoscale devices designed to

detect a certain external action, temperature, pressure, compound
chemical etc.

Nanomotors: nanomotors illustrate an example of atomic gear.

computer-generated. These are from Bottom-Up nanotechnology.

Nanocarriers: they are highly effective in transporting drugs.

and DNA. This facilitates the ability to accurately direct a drug to the
desired localization in the body, such as that of specific organs or cells
specific.

Nanoparticles: it is a small piece of matter, composed of an element

specific or a compound of elements. The typical thing is that they measure less than 100.
nanometers in diameter. The term can refer to a wide range of
materials, including the particulate matter expelled by the exhaust of a
automobile. In the last twenty years, engineered particles
nanologics are manufactured for commercial purposes, with the intent to exploit
advantage of its quantum effects. Currently, drugs are being used,
lubricants, paints, tools, fabrics among several others.

Nanoshells: they are nanoparticles that consist of a thin layer.

metallic generally made of gold, about 8 to 10 nanometers that covers a
spherical structure of silicon with an approximate diameter of about 100
nanometers.

Nanocomposites: Compounds of metals, polymers, and biological matter that

allow multifunctional behavior. Applied where purity and
Electrical conductivity is important, such as in microelectronics, tires of
automobiles, sports equipment such as rackets and tennis balls, clothing,
textiles, antiseptics among others.

Textile Revolution

Nanotechnology can be used within textile engineering in various ways.

areas to give fabrics different types of finishes, such as in the
dyes, to provide smoothness on the surface, in the dyes used for
to make the prints and this is why the manufacturing of garments made with
nanotechnology products are referred to as smart or textile
nanotechnological, as well as footwear or any other accessory of
fashion. Some of these products have some type of formula made with
nanoparticles that generate some type of reaction. These reactions can
biological beings inside the organism or physical ones in the tissue itself. The inks by
these reasons are made from combinations that can be used for fashion,
both in the use of prints and in dyeing, and in this way it is
what are called nanotechnology garments or as they are also often said
smart garments, created with different technological processes that
they differentiate from one another.

Fabrics with nanotechnology finishes

Fabrics with nanotechnology finishes are just now beginning to arrive at

market. These fabrics are not only synthetic but also plant-based.
natural. By working at the Nano scale, it is possible to incorporate any
nanoparticle on the most diverse surfaces, always maintaining the same
characteristic, property, softness, shine, and drape. A common example would be the
cotton. Since around the year 2000 the nanotechnology era
began to be included in textile laboratories around the world and together with the
High-Tech achieved greater progress in quality and benefits. It could
classify into four groups by benefits:

Aesthetics: Allows the pieces to withstand liquid spills without being

absorbed, that do not wrinkle and are stain-resistant.
Therapeutics: Moisturizers, prevention of varicose veins and stretch marks, toner
muscular and molecular balancer.

Medications: Administration of vitamins and remedies.

Protectors: Bactericidal, UVB/UVA ray protector, pollution protector and

harmful gases.

Medicine

The most advanced research is recorded in the field of medicine and

biology. According to data from Lux Research, the global market for
Nanotechnology was already moving 11.8 billion dollars in effort in 2006.
investigator and 50 billion dollars in products that incorporate
nanotechnologies, a figure that is expected to reach 2.9 trillion dollars
in 2014.

Cancer

Between medicine and nanotechnology, they are forming a weapon to combat the
cancer. By combating the disease at the molecular scale, it allows for detection
prematurely the disease, identify and attack more specifically the
cancer cells. The National Cancer Institute of the United States (NCI)
has launched the 'Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer', a
project that includes the development and creation of instruments for detection
precocious.
One of the alternatives is to manage and direct medications. This new
The technique is already a fact. The nanosystems for drug delivery act
as drug carriers throughout the body, directed to the
tumoral cells and reducing the accumulation of drugs in healthy cells.
Drug delivery systems are made up of a principle
active and a conveyor system, which ensure that it can be directed the
release of the drug to the place that needs it and in the appropriate amount. These
they must meet certain characteristics, such as low toxicity,
optimal properties for transport, drug release, and extended life
media in the organism. All these characteristics are favored by the
application of nanotechnology in this field. All of this allows for,
during the manufacturing of devices at the nanoscale, the
drug in the least invasive and toxic form for the cellular tissue that does not
I needed pharmacological treatment. Another advantage that it offers
nanotechnology for drug delivery is the evident increase in the
effectiveness of the medication, through precise dosage control
required, of the size, the morphology and the surface properties of
pharmaceutical compound to be used. When releasing nanoparticles in the form
specifically only in organs, tissues, or cells that need it, the decrease is
drug-related toxicity. On the other hand, it is necessary to take into account that
drug administration systems allow for sustained release of the
medication according to the patient's needs; which allows for the
decrease in potential adverse effects that may occur such as
consequence of the massive and prolonged administration of a drug
determined.
Another alternative is based on artificial molecules known as
dendrimers. They are branched three-dimensional structures that can
designed on a nanometric scale. Dendrimers have multiple ends
free, in which different molecules can be coupled and transported
nature, from therapeutic agents to fluorescent molecules. In the
United States, nanotechnologist James Baker applied a powerful
cancer drug, methotrexate, to some branches of the dendrimer.
In others, fluorescent agents were incorporated, as well as folic acid or folate, a
vitamin necessary for cell function. Its functionality is like the
of a Trojan horse. The folate molecules in the dendrimer cling to
the receptors of the cell membranes and they think that they are
receiving the vitamin. When they allow folate to cross the membrane, the
the cell also receives the drug that poisons it.

Diagnostic nanosystems

It's not just the therapies that are advancing in nanotechnology, the
diagnosis does not lag behind. Hand in hand with nanotechnology we
we find ourselves in the era of molecular and quantum diagnosis, these are
sophisticated and precise, which make it possible to identify genetic diseases
and infectious. Among the types of diagnoses we have Quantum Dots and
theNanoshells.
The objective of nanosystems is to identify the onset of a disease.
needs in the initial states at the cellular or molecular level, through the
use of nanoparticles or nanodevices. The nanosystems of
Diagnosis can be applied in vitro or in vivo. In applications of
in-vitro diagnosis, nanodevices are capable of detecting with
surprising speed, precision, and sensitivity the presence of microorganisms
pathogens, precancerous cell proliferations, and defects in DNA to
starting from samples of body fluids or tissues.
In in-vivo diagnostic applications, nanodevices can be developed.
biocompatible substances that, for example, when administered in the human body
they can conduct targeted searches to identify a disease and
quantify the presence of a specific molecule or cells
cancerous.

Nanoshells

Nanoshells. They are nanoparticles that consist of a thin layer

metallic, generally gold, about 8 to 10 nanometers that covers a
spherical silicon structure with an approximate diameter of about 100
nanometers. Nanoshells have the ability to absorb or reflect rays
from light to the desired wavelength, which gives them a property of
reactive luminescence, which at a certain moment if the light source
persist for a certain time, would induce the nanoshells to increase their
temperature up to sufficient values to "destroy" diseased cells or
generate accelerated processes of scarification or reconstruction. How
consequence, the nanoshell nanoparticles offer a platform
technological for a wide variety of diagnostic therapies, all of them
subject to the possibility of linking to the metallic surface of a nanoshell,
specific receptor molecules to a substance or pre-pathogenic organism in
particular.
The properties of nanoshells are applicable in localization.
recognition and thermal destruction of specific cancer cells and
particular angiogenesis in tumor proliferation, using a laser
infrared that penetrates tissues and blood effortlessly to generate the reaction
desired in the nanoparticles.

Agriculture

The selection and improvement of plant species, until a few

decades were in the hands of nature. The rise of the agricultural industry
biotechnological in the agricultural sector, changed the objective of such selection, no longer
made for the survival and use of such a species, resulting from the
natural selection, but instead introduces the aim of improving and maximizing the
production of agricultural processes.
To achieve such a goal, one of the first options that emerged was the
development of herbicides, agricultural biotechnology structured the option of
produce chemicals that respond to the needs of plants.
Designing plants that could tolerate toxic chemicals or "defend" themselves from
the pests that cause so much damage to the economic sector.
In the agricultural sector, production worldwide has historically been
facilitated by the most diverse production technologies. One of the
main factors for the increase in production and decrease in costs, are
the maximum utilization and special selection of the 'best' seeds,
technologically and genetically developed.
Through nanobiotechnology, the possibility of designing is already being considered
plant through the manipulation of seeds. Research in this
The field is based on the development of new techniques that use nano
particles that allow them to introduce foreign DNA into a cell. For example, the
Researchers at Oak Ridge laboratory discovered a scaling technique.
nanometric to simultaneously inject DNA into millions of cells. It has
achieved that millions of carbon nanofibers with synthetic DNA adhered,
they grow from a silicon chip. The living cells are then launched against the
fibers that pierce them and inject DNA in the process. Once injected the
Synthetic DNA, this expresses new proteins and new traits that in the
they are not being investigated.
Nanometric pesticides: encapsulated poisons. Currently, the industry
pesticides are starting their foray into the use of
active ingredients nanometers and many of the main agro firms
world chemistry conducts research and development to arrive at
new nanoscale formulas in pesticide production.

Environment

The environment as one of the macro determinants of health and life

humanity is also currently suffering the impact of the application of the
nanotechnology. It emerges as one of the main topics of interest in the
human health care in the nanological universe, the main
uncertainty is generated about the capacity that matter has and the
materials to acquire new properties. The possibilities of being able to have
nanometric scale changes in elasticity, strength, and color of a
substance, its tolerance to temperature, pressure, and its capacity to
conducting electricity raises profound questions about its harmfulness
What can nanometric substances bring to the environment.
Increasingly, nanoparticles are becoming 'functional', in the sense of
that their surfaces are conditioned to trigger chemical reactions or
specific biological. In this way, mechanisms are created for the
administration of medications to humans and animals for purposes
specific or for the treatment of crops with pesticides and fertilizers.
Its administration for specific purposes facilitates the more effective use of the
substances in much lower quantities, since there is the possibility of reducing
the use of chemicals and materials, particularly those that harm the
environment.
Advancements in nanotechnology can benefit the environment.
through the use of detection devices that are less expensive and
more sensitive than the current ones. For example, the new sensors
nanotechnology based on proteins can detect mercury in
concentrations of approximately one part in 10-15 or one
quadrillionth. What used to be an impossible task. With
europium oxide nanoparticles are applying a highly method
suitable for measuring the pesticide atrazine, a pollutant found
frequently in groundwater.
Rapid detection thanks to nanotechnology allows for a quick response.
what minimizes damage to the environment and to those who
we benefit from it, it also reduces the disposal costs of the
pollution.
Some nanostructured materials could purify running water and the
groundwater, this is a reality, as it is commercially available
nanoporous membranes that filter pathogens and other materials
undesirables. Some scientists propose the use of iron nanoparticles
as a chemical reducer to decontaminate water. In this process, iron,
substance that exists in nature, oxidizes and is oxidized; taking advantage of the great
surface of the nanoparticles. The magnetized iron nanocrystals are
are used to remove arsenic from drinking water. There are reports that
They point out that this method reduces the amount by more than a hundred times.
waste produced by standard techniques. Another innovative method involves
the impregnation of the surface of iron oxide particles with
molecules that selectively create bonds with molecules or ions
contaminants. Introducing them into the water would result in the attraction of the
contaminant by the impregnated particles and by means of a
The magnetic field concentrates by capturing the trapped pairs.
Nowadays, there are many other research studies and applications that establish
nanotechnology as a means to clean the contaminated environment,
what would contribute to a more "healthy" interaction of humans with the environment
environment, where the environment is not affected by actions
industrial and technological activities that humans carry out, benefiting from the
interaction with natural resources in search of benefit and well-being
own. Several technologies, including nanostructured catalysts
for fuel cells and the improved materials of the electrodes in
lithium ion batteries and advanced silicon photovoltaic cells
Nanoporous and TiO2 can enhance the performance of current sources of
energy and reduce carbon dioxide (CO emissions2) The
Optically selective nanoscale coatings can reduce consumption
of energy and at the same time improve indoor air quality.
The resource-saving possibilities that it offers are important.
nanotechnology; in the production stage it allows for the reduction of material usage
that leave a great "footprint on the environment" replacing them with others of
less impact, such as the substitution of silicon, which is currently
used for the manufacturing of electronic components, by the nanotube. With
what is promoted here is a more efficient use of raw materials, which
It ultimately aims at the conservation of the environment, who is the main one
provider.
Current research points towards the production of materials
nanostructured from renewable or abundant sources (for example, the
substitution of precious metals with carbon-based nanoproducts). The
dynamic strategies for the recovery or recycling of nanomaterials would be
the most effective approach proposed for the sustainability of natural resources.
Public and private organizations have not taken long to recognize the obvious
benefits of nanotechnology for the environment, although more are needed
calculate the total costs of this modern sector, including the costs of
product life cycle. For example, many materials
nano-structured materials save energy during their use, but their manufacturing
it can consume a lot of energy. The benefit analyses based on the
costs must take into account the true environmental impact of these
materials, in addition, all aspects of their destination and the must be investigated
transport of nanoparticles that escape into the environment and have
its repercussions with any biological entity that is in interaction.

The risks in the environment

New technologies (for the most part) are produced and applied without going through
for a research that exposes the possible short-term and long-term effects of
said technology about the environment. Nanotechnology is no exception.
exempt, these may present specific potential risks, which
a meticulous study and evaluation is required. One of the elements that
it demonstrates the risk of matter manipulated on a nanoscale, the fact is that even though the
the amount of material used for a nanological process should be minimal,
the size of the particles is still much smaller, enough that
penetrate the skin.
These particles in contact with their surroundings would achieve infinity.
of reactions depending on the nanoparticles, the medium (water, air, soil), and
the conditions (temperature, cold, other nanoparticles, etc.). Those
nanoparticles in such media and conditions, nowadays are the
concern and the object of study in the research on the impact that could
resulting from the interaction of nanoparticles with the environment and with the
human being.

Economy

It would be enough to say to awaken the interest of many industrialists, investors,

entrepreneurs and rulers for nanotechnology, which is estimated that the
global annual sales related to nanotechnology project for the
year 2015, above the order of US$ 2.6 trillion dollars annually and
whose markets, according to Lux Research Inc., would represent approximately
15% of the profitable production in almost all sectors of the economies
global industries and nearly 10 million jobs in
everyone, but more.
Like a large company that is divided into departments, which have
a determining function, Argentina must organize itself to achieve one
vertical evolution without stopping at bureaucracies and unnecessary obstacles, must
to utilize the large quantity and quality of scientists that it has statistically
we are talking about 2 scientists for every 1,000 inhabitants economically
assets that is one of the most important densities in Latin America.
We must clearly understand that the world does not wait for us, it continues.
developing without stopping, and if we don't want to distance ourselves even more from
the main economies, we must step up and do things right.
The main points we must observe to achieve a transition
Appropriate would be: - Promote nanotechnology throughout the educational system
and productive public and private.

Promote public and private credits and financing for development.

research projects, technology incubators, SMEs and large
companies.
Adjust the legal and legislative system.
Tax incentives for entrepreneurial stimulation.
Create an appropriate system for patent filing.

Conclusions
Nanoscale technologies are unimaginable concepts made
reality today, although for most people it still happens
unnoticed.
The emergence of nanoscale technology is an event
considerably significant that provides us with unprecedented potential
to control, manipulate, and shape all living and inert matter to obtain
a desired outcome. In this way, nanotechnology is structured in the
the current world as the key that opens the doors to a new universe where
converging vital elements in all fields of knowledge, generating
spaces to take advantage of and interrelate technologies seeking to impact, affect
and to benefit human vital processes, including health, life,
death and disease.
As a conclusion to all that has been mentioned above, we can say the following:
The analysis of the current state and global trends regarding the
nanoscale technological developments show that even in the face of a
a financial environment as unstable as the current one, the nanoscale research
it achieves a high concentration of investments, innovation, and enthusiasm, which
results in a dizzying conversion of nanometric technologies into
"viable" technologies for market entry. In this way, the industry
nanotechnology proposes a new economic, cultural, and social renaissance
and environmental that is structured according to the advantages it offers,
regarding the massification and improvement of materials, the development
sustainable and the profit in different areas. The expectations that are
They generate around nanotechnology are evidently really
promising, and they cover immeasurable benefits for well-being and
lives of people, but parallelly and in an extremely relegated sphere.
the risks and uncertainties that arise as a consequence
From the application of these technologies, it is evident that a lot is still needed.
information to ensure the safe use of nanotechnology, and this requires
that is linked to professional training processes in all areas
nanotechnology as an essential component that connects to the emerging
nanotechnology, qualified critical processes from the university.
To be able to take advantage of the benefits of nanotechnology, it must be carried out
an "adequate" implementation that allows these novel technologies
to adapt to the real needs of social development models,
in addition to generating means of connectivity, articulation, and synergy between
proponents, providers, and users, based on the existing needs
of the user, to integrate the technology in such a way that it helps to solve
these needs and do not generate unfavorable aspects. Furthermore, the
implementation of nanotechnology in human everyday life requires
include within the coupling mechanisms the urgent need to generate
mechanisms of qualification, organization, and participation that link to the
community in the construction of processes of transformation, and a
technical-scientific component that facilitates the design of development models and
incorporation of nanoscale technologies according to the conditions, the
risks, the benefits, and the needs of each person or social group.
The development of nanotechnology, especially its applications
biomedical sciences and their impacts on marginalized communities must be understood
in a broader social and political context. The fundamental point is that the
new technologies have not provided solutions to the complex
problems that have their roots in poverty and social inequalities.
The nanologically enabled medications and the technologies of
improvement of human performance threatens to deviate from needs
fundamentals of health, the scarce funds allocated to research
medical and its development. Moreover, the emphasis on high medical interventions
technology threatens to divert attention and resources from approaches
non-medical approaches that aim to promote human development, such as interventions
basic aspects that lead to improvements in health, housing, nutrition, education, and
employment can ultimately lead to much greater advances in the
human health that cutting-edge biomedical nanoscale applications.
The emphasis on improving human performance not only threatens
redirect the scant funds for research and development in health,
diverting them from the essential health needs of marginalized people,
but in the end it will create a 'capability gap'. Just like the
digital divide, the capability gap will widen the chasm between the North and
the South, between the rich and the poor. It is likely that in the social and political context that
prevails, the introduction of penetrating technologies of human refinement
it provokes the marginalization of more groups of people.
There are many fundamental questions unanswered regarding the
environmental and health impacts of nanoscale materials that are already
they are used in the development of innovative drugs. Although many
promoters promise that nanotechnology will provide us with revolutionary
advances in health, improving our quality of life and even prolonging it
our existence, it is also possible that some of its applications
introduce new risks to human health. It is practically unknown.
the toxicology of designed nanoscale materials, and of the studies
toxicological studies that were conducted with the same substance formulated in
Larger scale particles cannot extrapolate data. The recent
toxicological studies on the environmental and health impacts of the
manufactured nanoparticles indicate that there are reasons for concern. And, despite
the fact that some nanoscale products are already on the market
(including some nanological medications), no government in the world has
developed regulations that respond to safety aspects that
they involve nanometric materials.

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