yaty 45 means the answer can be 43 or 3 © Understand that a function is a relationship where each input has a single output. © Generate outputs from a given function and identify inputs from a given output by considering inverse operations (including fractions). © Understand that a situation can be represented either in words or as alinear function in two variables (of the form y= mmx + c), and move between the two representations. Function machines In Stage 7, you looked at how function machines carry out mathematical operations. A number is entered (the input) and the function machine calculates an answer (the output) For example: In Divide by 3 Add a out In this case, the function is ‘divide by 3 and then add 4’. An important property of a function is that one input value only produces one output value For example, the machine shown below is not an example of a function machine: In Square root Subtract 1 —> out If the inputis 9, then 9 =43 because (~3)x(-3)=9 as well as 3x3=9.24 Functions Worked example a The numbers 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 are entered into the function machine. In Divide by 3 ‘Add 4 Out Calculate the output in each case. Input Output 3 5 | 2 43 1 45 ‘The inverse | function undoes 2 i | ‘the effect of the 1 original function. -2 3i 3 ©_| » A function machine is given as: ° | In Subtract 2 Divide by 2 > Out | If the output is 3, calculate the input. ‘The inverse function will help to solve this problem. Working backwards, we must work out what mathematical operation undoes the original function. The opposite of ‘division’ is ‘multiplication’, while the opposite of ‘subtraction’ is ‘additi The original function can therefore be reversed as follows: in x Add2 ‘Multiply by 2 out Therefore inserting $ as the output gives: 7 << ads2 Therefore if 3 is the output, 7 was the input. Multiply by 2 yaySECTION 3. © Express the equation y=5x-+3 as a function machine. Here, whatever the input x, itis multiplied by 5 and then 3 is added to it to produce the y-value. Therefore x is the input and y the output. Asa function machine this can be written as: x Mutiny by 5 ada 3 —> out J The equation Y=5x43 can also be called an algebraic function, @ Write each oF the following functions in machine form. ya4r+6 =m3 mass In questions 2-4, the input numbers are listed in the table. Calculate the output values, in Subtract 1 ‘Multiply by 3 > Out Input Output 0 1 a nol aee = >- ou Input Output 2 i 024 Functions eo. Divide by 2 S\— Multiply by 3 )—» Out Input Output 2 2 In the following question, a function machine is given: In Divide by 2 Subtract 5 Out ‘Write down the inverse function machine. Complete the table of inputs and outputs. Input Output 4 18 25 307 <> © Kimie and Fusayo are discussing the function machine below: Add 1 Multiply by 2 > oul poe in ily by n something is wrong you only To rewrite it as an algebraic function, Kimie suggests the following need tofind one xtIx2=y example that it She says that because of BIDMAS the multiplication is done first so it does not work. can be written as: x+2= y. Fusayo thinks it is a different algebraic rule. Prove, using numbers, that Kimie is wrong, If Fusayo’s alternative is correct, write down the algebraic function that she wrote. Pars218 SECTIONS LET'S TALK The machine functions for parts @and Gi) are different because they have been swapped around However, are there any input values that will give the same ‘output for each pair of machine functions? Write each of the following function machines using algebra ai) 5 Multiply by 2 Subtract 2 > 7 x Subtract 2 Multiply by 2 my Divide by 3 Add 8 my wv x Add 8 Divide by 3 >y cy x Multiply by ~ Add 10 >y it Pi ‘Add 10 Multiply by —1 ay Creating a function machine Worked example } A gym membership costs $150 to join and then an additional $80 per month, i) Write, in function machine form, the relationship between the total cost (C) and the number of months (m) of membership. m Multiply by 80 ‘Add 150 > \i) Write your function machine as an algebraic function. C= 80m+150 iii) A member worked out that she has paid a total of $7190 since she joined, Calculate how long she has been a member. lm eSET'S TALK Is the algebraic function in part (b) an example of ‘an equation or a formula? 24 Functions To work this out the inverse function will be needed. This can be written as follows: Divide by 80 Subtract 150 Giving the following solution: | 88 < Divide by 80 EEK subtract 150 7190 | Therefore, she has been a member for 88 months, or 7 years and 4 months. A recipe states that to cook a turkey it takes 30 minutes per kilogram plus 20 minutes. ‘@ Construct a function machine to calculate the total time Tin minutes needed to cook a turkey of m kg. Write the function algebraically. © Calculate the time needed to cook a4}kg turkey. Give your answer in hours and minutes. Calculate the mass of a turkey that takes 4 hours and 20 minutes to cook Itisknown that in order to work out the sum (S) of the internal angles of an n-sided polygon, 2 is subtracted from the number of sides and the result multiplied by 180. a Draw a machine function linking $ and 1 Write your machine function algebraically. Ifa polygon has 30 sides, calculate the sum of its internal angles. The sum of the internal angles of a polygon is 3600°. Calculate the number of sides of the polygon. © Are there values of 1 for which the function is not valid? Justify your answer, A temperature in Celsius (C) can be converted to Fahrenheit (F) using the following function machine. aoe © Multiply by E Aid 32 & Write the rule as an algebraic function G A student suggests that the inverse function machine can be written as: =X wwitoney SLX subvoase J Is this a possible inverse function? Ju: fy your answer. 219SECTION 3 A candle maker makes candles that are 28cm long. He states that the candles are long-lasting as they only burn by 18em per hour. Four possible function machines are shown below, where the lengt remaining (1) of the candle is given in terms of the number of hours (n) it has been lit. n ‘add 28 Multiply by 1.5 )—> 2 > 6 utes oy(-2) dd 28 n Multiply by 1.5 Add 28 >L i [set > tor > é Choose the correct function machine. Justify your choice. Write the function machine algebraically. Is the function valid for all values of n? Justify your answer © Now you have completed Unit 24, you may like to try the Unit 24 online knowledge test if you are using the Boost eBook. Prat)