DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATION

CHAPTER – 9

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
INTRODUCTION
An equation involving independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent variables is
called a differential equation. There are two kinds of differential equation:
(i) ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION ORDER OF DIFFERNETIAL EQUATION:
If the dependent variables depend on one The order of the differential equation is the order of
independent variable x, then the differential the highest order derivative present in the equation.
equation is said to be ordinary.
Example
Example
𝑑𝑦
+ = y + z, = 3x +2 , The order of the equation is 1
𝑑𝑥

+ xy = sin x, + y = ex
DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
k = ,y=x +k The degree of the differential equation is the power
of the highest order derivative, where the original
equation is represented in the form of a polynomial
(ii) PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION equation in derivatives such as y’, y”, y”’, and so on.
If the dependent variables depend on two or
more independent variables, then it is known
as partial differential equation Example

Example 𝑑 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
+y = 0 is a differential equation, so the
y2 = ax, degree of this equation here is 1.
 There can be two types of solution of a differential
Note
equation:
Order and degree (if defined) of a differential (i) General solution (or complete integral or
equation are always positive integers. complete primitive): A relation in x and y
satisfying a given differential equation and
In the differential equation, all the derivatives involving exactly same number of arbitrary
should be expressed in the polynomial form f1 (x, y) constants as order of differential equation.
n1 n2
 dm y   dm −1y 
nk
 dy  (ii) Particular Solution: A solution obtained by
 m  + f2 (x, y)  m −1  + ........fk(x, y)  dx  = assigning values to one or more than one
 dx   dx   
0 arbitrary constant of general solution.
SOLUTION METHODS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST
The above differential equation has the order m and
DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:
degree n1.
A differential equation of first order and first degree
FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION dy
is of the type + f(x, y) = 0, which can also be
Differential equation corresponding to a family of dx
curve will have : written as: M dx + N dy = 0, where M and N are
(i) Order exactly same as number of essential functions of x and y.
arbitrary constants in the equation of curve.
(ii) No arbitrary constant present in it. Example
The differential equation corresponding to a
The differential equation of the family of circles
family of curve can be obtained by using the
following steps: passing through the origin and having centers on
the x-axis .
(a) Identify the number of essential arbitrary
constants in equation of curve. Solution: Let the equation of family of circle
Note passing through origin and having center (a,0) be
ሺ𝑥 − 𝑎ሻ2 + ሺ𝑦 − 0ሻ2 = 𝑎2
If arbitrary constants appear in addition,
or, 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
subtraction, multiplication or division, then
or, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0 ........(i)
we can club them to reduce into one new
On differentiating equation (i), we get
arbitrary constant.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
or, 2x+2y - 2a=0 or, x + y - a=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(b) Differentiate the equation of curve till the 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦2
or, x +y𝑑𝑥 - [ ]=0
required order. 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
or, 2𝑥 2 + 2xy𝑑𝑥 − ሺ𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ሻ = 0
(c) Eliminate the arbitrary constant from the
𝑑𝑦
equation of curve and additional equations or, 2xy = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
obtained in step (ii) above.
SOLVING A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (i) Variables separable:
Finding the dependent variable from the differential If the differential equation can be put in the
equation is called solving or integrating it. The form, f(x) dx = (y) dy we say that variables are
solution or the integral of a differential equation is, separable and solution can be obtained by
therefore, a relation between dependent and integrating each side separately.
independent variables (free from derivatives) such A general solution of this will be  f(x) dx =
that it satisfies the given differential equation
 (y) dy + c, where c is an arbitrary constant
Note
𝑑𝑦 Example
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦𝑒 𝑥
The solution of the differential equation is 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
also called its primitive, because the 𝑦

differential equation can be regarded as a Integrating on both the side

𝑑𝑦
relation derived from it. ⇒‫׬‬ = ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬dx ⇒ln |y| = 𝑒 𝑥 + C
𝑦
(ii) Equations reducible to the variables separable Step 4: Integrating both side of equation, we have
form: 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
‫𝑔 ׬‬ሺ𝑣ሻ−𝑣 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬+ C
If a differential equation can be reduced into a
variables separable form by a proper
Step 5: After integration we replace v=y/x
substitution, then it is said to
be “Reducible to the variables separable type”.
dy Example
Its general form is = f(ax + by + c) a, b  0.
dx
𝑑𝑦 ሺ𝑥−𝑦ሻ
To solve this, put ax + by + c = t. =
𝑑𝑥 ሺ𝑥+𝑦ሻ
𝑑𝑦 ሺ𝑥−𝑦ሻ
Example Solution: Given, 𝑑𝑥
= ሺ𝑥+𝑦ሻ
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1−
𝑥
dy
= cos ሺx + yሻ ⇒ = 𝑦
dx 𝑑𝑥 1+
𝑥
Let x + y = v If y = vx and dy/dx = v + x dv/dx
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑣
−1 Then,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 v + x dv/dx = (1-v)/(1+v)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥
− 1 = cos 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑣 + 1 Subtracting v from both the sides;
𝑑𝑣
⇒ cos 𝑣+1
= 𝑑𝑥 x dv/dx = (1-v)/(1+v) – v
Integrating on both the side x dv/dx = [(1-v)/(1+v)] -[(v+v 2)/(1+v)]
𝑑𝑣
⇒ ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑣+1 = ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ x dv/dx = (1-2v-v 2))/(1+v)
1 𝑣
⇒ ‫ ׬‬2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 𝑑𝑣 = ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ Now we can use the separation of
𝑣 variables method;
⇒ tan 2 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
(1+v)/(1-2v-v 2) dv = (1/x) dx
𝑥+𝑦
⇒ tan ( ) = 𝑥 + 𝐶 , which is the required
2 Integrating both the sides;
solution. ∫(1+v)/(1-2v-v 2) dv = ∫(1/x) dx
(iii) Homogeneous differential equations: 1/2 ln(1-2v-v 2) = ln(x) + C
dy Put C = ln(k)
f(x,y)
A differential equation of the form = -1/2 ln(1-2v-v 2) = ln(x) + ln(k)
dx g(x,y) −1

where f and g are homogeneous function ሺ1 − 2v − 𝑣 2 ሻ 2 = k x

of x and y, and of the same or we can write;
1
degree, is called homogeneous differential 1-2v-v 2 =
𝑘 2𝑥 2
equation and can be solved easily by putting y Again, putting v = y/x;
= v.x. 𝑦 𝑦 2 1
1 - 2(𝑥 ) − (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 2𝑥 2
Steps to Solve Homogeneous Differential Equation
To solve a homogeneous differential equation Eliminating 𝑥 2 term from denominator on
following steps are followed:- both the sides, we get;
Given differential equation of the type 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = −1/𝑘 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 Now, put -1/k2 = c
= 𝐹ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ = 𝑔 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 Adding 2x2 on both the sides;
Step 1: Substitute y = vx in the given differential y2 + 2 x y + x2 = c + 2 x2
equation.
Now factoring the above equation, we
Step 2: Differentiating, we get,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 get;
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (y + x)2 = 2x2+c
Now substitute the value of and y in the given y + x = √(2x2) +c
differential equation, we get Or y = ±√(2x2+c) − x
𝑑𝑣
v + x 𝑑𝑥 = g(v) This is the solution for the given
equation.
Step 3: Separating the variables, we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑔ሺ𝑣ሻ−𝑣
= 𝑥
(iv) Equations reducible to the homogeneous form
Example
Equations of the form dy = ax + by + c ....(a)
dx Ax + By + C Find the general solution of the
differential equation x dy -(y + 2𝑥 2 ). dx =
can be made homogeneous (in new variables X
0
and Y) by substituting x = X + h and y = Y + k,
Solution: The give differential equation is
where h and k are constants to obtain, dY =
dX x dy - (y + 2𝑥 2 ) dx = 0. This can be
aX + bY + (ah + bk + c)
simplified to represent the following
. .....(b) linear differential equation.
AX + BY + (Ah + Bk + C) 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
− =2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
These constants are chosen such that ah + bk
Comparing this with the differential
+ c = 0, and Ah + Bk + C = 0. Thus we obtain 𝑑𝑦
equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ; we have the values
the following differential equation dY = aX + bY . 1
dX AX + BY of 𝑃 = − 𝑥 and the value of 𝑄 = 2𝑥. Hence
we have the integration factor as
The differential equation can now be solved by
1
1
substituting Y = v X. I.F. = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 =
𝑥

(v) Linear differential equation of first order Further, the solution of the differential
dy equation is as follows.
The differential equation + Py = Q , is linear 1 1
𝑦 × 𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 𝐶
dx 𝑥
in y. (Where P and Q are functions of x only).

Integrating Factor (I.F.): It is an expression

Note
which when multiplied to a differential
equation converts it into an exact form. A differential equation, which has only the linear
terms of the unknown or dependent variable and its
I.F for linear differential equation = e  Pdx
(constant of integration will not be considered) derivatives, is known as a linear differential
equation. It has no term with the dependent variable
 after multiplying above equation by .F it
becomes; of index higher than 1 and do not contain any
multiple of its derivatives. It cannot have nonlinear
dy
. e  Pdx + Py . e  Pdx = Q. e  Pdx functions such as trigonometric functions,
dx
exponential function, and logarithmic functions
d
 (y. e  Pdx ) = Q. e  Pdx with respect to the dependent variable. Any
dx
differential equation that contains above mentioned
 y. e  Pdx
=  Q. e  Pdx
+C . terms is a nonlinear differential equation.

Note (vi) Equations reducible to linear form

(a) By change of variable.
Sometimes differential equation becomes linear, if x is
Often differential equation can be reduced to
taken as the dependent variable, and y as independent
linear form by appropriate substitution of the
variable. The differential equation has then the
following non-linear term
form : dx + P1 x = Q1. (b) Bernoulli’s equation:
dy dy
(c) Equations of the form + Py = Q.yn, n 0 and
where P1 and Q1 are functions of y. Then I.F. now is dx
n1
e
P1 dy
(d) where P and Q are functions of x, is called
Bernoulli’s equation and can be made linear in
 v by dividing by yn and putting y–n+1 = v. Now xdy − ydx y
(b) = d 
its solution can be obtained as linear x 2
x
differential equation in v. (c) 2(x dx + y dy) = d (x2 + y2)
xdy − ydx  y
Example (d) =d  n 
xy  x
2 sin x – y cos x = xy3 ex . xdy − ydx  −1 y 
(e) = d  tan
x +y
2 2
 x 
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION xdy + ydx
dy (f) = d(ln xy)
The differential equation M + N = 0 .....(a) xy
dx
xdy + ydx  1
Where M and N are functions of x and y is said to be (g) 2 2
= d− 
exact if it can be derived by direct differentiation x y  xy 
(without any subsequent multiplication, elimination Geometrical application of differential equation:
etc.) of an equation of the form f(x, y) = c Form a differential equation from a given geometrical
problem. Often following formulae are useful to
Example remember

y2 dy + x dx + = 0 is an exact differential y 1 + m2
(i) Length of tangent (LT) =
m
equation.
(ii) Length of normal (LN) = y 1 + m2
Remember: (i) The necessary condition for (a) to be
 M  N y
exact is = . (iii) Length of sub-tangent (LST) =
 y  x m
(ii) For finding the solution of exact differential (iv) Length of subnormal (LSN) = |my|
equation, following results on exact differentials where y is the ordinate of the point, m is the slope
should be remembered :
 dy 
(a) xdy + y dx = d(xy) of the tangent =  
 dx 
 QUESTIONS

Q9 An integrating factor for the differential equation

MCQ ሺ1 + 𝑦 2 ሻ𝑑𝑥 − ሺtan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥ሻ𝑑𝑦 = 0
−1
1 −1
(a) −𝑒 tan 𝑦 (b) 𝑒 tan 𝑦
−2 −1
Q1 If 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 4 = 2x be a curve satisfying the differential (c) 𝑒 tan 𝑦 (d) 𝑒 tan 𝑦
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
equation ሺ𝑥 2 − 1ሻ 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +αy = 0 then ordered pair 𝑑𝑦
Q10. Solution of differential equation 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 is?
ሺ𝛼 − 𝛽, 𝛼 + 𝛽ሻ is : 𝑑𝑥

(a) (-15, -14) (b) (-13, -12) (a) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 3

(c) (-15, -17) (d) (-13, -15) (b) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 3
(c) −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑝𝑥 3
2 𝑑𝑦
Q2 The solution of the differential equation " + sec 𝑥 = (d) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = −𝑝𝑥 3
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 𝜋
𝑦2
, where 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 and y(0) = 1, is given by Q11. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation"
2 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(a) 𝑦 = 1 − (b) 𝑦 = 1 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ycos 𝑥 = 4𝑥,
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
(c) 𝑦 = 1 + sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 (d) 𝑦 = 1 − sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ ሺ0, 𝜋ሻ. If 𝑦 ( 6 ) = 0, then 𝑦 ( 2 ) is equal to :
−8 4
Q3 Solve the following differential equation: (a) 𝜋2 (b) 9 𝜋 2
9
𝑑𝑦 8 −4
+ 2𝑦tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 (c) 9 𝜋 2 (d) 𝜋2
𝑑𝑥 9
(a) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶cos2 𝑥
(b) 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝐶sin2 𝑥 Q12. What is the order and degree of each of the following
𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑2𝑦
(c) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶cosec 2 𝑥 differential equation: (𝑑𝑥 ) + (𝑑𝑥 2) = 0
(d) 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝐶cos2 𝑥 (a) 1,2 (b) 2,3
Q4 Find the order of the differential equation of the family of (c) 2,2 (d) 2,1
circles with their center at origin.
Q13. What is the order and degree (if defined) of each of the
(a) 1 (b) 2
following differential equation" :
(c) 0 (d) Not defined 2
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4
2𝑥 ሻ𝑑𝑦 2 ሻ𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 3 (𝑑𝑥 2) + 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 0
Q5 Solve ∶ ሺ1 + 𝑒 + ሺ1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 if y(0) =1
−1 −1 ሺ𝑒 𝑥 ሻ 𝜋 (a) 1,2 (b) 2,3
(a) tan 𝑦 + tan =2
𝜋 (c) 2,2 (d) 2,1
(b) tan−1 𝑦 − tan−1 ሺ𝑒 𝑥 ሻ = 2
𝜋 Q14. What is the order and degree (if defined) of each of the
(c) tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 ሺ𝑒 −𝑥 ሻ =
2
𝜋 following differential equation:
(d) tan−1 𝑦 − tan−1 ሺ𝑒 −𝑥 ሻ = 2
2 𝑑2𝑠 𝑑𝑠 3
(𝑑𝑡 2 ) + (𝑑𝑡 ) + 4 = 0
Q6 Solve the following differential equation:
𝑑𝑦 (a) 1,2 (b) 2,3
= 5𝑥 2 + 2
𝑑𝑥 (c) 2,2 (d) 2,1
(a) 10𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝐶 = 0
(b) 10𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝐶 = 0 Q15. "What is the order and degree (if defined) of each of the
d3 x d2 x dx
(c) 10𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝐶 = 0 following differential equation " + + +x = 0
dt3 dt2 dt
(d) 10𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶 = 0 (a) 3,1 (b) 2,2
𝑑𝑦 2 (c) 1,2 (d) 2,3
Q7 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 passes through point ( 3, -3)
(a) 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 54 Q16. Which of the following is linear differential Equation?
(b) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 50 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
(a) + =𝑥 (b) ( ) + = 𝑥
(c) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 54 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑦2
(d) Not defined (c) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥
=𝑥 (d) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥
=𝑥
Q8 Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation Q17. What is the solution of the differential equation?
𝑑𝑦
ሺ𝑥log 𝑥ሻ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥log 𝑥, ሺ𝑥 ≥ 1ሻ Then the integral 𝑑𝑦
ሺ𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ሻ − 𝑥𝑦 = 0
constant c is? 𝑑𝑥
(a) e (b) 0 (a) 𝑥 2 = −2𝑦 2 log 𝑦 (b) 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 2 log 𝑦
(c) 2 (d) -1 (c) 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 log 𝑦 (d) 𝑥 2 = −2𝑦 log 𝑦
Q18. Is 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 the solution of the differential equation Q27. Find the integrating factor of
𝑑𝑦
−
3𝑦
= ሺ𝑥 + 1ሻ4
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 2
− 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0. (a) ሺ𝑥 + 1ሻ3 (b) ሺ𝑥+1ሻ
1

(a) Yes (b) No 1

(c) Can’t say (d) None (c) ሺ𝑥+1ሻ3 (d) None of these

Q19. Form the differential equation representing the family of Q28. The differential equation 2ydx + (3y + 2x)dy=0" is
ellipses having centre at the origin and foci on x-axis. (a) exact and homogenous but not linear
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(a) xy𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (b) exact, homogenous and linear
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 (c) exact and linear but not homogenous
(b) xy𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
(d) homogenous and linear but not exact
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(c) xy +𝑥( ) −𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q29. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2 −𝑥( ) −𝑦 =0
(d) xy solution of a differential equation of third order is:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ሺAcos
(a) 3 (b) 2
Q20. 𝐼𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + Bsin 𝑥ሻ the general solution of the
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(c) 0 (d) 1
differential equation" 𝑑𝑥 2
− 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
Q30. The curve for which the slope of the tangent a any point
(a) Yes (b) No
(c) Can’t say (d) None is equal to the ratio of the abscissa to the ordinate of the
point is:
Q21. Form the differential equation of the family of straight (a) Ellipse (b) Parabola
lines 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, where " m" and " c" are arbitrary
(c) Circle (d) Hyperbola
constants.
𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(a) 𝑑𝑦2 = 0 (b) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 2𝑦
(c) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (d) 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0
Q1. Solve the differential equation (1 + x) y dx = (y – 1) x dy
Q22. Form the differential equation of the family of concentric dy 1 + y 2
circle s 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , where 𝑎 > 0 and a is a parameter. Q2. Solve the differential equation x. y = (1 + x +
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
dx 1 + x 2
(a) −𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (b) 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
x2)
(c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (d) 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0  dy 
Q3. Solve sin–1   =x+y
Q23. "Form the differential equation of the family of curves"  dx 
y=a sin (bx + c), Where a and c are parameters."
𝑑 2𝑦 −𝑑 2 𝑦 Q4. Solve x2dy + y(x + y) dx = 0
(a) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑦 = 0 (b) 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑏2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑 2𝑦 dy y y 2
(c) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 = 0 (d) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑦 = 0 Q5. Solve : − =
dx x x 2
Q24. "Form the differential equation of the family of curves"
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑥 , where a and 𝑏 are arbitrary constants. NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
d2 y d𝑦 2 d2 y d𝑦 2
(a) y =( ) (b) y = −( )
dx2 dx dx2 dx
d2 y d𝑦 2 d2 y d𝑦
dy
(c) x dx2 = ( dx ) (d) y dx2 = ( dx ) Q1. If (2 + sin x) + (y + 1) cos x = 0 and y(0) = 1,
dx
Q25. "Form the differential equation of the family of" curves 
then y   is equal to ______.
𝑦 2 = 𝑚ሺ𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ሻ, where a and m are parameters." 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(a) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Q2. If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, –
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(b) −𝑥𝑦 +𝑥( ) −𝑦 =0 1) and satisfies the differential equation, y(1 + xy)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
 1
(c) 𝑥𝑦 +𝑥( ) +𝑦 =0 (d) None dx = x dy, then f  – 2  is equal to _______.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Q26. Form the differential equation of the family of circles Q3. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equal
having centres on the 𝑥-axis and radius unity. dy
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2 (x log x) + y = 2x log x, (x  1). Then y(e) is
(a) (𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑦 2 = 1 (b) (𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 2 = −1 dx
𝑑𝑦 2 equal to_______.
(c) (𝑦 ) + 𝑦2 = 1 (d) None
𝑑𝑥
 dy (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the
Q4. If = y + 3 > 0 and y(0) = 2, then y(ln2) is equal
dx correct explanation of A.
to _____. (b) Both A and R are individually true and R is not
the correct explanation of A.
dy ax + 3
Q5. If the solution of = represents a (c) A is true but R is false
dx 2y + 1 (d) A is false but R is true
circle, then the value of a is ______. Q1. Assertion(A) : The degree of the differential
2
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑 2𝑦
TRUE AND FALSE equation (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 sin (𝑑𝑥 2) is 2.
Reason (R): The degree of the differential
Q1. The differential equation
dy
+ P y = Q , is linear equation which is not a polynomial in differential
dx coefficients, cannot be defined.
in x.
Q2. Assertion(A) : The differential equation of all
Q2. The slope of a curve at any point is the parabola whose axis of symmetry is parallel to x
reciprocal of twice the ordinate of that point and
– axis is of order 3
it passes through the point (4, 3). The equation
Reason (R): The order of equation depends upon
of the curve is y2 = x + 5. the number of unknown in equation of the curve.
Q3. The solution of the differential equation Q3. Assertion(A) : The elimination of two arbitrary
y dx – (x + 2y2)dy = 0 is x = f(y). If f(–1) = 1, then f(1) constants in 𝑦 = ሺ 𝑎 + 𝑏ሻ𝑥 results into a
is equal to 3 𝑑𝑦
differential equation of the first order 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
Reason (R): Elimination of n arbitrary requires
Q4. The value of lim y(x) obtained from the in general , a differential equation of the nth
x →
order.
dy
differential equation = y – y2, where y (0) = Q4. Assertion(A) : The solution of the differential
dx
dy
2 is -1. equation (1 + x2) + 2xy = cos x is y (1 + x2) =
dx
Q5. The general solution of the differential equation c + sin x
𝑑𝑦
y dy + 1 + y2 dx = 0 represents a family of Reason (R): Solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃ሺ𝑥ሻ𝑦 = 𝑄ሺ𝑥ሻ is
hyperbola. y. e  Pdx =  Q. e Pdx + C .

ASSERTION AND REASONING

Q5. Assertion(A) : Solution of differential equation
Directions (Q.No. 1 – 5)Each of these questions x dy – y dx = 0 represents : straight line passing
contains two statements , one is Assertion (A) and through origin
other is Reason (R) .Each of these questions also has
𝑑𝑦 5
four alternative choices , only one of which is the Reason (R): Degree of ( ) + 𝑦 = 0 is 7.
𝑑𝑥
correct answer .

HOMEWORK

Q2. The order and degree of the differential

MCQ 2
 d3 y 
4
d3 y  dy 
equation  3 + 3 +  = y are
Q1. The order and degree of the differential  dx  dx  dx 
2
 d2 y   dy 
3

equation  2  +   + y4 = 0 are respectively respectively

 dx   dx 
(a) 2, 2 (b) 3, 2
(a) 2, 2 (b) 2, 1
(c) 1, 2 (d) 3, 2 (c) 2, 3 (d) 1, 3
 5
Q3. If the differential equation representing the (a) – (b) – 1
family of all circles touching x-axis at the origin 3
dy 5
is (x2 – y2) = g(x) y, then g(x) equals (c) 1 (d)
dx 3
1
(a) 2x2 (b) x 2 SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
2
1
(c) x (d) 2x Q1. Form the differential equation of all circles
2
touching the x-axis at the origin and centre
Q4. If differential equation of family of curves y ln on the y-axis
|cx| = x, where c is an arbitrary constant, is y’ dy

Q2. Solve : e dx = x + 1, given that when x = 0, y = 3

y x
= +    , for some function , then  (b) is dy
x y Q3. Solve = (4x + y + 1)2
dx
equal to :
dy
1 1 Q4. Solve : y sin x = cos x (sin x – y2)
(a) (b) – dx
4 4
(c) – 4 (d) 4 xdy − ydx
Q5. Solve x dx + y dy =
x2 + y2
dy
Q5. If = e–2y and y = 0 when x = 5, the value
dx
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
of x for y = 3 is
(a) e5 (b) e6 + 1 dy
e +9
6 Q1. If + y tan x = sin2x and y(0) = 1, then y() is
(c) (d) ln6 dx
2 equal to ____.
dy Q2. The differential equation representing the
Q6. If = 1 + x + y + xy and y (– 1) = 0, then
dx family of curves y2 = 2c(x + c ), where c > 0is
function y is a parameter , is of order ______.
(1− x)2 / 2 (1+ x) / 2
2
(a) e (b) e −1 dy
(c) ln(1 + x) – 1 (d) 1 + x Q3. The solution of the differential equation +y
dx
Q7. If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation cot x =sin x is y sin x = k ( 2x –sin2x) +c
dy then k is ______.
(x + 2) = x2 + 4x – 9, x  – 2 and y(0) =0, dy
dx Q4. If (2 + sin x) + (y + 1) cos x = 0 and y(0) = 1,
then y(– 4) is equal to : dx
(a) 2 (b) 0 
(c) –1 (d) 1 then 3y   is equal to _______.
2
Q8. The solution of differential equation
dy x(2 nx + 1) Q5. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items.
= is - It is estimated that the rate of change of
dx sin y + y cos y production P w. r. t. additional number of
(a) y sin y = x ln x + c (b) y sin y = x2ln x + c dP
workers x is given by = 100 – 12 x . If the
(c) sin y = x2ln x + c (d) y cos y = x2ln x + c dx
firm employs 25 more workers, then the new
dy
Q9. The solution of the differential equation – level of production of items is _______.
dx
ky = 0,y(0) = 1, approaches zero when x→, if
(a) k = 0 (b) k > 0 TRUE AND FALSE
(c) k < 0 (d) k  0
Q1. If the dependent variables depend on one
= x 2 + y2
2 2
Q10. Integral curve satisfying y , y independent variable x, then the differential
x −y equation is said to be ordinary.
(a) = 2, has the slope of the curve at the point
(1, 2), is equal to
Q2. If the dependent variables depend on only one Q2. Assertion(A) : The degree of the differential
independent variables, then it is known as 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 4 −𝑦4
equation given by = ሺ𝑥 2 is 1.
partial differential equation 𝑑𝑥 +𝑦2 ሻ𝑥𝑦
Reason (R): The degree of a differential
dx
Q3. y2 dy + x dx + = 0 is an exact differential equation is the degree of the highest order
x
derivative when differential coefficients are
equation.
free from radicals and fraction. The given
dy
Q4. Equations of the form + Py = Q.yn, n 0 and differential equation has first order derivative
dx
which is free from radical and fraction with
n  1 where P and Q are functions of x, is called
Homogenous differential equation. power = 1 , thus it has a degree 1.
Q3. Assertion(A) : The solution of differential
Q5. I.F for linear differential equation = e  Pdx equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 is cos 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐
𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
ASSERTION AND REASONING Reason (R): = + tan we can clearly see
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
that it is homogenous equation ,substituting
Directions (Q.No. 1 – 5)Each of these questions y = vx
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
contains two statements , one is Assertion (A) and ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
other is Reason (R) .Each of these questions also has ⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣
four alternative choices , only one of which is the Separating the variables and integrating we
correct answer . get
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the 1 1
⇒ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬ = 𝑣𝑑 𝑣 𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬
correct explanation of A.
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ሺ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣ሻ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶
(b) Both A and R are individually true and R is not
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑥𝐶
the correct explanation of A. 𝑦
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑥𝐶
(c) A is true but R is false 𝑥

(d) A is false but R is true Q4. Assertion(A) : The order and degree of the
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q1. Assertion(A) : The differential equation differential equation √𝑑𝑥 2 = √𝑑𝑥 + 5 are 2 and
formed by eliminating a and b from 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 1
−𝑥 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑏𝑒 is 𝑑𝑥 2
−𝑦 = 0 Reason (R): The differential equation (𝑑𝑦) +
Reason (R): y = a𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑥 …….(i) 1
2𝑦 2 = 𝑥 is of order 1 and degree 3.
Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 Q5. Assertion(A) : The integrating factor of −
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1
Differentiating again w.r.t x = 𝑥 is2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑒 ……(ii) Reason (R): For linear differential equation
𝑑𝑦
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii) + 𝑃ሺ𝑥ሻ𝑦 = 𝑄ሺ𝑥ሻ , integrating factor is equal
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦
−𝑦 = 0 to 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑𝑃 ׬‬
𝑑𝑥 2
 SOLUTIONS
Differentiating equation ( i) w.r.t x
MCQ 𝑑𝑦
2x + 2y𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
1 −1 x+y =0
S1. (a) 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 4 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1 1 −1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦
Differentiating, 4𝑦 (𝑦 4 − 𝑦 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2
1 −1
𝑑𝑦
Therefore , order of differential equation is 1
⇒ (𝑦 4 − 𝑦 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 8𝑦
S5. (a) Given,
Now,
ሺ1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 ሻ𝑑𝑦 + ሺ1 + 𝑦 2 ሻ𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1 −1 1 −1 2
𝑦 4 − 𝑦 4 = √(𝑦 4 + 𝑦 4 ) − 4 = 2√𝑥 2 − 1 ሺ1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 ሻ𝑑𝑦 = −ሺ1 + 𝑦 2 ሻ𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −(1+𝑦2 )⋅𝑒 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ √𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=
ሺ1+𝑦ሻ2 1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Again Diff. √𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑥 2
+
√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥
=4
𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides,
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ‫׬‬ = −‫׬‬
ሺ𝑥 2 − 1ሻ + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 4√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = 16𝑦 ሺ1+𝑦ሻ2 1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥
𝛼 = −16, 𝛽 = 1 Let 𝑡 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑡
Thus, ሺ𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝛼 − 𝛽ሻ = ሺ−15, −17ሻ = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
S2. (a) + sec 𝑥 = = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 tan 𝑥 ∴Our equation becomes
⇒ + 2 sec 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 ‫׬‬ = −‫׬‬ ‫׬‬ =
2 1+𝑦2 1+𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑥 1+𝑦2
⇒ 2𝑦 + 𝑦 sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 −‫׬‬ 1+𝑡 2
tan−1 𝑦 = − tan−1 𝑡 + 𝐶 (As ‫׬‬ 1+𝑥 2
=
𝑦 2 = 𝑡 ⇒ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
−1
𝑑𝑡 tan 𝑥 )
+ 𝑡sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 Putting back the value of 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
I.F. = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 lnሺsec 𝑥+tan 𝑥ሻ tan−1 𝑦 = −tan−1 ሺ𝑒 𝑥 ሻ + 𝐶… (1)
= sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 Put y = 1 and x = 0 in equation (1)
⇒ t. ሺsec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥ሻ = ‫ ׬‬ሺsec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥ሻtan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 tan−1 ሺ1ሻ = −tan−1 ሺ𝑒 0 ሻ + 𝐶
⇒ t. ሺsec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥ሻ = ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + tan−1 1 = −tan−1 1 + 𝐶
2
‫ ׬‬tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 tan−1 1 + tan−1 1 = 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦 2 ሺsec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥ሻ = sec 𝑥 + 2tan−1 1 = 𝐶
𝜋
tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 2×4 = 𝐶
𝜋
If 𝑦ሺ0ሻ = 1 2×2 = 𝐶
⇒𝑐=0 𝐶=
𝜋
𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑦2 = 1 −
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 Putting value of C in (1)
𝑑𝑦 tan−1 𝑦 = −tan−1 ሺ𝑒 𝑥 ሻ + 𝐶
S3. (d) Given 𝑑𝑥
+ 2tan 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝜋
tan−1 𝑦 = −tan−1 ሺ𝑒 𝑥 ሻ + 2
It is a linear differential equation in y, 𝜋
tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 ሺ𝑒 𝑥 ሻ = 2
I.F. & = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬2tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2log cos 𝑥 is the required particular solution.
−2 1
= 𝑒 log ሺcos 𝑥ሻ = ሺcos 𝑥ሻ−2 = cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
S6. (a) Given that, = 5𝑥 2 + 2
1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ⋅ cos2 𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 ⋅ cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + C = Separating the variables, we get
‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥. tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + C = sec 𝑥 + C 𝑑𝑦 = ሺ5𝑥 2 + 2ሻ𝑑𝑥 − ሺ1ሻ
⇒ 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝐶cos2 𝑥, 𝐶 is arbitrary constant. Integrating both sides of (1), we get
S4. (a) For a family of circle general equation is ሺ𝑥 − 0ሻ2 + ‫ ׬ = 𝑦𝑑𝑦 ׬‬5𝑥 2 + 2𝑑𝑥
ሺ𝑦 − 0ሻ2 = 𝑟 2 … (i) 𝑦2 5𝑥 3
= + 2𝑥 + 𝐶1
Here (h, k) = (0, 0) and radius = r 2 3
3𝑦 = 10𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 + 6𝐶1
2
 10𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝐶 = 0 (where 6𝐶1 = 𝐶 ) I.F. = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log𝑒 |sin 𝑥| = sin 𝑥 as 𝑥 ∈
S7. (c) ሺ0, 𝜋ሻ
𝒅𝒚
𝒚+𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 &𝑦 ⋅ sin 𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝑦sin 𝑥 = 𝑐 + 2𝑥 2
𝒅𝒙
+𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙 𝜋
𝟏 𝑦( ) = 0
‫𝒙𝒅 ׬‬ 𝒍𝒏𝒙 6
If = 𝒆 =𝒆 =𝒙 𝒙
𝜋 𝜋 2 −𝜋2
So the complete solution is: ⇒ 0 ⋅ sin 6
= 𝑐 + 2 ( 6 ) . So, c = 18
𝑦𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝜋2
𝑥3
𝑦sin 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 18
𝑥𝑦 = +𝑐 𝜋
3 Put 𝑥 = 2
Passes through point (3,-3)
27 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋2
−9 = +𝑐 y ( 2 ) . sin 2
& = 2 ( 2 ) − 18
3
54 𝜋 𝜋2 𝜋2 −𝜋2 +9𝜋2
𝑐=− y (2 ) & = − =
3 2 18 18
𝑥3 54 𝜋 4 2
∴ 𝑥𝑦 = − y( )& = 𝜋
3 3 2 9
3
So 3𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 − 54
S12. (d) The order of a differential equation is the order of"
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 54
S8. (c) The given equation is, the highest derivative involved in the equation.
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 So, the order comes out to be 2 as we have and
ሺxlog 𝑥ሻ + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Dividing by x log x, we get degree of differential equations is the power of the
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 highest derivative in a differential equation.
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥log 𝑥 = 2
1 So, the power at this order is 1.
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
I.F=𝑒 𝑥log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log ሺlog 𝑥ሻ = log 𝑥 So the answer is 2,1.
y (I.F) =‫ ׬‬Q × 𝐼. 𝐹
S13. (c) The order of a differential equation is the order of the
⇒ 𝑦log 𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬2log 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Using product rule on RHS, we get highest derivative involved in the equation.
𝑦log 𝑥 = 2[𝑥ሺlog 𝑥 − 1ሻ] + 𝐶 So, the order comes out to be 2 as we have
𝑑 2𝑦
Putting x=1, we get and the degree is the highest power to
𝑑𝑥 2
0 = 2[1ሺ0 − 1ሻ] + 𝐶
which a derivative is raised.
⇒𝐶=2
S9. (d) ሺ1 + 𝑦 2 ሻ𝑑𝑥 − ሺtan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥ሻ𝑑𝑦 = 0 So the power at this order is 2.
𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = ሺ1 + 𝑦 2 ሻ/ሺtan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥ሻ So the answer is 2,2.
𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑦 = [tan−1 𝑦/1 + 𝑦 2 ] − [𝑥/1 + 𝑦 2 ] S14. (c) The order of a differential equation is the order of
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 tan−1 𝑦 the highest derivative involved in the equation.
+ 𝑦2+1 = 𝑦2 +1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑠
This is equation of the form “ dx/dy + Px=Q So the order comes out to be 2 as we have 𝑑𝑡 2
and

So, I.F. = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬Pdy the degree is the highest power to which a

2 derivative is raised.
= 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬1/1+𝑦 ⋅𝑑𝑦
−1
= 𝑒 tan 𝑦 So the power at this order is 2. So the answer is 2,
S10. (b) It is homogeneous equation 2.
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ]/2𝑥𝑦 S15. (a) The order of a differential equation is the order of
𝑑𝑣
Put y = vx and 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 the highest derivative involved in the equation.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1+3𝑣 2 𝑑3𝑦
So we get, v +x = So the order comes out to be 3 as we have and
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2 the degree is the highest power to which a
x𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑣 derivative is raised.
On integrating, we get
So the power at this order is 1.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 3 . (where 𝑐 is a constant) So the answer is " 3,1"."
𝑑𝑦
S11. (b) Given, sin 𝑥 + ycos 𝑥 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 S16. (a) A differential equation, which has only the linear
+ 𝑦cot 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 terms of the unknown or dependent variable and its
derivatives, is known as a linear differential
 equation. It has no term with the dependent Differentiating (i) twice with respect to x, we get
variable of index higher than 1 and do not contain 2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ =0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥
any multiple of its derivatives. It cannot have 2 2 𝑑𝑦 2 2𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦
nonlinear functions such as trigonometric functions, and 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0
exponential function, and logarithmic functions On simplifying we get
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
with respect to the dependent variable. Any ⇒𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥 = 0……..(ii) and,
differential equation that contains above 1 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑑 2𝑦
mentioned terms is a nonlinear differential 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0 ……(iii)
equation. Hence option (a) is correct. Multiplying (iii) by x
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦
S17. (b) Given 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 2log y On differentiating both sides + ( ) + =0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥 2
with respect to x, we get and subtracting this from (ii), we get
2𝑥 = 2ሺ2𝑦ሻlog 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 2𝑦 2 (𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑 2𝑦
{𝑦 − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 } = 0
𝑏2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = ሺ2𝑦ሻlog 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 2𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ xy𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = (𝑑𝑥 ) ሺሺ2𝑦ሻlog 𝑦 + 𝑦ሻ This is the required differential equation.
Multiply both sides with y
𝑑𝑦 S20. (a) Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ𝐴cos 𝑥 + 𝐵sin 𝑥ሻ
𝑥𝑦 = ሺ2𝑦 2 log 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ሻ 𝑑𝑥
On differentiating both sides with respect to x,
We know, 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 2 log 𝑦. So replace 2𝑦 2 logy with we get
𝑥 2 in the above equation. 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ𝐴cos 𝑥 + 𝐵sin 𝑥ሻ + 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝐴sin 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = ሺ𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ሻ 𝑑𝑥
𝐵cos 𝑥ሻ
𝑑𝑦
ሺ𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ሻ − 𝑥𝑦 = 0 On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 get
∴ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 log 𝑦 is the solution of ሺ𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ሻ 𝑑𝑥 −
2 2
𝑑 2𝑦
𝑥𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ𝐴cos 𝑥 + 𝐵sin 𝑥ሻ + 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝐴sin 𝑥 +
𝐵cos 𝑥ሻ + 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝐴 sin 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥ሻ
S18. (b) Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 On differentiating both sides
+𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝐴cos 𝑥 − 𝐵sin 𝑥ሻ
with respect to x, we get 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
Now let’s see what is the value of 𝑑𝑥 2
− 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦
= 𝑒 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑒 ሺ−𝑏sin 𝑏𝑥ሻ
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ሺAcos 𝑥 + Bsin 𝑥ሻ + 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ− Asin 𝑥 +
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we
Bcos 𝑥ሻ + 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝐴 sin 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥ሻ& +
get 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝐴cos 𝑥 − 𝐵sin 𝑥ሻ − 2𝑒 𝑥 ሺ𝐴cos 𝑥 +
𝑑 2𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝑏sin 𝑏𝑥ሻ + 𝐵sin 𝑥ሻ − 2𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝐴sin 𝑥 + 𝐵cos 𝑥ሻ +
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑒𝑥 ሺ−𝑏 2
cos 𝑏𝑥ሻ + 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝑏sin 𝑏𝑥ሻ 2𝑒 𝑥 ሺ𝐴cos 𝑥 + 𝐵sin 𝑥ሻ
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =0
Now let’s see what is the value of − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 Therefore, y= 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ𝐴cos 𝑥 + 𝐵sin 𝑥ሻ is the solution
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 of −2 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 ሺ−𝑏 𝑥 ሺ−𝑏 2
= 𝑒 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 𝑏𝑥ሻ + 𝑒 cos 𝑏𝑥ሻ +
𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥ሻ − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 ሺ−𝑏sin 𝑏𝑥ሻ + S21. (d) The equation of a straight line is represented as, 𝑦 =
2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ሺ𝑏 2 cos 𝑏𝑥ሻ Differentiating the above equation with respect to
𝑑𝑦
This is not a solution x, 𝑑𝑥
=𝑚
∴ y = ex cos bx is not the solution of Differentiating the above equation with respect to
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2𝑦
−2 + 2𝑦 x, =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

S19. (c) The equation of the family of ellipses having a This is the differential equation of the family of
straight lines y = mx + c, where m and c are arbitrary
center at the origin and foci on the x-axis is
𝑥2 𝑦2 constants
+ = 1 …….(i)
𝑎2 𝑏2
It is a two-parameter family of curves.
S22. (c) Now, in the general equation of of the family of Differentiating the above equation with respect to x
concentric circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , on both sides,
where 𝑎 > 0, ‘ 𝑎 ‘ represents the radius of the circle 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑑𝑥 ) = −𝑚 … ሺ2ሻ
and is an arbitrary constant.
The given equation represents a family of concentric From equations (1) and (2),
circles centred at the origin. 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 Differentiating the above equation
This is the required differential equation.
with respect to x on both sides, we have," 2𝑥 +
𝑑𝑦 S26. (c) Equation of the family of circles having centers on
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (As 𝑎 >0, derivative of a with respect to x the x-axis and radius unity can be represented by
is 0.) ሺ𝑥 − 𝑎ሻ2 + ሺ𝑦ሻ2 =1, where a is an arbitrary
𝑑𝑦 constants.
𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
ሺ𝑥 − 𝑎ሻ2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 … ሺ1ሻ
S23. (c) Equation of the family of curves, 𝑦 = asinሺ𝑏𝑥 +
Differentiating the above equation with respect to
𝑐ሻ , x on both sides, we have ,
Where a and c are parameters. 𝑑𝑦
2ሺ𝑥 − 𝑎ሻ + 2ሺ𝑦ሻ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Differentiating the above equation with 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
respect to x on both sides, we have,
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎 sinሺ𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐ሻ … ሺ1ሻ 𝑎 = 𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Substituting the value of a in equation (1)
= 𝑎𝑏cos ሺ𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐ሻ
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
d2 y (𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 2 = 1
dx2
= −ab2 sin ሺbx + cሻ
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑 2𝑦 2
(𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 2 = 1
= −𝑏 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 This is the required differential equation.
𝑑 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 +𝑏 𝑦 = 0 S27. (c) Given − = ሺ𝑥 + 1ሻ4
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
−3
This is the required differential equation. 1
Now integrating factor = 𝑒 ‫𝑥׬‬+1𝑑𝑥 = ሺ𝑥+1ሻ3
S24. (a) Equation of the family of curves, y=ae bx ,where a S28. (b) ∵ 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ሺ2𝑥 + 3𝑦ሻ𝑑𝑦 = 0
and " b" are arbitrary constants . It is homogeneous. The given equation can be
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑦
Differentiating the above equation with respect to x written as 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥+3𝑦 . It is a linear form.
on both sides, we have, 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑥 … ሺ1ሻ 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ሺ3𝑦 + 2𝑥ሻ𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥 … ሺ2ሻ hence, 𝑀 = 2𝑦 and 𝑁 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 ∂𝑀 ∂ሺ2𝑦ሻ ∂𝑁 ∂ሺ2𝑥+3𝑦ሻ
𝑑 2𝑦 = ∂𝑦 = 2 and ∂𝑥 = ∂𝑥 = 2
∂𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 ∂𝑀 ∂𝑁
𝑑 2𝑦
As =
∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 ሺ𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑥 ሻ
so, it is an exact equation.
𝑑 2𝑦
𝑦 = ሺ𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥 ሻ2
𝑑𝑥 2 S29. (c) The solution free from arbitrary constants i.e., the
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 solution obtained from the general solution by
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑑𝑥 )
giving particular values to the arbitrary constants is
This is the required differential equation. called a particular solution of the differential
equation.”
S25. (a)Equation of the family of curves,
S30. (d) This is true for hyperbola.
𝑦 = 𝑚ሺ𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ሻ,"where a and m are parameters.
2

Differentiating the above equation with respect to x SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

on both sides, we have,
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚ሺ−2𝑥ሻ S1. The equation can be written as –
𝑑𝑦  1+ x   y − 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑚𝑥  x  dx =   dy
   y 
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑚=− … ሺ1ሻ
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 1   1 dv
   x + 1 dx =   1 − y  dy Given equation transforms to v + x
dx
=–v

 ln x + x = y – ln y + c – v2
 ln y + ln x = y – x + c dv dx
x. y = c ey–x
 v
+ 2v2
=– 
x
1 1 1 

dx
S2. Differential equation can be rewritten as x .y   −  dv = – 
2 v v + 2 x
dy  x 
= (1 + y2)  1 +   ln |v| – ln |v + 2| = –2ln|x| + ln c
dx  1 + x2 
c>0
y 1 1   vx = c
2

⇒ dy =  +  dx v+2
1+ y 2
 x 1 + x2 
2
Integrating, we get  xy =c;c>0
2x + y
1
⇒ ln(1 + y2) = ln x + tan–1x + ln c
2 S5. Dividing both sides by y2
tan−1 x
 1+ y 2
= cxe 1 dy 1
− =
1 ..... (a)
y2 dx xy x 2
dy 1
S3. = sin (x + y) Putting =t
dx y
Putting x + y = t 1 dy dt
– =
dy dt y2 dx dx
= –1
dx dx  differential equation (a) becomes,
dt dt t 1
 – 1 = sin t – − = 2
dx dx x x
dt dt t 1
 = 1 + sin t + = − 2 which is linear differential
dx dx x x
1
dt dt  dx
 = dx equation in IF = e x = e ln x = x
1 + sin t dx
Integrating both sides,
1
dt
 1 + sin t =  dx  General solution is – t. x = − x 2
.x dx + c

 t .x = – ln x + c
1 − sin t
  cos2 t dt = x + c 
x
= – ln x + c
y
  (sec 2 t − sec t tant) dt = x + c
 tan t – sec t = x + c NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
1 − sin t
– =x+c 𝟏 dy
cos t S1. ( ) ሺ2 + sinxሻ + ሺ𝑦 + 1ሻcosx = 0
𝟑 dx
 sin t – 1 = x cos t + c cos t substituting dy
ሺ2 + sinxሻ + ycosx + cosx = 0
the value of t dx
dy
 sin (x + y) = x cos (x + y) + c cos (x + y) + ሺ2 + sinxሻ + ycosx = −cosx
1 dx
Now, Divide by ሺ2 + sinxሻ
S4. The given differential equation can be 𝑑𝑦 cosx −cosx
+( )𝑦 =
rewritten as 𝑑𝑥 2 + sinx ሺ2 + sinxሻ
cosx −cosx
dy −y ( x + y ) dy y y2 𝑃= 𝑄=
= or = – – 2 + sinx 2 + sinx
cosx
dx x2 dx x x2 𝑝.dx ‫׬‬2+sinx
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ‫׬‬ ⇒𝑒 ⇒ 𝑒 logሺ2+sinxሻ
putting y = v x 𝐼. 𝐹 ⇒ 2 + sinx
dy dy
 =v+x 𝑦ሺ𝐼. 𝐹ሻ = ∫ 𝑄.IFdx + 𝑐
dx dx
 cosx 𝑑𝑦
then y ሺln 2ሻ = ሺ? ሻ ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 + 3
𝑦ሺ2 + sinxሻ = ∫ − . 2 + sindx
2 + sinx 1 1
ሺ2 + sinxሻ𝑦 = −sinx + 𝑐 ∴ 𝑦+3 dy = dx ‫𝑦 ׬‬+3 dy = ‫ ׬‬dx
if 𝑦ሺ0ሻ = 1 ∴ lnሺy + 3ሻ = x + c
⇒ ሺ2 + sin0ሻሺ1ሻ = −sinሺ0ሻ + 𝑐 → Initial condition yሺ0ሻ = 2
2=𝑐𝑦 ∴ lnሺ2 + 3ሻ = 0 + 𝑐
2−sinx
= 2+sinx ∴ 𝑐 = ln5
2−1 1 → lnሺy + 3ሻ = x + ln5
⇒ =
2+1 3 ∴ lnሺy + 3ሻ − ln5 = x
1
𝑦ሺ𝜋/2ሻ = 3 𝑦+3
∴ ln ( 5 ) = 𝑥
𝑦+3
𝟒
S2. ( ) 𝑦ሺ1 + 𝑥𝑦ሻ𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∴ = 𝑒𝑥
𝟓 5
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∴ 𝑦 = 5e𝑥 − 3
⇒ − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 for y ሺln2ሻ 𝑦 = 5eln2 − 3
𝑦2
𝑥 = 5×2−3
⇒ 𝑑 (𝑦) = −𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 10 – 3
Integrating both sides, we get = 7
x − x2 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥+3
= +c ...(i ) S5. (-2)
𝑑𝑥
=
2𝑦+𝑓
y 2
‫׬‬ሺ2𝑦 + 𝑓ሻ 𝑑𝑦 = ‫׬‬ሺ𝑎𝑥 + 3ሻ 𝑑𝑥
Since the curve passes through (1, -1) 2𝑦 2 + 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑐
−1 −1 ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
−1 = +𝑐 ⇒𝑐 =
2 2 In the equation of circle
𝑥 −𝑥 2 1 Co -efficient of ′𝑥 2 ′ = C- efficient of ′𝑦 2 ′
∴ = − . . . [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚ሺ𝑖ሻ]
𝑦 2 2 a = -2
−2𝑥
⇒𝑦= 2
𝑥 +1 TRUE AND FALSE
−2𝑥
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ = 2
𝑥 +1
1 4 dy
∴ 𝑓 (− 2) = 5
S1. (False) The differential equation dx + P y = Q , is linear in
dy y
S3. (2) (xlogx) + y = 2xlogx
dx S2. (True) According to the question, we have
→ dividing by x.log x, we get dy 1
dy y =
→ + =2 dx 2 y
dx xlogx
Multiplying by IF, we get
 2ydy = dx
→ 𝑑ሺIF × 𝑦ሻ = 2logxdx On integrating, we get
1
‫׬‬xlogx dx y2 = x + C
→ IF = 𝑒 = 𝑒 logሺlogxሻ = logx
Multiplying by IF, we get
This passes through
( 4, 3)
→ 𝑑ሺIF × 𝑦ሻ = 2logxdx
By integrating, we get Therefore, 9 = 4+CC = 5
→ ylogx =  2logxdx y2 = x + 5.
Hence, the equation of the curve is
By using Product Rule on RHS, we get
d
→ ylogx = 2[logx  1 −  ((  1) (logx))dx S3. (True) Given, ydx − (x + 2y )dy = 0
2
dx
→ ylogx = 2[x(logx − 1)] + C  ydx − xdy = 2y 2dy
Put x = 1, we get0 = 2[1(0 − 1)] + C ydx − xdy
 = 2dy
C=2 y2
→ ylogx = 2[x(logx − 1)] + 2 x
 d  = 2dy
at x = e y
y=2 Integrating we get,
𝑑𝑦
S4. (7) = 𝑦 + 3 and yሺ0ሻ = 2
𝑑𝑥
 x This equation is not a polynomial in
  = 2y + c  2y 2 + cy = x = f (y)
y differential coefficients. So , its degree is
not defined. Thus ,A is false but R is true.
Given f (−1) = 1  2( −1) 2 − c = 1  c = 1
S2. (a) Let the general equation of the given
 f (y) = 2y 2 + y
parabola is 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 , where a , b
 f (1) = 2(1) 2 + 1 = 3
and c are constants. Hence , the order of
dy
S4. (False) =𝑦−𝑦 2
y (0) = 2 the required differential equation is 3.Thus
dx
dy
= dx , both A and R are true and R is the correct
𝑦−𝑦2
-dy explanation of A.
𝑦2 −𝑦
= dx
-dy
= 𝑑𝑥 S3. (b) We have , 𝑦 = ሺ𝑎 + 𝑏ሻ𝑥
1 2 1 1
𝑦2 ( ) −2× 𝑦− 𝑑𝑦
2
-dy
2 4 ⇒𝑥 =𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 2
= −𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 ( ) −( )
2 2
It is true
1 1
1 𝑦− − ∴ Both A and R are true and R is not the
1 𝑙𝑛 | 2 2
1 1 | = −𝑥 + 𝑐
2× 𝑦− + correct explanation of A.
2 2 2
𝑦−1
ln ( ) =𝑥+𝑐
𝑦
S4. (a)
Given 𝑦ሺ0ሻ = 2
2−1 dy
ln ( ) =𝐶 (1 + x 2 ) + 2xy = cosx
2 dx
1
𝐶=ln (2) dy 2 xy cos x
𝑦−1 1 + =
ln ( ) = −𝑥 + ln (2) dx 1 + x 1 + x 2
2
𝑦
 y  dy
+ Py = Q
ln  = x + ln(2) dx
 y −1 
2x cos x
 y  x + ln (2) P= ,Q =
 =e 1+ x 2
1 + x2
 y −1 
 y −1  1 Integrating factor = 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑𝑃 ׬‬
  = x + ln (2) ‫׬‬
2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 y  e I.F = 𝑒 1+𝑥2 = 1 + 𝑥2
1
1− = e −( x + ln (2) ) So , the solution is
y cos 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 × ሺ1 + 𝑥 2 ሻ = ‫ ׬‬1+𝑥 2 × ሺ1 + 𝑥 2 ሻ𝑑𝑥 + C
1
= 1− e (
− x + ln (2) )
⇒ 𝑦ሺ1 + 𝑥 2 ሻ = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
y
Thus , both A and R are true and R is the
1
y= − ( x + ln (2) )
correct explanation of A.
1− e
We have,
1 1
lim = =1 xdy − ydx = 0
x → 1 − e − 1− 0
dy
+x=0
1 1
y
dx
S5. (c)  dy − dx = 0
y x
S5. (False)   y dy +  x dx
 log y − log x = log C [On integrating ]
y2 x2
 + =c y
2 2  = C  y = Cx
 x 2 + y 2 = 2c which is a circle. x
Clearly, it represents a straight line passing through
ASSERTION AND REASONING the origin.
𝑑𝑦 5
2 Degree of (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 = 0 is 5.
𝑑 2𝑦
S1. (d) The given differential equation is (𝑑𝑥 2 ) +
Thus A is correct but R is false.
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑 2𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 sin (𝑑𝑥 2 )
 HOMEWORK
1 1 9
⇒ 2= 5+𝐶 ⇒ 2−5 = 2
MCQ
Eq. = ሺ𝑖ሻ becomes 𝑒 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 9
When, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑒 6 = 2𝑥 − 9 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑒 6 + 9
S1. (a) The order and degree of the differential
ሺ𝑒 6 ሻ+9
2 𝑥=
 d y   dy 
2 3
2
equation  2  +   + y4 = 0 are dy
 dx   dx  = 1 + x + y + xy
dx
respectively, Then order = 2 and degree =
dy
2  = (1 + x) + y(1 + x)
dx
S2. (b) The order and degree of the differential dy
2  = (1 + x)(1 + y)
 d3 y 
4
d3 y  dy  dx
equation  3  + +  dx  = y are
dx 3   dy
 dx 
S6. (b)
 1 + y =  (1 + x)dx
respectively, Then order = 3 , degree = 2
x2
log(1 + y) = x + + C.....(1)
(x − y )y = g(x)y
2 2
2
S3. (d)
x 2 + (y − a) 2 = a 2 y(−1) = 0
Differentiating the equation with respect to x Therefore,
2sx + 2(y − a)y = 0 1
log(1 + 0) = −1 + + C
2
x + yy
a= ..... (1) C=
1
y 2
Put ‘a’ in original equation, we get Substituting the value of C in equation (1), we get
2 𝑥2 1
  x + yy    x + yy 
2
logሺ1 + 𝑦ሻ = 𝑥 + +2
x +y−
2
  =  y  ሺ𝑥+1ሻ2
2

  y    y  logሺ1 + 𝑦ሻ = 2
y2 x 2 + (yy − (x + yy2 )) 2 = (x + yy) 2 (x +1)2

By solving this equation y=e 2

−1
(x − y )y = 2xy
2 2
S7. (b) ሺ𝑥 + 2ሻ
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 9
𝑑𝑥
g(x) = 2x ሺሺ𝑥 + 2ሻ2 − 13ሻ𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫
ሺ𝑥 + 2ሻ
dy cy
ln∣ cx∣ + = 1 𝑥2
S4. (b) dx cx ⇒ 𝑦 = ( + 2𝑥) − 13 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
2
dy x y
= 1− 𝐴𝑠
dx y x
𝑦ሺ0ሻ = 0 ⇒ 0 = −13 𝑙𝑛 2 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 13 𝑙𝑛 2
dy y y 2 So,𝑦 =
𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 + 13 𝑙𝑛 (|𝑥+2|)
2
= − 2
dx x x 2 2
1 ⇒ 𝑦ሺ−4ሻ = 8 − 8 + 13 𝑙𝑛 (2) = 0
For  (2), we get −
4 S8. (b) Given equation is
dy 𝑥ሺ2logx+1ሻ
dy dy =
Given that, = e−2 y  −2 y = dx dx siny+ycosy
dx e ⇒ ሺsiny + ycosyሻdy = 𝑥ሺ2logx + 1ሻdx
S5. (c)
e 2y On integrating both sides, we get
 e2 y = dx  = x + C....(i ) ‫ ׬‬sinydy + ysiny − ‫ ׬‬sinydy = 𝑥 2 logx − ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 ⋅
2 1
When x=5 and y=0, then substituting these values in 𝑥 𝑥 dx + ‫ ׬‬xdx + 𝐶
Eq. (i), we get ⇒ ysiny = 𝑥 2 logx + 𝐶
𝑒0 dy dy
2
= 5+𝐶 S9. (c) − ky = 0, 𝑦 = kdx
dx
In 𝑦 = kx + 𝑐
 At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ∴ 𝑐 = 0 S4. The given differential equation can be
Now, In y = kx reduced to linear form by change of
𝑦 = 𝑒 kx variable by a suitable substitution
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 = 0 Substituting y2 = z
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
∴𝑘<0 dy dz
2y =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 dx dx
S10. (a) Given that , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2−𝑦2 , y(1) = 2
differential equation becomes
Has slope at the point (1,2)
sin x dz
dy 12 + 22 + cos x.z = sin x cos x
= 2 dx
dx 12 + 22 dz
+ 2 cot x . z = 2 cos x which is linear
5 dx
=−
3 dz
in
dx
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
IF = e = e2 nsinx = sin2 x
2cot x dx

S1. Such family of circle is given by x2 + (y – General solution is z. sin2 x =

a)2 = a2 x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0 ...(i)  2cos x. sin x. dx + c
2

dy dy 2
differentiating, 2x + 2y = 2a ⇒ y2 sin2x = sin3 x + c
dx dx 3
dy dy S5. The differential equation can be written as
orx + y =a
dx dx 1
d(x2 + y2) = d{tan–1(y / x)}
substituting the value of a in equation (i) 2
dy
 (x2 – y2) = 2xy Integrating on both sides, we get
1
(x2 +
dx 2
(order is 1 again and degree 1) y2) = tan–1(y / x) + c
dy
dy
S2. e dx = x + 1  = n(x + 1)
dx
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
 dy =  n(x + 1) dx
 y = (x + 1)ln(x + 1) – x + c S1. (-5)
𝑑𝑦
+ ytanx = sin2x It is a linear equation first we
when x = 0, y = 3 gives c = 3 𝑑𝑥

Hence the solution is y = (x + 1)ln(x + 1) – x find integrating factor

𝑑𝑦
+3 𝑑𝑥
+ytanx = sin2x It is a linear equation
S3. Putting 4x + y + 1 = t 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬tanxdx =secx .........(since integration of
dy dt tanx =ln(secx)) ysecx
4+ = = ‫ ׬‬sin2xsecxdx + 𝐶 ............(simplify sin2x and
dx dx
integrate both sides)
dy dt
= –4 ⇒ ysecx = −2cosx + 𝐶
dx dx
⇒ 1 = −2 + 𝐶 or 𝐶 = 3
Given equation becomes 𝑦ሺ−1ሻ = 2 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5
dt dt
– 4 = t2 2 = dx (Variables are
dx t +4 S2. (1) Given equation is y = 2c(x + c)
2
... (1)
separated) ∴ 2yy1 = 2c
Integrating both sides,
∴ yy1 = 𝑐
dt 1 t 1
 4 + t2 =  dx  2 tan–1 2 = x + c  2 Now putting c = yy1 in (1) , we get

 4x + y + 1  𝑦2 = 2.yy1 ሺ𝑥 + √yy1 ሻ
tan–1   =x+c ⇒ ሺ𝑦 2 − 2xyy1 ሻ2 = 4ሺyy1 ሻ3
 2 
⇒ ሺ𝑦 2 − 2xyy1 ሻ2 = 4y 3 𝑦13
⇒ order 1, degree 3
 𝟏
S3. ( ) The solution of the differential equation
𝟒
TRUE AND FALSE
dy
+y cot x =sin x is y sin x = k ( 2x –sin2x)
dx
S1. (True) If the dependent variables depend on
+c then k is one independent variable x, then the
dy
+y cot x =sin x differential equation is said to be
dx ordinary.
⇒ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ln sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 Example
dz
+ x y = sin x,
⇒ 𝑦. sin 𝑥 = ‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dx
1−cos 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 . sin 𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥 S2. (False) If the dependent variables depend on
𝑥 sin 2𝑥 two or more independent variables,
⇒ 𝑦. sin 𝑥 = − +𝐶
2 4 then it is known as partial differential
2𝑥−sin 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦. sin 𝑥 = +𝐶 equation
4
On comparing with y sin x = k ( 2x –sin2x)  z 2z
for Example y2 +y = ax,
+c  x  y
1
∴ k= 2z 2z
4 + =0
dy  x2  y2
S4. (1) If (2 + sin x) + (y + 1) cos x = 0 and y(0)
dx dx
S3. (True) y2 dy + x dx + =0
 x
= 1, then 3y   is equal to M = x + 1/x , N = 𝑦 2
2
 M  N
⇒ =
⇒ ሺ2 + sin xሻ
dy
+ ሺy + 1ሻ cos x = 0  y  x
dx ⇒0=0
𝑑𝑦
⇒ ሺ2 + sin 𝑥ሻ = −ሺ𝑦 + 1ሻ cos 𝑥 dx
𝑑𝑥 ∴y2 dy + x dx + = 0 is an exact
𝑑𝑦 − cos 𝑥 x
⇒ 𝑦+1 = 2+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
differential equation.
Integrating on both the sides S4. (False) Equations of the form
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
⇒ ‫𝑦 ׬‬+1 = − ‫ ׬‬2+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dy
+ Py = Q.yn, n 0 and n  1
Let 2 + sin x = t dx
Cos x dx = dt where P and Q are functions of x, is
𝑑𝑡 called Bernoulli’s equation and can be
⇒ lnሺ𝑦 + 1ሻ = − ‫׬‬
𝑡
⇒ lnሺ𝑦 + 1ሻ = − ln 𝑡 + ln 𝑐 made linear in v by dividing by yn and
⇒ lnሺ𝑦 + 1ሻ = − lnሺ2 + sin 𝑥ሻ + ln 𝑐 putting y–n+1 = v.
⇒ lnሺ𝑦 + 1ሻ + lnሺ2 + sin 𝑥ሻ = ln 𝑐
S5. (True) I.F for linear differential equation =
⇒ lnሺ𝑦 + 1ሻሺ2 + sin 𝑥ሻ = ln 𝑐
e  Pdx
⇒ ሺ𝑦 + 1ሻሺ2 + sin 𝑥ሻ = 𝑐
Given , y(0) = 1
ASSERTION AND REASONING
⇒ 2ሺ 2 + sin 0ሻ = 𝑐
⇒𝑐=4
S1. (a) The differential equation formed by
⇒ ሺ𝑦 + 1ሻሺ2 + sin 𝑥ሻ = 4
4 eliminating a and b from 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 is
⇒ 𝑦 = 2+sin 𝑥 − 1 𝑑 2𝑦
−𝑦=0
𝑑𝑥 2
 4 4
y = a𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑥 …….(i) Differentiating w.r.t
Now, 3y   = 3( 𝜋 − 1) = 3 (
2+1
− 1) =
2+sin
2 2 ‘x’
1 𝑑𝑦
3×3 = 1 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑃 25
Differentiating again w.r.t x
S5. (3500) ‫׬‬2000 𝑑𝑃 = ‫׬‬0 (100 − 12√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 2𝑦
3 𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ……(ii)
12×2
ሺ𝑃 − 2000ሻ = 25 × 100 − ሺ25ሻ 2
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii)
3
𝑃 = 3500.
 𝑑 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑥𝐶
𝑑𝑥 2
−𝑦=0
𝑦
Thus both A and R are true and R is correct ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝐶
explanation of A. Thus Assertion is not correct but Reason is
correct.
S2. (a) Assertion(A) : The degree of the differential
equation given by S4. (b) Assertion(A) : The order and degree of the
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 4 −𝑦4 𝑑 2𝑦
= ሺ𝑥 2 is 1. differential equation √𝑑𝑥 2 = √𝑑𝑥 + 5 are 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 +𝑦2 ሻ𝑥𝑦
Reason (R): The degree of a differential and 1
equation is the degree of the highest order 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
derivative when differential coefficients ⇒ = +5
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
are free from radicals and fraction. The ∴ Order = 2 and degree = 1
given differential equation has first order ∴ A is correct
derivative which is free from radical and Reason (R): The differential equation
fraction with power = 1 , thus it has a 𝑑𝑥 3 1
(𝑑𝑦) + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 is of order 1 and degree 3.
2
degree 1.
Thus both A and R are true and R is correct R is correct.
explanation of A. Thus both A and R are correct but R is not
correct explanation of A.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
S3. (d) = + tan , it is homogenous equation 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 S5. (a) The integrating factor of − 𝑥 = 𝑥2
Let y = vx 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 For linear differential equation
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃ሺ𝑥ሻ𝑦 = 𝑄ሺ𝑥ሻ , integrating factor is
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣
equal to 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑𝑃 ׬‬
Separating the variables and integrating we −1
1
get ⇒ 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ‫ 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬− log 𝑥 = 𝑥
1
⇒ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬ = 𝑣𝑑 𝑣 𝑛𝑎𝑡 ׬‬
1 Thus both A and R are true and R is correct
explanation of A.
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ሺ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣ሻ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶