An Abridged Guide to the

School of Access Education

T1 2025
The CQUniversity Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style (author-date) is based on:
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

This document can be found on CQUniversity’s referencing webpage at

http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing (American Psychological Association Abridged
Referencing Guide Term 1, 2025).
Other information about academic writing is available via the Academic Learning Centre’s
Moodle site.
Maintained by School of Access Education
Edition T1 2025
Published by CQUniversity Australia
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Table of Contents

How to Use This Guide ......................................................................................... 1

What Is the Purpose of This Booklet? ....................................................................... 1
What Is Referencing? ................................................................................................ 1
Why Do I Need to Reference? ................................................................................... 1
What Should I Reference? ......................................................................................... 2

Five Key Steps to Referencing ............................................................................. 2

Section 1: What Does Referencing Look Like? ................................................. 3

Section 2: How Do I Use Citations In-Text? ...................................................... 5

How to Paraphrase ................................................................................................... 6
How to Summarise..................................................................................................... 8
How to Use Direct Quotations ................................................................................ 10
How to Introduce Quotations and Paraphrased Sentences ..................................... 14
How to Use Tables, Figures or Images ................................................................... 15

Section 3: How to Create a Reference List ....................................................... 19

Steps for Creating a Reference List ......................................................................... 19
Steps for Adding Publication Details to the Reference List .................................... 20

Section 4: What is Academic Integrity? ........................................................... 30

How Will They Know I Have Plagiarised? ............................................................. 30
Steps for Avoiding Plagiarism................................................................................. 31
Ethical Use of Generative AI................................................................................... 32
Ethical Use of Generative AI Flowchart ................................................................. 33
Referencing Generative AI Using APA Style .......................................................... 34

Section 5: How to Create In-Text Citations and Reference List Items ......... 35
Books (Hard copy)................................................................................................... 36
Ebooks ..................................................................................................................... 42
Journals and Magazines .......................................................................................... 44
Hard Copy Newspaper Articles ............................................................................... 48
Online News Articles ............................................................................................... 48
Reports..................................................................................................................... 50
Conference Papers .................................................................................................. 52
Dissertation or Master’s Thesis .............................................................................. 53
Webpage or Standalone Document on the Web ...................................................... 54
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 Government Documents Found Online ................................................................... 56
Legal Documents ..................................................................................................... 60
University-Provided Electronic and Multimedia Study Materials .......................... 64
Specialised Sources ................................................................................................. 67

Appendices .......................................................................................................... 82
Appendix A: What Do the Terms and Abbreviations Used in This Guide Mean? .. 82
Appendix B: Symbols and Their Use ....................................................................... 84
Appendix C: Acronyms and Their Use .................................................................... 86
Appendix D: Initialisms and Their Use ................................................................... 87
Appendix E: Abbreviations and Their Use .............................................................. 90
Appendix F: Latin Words and Their Use as Abbreviations .................................... 94
Appendix G: Referencing a Journal Article With or Without a DOI ...................... 95
Appendix H: Check Your Reference List ................................................................. 96
Appendix I: Quick Guide for Citing Multiple Authors ............................................ 97
Appendix J: Quick Guide for Referencing Multiple Authors .................................. 98
Appendix K: Citing and Referencing Figures and Tables ...................................... 99

Index .................................................................................................................. 101

ii An Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style

Edition T1, 2025 Academic Learning Centre SAE
How to Use This Guide
This guide introduces the intricacies of referencing using the CQUniversity’s
abridged version of the APA 7th Edition referencing conventions. Section 1 provides a brief
overview of referencing Section 2 and 3 offers detailed explanations of terms and concepts
that are vital for the development of your knowledge, so you can become proficient at APA
style referencing. There are subtle variations in the APA style of referencing, and it is
important for you to use the CQUniversity APA Guide’s style.
Once you are familiar with some of the concepts and key words, you will find it much
easier to use Section 5 of this guide, which contains examples of in-text citations and
reference list items. Referencing requires attention to detail, so you will need to refer to these
examples and explanations a number of times as you develop your skills.

Use these strategies to finding information quickly.

1. Use the contents page to locate concepts of referencing or source examples.
2. Use the index to find specific source examples.
3. Apply Ctrl + F and type into the search box to find information quickly.

What Is the Purpose of This Booklet?

When writing a university assignment, there are certain referencing rules you need to
follow. Please note that there are other referencing styles (e.g., Harvard, Turabian, Vancouver
and the Australian Guide to Legal Citation), so check your Unit Profile to confirm that the
unit requires APA referencing. This booklet will explain what referencing is and show you
how to reference using the CQUniversity APA referencing style.

What Is Referencing?
There are several types of university assignments (e.g., essays, oral presentations,
reports, reflections, blogs, PowerPoint presentations, case studies). When you write an
assignment, you will be expected to include the details of any sources that you have used in
your assignment. These are called “in-text citations”. A citation is located at the place where
you have used someone else’s words or ideas. In addition, a list of all the sources you have
cited in-text is located at the end of the assignment; the list is called “references”. These
processes are collectively known as “referencing”.

Why Do I Need to Reference?

Writing an assignment will often involve locating information from a range of
different source types (e.g., webpages, journal articles, books, course readings). Each time
you “borrow” ideas, data, information or illustrations from other sources to use in your
assignment, you will need to cite and reference the source.
Referencing will help you to
• demonstrate your knowledge of a topic and provide evidence of scholarly research,
• give credit to the author or creator of the original source of an image, idea or piece
of information, and
• avoid plagiarism and its associated penalties.

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What Should I Reference?
You must cite and reference any source you use when writing an assignment even if
you have just borrowed an idea or image, rather than copying exact words. This includes any
of the following.
• Hard copy: Paper based sources, e.g., books, journal articles, newspapers, magazines,
pamphlets and newsletters.
• Electronic sources: Online sources, e.g., webpages, videos, blogs, film clips, audio
files, Moodle notes and readings.
• Other sources: Examples include interview transcripts and doctoral dissertations.
• Visuals: Examples include images, figures and tables.

Five Key Steps to Referencing

Researching

Step 1. Select quality sources to support your ideas e.g., book, journal, webpage.

Step 2. Record the relevant source details: author, date, title, publisher, URL etc.

Within your assignment

Step 3. Use the notes you have made from the various sources to create sentences
and paragraphs to provide evidence or examples to support your ideas.

Step 4. Ensure that the author’s surname and date of publication are included in-text
when paraphrasing or quoting. This is called a citation. Make sure that the
details are correct and that you follow the APA style guidelines. Page
numbers are required for a direct quote.

At the end of the assignment

Step 5. Create a reference list. Each item in the reference list must corresponding to
an in-text citation.

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Section 1: What Does Referencing Look Like?
Referencing in the assignment Example

This example paragraph shows what There are several reasons why retired Australians have been included as a campaign target for the
referencing looks like in the body of
an assignment. company Volunteer Tourists. The changing characteristics of this age group make them attractive to the

Notice the inclusion of the author/s tourist market as they have commenced planning their retirement to maximise their experiences (Pacheco et
and year in most sentences. These are
known as citations. They let the al., 2022). Qualitative research findings suggests that recent retirees often enjoy the freedom to explore new
reader know the source of the
information. endeavours, including travel (Grødem & Ragni, 2022). The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2022)

These citations acknowledge all ideas indicates that Australia has approximately 4.1 million retirees. Household incomes of many of these
or words that belong to another
person even if it is not a direct quote. individuals are considerably higher than previous generations (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2020). This age
These citations are integrated into the group is also living longer and are experiencing increased years of disability-free lives (Australian Institute
sentences, so the paragraph flows and
is easy to read. of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2020). Researchers have identified that this tourist sector is not
Note. Author surnames can be
homogeneous; however, the “authors found a shift from passive to more active [holidays] focusing on
located either inside the brackets or
used as part of the sentence. See
health and exercise” (Pacheco et al., 2022, p. 301). Evidence suggests that older workers are increasingly
section on styles of in-text citation
for an explanation. See pages. 6-7.
free to design their retirement to align with their aspirations of travel (Grødem & Ragni, 2022). Therefore, it
…(Clark, 2024).
Clark (2024) … is evident retirees have many traits that make them suitable candidates for Volunteer Tourists, including

their freedom, funds, fitness and a longing for new experiences.

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Reference list (end of the

Example
document)
You will need to include a list of all References
the sources you have cited in your
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023, August 29). Retirement and retirement intentions, Australia.
assignment.
The reference list is placed at the end https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/retirement-and-retirement-
of the assignment on a separate page.
Each item in this list will have a intentions-australia/latest-release
correlating item in the assignment
body or appendices. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Older Australians. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-

Each reference in your list will need people/older-australians/contents/health/health-status-and-functioning

to be set out using APA style.
The reference list is: Grødem, A. S., & Ragni, H. K. (2022). Older workers imagining retirement: The collapse of agency, or
• in alphabetical order; freedom at last? Ageing and Society, 42(10), 2304–2322.
• in double line spacing; and
• formatted with a hanging https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X20002044
indent.
For more guidance, see Appendix H: Pacheco, A., Monis, A. I., & Silvai, O. (2022). Senior travel behavior before and after retirement. In A.
Check your reference list.
Abreu, D. Liberato & J. C. Garcia Ojeda (Eds.). Advances in tourism, technology and systems (Vol.

293, pp. 299–309). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1040-1_26

Reserve Bank of Australia. (2020, March 19). Demographic trends, household finances and spending.

https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2020/mar/demographic-trends-household-finances-and-

spending.html
Section 2: How Do I Use Citations In-Text?
Here are four key techniques you can use when you want to include other authors’ ideas, words, images and data in your assignment. Have a
look at the following pages for more detail on each of these techniques.

Paraphrasing Summarising Direct quotations Tables and figures

Restate the author’s ideas into your Briefly summarise another author’s Quoting an author’s words exactly When using another author’s
own words. Change most of the work e.g., a whole chapter or as they were written, using a short figures, tables or data to support
words. Some key words can be project. A citation must be or long quotation. A citation must your own, you may copy and paste
used. Attempt to change the included. be included, e.g., author, year, and images, tables, charts and figures,
sentence structure. A citation must page number. but you must include your own title
be included. and a caption to cite the source. See
p. 18, 63 and Appendix K.
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Figure 1
CQUniversity Research Officers
A short quotation:
Collecting Water Samples.
Adherence to hand hygiene Attention to hand hygiene increases The use of audible alerts by health
guidelines increases to 90% when when healthcare workers are care workers “may be an effective
healthcare workers are exposed to exposed to audible reminders method for increasing HCW HH
audible reminders (Webster et al., (Webster et al., 2023). compliance to >90%” (Webster et
2023). al., 2023, p. 731).

Note. From CQUni Pitching in to Help with

Capricorn Coast Water Supply Study, by
CQUniversity, 2017 (https://www.cqu.edu
.au/cquninews/ stories/engagement-category
/2017/cquni-pitching-in-to-help-with-
capricorn-coast-water-supply-study).

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How to Paraphrase
Instead of quoting another author’s words exactly, you may paraphrase them. To paraphrase, change most of the words. Some key words can be
used. Attempt to change the sentence structure. When you use an author’s ideas, but express them in different words, you are paraphrasing. Paraphrased
content is not enclosed in quotation marks because it is not a word-for-word quotation. However, it is important that the sentence structure and the
vocabulary are not too similar to the original text and that you acknowledge the source of the original document with an in-text citation. Failing to do so
will result in plagiarism.
Many lecturers would prefer you to paraphrase or summarise an author’s words rather than use a direct quotation. This is because paraphrasing
requires original thought and shows that you understand the ideas and can integrate them into your work.

Steps for paraphrasing Examples

1. Read the sentence that you want to paraphrase a number of Original text
times to get the meaning of the text. Once you understand it, …“audible alerts may be an effective method to increase healthcare worker
write it in your own words.
HH compliance to ≥90%”.
2. Highlight any specialised technical words or specific terms.
These must be included in your paraphrase, as without these Paraphrase, information prominent
words, the meaning of the paraphrase will change completely. Adherence to hand hygiene guidelines increases to >90% when healthcare
3. Underline any keywords that can be changed. workers are exposed to audible reminders (Webster et al., 2023).
4. Find other words and phrases that have similar meanings that
can be used to replace the keywords in the text. Use a Paraphrase, author prominent
thesaurus or dictionary to help if necessary. Webster et al. (2023) outline that adherence to hand hygiene guidelines
5. Rewrite the ideas and reorganise the structure or order. increases to >90% when healthcare workers are exposed to audible
6. Add a lead-in phrase where the author’s family name becomes reminders.
part of the sentence to use an author prominent citation and
the year the article was published in parentheses.
7. Choose author prominent or information prominent style (see
next page for explanation).
 Rules for paraphrasing Examples
• Ensure the paraphrased information supports the claim made Final version of student’s work
by you as the writer. The case study revealed that hand hygiene was an issue among health care
• Ensure the paraphrase is written differently from the original workers and strategies were needed to increase compliance. Webster et al.
source.
(2023) indicate that adherence to hand hygiene guidelines increases to >90%
• Page numbers are not required for paraphrasing. However, for
very long and complex work, a page number may be helpful when healthcare workers are exposed to audible reminders.
for the reader to locate relevant information. Reference
• Provide a corresponding reference in the reference list at the Webster, K. L., Bishop, S. M., Scott, L. E., Oppy, L. M., Heishman, C. R.,
end of the assignment to accompany each citation.
Stevenson, G. M., & Arnold, F. W. (2023). Automated hand hygiene
compliance system’s audible alert reminder increases healthcare
worker hand hygiene compliance. Infection Control and Hospital
Epidemiology, 44(5), 728–731. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.173

Styles of Citation In-Text: Author Prominent and Information Prominent

Where you place a citation depends on the emphasis you wish to apply, and it can be important to the argument you present: See Appendix I
Author Prominent - To emphasise the author’s perspective, use the author’s surname or organisation name at the start of the sentence.
Sherwood (2024) asserts that the use of sunscreen is a key factor in maintaining skin health.
Information prominent - To emphasise the information rather than the author, include the citation at the end of the sentence.
The use of sunscreen is a key factor in in maintaining skin health (Sherwood, 2024).

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How to Summarise
Instead of quoting or paraphrasing an author’s words, work or ideas, you may decide to summarise them. A summary includes a condensed form
of the information, keeping the main point of the text but omitting detailed examples. The original idea or meaning must be maintained. Technical
words remain. Summarising is useful when you use the idea expressed in the source but not the specific language. Other advantages of summarising
include expressing the key point of a source in fewer words and demonstrating your understanding of the source more effectively.

Steps for summarising Examples

1. Read the text several times and check the meaning of unfamiliar Example: The use of one citation for multiple sentences.
words.
2. Underline technical words as they should not be changed. Developing learning modules for adult learners requires the designer or
3. Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out
examples and evidence. educator to consider a range of appropriate strategies to match the
4. Consider the main points as a whole and your purpose for using students’ preferences for learning. Duverge (2016) outlines several of
the information. these preferences. Firstly, educators should appreciate that adult learners
5. Think of words or phrases which have similar meaning to those in
the original text. would prefer to learn independently or explore the topic; therefore, tasks
6. Develop an outline using short sentences written in your words. should be designed accordingly. Furthermore, adults like to know that the
Rearrange these sentences to suit your purpose.
skills and knowledge they are expected to develop will be useful to their
7. Remind your reader that you are summarising the work of
someone else by citing their name in the summary (citation). life or career.

Using more than one source for a paraphrase A key study by Clark (2025) found that many new university students
• Here is an example showing ideas from several sources combined experience considerable anxiety when learning how to cope with the
into one summary.
academic literacy demands of assignment writing, and this finding is
• Notice that a semi-colon has been used to separate each source in
the citation, and the sources are ordered in alphabetical order. well-supported in the literature (Brown et al., 2024; Lee & Miller, 2023;
West, 2024).
 Rules for Summarising Examples – Common citation error

• Do not provide the same citation at the start and at the end of Error: The author of the bold sentence is not clear. A citation must be
each sentence. Note that the sentence in bold is not referenced. provided.
• Ensure the summarised version is much shorter than the
original text and that it is written in your own words.
Developing learning modules for adult learners requires the designer or
• Include citation details (author and date) for each source cited.
educator to consider a range of appropriate strategies to match adult
• Page numbers are not required for paraphrasing unless
otherwise specified by your lecturer. learners’ preferences for learning. Duverge (2016) explains that adult

• Do not change the intended meaning of the original text. learners would prefer to learn independently or explore the topic; therefore,
tasks should be designed accordingly. Adults like to know that the skills
• Do not use quotation marks because it is not a direct quote.
and knowledge they are expected to develop will be useful to their life
• Enter the complete source details in your reference list.
or career. Providing immediate feedback regarding errors or alternate
explanations to assist with learning new concepts is a strategy that enables
adults to learn from misunderstandings (Duverge, 2016).

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How to Use Direct Quotations

You are quoting when you use someone else’s exact words in your writing. Direct quoting is one way of showing that you have gathered
information from other authors to support your point of view or thesis. Do not overuse this technique. Instead, aim to paraphrase more of the words and
ideas of others to show how well you understand them and can use the source to support your point of view. When you quote, you must indicate where
the quotation begins and ends, and provide an in-text citation. The citation makes it clear whose words you are using and where you found them.
A general rule in academic work is that no more than 10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations. You can use short
quotations (fewer than 40 words) or long quotations (40 words or more).

Steps for Using Quotations Example

1. Read chosen texts and form ideas about your topic. Hand hygiene compliance of health care workers was low→ audible alerts increase
2. Make a note of the ideas using your own words. hand hygiene compliance. → The study found that audible alerts “may be an effective
3. Identify sentences in a journal article to support the method for increasing HCW HH compliance to >90%” (Webster et al., 2023, p. 731).
idea. Make a note of this.
The case study revealed that hand hygiene was an issue among health care workers and
4. Incorporate the quote into the paragraph by adding a
few extra words just before the quoted words to help strategies were needed to increase compliance. To address this, the use of audible hand
the quote fit smoothly into the sentence. hygiene alerts may be “an effective method for increasing … compliance to >90%”
5. Use three dots … to indicated that words have been (Webster et al., 2023, p. 731).
remove from the quote. The original meaning of the
References
quote must be retained.
6. Citation: Provide the surname or organisation name Webster, K. L., Bishop, S. M., Scott, L. E., Oppy, L. M., Heishman, C. R., Stevenson,
as well as the year of publication and the page G. M., & Arnold, F. W. (2023). Automated hand hygiene compliance system’s
number that the quote was taken from.
audible alert reminder increases healthcare worker hand hygiene
7. Write the full publication details in the reference list
compliance. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 44(5), 728–731.
at the end of the assignment.
https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.173
 Rules for Short Quotations Examples
Short quotations should: Author prominent Information prominent
• have fewer than 40 words, Salson (2023) argues that “gender It has been argued that “gender equality
• be incorporated into your sentence smoothly without
equality throughout an individual’s throughout an individual’s formal education
disrupting the flow of your paragraph,
formal education is an aspiration of is an aspiration of global social justice”
• be enclosed in double quotation marks,
• include the page number in the citation, global social justice” (p. 10). (Salson, 2023, p. 10).
• have the full stop after the citation if the quotation is
information prominent,
• have the full stop after the page number if the
citation is author prominent, and
• be in the same font size as the rest of the assignment.
If the text you want to quote starts with a capital letter, it is
acceptable to change the upper-case letter to a lower-case
letter so that it fits with the grammar of your sentence;
In Wilson’s (2023) report “the In the report “the building inspector
proper nouns remain uppercase (e.g., Australia or Robert).
building inspector estimated that there estimated that there [sic] house was a fire
Do not correct any incorrect spelling, punctuation or
grammar in the original quotation; instead, insert the word [sic] house was a fire hazard” (p. 55). hazard” (Wilson, 2023, p. 55).
sic, italicised and in square brackets, directly after the error
in the quotation.

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Rules for Long Quotations Example

When using quotations of 40 words or more: Information prominent Author prominent
• use them infrequently, Though many may recoil from making Rowan (2001) summarises the effects of a
• introduce it in your own words with the lead-in their private lives public in digital spaces, limited world view when stating that:
statement ending with a colon (:), there are obvious benefits for young This poses a real challenge for
• separate it from the lead-in statement and from the
people: educators. In many cases, we are
text that follows with Enter/Return,
• do not enclose it in quotation marks, The public life is fun. It’s drawing on educational resources,
• begin each long quotation on a new line, creative. It’s where their friends or curriculum documents which are
• indent them by 1.27 cm from the left margin: are. It’s theatre, but it’s also in themselves fairly narrow in the
(Ctrl + M) or (Shift + Ctrl + M on a Mac).
community: in this linked, logged view of the world they represent.
• apply double line spacing,
world, you have a place to think This helps to make this view seem
• no added space before or after the quotation.
For a long information prominent quotation, the full stop out loud and be listened to, to natural and normal. (p. 39)
goes after the quotation and before the citation. meet strangers and go deeper with This view exemplifies the . . .
friends. (Nussbaum, 2007, p. 27)
 Rules for Long Quotations Example

If you need to omit a word or words from a quotation, The use of emotive language can be Cottrell (2024) explains how emotive
indicate this with an ellipsis (three dots). effective in influencing audiences to language can be used to persuade
If you need to add a word or words to a quotation, put them believe a certain point of view: audiences:
in square brackets [ ].
This passage attacks everyone who
The passage encourages complicity in
opposes the introduction of identity
the audience. By abusing opponents,
cards on personal terms. It also makes
the author encourages a division
unsubstantiated assumptions about the
between in-groups, or “people like
backgrounds and economic
them”, or “people like us”. [In
circumstances of opponents in order
addition,] the passage draws on emotive
to undermine their credibility.
subjects, referring to crime and security
[Therefore], the passage …
to win over the audience. (p. 117)
demonstrates flawed reasoning.
(Cottrell, 2024, p. 117)

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How to Introduce Quotations and Paraphrased Sentences

Verbs That Help With Author Prominent Referencing.
To assist with making citations part of your own writing and providing more information about the status of the information you are citing, you
need to use signal words and phrases. Your choice of words can indicate whether the authors you are citing are presenting established findings, putting
forward a case, making a suggestion or drawing conclusions. Your work may become tedious to read if every quotation or paraphrase is introduced in
the same manner. Table 1 provides examples of signal words useful for integrating other authors’ ideas and words into your academic writing.
Table 1
Signal Words for Use With In-text Citations

Say or Mean Argue Explain Other

highlight assert dispute describe agree

indicate outline disagree clarify question
reveal confirm question justify recognise
support find debate reason predict
acknowledge affirm refute show identify
state report contend demonstrate theorise
emphasise imply hypothesise elucidate maintain
Generally, use present tense when referring to researched information (though there are important exceptions).
Note. If you are citing more than one author, remember to change the verb form:
One author: Smith (2023) outlines that . . .
Multiple authors: Jones et al. (2023) outline that . . .
How to Use Tables, Figures or Images
Sometimes it is useful to include reproductions or copies of items such as photos, graphs, tables, diagrams and drawings in your work. These
items may be used as evidence to support academic arguments in the text. They can be used to present complex information clearly and effectively.
A table contains information that is organised using columns and rows. Figures can be maps, charts, diagrams, drawings, graphs and
photographs. They must be labelled, cited and referenced, and each is done in a particular way. Tables and figures are often used in reports, but rarely
appear in essays. They may be copied from another’s work, adapted from one or multiple sources of information or may be data from your own
research.

Steps for using tables Example

• Ask yourself if you need to provide exact numerical As seen in Table 2, asylum claims in 2013-2014 dropped in both Australia and New
data or compare and contrast values in a table or if Zealand but increased in other countries.
the trends or patterns provided by a graph would be
Table 2
better used in this case.
New Asylum Claims Lodged in Selected Regions by Semester 2013–2014
• Decide whether you need the whole table or part of
the table.
• Refer to the table in the body of the report.
Integrating the table as if it were a quote or part of
the paragraph will assist your reader to understand
why you included it.
• Label the table within the text with a number e.g.,
Table 1, Table 2. If the table is placed within an
appendix, it takes the appendix letter and a number
e.g., Table A1.
• If the table is required in text and does not take the
whole page, place the table at either the top or bottom Note. The table shows that Europe had the highest rates of new asylum claims 2013–2014.
of the page. Add one blank double-spaced line Adapted from World at War: UNHCR Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2014, by
between the table and any text to improve readability. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2015 (https://www.unhcr.org/en-
au/statistics/country/556725e69/unhcr-global-trends-2014.html).

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Rules for using tables Example

Above the table The population increase through immigration had the biggest impact on the heavily
• Provide a table number in bold font. No italics. (e.g., populated states, and the Northern Territory had the smallest increase (see Table 3).
Table 1)
• Numbered in the order of appearance in the text. Table 3
• The table title appears one double-spaced line below
the table number. Provide a brief but descriptive title. Number of Migrants by State and Territory 2015–16
The title is italicised, and capitalised (title case) the
first letter of all major words.
Below the table
• Under the table, start with the word “Note” in italics
followed by a full stop. Then provide a brief outline
to help readers understand the table. Include any
definitions of abbreviations e.g., Note. The table
demonstrates . . .
• After the outline, cite that the source is either “From”
or “Adapted from” another resource: See Appendix
K for specific templates, citation examples and
reference list examples.
• Do not include the original table number, heading or
caption when you copy these items. The table Note. The table demonstrates that New South Wales and Victoria had the highest rates of
migration 2015–2016. Adapted from 3412.0 Migration, Australia, 2015–2016, by Australian
number should be the correct number for your work.
Bureau of Statistics, 2017 (https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3412.0Main+
Features72015-16?OpenDocument).
Note. See Appendix K for specific templates, caption examples and reference list examples.
 Steps for using figures Example
Steps for choosing to use figures are similar to those provided for It is evident that migration to Australia has increased, which is adding to the
tables in the previous section. Figures can be maps, charts,
diversity of the Australian population. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS,
diagrams, drawings, graphs and photographs. Follow these rules
if you copy or adapt a figure to use in your assignment (similar to 2017) reveals that overseas migration is now the principal factor for population
the right) or an image like the one seen below.
increase within Australia (see Figure 2).
• The figure number (e.g., Figure 2) appears above the
figure title and image in bold font. Not italics. Figure 2
• The figure title appears one double-spaced line below the Net Overseas Migration in Australia 1976 to 2016
figure number. Provide a brief but descriptive title and
capitalise the figure title in italics and title case.
• Make sure that copied figures are a suitable size for your
reader to view. For the image portion of the figure (e.g.,
axis labels) use font size 8-14 points.
• Under the figure, first provide a brief outline to help
readers understand the figure. Include any definitions of
abbreviations e.g., Note. This figure demonstrates…
• After the outline, cite that the source is either “From” or
“Adapted from” another resource: See Appendix K for
specific templates, citation examples and reference list
examples.
• Do not include the original figure number, heading or
caption when you copy these items. The figure number
should be the correct number for your work.
• Number figures in the order of appearance in the text.
Note. This figure demonstrates how Australian migration peeked in 2010. Adapted from 2071.0
• Figures must be referred to in the main body of the text by Cultural Diversity in Australia, 2016, by Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017
their number: Figure 2. (https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%
20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~60).

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Rules for using figures Example

Figures, which include maps, charts, diagrams, drawings and CQUniversity’s Business graduate, Wayne Blair has an extensive list of accolades
photographs, as used in most student assignments are covered by
Australian copyright laws, i.e., you do not have to pay to use the for directing Australian films. This includes the Australian box office success of
image. The Sapphires in 2012 and the critically acclaimed Firestarter, which won the
However, you are still required to cite each figure (below the AACTA 2020 award for best documentary. Blair, as seen in the centre of Figure 3,
image) and reference them in the reference list even if a figure is
freely available via stack images (Shutterstock, iStock, Flickr also has an extensive repertoire of directing and acting roles in television series.
etc.). See Appendix K for guidance on citing and referencing Figure 3
images.
No citation or reference is required if the image clearly indicates Wayne Blair With Co-stars of the TV Drama Total Control
that “no reference or attribution is needed”. Simply include a
figure number and figure title above the figure.
No citation or reference is required for clip art or images from
Microsoft Word or Microsoft PowerPoint.
No citation is required if you created the image i.e., if you are the
artist (photographer, painter etc.). Simply include a figure
number and figure title above the figure.

Citation under image

See example citation on right: The figure is “From” a resource
i.e., the figure has not been changed. When the figure has been
adapted or changed in any way, use “Adapted from”. See
Appendix K for guidance on providing a citation below the
figure when a figure is from a journal article, book, book chapter Note. From Total Control, Thou Shalt Not Steal and More Lead 2025 AACTA Award Nominations,
or webpage web. Appendix K also provides guidance on how to by Styleup, 2025 (https://styleupnit.com.au/16-01-2025/15784/total-control-thou-shalt-not-steal-
reference figures from different types of sources. and-more-lead-2025-aacta-award-nominations).
Section 3: How to Create a Reference List
At the end of your assignment, you will need to include a list of all the sources you have used in your assignment. This is known as a reference
list. Your reference list will need to be formatted using APA style.
This section contains some general guidelines that you will need to follow when writing your reference list. However, there are some more
specific guidelines in the form of examples in Section 5 that will show you how to reference many different types of sources. There is also a Quick
Guide for Referencing Multiple Authors (Appendix J).
Organising your resources is a useful skill, so as you decide what will be useful for your research and writing it is important to generate a draft
reference list to avoid losing any relevant information about the source details. This process can be time consuming, but once done it provides a useful
tool for developing in-text citations. Remember to check this initial list against those used in-text and remove any unused items because a reference list
should only include references that have been used within your assignment. The reference list does NOT include all your background reading.

Steps for Creating a Reference List

When including a source in the reference list you must provide the reader with enough information to locate that source. The following pages
demonstrate how specific sources are included in the reference list. This guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples, so at times you will need
to problem solve to decide how to reference the source you used.
There are two key steps when writing your reference list:
Step 1. Find the relevant details shown in the following figures. Look at the examples that follow and in Section 5; there is a pattern to this task.
Step 2. Format the details according to APA style. Each time you gather information it is placed in a similar order in the citation.

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Steps for Adding Publication Details to the Reference List

Referencing books and ebooks Example
For a book or an ebook, the following elements
should be presented in this order:
1. Author’s surname (family name) comes first
followed by a comma and then the initials.
Provide a space between initials. The second
initial represents the middle name. Keep the
order of the authors’ names.
2. Place the copyright year in parentheses followed
by a full stop.
3. Title of the book is in italics and sentence case Reference example - Hard Copy Book: See numbers 1-6.
i.e., capitalise the first letter of the title and any
proper nouns. End with a full stop. Cottrell, S. (2024). The study skills handbook (6th ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.
4. Capitalise the first letter of any subtitle.
5. If the book has an edition or volume number, Reference example - Ebook: See numbers 1-7.
place the number in parentheses after the title.
This is not in italics. If both, add edition number
first and volume second, separated by a comma. Lauer, J. A., Vigo, A., Soucat, A., & Sassi, F. (2023). Health taxes: Policy and practice.
6. Publisher (No publisher location needed.)
World Scientific Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1142/Q0365
7. Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number
when available:
https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxxxxxx
Do not include a URL or database URL for
ebooks found in academic databases. Include a
URL for ebooks found on other websites. No
URL is needed for hard copies.
Note. The ordinal number is not in superscript, e.g., 4th not 4th.
More details about the uses of abbreviations, acronyms and the technical terms used in referencing can be found in Appendices A, B, C, D, E and F.

Referencing a chapter in an edited book. Example

For a chapter in a book or an ebook, the following
elements should be presented in this order:
1. Chapter author’s surname (family name)
followed by a comma and then the initials.
2. Place the copyright year in parentheses followed
by a full stop.
3. Title of the book chapter in sentence case i.e.,
capitalise the first letter of the title and any
proper nouns. End with a full stop.
4. Editors’ initials followed by surname. Place
(Ed.) for one editor and (Eds.) for multiple Reference example - Print: See numbers 1-8.
editors after the editors’ names.
5. Title of book in sentence case and in italics. Hales, M. (2021). Home care. In A. Berman, G. Frandsen, S. Snyder, T. Levett-Jones, A.
6. If the book has an edition or volume number, Berston, T. Dwyer, M. Hales, N. Harvey, T. Langtree, L. Moxham, K. Reid-Searl, F.
place the number in parentheses after the title.
This is not in italics. If both, add edition number Rolf & D. Stanley (Eds.), Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing: Concepts,
first and volume second, separated by a comma. process and practice (5th Australian ed., Vol. 1, pp. 683-738). Pearson Education
7. Page range of the chapter.
Australia.
8. Publisher (No publisher location needed.)
9. Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number
Reference example - Ebook: See numbers 1-9.
for ebooks when available:
https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxxxxxx
Lichosik, D. (2019). Robotic surgery. In F., Charney-Sonnek & A. E., Murphy (Eds.),
Do not include a URL or database URL for
ebooks in academic databases. Include a URL Principles of nursing in oncology (pp. 107–130). Springer.
for ebooks found on other websites. No URLs https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76457-3
needed for hard copies.

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Referencing journal articles with a DOI Example

The following elements should be presented in this
order:
1. Author’s surname (family name) comes first
followed by a comma and the initials. Provide a
space between initials. Keep the order of the
authors’ names.
2. Place the year of publication in parentheses
followed by a full stop.
3. Title of article is in sentence case i.e., capitalise
the first letter of the title and first letter of proper
nouns (Australia). End with a full stop. No
italics.
4. Capitalise the first letter of any subtitle.
5. Title of journal in italics and title case i.e., Reference example
capitalise the first letter of all major words. End
with a comma. Quinlan, S., & Ryer, S. (2023). Implementing a fall prevention initiative in nurse-facilitated
6. Volume number in italics.
7. Issue number in parentheses. No gap. No italics. annual wellness visits: A quality improvement project. Journal of Nursing Care
If there is no issue number, follow the volume
number with a comma. Quality, 38(3), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000690
8. Include article page range, e.g., 25–45.
9. Https DOIs are hyperlinked (active, blue font
and underlined). When an old DOI number is
provided as doi:10.xxxx/xxxxx or
http://dx.doi.org, change the DOI number to the
https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxxxxxx format.
 Journal article without a DOI Example
For a journal article that does not have a DOI (e.g.,
https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xx), no other URL is required
when it was found in an academic database. Only
include elements 1-8. See previous page for details.
Examples of academic databases: APA PsycNET,
PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL,
Ebook Central, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, JSTOR
(excluding primary source collections), MEDLINE,
Nexis Uni, Ovid, ProQuest), PubMed, ScienceDirect,
Scopus and Web of Science etc.
• For hard copy journals without a DOI, no URL
is required.
Reference example
• Exceptions: Articles found in UptoDate see
Section 5. McGrath, L., Donaghue, H., & Negretti, R. (2023). Embedding students’ academic writing
• For journals articles with no DOI and not found development in early-career disciplinary lecturers’ practice. Journal of Academic
in an academic database, include the URL
location after the page numbers. Language and Learning, 17(1), 134–151.
See the flow chart in Appendix G to help you select
the correct information when referencing your journal
article.

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Referencing a legal case Example

For a legal case, the following elements should be
presented in the following order:
1. The case name (in italics). Only the name of
the first plaintiff and the first defendant should
be cited. If there are multiple proceedings
between the parties, include the number of
proceedings in square brackets after the case In-text citation
name.
The case of Mabo v Queensland (1989) establishes the authority to . . .
2. The year of case . . . (Mabo v Queensland, 1989).
3. The volume number
4. Reporter abbreviation Reference example
5. The starting page of the source. In addition,
Mabo v Queensland (1989) 166 CLR 186.
when referring to a specific page in the case,
add a comma and the page number of the Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5.
reference after the starting page e.g., 1, 5.
6. If the country is not clear from the case name,
provide the country abbreviation in parentheses
after the first page number, followed by a full
stop e.g., (U.K.). (Austl.).
 Referencing a webpage or a standalone
Example
document on the web
For information on a webpage, the following
elements should be presented in the following order:
1. Name of the author or organisation or
department. End with a full stop.
2. Year of publication in parentheses. The month
and day can be provided if available e.g., (2023)
or (2023, February) or (2023, February 25).
Provide the most specific date that is available
on the webpage/document. For sources with the
same author and same date, order oldest to Example 1: When the author and the site name are the same, omit site name.
newest. When no date is provided use (n.d.).
End with a full stop.
Department of Health and Aged Care. (2024, June 3). Give flue to boot.
3. Title of article is in sentence case i.e., capitalise
the first letter of the title and first letter of any https://www.health.gov.au/influenza-vaccination/first-nations#what-is-influenza
proper nouns (Australia). End with a full stop.
The title is in italics.
4. If a subtitle is present, add a colon (:) and Example 2: When the author and site name are different, include site name.
capitalise the first letter of the subtitle. End with
a full stop. Varghese, P. N. (2024, July 31). Independent review of commonwealth funding for strategic
5. If the author and the site name are the same, policy work. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
omit the site name from the reference. See
Example 1. Title case and no italics. www.pmc.gov.au/resources/independent-review-commonwealth-funding-strategic-
6. URLs are hyperlinked (active, blue font and policy-work
underlined). The words “retrieved from” are not
required. On occasion a retrieval date may be
required when the information is subject to
change and is not archived; see Section 5 for
more examples.

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Long URLs Example

Cut and paste URLs to avoid transcript errors. Do Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023, December 15). Health conditions prevalence.
not change the URL. If the URL is very long, it is
acceptable to shorten a URL using URL shortening https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/health-
services. Ensure that it links directly to the correct conditions-prevalence/2022#long-term-health-conditions
location.

Rules for adding publication details to the Examples

reference list
Identify the type of resource used (e.g., webpage, References
book or journal etc) and then follow the guidance on
how to include all the relevant publication details. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2024, September 3). Sun protection behaviours.
See Section 3 for guidance on how to reference the
four most commonly used resources: book, book https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/sun-protection-
chapter, journal and webpage.
behaviours/nov-2023-feb-2024
For guidance on how to format your reference list,
see Appendix H. Cottrell, S. (2024). The study skills handbook (6th ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.

Kong, S. T., & Stocco, C. S. (2022). Teaching study skills to college students using checklist

training. Behavioral Interventions, 37(4), 1149–1165.

https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1897
 Rules about authors’ names Examples
• In the reference list, the surname of each author Stella Cottrell = Cottrell, S.
must be spelt correctly, and all other names are to
be presented as initials. Cottrell, Stella = Cottrell, S.
• Therefore, it is important to identify the author’s Stella Maria Cottrell = Cottrell, S. M.
surname. In the examples provided, “Cottrell” is
always the surname, and other names need to be Stella M. Cottrell = Cottrell, S. M.
presented as initials.
• When an author has two or more initials, the
second or third initial represents the middle names.
• Titles such as Doctor or Professor are not included.

Rules for using capitalisation in a reference list

Sentence Case
• For sentence case, capitalise the first letter in the first word; all other words are in lower case. The exceptions are names or proper nouns (e.g.,
Australia).
• Within a reference list, the title of a book, journal article, webpage or standalone document is in sentence case regardless of how the titles is
capitalised in the original. See example below. If the title contains a colon, the first letter after the colon is capitalised.

Title case
• For title case, capitalise the first letter of all major words. Do not capitalise articles, (i.e., “the”, “a”, “an”) prepositions (e.g., “for”, “on”, “off”, “in”)
or short conjunctions (e.g., “and”, “but”, “or”). Capitalise the first letter of the word “the” if it is the first word in the title. Capitalise the first letter of
any preposition which has of four or more letters (e.g., “With”, “Between”, “From”).
• Journal names, businesses and organisations require title case (capitalise the first letter of all major words).

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Rules and examples for capitalising titles

Examples
in text and in a reference list
Standalone document In-text capitalisation
A standalone document is a book, ebook, report, The statistics from The National Report on Schooling in Australia 2022 indicate that…
dissertation, thesis, film, video, podcast, TV series, (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2018).
YouTube video, artwork, map, music album and
unpublished manuscript. Reference example: Report
In-text capitalisation: Use italics and title case Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2022). The national report on
(Capitalise all major words.) schooling in Australia 2022. https://www.acara.edu.au/reporting/national-report-on-
Reference list: Italics and sentence case (Capitalise schooling-in-australia/national-report-on-schooling-in-australia-2022
the first letter of the title and the first letter of any
proper nouns.) See Section 5 for referencing a book,
ebook, podcast, YouTube etc.
 Rules and examples for capitalising titles
Examples
in text and in a reference list
Part of a greater whole In-text capitalisation: Television Episode

An item in a greater whole is a journal article, book The Mystery Road episode “The Truth” explores themes of . . . (McGregor & Perkins, 2018).
chapter, ebook chapter, newspaper article, magazine
article, blog post, television episode, webisode, Reference example: Television Episode
webpage, tweet, Facebook update, encyclopaedia McGregor, S (Writer), & Perkins, R (Director). (2018, July 1). The truth (Season 1, Episode 6)
entry, Wikipedia entry, dictionary entry and song. [TV series episode]. In J. Sen, I (Executive producer), Mystery Road. Bunya
Productions & Golden Road Productions.
Capitalisation in-text: Inside double quotation
marks, title case (Capitalise all major words). Avoid
including the whole title of a document such as a
journal article unless absolutely necessary.
Reference list: No quotation marks, sentence case
(Capitalise the first letter of the title and the first
letter of any proper nouns and adjectives: Australia,
Australian.). Note. See Section 5 for guidance on
how to reference a book chapter, ebook chapter,
newspaper article, tweet etc.

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Section 4: What is Academic Integrity?

Incorrect referencing techniques (even if they are innocent mistakes) can lead to problems with “plagiarism”. The word “plagiarism” comes
from the Latin word “plagiarius” which means “kidnapper”. Plagiarism is “the process of taking another person’s work, ideas, or words, and using them
as if they were your own” (McMillan Dictionary, n.d.). In other words, you would be plagiarising if you copied the ideas, words or thoughts of the
authors of your research without acknowledging them in your paragraphs, even if you have paraphrased. This includes using another student’s work or
your own previously submitted work, without acknowledging or citing it. Always act with integrity and use correct referencing techniques to make sure
you do not accidentally plagiarise someone else’s work. Plagiarism is considered serious misconduct and must always be avoided. You should avoid
plagiarism and report it because:
• plagiarism is unethical,
• plagiarism does not allow you to develop as an academic writer, and
• plagiarism attracts severe penalties.

How Will They Know I Have Plagiarised?

While enrolled at CQUni, each time you upload an assignment it is processed through the Turnitin program. This is a program that checks for
similarity between your work and others; therefore, it identifies possible plagiarism in your assignment. You can learn to use Turnitin to check your
assignment for accidental plagiarism before you submit your final copy to your lecturer. Watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44n03oRjwCg&feature=youtu.be
If it seems you have plagiarised, you will be sent an email to advise you that plagiarism has been detected in your assignment. You will need to
answer the email and explain what happened. You may also be required to attend some academic integrity training. You may face severe academic
penalties, including possibly failing and being withdrawn from the course.
Steps for Avoiding Plagiarism

1. Record the sources you use. Before beginning to take notes from any source, record all the bibliographic information.

2. Take careful notes. Take carefully written notes. Develop a system to distinguish between what you have copied directly from

the source, (directly quoted) what you have put into your own words (paraphrased or summarised) and your

comments about the information in that source.

3. Paraphrase appropriately. Change words and structure of the original work keeping only technical words the same.

4. Use in-text citations in every Get into the habit of including citations in-text (author, date) as you write each draft of your assignment.
written draft.

5. Keep your work secure. Avoid sharing paper or electronic drafts of your work with other students.

6. Use Turnitin to check for text You can use the Turnitin software to check your draft assignment for evidence of matching text before
matching on assignment drafts.
submission.

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Ethical Use of Generative AI

Generative AI models such as Copilot and ChatGPT draw from a wide range of Internet sources to respond to questions or prompts from the user.
These models can be used as supplementary resources to aid in idea development while still upholding the values of Academic Integrity. Generative AI
models may help you to start your research or reading on a topic by suggesting keywords, search terms, brainstorming, or generating ideas.
Use caution when using Generative AI for academic assignments
Information provided by Generative AI is not always current, correctly referenced or completely accurate. AI material is not a peer reviewed or a
primary source. For most of your academic work, it is crucial to engage with primary academic sources directly to support your arguments and claims.
Primary sources are typically original documents or data such as:

• journal articles reporting new research or findings,

• books or book chapters,
• recorded or published interviews, speeches, oral histories,
• case law, legislation, regulations, constitutions,
• government documents, research reports, statistical data.
You must verify any AI-generated content by using reliable sources; therefore, search for a scholarly, reputable source to read and improve your
knowledge and understanding. It is best to paraphrase or quote from those articles ensuring you acknowledge the source.
Avoid breaches of academic integrity
Be informed about the requirements for using Generative AI in your assignments.

• Check the assignment information, your unit profile and speak to unit coordinators to determine whether you are permitted to use AI. Some
assessments do not permit the use of AI tools, while others may allow it with some limitations.
• Follow the requirements about providing a statement or declaration that outlines the AI tools used in the assessment.
• If instructed to do so, appropriately acknowledge ALL content generated by AI with an in-text citation. Failure to appropriately acknowledge AI
can result in a breach of academic integrity.
Ethical Use of Generative AI Flowchart

Note. Be aware that GenAI is not a primary source.

GenAI is best used for tasks such as brainstorming and generating ideas. Use the flowchart below as a guide for engaging with Gen AI.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Responsible

Permission Purpose Verification Attribution use of GenAI
Do you have Did you use Did you check that the Did you use information
permission to use GenAI in information you are using or text directly from Gen
GenAI as set out accordance with within your assessment is AI in your assessment?
Yes - Cite it according to
in the Unit the permissions relevant, the GenAI reference
Profile? outlined in the accurate, guidance below.
Yes Unit Profile? authoritative,
Yes current and No
objective? Other attributions of
No No Yes GenAI may be set out
within your Unit Profile.
No

Not responsible use of GenAI

Reach out to your lecturers and the Academic Learning Centre (ALC) if you need further guidance using GenAI tools as part of your
work, research, and studies.
Book into a free, one-on-one appointment or workshop (on-campus or online) with a friendly ALC adviser for more advice.

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Referencing Generative AI Using APA Style

The APA Style Blog recommends that when using text generated from AI models, the writer should include an in-text citation and a reference in the
reference list. The format is based on the Mobile App template in Section 5.

Referencing steps Example

In-text citation In-text citation
Although GenAI results cannot be accessed by other readers, it should When prompted with “Do we only use 10% of our brain?” the ChatGPT-
still be cited with an author (e.g., OpenAI or another GenAI models
such at Copilot) and date (i.e. the year of the version used). generated text indicated that contrary to popular belief, “there is no large,
OpenAI (2025) … unused portion of the brain. The brain is a highly complex organ, and
Note: Provide the exact words of the prompt that was used, and the different regions are responsible for various cognitive functions”
response as per the example (no page or paragraph numbers required). (OpenAI, 2024).
Reference Reference list
Although GenAI results cannot be accessed by other readers, it should
be included in the reference list.
1. Author: Include the GenAI model e.g., OpenAI.
2. Date: Include the year of the version used.
3. Model name and version: The model serves as the title and is Example
italic. The version number is in parentheses after the title, not in
italics. OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (Feb 13 version) [Large language model].
4. Include the words “Large language model” in square brackets. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Bracketed text briefly describes the kind of model. Therefore,
Microsoft. (2024). Copilot (Feb 9 version) [Large language model].
other descriptions may be necessary for other GenAI models.
5. Use the URL that links directly to the page where you can access https://copilot.microsoft.com/
the model. Therefore, another URLs may be required for other
GenAI models.
Section 5: How to Create In-Text Citations and Reference List Items
This Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style (7th ed.) provides referencing guidance about how to cite specific sources in the text of your
assignment (in-text citations) and in the reference list. However, this guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples, so it may be necessary to
examine more than one example or a combination of examples to identify the best way to reference a specific item. Sometimes you need to problem
solve to decide how to reference the item you have used.

When adding a reference to the reference list, you must provide the reader with enough information to enable them to locate the source. The
following specific examples of referencing, and the examples provided in Section 3, will help you to work out what kind of information you need to
collect about your source. Find one of the examples in this guide similar to your source and gather similar information for your reference. Then if you
are still unsure, you can ask the Academic Learning Centre (ALC) to assist you. Look out for ALC workshops or book an ALC appointment.

ALC Services ALC Workshops ALC Appointments

The ALC offers a range of support View all ALC workshops. Book an ALC Appointment.
services. If you require more assistance https://interact.cqu.edu.au/s/alc/events https://interact.cqu.edu.au/s/alc
with referencing or other academic skills, (Available to all students) (Available to students within their first eight units or with a
attend any of the ALC workshop or book
an appointment. See terms and conditions. referral from a lecturer after completing eight units.)

If you have another enquiry, please email

alc-advice@cqu.edu.au for assistance.

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Books (Hard copy)

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
One author Davis (2022) outlines three . . . Davies, M. (2022). Study skills for international
Include the author’s family name and the postgraduates (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.
year of publication. … (Davis, 2022).
Two authors Pears and Sheilds (2022) outline . . . Pears, R., & Shields, G. (2022). Cite them right: The essential
For citations, only use an ampersand (&) referencing guide (12th ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
when the authors’ names are given within . . . (Pears & Sheilds, 2022).
parentheses in-text. Use ‘and’ when the
authors’ names are incorporated in the
text. For the reference list, use & between
the last two authors’ names.
Three to twenty authors Auer et al. (2022) . . . Auer, M. E., Pester, A., & May, D. (2022). Learning with
In-text citation technologies and technologies in learning: Experience,
Include the first author’s surname followed . . . (Auer et al., 2022).
trends and challenges in higher education (Vol. 456).
by “et al.” (meaning “and others”) and the
year. Springer International Publishing.
Reference list
Include the family names and initials of
ALL the authors. Separate the authors with
commas and use an ampersand (&) before
the last author.
 Twenty-one or more authors Allen et al. (2020) maintain that . . . Allen, A., Brown, B., Clarke, C., Donne, D., East, E., Fox, F.,
In-text citation Greene, G., Holcroft, H., Imhoff, I., Jasper, J., Kirk,
Include the first author’s surname followed
K., Lovett, L., Masuda, M., Newbury, N., Oddfellow,
by “et al.” (meaning “and others”) and the . . . (Allen et al., 2020).
year. O., Papadopoulos, P., Quilleran, Q., Rhodes, R.,
Reference list Smith, S., Thomas, T., … Zhang, Z. (2020). How the
If there are 21 or more authors, provide the
names of the first 19 authors followed by alphabet has shaped our brains. Welle Redde.
an ellipsis (three full stops) and the name
of the last author/editor, without the use of
an ampersand.
See Appendix J for guidance on how to
reference multiple authors in a reference
list.
Multiple works by the same author, Brown (2014, 2015) . . . Brown, M. (2014). Wipeout water world: An accounting
published in different years
practice set using MYOB AccountRight version 19.
In-text citation
Pearson Education.
When including two works by the same . . . (Brown, 2014, 2015).
author in the same parentheses, place them Brown, M. (2015). Pedro’s Pizzas: An accounting practice set
in chronological order according to the
date of publication (i.e., oldest to newest). using MYOB AccountRight version 19. Pearson
A source with no date (n.d.) will be listed Education.
after the source with the date.

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Multiple works by same author/s, same Ahmed (2013b) indicates that the Ahmed, I. (2013a). The Pakistan garrison state: Origins,
year
Punjab Province … evolutions, consequences (1947–2011) (1st ed.).
In-text citation
Oxford University Press.
When including multiple works by the
Ahmed (2013a) recounts that the
same author published in the same year, Ahmed, I. (2013b). The Punjab partitioned and cleansed.
add a lower-case letter (a, b, c, etc.) next to Pakistan army were called to restore
the year. The letters relate to the Rupa Publications India.
order in the Punjab province.
alphabetical order of the titles.
Reference list
Letters should also be included next to the
year.
Works by different authors with the The role that humankind plays in Jones, A. (2012). Human geography: The basics. Routledge.
same family name, same year
shaping . . . (A. Jones, 2012).
In-text citation Jones, G. (2012). Current research in sustainability. Tilde
If there are two or more authors with the G. Jones (2012) highlights the Publishing.
same surname, include the first author’s
initials in all in text citations, even if the importance of sustainability in the
year of publication differs. management of certain environments.
Reference list
Be sure to place these sources in
alphabetical order according to their
surname and then according to their first
initial and finally the date.
 No author but an authoring body … (World Health Organization World Health Organization. (2024, August 7). The top 10
(institution, corporation or other [WHO], 2024). causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
organisation)
sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

Source within a source: Secondary Traynor (2018, as cited in Foster et Foster, K., Evans, A., & Alexander, L. (2023). Grace under
source al., 2023) highlights that low pressure: Mental health nurses’ stories of resilience
When referring to an author (primary institutional funding can lead to a in practice. International Journal of Mental Health
source) read in another publication
(secondary source). reduction in working conditions. Nursing, 32(3), 866–874.
Note. Use secondary sources sparingly. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13130
Only use when the original work is not in Low institutional funding can lead to
print, unavailable, or not available in a reduction in working conditions
English. Try to find and use the primary
source if possible. (Traynor, 2018, as cited in Foster et
In-text citation al., 2023).
First, cite the original source of the idea
(primary reference) and follow this with
the source in which you found it
(secondary source).
Reference list
Only include reference for the secondary
source (i.e., the source you actually read).

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Referring to two primary sources within Thoughtful listening enhances a Evans, K., Nizette, D., & O'Brien, A. (2016). Psychiatric and
the one secondary source
patient’s sense of humility mental health nursing (4th ed.). Elsevier.
Use secondary sources sparingly. Only use
(Gunasekara et al., 2014; Shattell et
when the original work is not in print,
unavailable, or not available in English. al., 2006, as cited in Evans et al.,
Try to find and use the primary source if
2016).
possible.
No date can be established Lansdown (n.d.) found … Lansdown, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses. CQUniversity.
Use this infrequently.
Several sources are cited at once Research suggests . . . (Jones et al., Jones, J. S., Rogers, V. L., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2017).
Do not overdo this. 2017; McCrae & Nolan, 2016). Psychiatric mental health nursing: An interpersonal
Alphabetise according to the name of the approach (2nd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
Recent studies (Jones et al., 2017;
first author in each source. Use semicolons
to separate sources. List each author as a McCrae & Nolan, 2016) support . . . McCrae, N., & Nolan, P. (2016). The story of nursing in
separate entry in the reference list.
Jones et al. (2017) and McCrae and British mental hospitals: Echoes from the corridors.
Paraphrasing is essential in order to cite
the essence of what the authors all agree Nolan (2016) agree that . . . Routledge.
upon.
Second or later edition Mentors have multiple roles, but “the Evans, K., Nizette, D., & O'Brien, A. (2016). Psychiatric and
Reference list core of mentoring is partnership” mental health nursing (4th ed.). Elsevier.
If it is not the original work or first edition, (Evans et al., 2016, p. 43).
include the number and the abbreviation
‘ed.’ after the title in parentheses.
 Edited book Daly and Jackson (2021) indicate that Daly, J., & Jackson, D. (Eds.). (2021). Contexts of nursing: An
A book which includes chapters written by … introduction (6th ed.). Elsevier.
different authors.
Note. When referencing one chapter from
an edited book, reference it as a “chapter … (Daly & Jackson, 2021).
in an edited book”. See below.

Chapter in an edited book Grehan (2021) argues . . . Grehan, M. (2021). Visioning the future by knowing the past.
In-text citation In J. Daly, S. & D. Jackson (Eds.), Contexts of
The author of the chapter is used for the . . . (Grehan, 2021). nursing: An introduction (6th ed., pp. 23–41). Elsevier.
citations.
Reference list
See Section 3 for full details.
One volume of multi-volume work World Health Organization (WHO, World Health Organization. (2013). Manual of diagnostic
2013) outlines that . . .
Note. For subsequent citations only use the ultrasound (2nd ed., Vol. 2). https://apps.who.int/iris/
acronym and the date: WHO (2013) ….
bitstream/handle/10665/43881/ 9789241547451
. . . (World Health Organization
[WHO], 2013). _eng.pdf?sequence=1

One issue or volume in an edited series Body image is influenced by complex Healey, J. (Ed.). (2014). Issues in society: Positive body image
factors (Healey, 2014). (Vol. 372). Spinney Press.

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Ebooks
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Ebook available on the web Štumpf, M. (2017). Electromagnetic reciprocity in antenna
Štumpf (2017) defines . . .
In-text citation theory. IEEE Press.
For direct quote in ebooks, use an approach . . . (Štumpf, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466420
that best helps the reader to find the
quotation: Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K., & Hughson, J. (2016).
Koutoukidis et al. (2016) propose . . .
• (Author, date, p. 3)
Tabbner’s nursing care: Theory and practice (7th
• (Author, date, Chapter or section name, … (Koutoukidis et al., 2016).
para. 3) ed.). Elsevier.
• (Author, date, “Shortened chapter or
section name”, para. 3)
Reference list
Include the author, date, book title,
publisher and a DOI or publisher URL. If
the ebook has no DOI and is found in an
academic database, no URL is needed.
Ebook chapter available on the web Piirto (2016) … Piirto, J. (2016). The five core attitudes and seven I’s of the
creative process. In R. A., Beghetto & J. C.,
… (Piirto, 2016).
Kaufman (Eds.), Nurturing creativity in the
classroom (2nd ed., pp. 131–161). Cambridge
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/
9781316212899.011
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Ebook available via ACQUIRE Guo (2016) outlines that the main Guo, W. (2016). Advanced mathematics for engineering
categories of differential equations . . . and applied sciences (3rd ed.). Pearson.
Reference list
If the ebook is only found in ACQUIRE,
use the database URL. If the ebook is … (Guo, 2016).
widely available in academic databases, no
URL is needed.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of American Psychiatric Association American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and
Mental Disorders (DSM) (APA, 2022) . . . Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., Rev
Note. For subsequent citation, only use the
ed.).
acronym: . . . (American Psychiatric Association
APA (2022) … [APA], 2022). https://doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

. . . (APA, 2022).

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Journals and Magazines

Each reference includes the following details in this order: author’s surname, author’s initial(s), year of publication, article title (sentence case),
name of journal (in italics and title case), volume number (in italics), issue number (in parentheses), page range and a DOI if available. The volume
number, issue number and page range are usually printed at the top of the article above the abstract. This information can also be found in the footers of
the pages.
Use the DOI flow chart to help select the correct information to form a complete reference for your selected journal article: See Appendix G.

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Journal article with a DOI Jung, H. H., Kim, H. J., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.
See Section 3 for a full explanation of what to Junget al. (2023) claim . . . (2023). Identifying latent patterns and
include in a journal reference with a DOI.
predictors of health behaviors and
Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for all . . . (Jung et al., 2023).
healthcare barriers among LGBT older
journals that have one. Https DOIs are hyperlinked
(active, blue font and underlined). When an old adults. Prevention Science, 24(6), 1115–
DOI number is provided as doi:10.xxxx/xxxxx or 1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-
http://dx.doi.org, change the DOI number to the
https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx format. This allows 01494-5
the reader to directly access the journal. Pakulska, T., & Religioni, U. (2023).
Pakulska and Religioni (2023) state . . .
DOIs can often be found on the front page of the Implementation of technology in
article. If you cannot find the DOI, check with
. . . (Pakulska & Religioni, 2023). healthcare entities: Barriers and success
https://www.crossref.org/
factors. Journal of Medical
Economics, 26(1), 821–823.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2023.22
26537
 Journal article without a DOI Example 1 Example 1
See Section 3 for a full explanation of what to
include in a journal reference without a DOI. Ashton-Hay and Chanock (2023) state Ashton-Hay, S, & Chanock, K. (2023). How
Example 1. For journals retrieved from academic managers influence learning advisers’
databases, no URL is required. Examples of . . . (Ashton-Hay & Chanock, 2023). communications with lecturers and
academic databases: APA PsycNET, PsycINFO,
Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Ebook students. Journal of Academic Language
Central, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, JSTOR and Learning, 17(1), 40–68.
(excluding primary source collections), MEDLINE,
Nexis Uni, Ovid, ProQuest), PubMed,
ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science.

Exception
Example 2 Example 2 (exception to rule)
Example 2: Most journal articles do not require a
retrieval date; however, on rare occasions, an Stein and Taylor (2019) claim that . . . Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2019). Approach to
article may need a retrieval date if it is retrieved treating social anxiety disorder in
from a database where the article is periodically
updated. See UpToDate example. . . (Stein & Taylor, 2019). adults. UpToDate. Retrieved September

If the journal does not have a DOI and it is not 13, 2019, from https://www.uptodate.
retrieved from an academic database, include a com/contents/approach-to-treating-social-
URL that provides a direct link to the cited work.
anxiety-disorder-in-adults?search=

See Appendix I for citing multiple authors. Approach%20to%20treating%20social%2

See Appendix J for referencing multiple authors. 0anxiety%20disorder%20in%20adults&so
urce=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&
usage_type=default&display_rank=1

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Hard copy journal without a DOI Darvin and Norton (2015) propose . . . Darvin, R., & Norton, B. (2015). Identity and a
Most journal articles are now accessed online. No model of investment in applied linguistics.
Research suggests that identity is . . .
DOI URL is needed for hard copy journals.
(Darvin & Norton, 2015). Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35,
36–56.
Missing volume or issue number Sanchiz et al. (2017) . . . Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017).
If a journal does not have a volume number, simply How do older and young adults start
include the issue number in italics followed by a
searching for information? Computers in
comma. If both the volume and issue number are . . . (Sanchiz et al., 2017).
not provided, omit these elements from the Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. https://
reference.
doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038

Systematic review
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews or JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, cite as per examples below i.e.,
replace the journal name with the database name.
If a systematic review is found in a journal, such as JBI Evidence Synthesis, reference it as a journal with a DOI or journal without a DOI.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Gallagher et al. (2019) claim . . . Gallagher, M., Jones, D. J., & Bell‐Syer, S. V.
Articles from the Cochrane Database of Systematic (2019). Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent
Reviews are only available in that database. . . . (Gallagher et al., 2019).
surgical site infection after breast cancer
Therefore, use the database name in place of the
journal name as seen in example. surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Provide the author, date, article name, database Reviews.
name and DOI.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.
CD005360.pub5
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Starnes et al. (2019) … Starnes, E., Palokas, M., & Hinton, E. (2019).
Implementation Reports
Nurse-initiated spontaneous breathing
The database name is in the place of the journal … (Starnes et al., 2019).
trials in adult intensive care unit patients:
name.
A scoping review. JBI Database of
Systematic Reviews and Implementation
Reports, 17(11), 2248–2264.
https://doi.org/10. 11124/JBISRIR-2017-
00402

JBI Evidence Synthesis Dunlop et al. (2023) . . . Dunlop, E., Pham, N. M., Van Hoang, D.,
Reference as a journal article with a DOI. Kalmpourtzidou, A., & Black, L. J. (2023).
. . . (Dunlop et al., 2023). Vitamin D status in healthy populations
The same formatting applies to the journal JBI
Evidence Implementation.
worldwide: A systematic review protocol.
JBI Evidence Synthesis, 21(9), 1888–1895.
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00354
Online magazine article Enserink (2020) . . . Enserink, M. (2020, January 10). Study disputes
Always evaluate information found in magazines for carbon dioxide-fish behavior link. Science,
“scholarliness”—including bias, validity, . . . (Enserink, 2020).
trustworthiness of the authors etc. Magazines are not 367(6474), 128–129. https://doi.org/
generally considered scholarly sources for research. 10.1126/science.367.6474.128
If no DOI is available, include the URL that links to
the article. If no volume, issue or page number is Note. Keep the original spelling of the document.
available, omit these elements.

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Hard Copy Newspaper Articles

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Hard copy newspaper article with an author Higgins (2014) suggests that Higgins, E. (2014, December 10). Consul key in
In the reference list, do not omit the word “The” “Australian diplomats played a key China ice escape. The Australian, p. 3.
from any newspaper’s name.
role” in . . . (p. 3).

Online News Articles

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
A news article found on an online newspaper Morton (2019) … Morton, R. (2019, December 21). The long, hot
E.g., The Guardian, The Australian summer. The Saturday Paper.
. . . (Morton, 2019).
https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/new
s/environment/2019/12/21/the-long-hot-
summer/15768468009264

A news article found on a news website Kelsey-Sugg and Nobel (2020) . . . Kelsey-Sugg, A., & Nobel, E. (2020, January 17).
E.g., ABC News, SBS News, Sky News Postcode prejudice is rife in Australia —
. . . (Kelsey-Sugg & Nobel, 2020).
and it affects rich and poor. ABC News.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-
17/postcode-stigma-and-suburb-shaming-
in-australia/11802786
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
A news article with no author found on an Economists suggested that home Explaining the failures of the home-ownership
online newspaper dream. (2020, January 21). The Economist.
ownership would bring economic
E.g., The Economist, The Guardian
stability (“Explaining the Failures,” https://www.economist.
In-text citation
Place short titles in the place of the author: 2020). com/films/2020/01/21/explaining-the-
. . . (Emission Goal, 2018). failures-of-the-home-ownership-dream
Long titles are shortened are placed in double
quotation marks in the place of the author:
. . . (“Greek PM Calls,” 2014).
Reference list
If there is no author, move the title to the author
position.
A news article with no author found on a news SBS News (“Agriculture Business Agriculture business points to 'extreme climatic
website
Points,” 2020) highlights that agriculture conditions' ahead of expected losses.
Always check the validity of a site that has no
author. is expecting losses within . . . (2020, January 17). SBS News.
In-text citation https://www.sbs.com.au/news/agriculture-
Long titles are shortened and placed in double business-points-to-extreme-climatic-
quotation marks in the place of the author. Use title
case. See section above for examples. conditions-ahead-of-expected-losses
Reference list
If there is no author, move the title to the author
position.

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Book review published in an online newspaper Groskop (2020) suggests that “. . .” Groskop, V. (2020, January 13). You’re not
(para. 1). listening review: Why we must listen to
our opponents [Review of the book You’re
not listening: What you’re missing and
why it matters, by K. Murphy]. The
Guardian. https://www.theguardian.
com/books/2020/jan/13/youre-not-
listening-kate-murphy-review

Reports
Use sentence case for the title of a report, but always capitalise the first letter of proper nouns.

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Report (hard copy, individual author/s) Fredericks et al. (2016) indicate that . . . Fredericks, B. L., Longbottom, M., McPhail-Bell,

. . . (Fredericks et al., 2016). K., & Worner, F. (2016). Dead or deadly

report: Waminda Aboriginal women’s
health service. CQUniversity.

Report (online, individual author/s) Pickin and Macklin (2024) identify Pickin, J., & Macklin, J. (2024, January 20).
Reference list that… National waste and resource recovery
If the author of the report is not the publisher,
identify the publisher after the title of the report. … (Pickin & Macklin, 2024). report 2024. Department of Climate
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Change, Energy, the Environment and
Water. www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/
files/documents/national-waste-and-
resource-recovery-report-2024.pdf

Report (online, corporate author) First time World Health Organization. (2024, February 3).
In-text citation World Health Organization (WHO, Global vaccine market report 2024.
Write the corporate author in full the first time of 2024) . . . https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10
use. Follow it with an acronym if you intend to use . . . (World Health Organization
the source again. See examples. .2471-B09198
[WHO], 2024).
Reference list
Subsequent times
If the author of the report is the same as the
publisher, omit the publisher from the reference. WHO (2024) . . .
… (WHO, 2024).
Government report (online, department as Department of Health (2024) . . . Department of Health. (2024). Annual report
author) 2023-2024. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/
… (Department of Health, 2024).
Reference list
researchreports/reports/departmental/annua
If the author of the report is the same as the
publisher, omit the publisher from the reference. l-report

Government report (online, individual author/s) Pickin and Macklin (2024) identify Pickin, J., & Macklin, J. (2024, January 20).
Reference list that… National waste and resource recovery
If the author of the report is not the publisher, … (Pickin & Macklin, 2024). report 2024. Department of Climate
identify the publisher after the title of the report.
Change, Energy, the Environment and

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Water. www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/
files/documents/national-waste-and-
resource-recovery-report-2024.pdf

Conference Papers
If the year the paper was presented differs from the year it was published, give the year of publication.

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Conference sessions and presentations Clarkson (2024) highlights. . . Clarkson, D. (2024, July 1–3). Economy of scale:
Embedding academic skills to ensure
Reference list equity [Conference session]. Student
… (Clarkson, 2024).
Types of contributions: Success Conference 2024, Melbourne, Vic,
[Conference session]. Australia. https://unistars.org/docs/
[Paper presentation].
STUDENTSUCCESSPROGRAM2024.pdf
[Poster presentation].
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Symposium contribution Smallwood (2019) . . . Smallwood, G. (2019, September 18-19). Closing

. . . (Smallwood, 2019). the gap between Indigenous and non-

Indigenous Australians. In L. Sinclair
(Chair), Thinking innovatively in
collaborative health care practice
[Symposium]. CQU Noosa Institute - Wide
Bay Health Symposium, Bundaberg, QLD,
Australia. http://bit.ly/33l3fZ1

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis

Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s In her thesis, Olaithe (2014) examines Olaithe, M. (2014). Neurocognitive disturbance in
thesis obstructive sleep apnoea: Mechanisms of
the relationship between . . .
For unpublished master’s thesis, replace harm [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation] with . . . (Olaithe, 2014).
University of Western Australia.
[Unpublished master’s thesis].

Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis Finn (2018) concludes that “ . . . ” (p. 9). Finn, C. B. (2018). Learning to learn with
(Available online via a commercial database) gradients (Publication No. 10930398)
“ . . . ” (Finn, 2018, p. 9).
For a master’s thesis, replace [Doctoral dissertation,
[Doctoral dissertation, Berkeley]. ProQuest
Name of Institution Awarding the Degree] with
[Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Dissertations and Theses database.
Degree].

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Webpage or Standalone Document on the Web

Include the following details in this order: author’s surname, author’s initial(s), year, title of document or webpage, site name (if different from author)
and finally the web address. Remember, for online sources, the author is not always a person. Instead, it could be an organisation, a company, a
government department, etc. URLs should be hyperlinked (Active, blue font and underlined).
For in-text citations, write the organisation’s name in full followed by the acronym in parentheses for the first in-text citation. Subsequent in-text
citations only use the acronym. See examples below. In addition, see Appendices C to E for more detail about abbreviations and acronyms.

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Standalone document on the web The Australian Early Development Australian Early Development Census. (2022).
This includes PDFs and Word documents. Census National Report 2021 indicates Australian early development census
See Section 3 for extra guidance.
that child participation rate in 2020. . . national report 2021.
In-text citation
(Australian Early Development Census https://www.aedc.gov.au/resources/detail/2
When mentioning the title of a standalone
document (e.g., a report) use title case and italics. [AEDC], 2022). 021-aedc-national-report

Reference list First citation International Council of Nurses. (2021). The ICN
Year of publication on the web in parentheses. The The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses code of ethics for nurses.
month and day can be provided if available e.g., outlines that nurses’ behaviour should https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/2023-
(2023, February 25) or (2023, February) or (2023).
Provide the most specific date that is available. For enhance the public perception of the 06/ICN_Code-of-Ethics_EN_Web.pdf
sources with the same author and different date, profession (International Council of
order oldest to newest. Use (n.d.). if no date is
provided. End with a full stop. Nurses [ICN], 2021).
URLs in a reference list should link directly to the Subsequent citations
text were possible. URLs are hyperlinked (blue, . . . (ICN, 2021).
active and underlined). Very long URL can be
shortened using a using URL shortening service.
Ensure that it links directly to the correct location.
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Information on a webpage First citation Department of Education. (2023, September 13).
In-text citation Consent strategies … (Department of Consent and respectful relationships
Note 1. If the webpage provides information via Education [DoE], 2023). education (CRRE).
both the PDF and HTML, it is easier to quote the
page number on a PDF document. Subsequent citations https://www.education.gov.au/schooling/su
Note 2. When quoting online information, use the . . . (DoE, 2019). pport-school-students/consent-and-
page numbers. If page numbers are not provided,
respectful-relationships-education-crre
use paragraph numbers. When there are no
paragraph numbers, provide the closest heading as Vandelanotte, C. (2024, January 16). Thinking of
well as the number of paragraphs following it. See Vandelanotte (2024) . . . using an activity tracker to achieve your
notes on paragraph numbers in Appendix E and the
JBI example. exercise goals? Here’s where it can help –
References list
and where it probably won’t. The
Date: Provide the most specific date available e.g., . . . (Vandelanotte, 2024).
(2023, February 25) or (2023, February) or (2023). Conversation.
For sources with the same author and different https://theconversation.com/thinking-of-
date, order oldest to newest. Use (n.d.). if no date is
provided. The title is in sentence case and italics. using-an-activity-tracker-to-achieve-your-
Site name: When the site name is different from exercise-goals-heres-where-it-can-help-
the author, include the site name: See Example 2.
URL: link directly to the text were possible. URLs and-where-it-probably-wont-219235
are hyperlinked (blue, active and underlined).
Information on the web with no date There are five key factors in wound Ausmed. (n.d.). Wound care: A guide to practice
The copyright date often found at the bottom of the assessment: tissue type, wound exudate, for healthcare professional.
webpage is not necessarily the date of publication. peri-wound condition, pain level and
https://www.ausmed.com.au/guides/wound
Proceed with caution when a source does not size (Ausmed, n.d.).
provide a publication date. Use infrequently. -care

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Government Documents Found Online

Give the organisation’s name in full the first time, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Use only the abbreviation in subsequent citations.

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Standalone document or webpage from a Queensland Health (2023) . . . Queensland Health. (2023, September 19). Listeria
government website
. . . (Queensland Health, 2023). and listeriosis.
In-text citation
When mentioning the title of a standalone https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-
document such as a report, use title case and italics events/news/listeria-listeriosis-what-you-
within the body of the text.
need-to-know-food-poisoning
Reference list
Use the government department or agency as Department of Health and Aged Care. (2019,
author when there are no individual authors. When The Integrated Team Care Program
April). Integrated team care program
there are multiple levels of government, use the Implementation Guidelines document
most specific agency as possible i.e., Queensland implementation guidelines.
Health rather than Queensland Government. identifies that community liaison is a
https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publica
Date: Provide the most specific date available e.g., key factor in . . . (Department of
tions/integrated-team-care-program-
(2023, February 25) or (2023, February) or (2023). Health and Aged Care, 2019).
For sources with the same author and different date, implementation-guidelines?language=en
order oldest to newest. Use (n.d.). if no date is
Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority.
provided. The title of a downloaded document
within a reference list is in sentence case i.e., only . . . (Queensland Curriculum & (2024, January 18). 1.4 equity in education.
capitalise the first letter of the first word and the
Assessment Authority [QCAA], 2024). https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/senior/certifica
first letter of any proper nouns (Australia). Indicate
a subtitle with a colon and capitalise the first letter tes-and-qualifications/qce-qcia-handbook/1-
after the colon i.e., Title: Subtitle. If the author is (QCAA, 2024).
senior-schooling-qld/1.4-equity-education
different from the site name, include the site name
after the title: title case not in italics.
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Australian Bureau of Statistics webpage First citation Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020, May 13).
Mental health and experiences of
In-text citations The Australian Bureau of Statistics
When quoting online information, use the homelessness. https://www.abs.gov.
(ABS, 2020) indicates that . . .
paragraph number if a page number is not provided. au/statistics/health/mental-health/mental-
When there are no paragraph numbers, provide the OR
closest heading as well as the number of paragraphs health-and-experiences-homelessness/2014
following it. … (Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020, December
Reference list [ABS], 2020). 11). ABS corporate plan, 2020-2021 (cat.
Reference an ABS page as a webpage. The no. 1005.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/
catalogue number may no longer provided for most Subsequent citations
ABS pages. When a catalogue number is provided, AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/productsbyCatalogue
include the catalogue number after the title e.g. ABS (2020) …
/ED09CF8070B516CCCA25863B00040961
(cat. no. 3301. 0). See examples.
… (ABS, 2020). ?OpenDocument

Australian Bureau of Statistics -Data cube The Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Victims of
The ABS provides static data cubes as Excel crime, Australia [Data cube].
(ABS, 2020) indicates that . . .
workbooks.
https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/
Reference list
labour/earnings-and-work-hours/average-
Author, year of publication, title in italics/sentence
case, include version number in parentheses after … (Australian Bureau of Statistics weekly-earnings-australia/may-2020
the title if provided, the words Data cube in square [ABS], 2020).
brackets after the title.
See Section 5 to reference data cubes which are not
found on the Australian Bureau of Statistics
website.

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Australian Bureau of Statistics -Data set The Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). Population
The ABS provides data sets which are updated estimates by statistical geography, 2001 to
(ABS, n.d.) indicates that . . .
regularly. Therefore, a retrieval date is required. If
there is a last updated date, use that year and a 2019 [Data set]. ABS.Stat. Retrieved,
retrieval date. If there is no date, use n.d. and add a February 3, 2021, from
retrieval date.
http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataS
Reference list
etCode=ABS_ANNUAL_ERP_ASGS2016
Author, year of publication, title in italics/sentence
case - include version number in parentheses after
the title if provided and the words “Data set” in
square brackets after the title. See Section 5 to
reference data sets not found on the ABS website.
Government press releases First citation Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation. (2019, December 12). World’s
. . . (Commonwealth Scientific and
largest machine learning conference comes
Industrial Research Organisation
to Australia [Press release].
[CSIRO], 2019).
https://www.csiro.au/en /News/News-
Subsequent citations releases/2019/Worlds-largest-machine-
…(CSIRO, 2019). learning-conference-comes-to-Australia

Fact sheet The Department of Health (2015) Department of Health. (2015, November 25). Tick

identifies key strategies in the bite prevention [Fact sheet]. https://www1.

prevention of tick bites. health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/C

ontent/ohp-tick-bite-prevention.htm
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Webpages from the same author, same year Queensland Health (2020a) … Queensland Health. (2020a, September 11). Hand

Reference list sanitisers [Fact sheet].

. . . (Queensland Health, 2020a).
Provide the most specific date available e.g., https://www.qld.gov.au/health/conditions/he
(2021, February 25) or (2021, February) or (2021). Queensland Health (2020b) . . . alth-alerts/coronavirus-covid-19/support-
When the year, month and day are provided, order
each source in accordance with the date. Place the . . . (Queensland Health, 2020b). and-resources/resources/fact-sheet-hand-
oldest date first. Include a letter (starting with a) sanitisers
next to the year of the first reference to indicate the
difference between the references. See example. Queensland Health. (2020b, December 4).
When the month and day are not available. Include
Immunisation saves lives [Fact sheet].
the year and then order the references in accordance
with webpage title (alphabetically). Place a letter https://www.qld.gov.au/health/conditions/im
after the year for each reference (2021a). Proper
munisation/translated-fact-sheets/ immu
nouns in the webpage title are capitalised: names of
places, people etc. For multiple sources with the nisation-saves-lives-translated-fact-sheets
same author and no date, place a letter to
differentiate e.g., (n.d. -a).
Patents Carroll (2017) formalised and Carroll, P. (2017). Solar pool heater (2017904561).
In-text citation IP Australia. http://pericles
protected the solar pool heater . . .
Provide the inventor’s name and the issue date. .ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDet
. . . (Carroll, 2017).
Reference list ails.do?applicationNo=2017904561
Provide the inventor’s name, date, name of patent,
IP number in parentheses, IP Australia and URL.

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Legal Documents
As per the APA (7th ed.) Manual, consult the Bluebook for more guidance on constructing reference list entries for legal sources. In-text
citation examples follow the rules set out in the APA (7th ed.) Manual. The Bluebook A uniform system of citation available via the ALC reading list.

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Act, Bill or Regulation Act Act
In-text citation The Trade Practices Act (1947) . . . Trade Practices Act 1947 (Cth) § 2 (Austl.).
The title of the act, bill or regulation replaces the https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C20
author’s name. . . . (Trade Practices Act, 1947).
10C00426
Reference list Bill
The year is included in the title. Bill
The Climate Change and Greenhouse
Act: Title is in italics. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Reduction
Gas Reduction (Principal Target)
Bill: Title is not in italics. (Principal Target) Amendment Bill 2018
Amendment Bill (2018) aims to . . .
Regulation: Title is in italics.
(Cth) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.act.
When referring to the act or bill as a whole or Regulations
gov.au/b/db_60088
citing multiple sections in text, do not provide the
section numbers in the reference list. The Family Law Regulation (1984)
Regulations
For more information about how to identify the underpins . . .
section numbers in an Act: Click here. Always Family Law Regulation 1984 (Cth) reg 20(3)
. . . (Family Law Regulation, 1984).
check with your lecturer.
(Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.
au/Details/F2017C00645
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Legal case The case of Mabo v Queensland (1992) Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1.
See example in Section 3 for more details. establishes the authority . . .
In-text citation . . . (Mabo v Queensland, 1992).
The case name replaces the author’s name.
Reference List
Include the number of proceedings in square
brackets after the case name if there are multiple
proceedings between parties.

Legislation and regulation abbreviations When citing government legal or standards documents, use the abbreviation such as s or ss for
Many abbreviations are used when citing legal pinpoint references.
documents. See common abbreviations above or an
explanation of the abbreviations in Appendix E. In-text citation
Common abbreviations In § 4 of the Copyright Act (1968), several . . .
Section(s) § or §§
… (Copyright Act, 1968, §§ 4–7).
Chapter(s) ch or chs
Schedule(s) sch or schs
Rule(s) r or rr
Regulation(s) reg or regs

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Standards The Australian Standard 4685.0:2017 Standards Australia. (2017). Playground
Standards are documents with specifications, provides guidance on the development, equipment and surfacing – Part 0:
procedures and guidelines that aim to ensure
products, services and systems are safe, consistent installation, inspection, maintenance Development, installation, inspection,
and reliable. They are based on industrial, scientific and operation of playgrounds maintenance and operation (AS
and consumer experience.
(Standards Australia, 2017). 4685.0:2017). https://www.standards
In-text citation
.org.au/standards-catalogue/sa-snz/
Standard 1, Action 1.9 of the National
Please note that the name of an organisation or
consumer/cs-005/as--4685-dot-0-colon-
document should be written in full the first time you Safety and Quality Health Service
use it, followed by the relevant acronym. 2017
Standards places an importance on
Thereafter, use only the acronym.
reporting to governing bodies in a Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in
Note. Titles of documents are written in title case
timely manner (Australian Commission Health Care. (2021, May). National safety
and in italics.
on Safety and Quality in Health Care and quality health service standards (2nd
Reference list
For hard copy versions, replace the URL with the [ACSQHC], 2021). ed.). https://www.safetyandquality.gov.
publisher, as seen in book example in Section 3. au/publications-and-resources/resource-
The Australian Professional Standards
Use the last updated date or revised date if there are library/national-safety-and-quality-health-
multiple dates. for Teachers (APST) Standard 1.2
service-standards-second-edition
highlights the importance of knowing
Australian Institute for Teaching and School
how students learn (Australian Institute
Leadership. (2022). Australian professional
for Teaching and School Leadership
standards for teachers: All career stages.
[AITSL], 2022).
https://www.aitsl.edu.au/standards
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Government debates recorded in Hansard Nicole Flint, Member for Boothby, Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of
move to “level . . .” (Commonwealth, Representatives, 20 March 2017, 2490
2017, p. 2490). (Nicole Flint, Member for Boothby). https:/
/parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/cha
mber/hansardr/8f5fce8e-c3b9-4c68-a24f-
a6b51d0b7f9/toc_pdf/ House%20
of%20Representatives_2017 _03_20_4846
_Official.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf
The Honourable Anastasia Palaszczuk
Queensland Parliament, Record of Proceedings, 26
outlined commitments to Queensland’s
October 2017, 3332 (Hon. Anastasia
“…” (Queensland Parliament, 2017, p.
Palaszczuk, Queensland Premier) (Austl.).
3332).
https://www. parliament.qld.gov.au/
documents/hansard/2017/2017_10_26_WE
EKLY.pdf

Coroner’s report The inquest findings from the State Office of the State Coroner. (2011). Inquest into
Coroner, Mr Michael Barnes, highlight the death of Ryan Charles Saunders (COR
that . . . (Office of the State Coroner,
4449/07(0)). Queensland Courts.
2011).
https://www.courts.qld.gov.au/__data/asset
The inquest findings highlight . . . s/pdf_file/0004/107536/cif-saunders-rc-
(Office of the State Coroner, 2011). 20111007.pdf

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University-Provided Electronic and Multimedia Study Materials

Suggested texts such as journal articles, book chapters or webpages should be cited and referenced as an original source; see section related to books,
book chapters, journals, ebooks etc.). CQUniversity provided study materials such as Study Guides may also be referenced; see section below.
However, try to source published or reputable resource material where possible. The sources below should not be used too frequently. Other sources
that you have located while researching are more suitable.

In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Lecture notes available on CQUniversity e-Units Smith (2023) outlines three . . . Smith, A. (2023, February 14). Title of notes
(Moodle)
[Lecture notes]. CQU Moodle.
If the notes are available to the audience you are
https://moodle.cqu.edu.au
writing for, cite and reference as indicated.
If the work is for professional publication, cite the Note. The title may include the unit code: Week
sources as personal communication. or module: Title of document.
Reference list
For sites which require a “log in”, the URL should
be the homepage or log in URL.

PowerPoint presentation on Moodle . . . (Smith, 2023). Smith. A. (2023, January 23). Title of PowerPoint
When referencing a PowerPoint widely available [PowerPoint slides]. CQU Moodle.
“. . .” (Smith, 2023, Slide 4).
on the web, see specialised sources section.
https://moodle.cqu.edu.au
When quoting, provide the slide number instead of
the page number. A slide number is not required for Note. The title may include the unit code: Week
a paraphrase. or module: Title of document.
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Discussion board message posted to Moodle According to T. Brown (personal n/a

Cite Moodle posts as personal communication. communication, January 6, 2020), . . .

Echo360 presentation or video on Moodle Smith, A. (2023, January 23). Title of Echo360 or
. . . (Smith, 2023).
Cite as CQUniversity created Echo360 video [Video]. CQU Moodle.
presentations or videos as per example. Videos “. . .” (Smith, 2023, 2:14). https://moodle.cqu.edu.au
created outside the university (TED talks,
YouTube, Videos podcasts etc.) are cited and Note. The title may include the unit code: Week
referenced as per example in specialised sources. or module: Title of document.
In-text citation
When quoting information from video, provide a
time stamp for the start of the quotation e.g., 2:12.
No time stamp is needed when paraphrasing.

Personal communication Associate Professor A. Ambrosetti n/a

E.g., emails, text messages, online chats, direct (personal communication, December 5,
messages, personal interviews (not research
interviews), phone conversations, live speech and 2022) outlined the key . . .
unrecorded classroom lectures.
Note. Do not use personal
Personal communication is cited in-text, but not communication for quotes (APA, 2020,
included in the reference list. p. 260).
n/a

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

RHD Students: See pp. 259-261 of the APA (7th

ed.) Publication Manual for guidance on quoting
research participants.
Source referred to in a study guide: Secondary Brown et al. (2021, as cited in Heidke, Heidke, P. (2024). NURS12165 evidence informed
source
2024) warn . . . nursing practice: Study guide Term 1
Warning: Only use this type of referencing if the
original cannot be found. Use secondary sources 2024. CQU Moodle
. . . (Brown et al., 2021, as cited in
sparingly. https://moodle.cqu.edu.au
Heidke, 2024).
In-text citation
First cite the original source of the idea (primary
source) and follow this with the source from which
you read it (secondary source).
Reference list
Reference the author of the study guide. This might
be CQUniversity or the unit coordinator. The title
of the study guide is written as it appears on the
front of the document. It might also include the
term date.
Specialised Sources
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
An artistic work (e.g., painting, photograph) McCurry (1985) captures the . . . McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph].

If you have included an image in your work (i.e., a National Geographic. https://www.
copy of the image), you are required to number, nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/10/
title, cite and reference the image. Go to Section 2: afghan-girl-sharbat-gula-arrested/
Tables and figures and see Appendix K for Love is in the Air (2003) depicts . . .
assistance with citing figures. Love is in the air [Image]. (2003). Hexagon
Gallery. https://hexagongallery.com
If you have not included the image in your work, /catalog/artist/banksy/love-is-in-the-air/
but you had discussed the image, cite and reference
the image as shown in the examples provided. Barak, W. (1880). Ceremony with rainbow
Barak (1880) depicts the ceremony
serpent [Painting]. National Gallery of
through vivid use of . . .
Reference list Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
• Where no author details have been provided,
https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/col
place the title of the work in the author/artist
position (sentence case). See Example 2. lection/work/1753/
• Insert square brackets after the title to list the Lorenzo (2018) captures the Lorenzo, T. (2018). [Photograph of a Yemen
type of artistic work e.g., photograph, sculpture,
depersonalised plight of refugees living in woman stands in roofless house]. The
painting etc. See Example 3.
• When there is no given title, provide a brief difficult circumstances. Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.
description of the work in square brackets in org/winners/lorenzo-tugnoli-
place of the title e.g., [A photograph of...]. See washington-post
Example 4.

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Audiobook Starting a budget can seem Pape, S. (2018). The barefoot investor: The
Add the word Audiobook in square brackets after overwhelming; however, the right tips can only money guide you’ll ever need
the book title.
provide significant savings (Pape, 2018). [Audiobook]. Audible.
If the date of digitalisation was different from the
https://www.audible. com.au/pd/The-
recording date, give the date of the original
recording in parentheses (round brackets) after the Barefoot-InvestorAudiobook/
URL.
B072JX1MH6?qid=1581399943&sr=1-
1&pf_rd_p=771c6463-05d7-4981-1
Audio podcast episode Therefore, “mitochondria are the so-called Kruszelnicki, K. (Host). (2017, November 21).
A podcast is a digital source in the form of an audio powerhouses of our cells” (Kruszelnicki, Mitochondria: Fiery powerhouses
or video file which can be download from the web.
2017, 0:48). [Audio podcast episode]. In Great
In-text citation
Moment in Science. ABC Radio
For a quote of an audio or video podcast, provide
the time at the start of the quotation e.g., 2:12. No National. https://www.abc.net.au/
time needed for paraphrasing. radionational/programs/greatmomentsin
Reference list science/mitochondria-fiery-
The host is the author. Year, month day. Provide powerhouses/9158506
the name of the program. Then identify the type of
audio podcast episode in square brackets after the
program title. Then provide program, followed by
the site name and URL.
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Blog Singh (2019) suggests . . . Singh, S. (2019, December 9). Help refugee

. . . (Singh, 2019). students transition to tertiary ed and

everyone wins. Australian Association
for Research in Education.
https://www.aare.edu.au/blog/?p=4978

Data cube Department of Education (n.d.) . . . Department of Education. (n.d.). Enrolment

Information in a data cube is likely to be updated count by citizenship category [Data
regularly. Therefore, add a retrieval date. If there is
a last updated date, use that year and a retrieval cube]. uCube. Retrieved, October 20,
date. If there is no date, use n.d. and add a retrieval . . . (Department of Education, n.d.).
2023, from
date.
http://highereducationstatistics
Include a version number in parentheses after the
title if provided; add the words Data cube in square .education.gov.au/
brackets after the title.

Data set Walsh et al. (2012) demonstrate that . . . Walsh, K., Payne, A., Subedi, P., & Anderson,
For data sets with a DOI, include the DOI. N. (2012). Mango fruit on tree image
. . . (Walsh et al., 2012).
For data sets without a DOI, include the direct URL
collection [Data set]. aCQUIRe. https://
instead.
doi.org/10.4226/145/59c9b2448242c

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Dictionary (hard copy - authors/editors) The Gibson walking splint . . . (Harris et Harris, P., Nagy, S., & Vardaxis, N. (Eds.).
al., 2014). (2014). Mosby’s dictionary of medicine,
nursing & health professions (3rd ANZ
ed.). Elsevier.

Dictionary entry (online) Quinine is defined as . . . (McMillan McMillan Dictionary. (n.d.). Quinine. In
Use n.d. as the year of publication for work that is Dictionary, n.d.). McMillan Dictionary. Retrieved
not archived and is continuously updated. Add a
January 22, 2020, from
retrieval date instead.
For multiple entries of the same author with no https://www.macmillandictionary.com/
date, letter each entry: (n.d. -a) (n.d. -b). dictionary/british/quinine

Encyclopaedia (hard copy - author/editor) Stage actors require a broad range of Williams, S. (Ed.). (2015). The Cambridge
skills to use in theatre (Williams, 2015). encyclopaedia of stage actors and
acting. Cambridge University Press.

Encyclopaedia entry (online - author/editor) Mitchell (2023) highlights that … Mitchell, C.W. (2023). Australian literature. In
Use updated date when provided. When no date is … (Mitchell, 2023). Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
provided and the content is continuously changing,
use a retrieval date and use n.d. for the date of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
publication as seen below. https://www.britannica.com/art/Australi
For multiple entries of the same author with no an-literature
date, letter each entry: (n.d. -a) (n.d. -b).
Use sentence case for the title of the entry i.e.,
capitalise the first letter of the title and the first
letter of any proper nouns.
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Encyclopaedia entry (online – group author) Encyclopedia.com (n.d.) indicates that Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). Hand washing. In
When content is continuously changing, include a handwashing is a vital factor in avoiding Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 14,
retrieval date.
the spread of infection. 2020, from https://www.encyclopedia.
For multiple entries of the same author with no
date, letter each entry: (n.d. -a) (n.d. -b). com/media/educational-magazines/
handwashing

Facebook post or page Plans to automate essay scoring have not ABC News. (2018, January 29). Robot
To reference a Facebook update, write status been implemented (ABC News, 2018). marking of NAPLAN tests scrapped
update in square brackets after the update title.
[Status update]. Facebook.
This format can be used for other social media
https://www.facebook.com/abcnews.au/
services: LinkedIn etc.
posts/10158046171864988
To reference a Facebook page, write Facebook
page in square brackets after the word timeline. Use Gates (n.d.) explores the themes of female Gates, M. (n.d.). Timeline [Facebook page].
n.d. for Facebook page date; however, add retrieval identity and . . .
date. Facebook. Retrieved January 15, 2020,
from https://www.facebook.com/
melindagates/

Film or video In the film Ride It Like a Girl, Griffiths Griffiths, R. (Director). (2019). Ride it like a
(2019) celebrates diversity by . . . girl [Film]. Transmission Films.
Blake Education. (2009). Go facts: Natural
disasters [DVD]. Teacher Superstore.
Key features of the teaching style include
https://www.teachersuperstore.
. . . (Blake Education, 2009).

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

com.au/go-facts-natural-disasters-dvd-
video
Forum post (not Moodle) National Aeronautical and Space National Aeronautical and Space
Also consider examples for blogs, X (formerly Administration (2020) offers an Administration [nasa]. (2020, February
named Twitter) and Facebook post.
opportunity for anyone to discuss 11). Historical spaceflight: Missions
When the username and real name are known,
provide the real name followed by the username in historical spaceflights. that were, or will never be. [Online
square brackets. forum post]. NASA Spaceflight.
Note. Unit forums on Moodle should be cited as https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/
personal communication; see section University-
provided electronic and multimedia study materials.
Historical source on the web Diary Nightingale, F. (1896). Children’s watch:
Citation Nightingale (1896) identified washing Victoria [Diary]. British Library.
When quoting, include the page number or habits as . . . https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/ite
paragraph number.
Letter m106505.html
Reference list
Nightingale (1860) indicates the
Nightingale, F. (1860). [Letter from Florence
When there is no given title, provide a brief
relationship between clean air and patient
description of the work in square brackets in place Nightingale describing the benefits of
of the title. See second example. health.
clean air]. British Library.
For religious work, ancient Greek or Roman work,
https://www.bl.uk/collection-
see Chapter 10 of the APA Manual on the ALC e-
reading list. items/letter-from-florence-nightingale-
describing-the-benefits-of-clean-air
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
JBI Evidence summary Marin (2020) … Marin, T. (2020, March 23). Hand hygiene in
JBI Evidence Summaries are referenced as a hospitals: Alcohol-based solutions
document on the web. For evidence summaries . . . (Marin, 2020).
[Evidence summary]. The Joanna
found in a journal, reference it as a journal article.
Reference list Briggs Institute.

URLs in a reference list should link directly to the https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2020

text were possible. URLs are hyperlinked (blue, -03/0671%20Hand%20Hygiene%20in
active and underlined).
%20Hospitals_ES-2.pdf
When the author is different from the site name,
include the site name after the title and [Evidence
summary].
JBI Recommended practice First citation Joanna Briggs Institute. (2020, March 5). Basic
When the author and the site name are the same, . . . (Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI], 2020). hand hygiene: Health professionals
omit the site name in the reference, as seen in Subsequent citations
[Recommended practice].
example provided. . . . (JBI, 2020).
https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2020
-03/8-RP%20%26%20ES%2
0Handwash%20-%202020.pdf

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Map First citation Department of Natural Resources and Mines.
When you have included a copy of the map, go to . . . (Department of Natural Resources (2019). Queensland globe watercourse
Section 3 for guidance on how to title, cite and
reference a figure: Also see Appendix K for citation and Mines [DNRME], 2019). identification map [Map].
templates. https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/
Subsequent citations
When you have not included a copy of the map, qldglobe/public/watercourse-
but you are just discussing its contents, cite and … (NRME, 2019).
reference as per examples provided. identification-map-2
The duration between Brisbane and
When a map is continuously changing (e.g., Google Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for
Maps), it may not have a title, so include a Sydney can vary from 10 hours 10
transport from Brisbane to Sydney].
description of the map in square brackets and
minutes to 14 hours 17 minutes,
include a retrieval date. See second example. Retrieved February 12, 2020, from
depending on the mode of transportation
Note. When including the image in text or in an https://www.google.com/maps/@-
appendix, see section on tables and figures about (google, n.d.).
27.4642284,153.0019474,12z
how to cite the image: See Appendix K.

MIMS Keflex is . . . (MIMS Australia, n.d.). MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Keflex. In MIMS
In-text citation Online. Retrieved February 3, 2020,
For multiple entries of the same author with no
from https://www.mimsonline.com.au/
date, letter each entry: (n.d. -a) (n.d. -b).
Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Pro
Reference list
Change three parts of the reference: duct%20Info&searchKeyword=Keflex
1. medication name &PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.
2. retrieval date aspx&SearchType=&ID=8630001_2
3. URL.
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Mobile App Not quoted or paraphrased Skyscape. (2023). Skyscape medical library
If you are not paraphrasing or quoting from the app, Data sets were analysed with IBM SPSS (Version 3.4.4) [Mobile app]. App
but just mentioning it in-text, you do not need to Statistics (Version 25).
cite and reference it. Provide the software name and Store. https://apps.apple.com/
Quoting or paraphrasing
version. However, when paraphrasing or quoting au/app/skyscape-medical-
Skyscape (2023) …
from the app, cite and reference it.
library/id818609413

Musical score The score by Bock (1964) . . . Bock, J. (1964). Fiddler on the roof [Vocal
Reference list score]. Warner Chappell.
For additional detail, use square brackets to
indicate the score type (e.g., orchestral score).
Pamphlet or brochure First citation Joanna Briggs Institute. (n.d.). Injections
Reference list … (Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI], n.d.). [Pamphlet]. http://connect.
Place the word pamphlet or brochure in square Subsequent citations jbiconnectplus.org/ViewPdf.aspx?0=13
brackets after the title. When no date is provided,
add n.d. for the date of publication. … (JBI, n.d.). &1=9

Personal communication Associate Professor A. Ambrosetti

n/a
E.g., emails, text messages, online chats, direct (personal communication, December 5,
messages, personal interviews (not research
2022) outlined the key . . .
interviews), phone conversations, live speech and
unrecorded classroom lectures.
Note. Do not use personal communication
Personal communication is cited in-text, but not
for quotes (APA, 2020, p. 260).
included in the reference list.

For quoting research participants, see below.

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

RHD Students: See pp. 259-261 of the APA (7th
ed.) Publication Manual for guidance on quoting
research participants.
PowerPoint (not in Moodle) . . . (Queensland Department of Queensland Department of Education. (2018).
If date of publication is not present on the slides, Education, 2018). Infection control [PowerPoint slides].
click the file tab to locate the date.
http://education.qld.gov.au/health/safet
When quoting, provide the slide number instead of “. . .” (Queensland Department of
the page number. y/hazards/infection.html
Education, 2018, Slide 2).
Radio transcript from a webpage Psychiatrist, Dr Iain McGilchrist suggests Malcolm, L. (Host). (2017, November 26). All
If it is not evident from the title of the transcript, that only 2% of neurons in each in the mind: The divided brain [Podcast
use square brackets to include a description of form
hemisphere of the brain cross (Malcolm, transcript]. ABC Radio National.
[Podcast transcript], [Speech transcript], [Interview
transcript] etc. 2017). https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/pr
ograms/allinthemind/the-divided-
brain/8895804
Shakespeare . . . (Shakespeare, 1603/2018). Shakespeare, W. (2018). Hamlet (A. B.
Provide the original publication date and the edited Shakespeare (1603/2018) . . . Braunmuller, Ed.). Penguin Classics.
publication date.
(Original work published 1603).
For play quotations, cite the act, scene and line. “. . .” (Shakespeare, 1603/2018, 3.1.57).

Software packages . . . (Web of Science Group, 2020). Web of Science Group. (2020). EndNote
(Version X9) [Computer software].
http://endnote.com
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Song Australian lyricists, such as Odette, Brighton, O. (2018). Take it to the heart
It is not necessary to include how you listened to directly tackle issues relating to [Song]. On To a Stranger. EMI
the song (e.g., streaming on Spotify, iTunes,
Amazon Music, Pandora, Tidal, on CD). However, relationship dynamics. In her lyrics, Recorded Music Australia.
include a URL if it is the only location the song is Brighton (2018) reflects on . . .
available.
If the song has no album, remove that part of the
reference.
StatPearls Fernandez and Munir (2022). highlight Fernandez, J. V., & Munir, A. (2022).
The reference follows the same pattern as the the importance of … Anatomy, hand positioning. StatPearls.
UpToDate journal as seen on page 41.
Retrieved August 25, 2022, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/N
… (Fernandez & Munir, 2022).
BK537117/

Tables and figures McCurry (1985) captures . . . McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph].
If you have included a copy of a table or figure National Geographic. https://www.
(image, map, painting etc.) in your assignment, go
to Section 3: Tables and figures for guidance on nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/10/
how to number, title, cite and reference a copy of a afghan-girl-sharbat-gula-arrested/
table or figure.
If you have not included a copy of a table or
figure, but you have discussed the contents of the
table or figure, cite and refence it as seen in the
example provided.
See Section 3 for more instructions.

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

TED talk Shareif (2019) outlines that national and Sharief, H. (2019, July). How to use family
When the TED talk comes from the TED website, global issues are as important as family or dinner to teach politics [Video]. TED
identify the author as the speaker.
interpersonal issues. Conferences. https://www.ted.com/
Where possible, find the TED talk from the TED
website. When the talk is only found on YouTube, talks/hajer_sharief_how_to_use_family
see YouTube example.
_dinner_to_teach_politics

Television advertisement . . . (Them Advertising, 2015). Them Advertising. (2015, November 30). Pope
For YouTube videos, the person or organisation products: The better way to water
who uploaded the video is credited even if they did
[Video]. YouTube.
not create the work.
When the author is different form the site name, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvl
include the site name before the URL. V8x05EZ4

Television episode or webisode The Mystery Road episode “The Truth” McGregor, S. (Writer), & Perkins, R.
In-text tip: Place the name of the episode in double explores themes of . . . (McGregor & (Director). (2018, July 1). The truth
quotation marks but the TV series name in italics
Perkins, 2018). (Season 1, Episode 6) [TV series
when referring to them in the body of the text.
If a broadcast transcript is available, reference episode]. In I. Sen, (Executive
sources as a television transcript. Transcripts from producer), Mystery Road. Bunya
programs such as Australian Story are available
online. See “television transcript” for referencing Productions & Golden Road
guidance. Productions.
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Television transcript The Australian Story Out of the Woods Gorman, V., & Clark, M. (Producers). (2019,
reveals how Gregory Smith . . . (Gorman December 12). Australian story: Out of
& Clark, 2019). the woods [Program transcript]. ABC.
https://www.abc.net.au/austory/out-of-
the-woods/11790238

Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of We spoke with Jade Gould (The No reference list entry required.
Indigenous Peoples Butchulla people, lives on K’gari,
The way Oral Traditions or Oral Histories are cited Queensland, Australia, personal
and referenced depends on how the information has
communication, January 2020) about
been recorded. If the information has been recorded
through retrievable means (video, audio, traditional plant knowledge passed down
transcripts, book etc.), cite the information as per
to her by her mother. Jade described . . .
source. Work with First Nations peoples to ensure
the material is appropriate to publish (APA, 2020).
In-text citation
For non-retrievable information, cite as personal
communication. Provide enough detail in-text to
describe the content and context of the information.

Reference list
For non-retrievable information, no reference list
entry is required.

RHD Students: See pp. 259-261 of the APA (7th

ed.) Publication Manual for guidance on quoting
research participants.

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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list

Twitter (Renamed X) Gillard (2019) acknowledges the . . . Gillard, J. [@JuliaGillard]. (2019, December
Give the “Tweeter’s” name, if known, followed by 9). To everyone caught up in the
their screen name in square brackets.
terrible events on Whakaari Island -
If the “Tweeter’s” name is not known, use their
screen name instead. In this case, no square victims, family, friends, colleagues, and
brackets are needed e.g., CQUniversity (2020,
rescuers - my thoughts are with you
March 1).
[Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/JuliaGillard?ref_src
=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eser
p%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor

Unpublished manuscript Clarkson (2023) indicates that there is a Clarkson, D. (2023). Multi-modal learning
[Unpublished manuscript] link between undergraduate grades and matters to students from low
[Manuscript in preparation]
the mode in which academic literacy socioeconomic backgrounds
[Manuscript submitted for publication]
support is offered. [Manuscript in preparation]. School of
Access Education, CQUniversity.

Wikipedia entry “Needs Assessment” (2020) is . . . Needs assessment. (2020, January 13). In
In-text Citation Wikipedia. https://psychology.wikia
Use title case for the entry as seen in example. . . . (“Needs Assessment,” 2020).
.org/wiki/Needs_assessment
Reference list
Use the topic title as author. Use sentence case for
the topic.
 In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
YouTube or another streaming video platform Emma Nehrenheim highlights that TED. (2023, July). The powerful possibilities
Where possible, try to locate the video file from a effective planning … (TED, 2023). of recycling the world's batteries
reputable host site. See video podcast example.
[Video]. YouTube.
Citation
https://www.ted.com/talks/emma_nehre
When the speaker of a presentation is not listed as
the author, the presenter’s name can be included in nheim_the_powerful_possibilities_of_r
the sentence: Smith identifies three key issues with ecycling_the_world_s_batteries
family structures today (Clark, 2023).
Reference list Nursing Media CQU. (2019, June 3). Nurse 2
Credit the person who posted as the author. Provide (grumpy nurse) [Video]. YouTube.
the real name in the following format: Author, A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kf
A., followed by the username inside parentheses (if
available e.g., Fogarty, M. (Grammar Girl). Only w63dx9XWM
include the username, without parentheses, if the
person’s real name is unavailable.

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Appendices
Appendix A: What Do the Terms and Abbreviations Used in This Guide Mean?
Key terms Explanation
Appendix An appendix (single) or appendices (multiple) is placed after the reference list. Each appendix is on a new
page. The word “Appendix” is in the centre and bold with an identifying capital letter e.g., Appendix A.
Each appendix is placed in order that they appear in the text. When referring to information contained in an
Appendix, write a sentence clearly stating where that information can be found. Example: The survey used
can be found in Appendix A. You can also use referencing brackets (parentheses) to direct the reader to the
information (see Appendix A). For guidance on how to refer to a table placed in an appendix, see Section 2:
How to use tables and figures.
Author The person, group or organisation that created the source. There may be single or multiple authors; or single
or multiple editors; or organisations may be credited as authors rather than specific individuals. If the source
has no designated author, you may use the title in place of the author.
Bibliography A complete list of all sources consulted when preparing a piece of work, whether cited in-text or not. It
records the full publication details of each source in the same way as for a reference list. Use a bibliography
only if specifically requested to do so.
Copy or reproduce Inserting an image, figure or table from a source into your own work without modifying it in any way. If you
reproduce a table or figure within your work, you should label appropriately. See section on tables and
figures and Appendix K.
Ebook (ebook) An ebook is an electronic version of a hard copy book that can be downloaded. However, printed copies may
not exist, and the ebook may be the only version of the text. You may find a complete book or chapters of the
ebook. Some of these are free, but others must be bought from publishers or suppliers.
In-text citation or in-text This is an acknowledgement of any paraphrased or quoted information used within an assignment. It is a
referencing record of the author, date of publication and sometimes page number of any sources used. Use surnames for
in-text citations (no initials). The position of the in-text citation varies depending on whether you use author
 Key terms Explanation
prominent or information prominent citations. An essay with few or no citations will be a cause of concern,
and it may indicate plagiarism or limited research. See Section 2.
Journal article Journals are collections of articles that are published on a regular basis to report current research within a
discipline. Journals are sometimes referred to as magazines, periodicals or serials.
Paraphrase Paraphrasing is putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. When you paraphrase, you must provide
an in-text citation to show that the material comes from another source. “Although it is not required to
provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one …[to] help
interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work” (APA, 2020, p. 269). Check
with your lecturer for their preference around the inclusion of page numbers when paraphrasing and
summarising.
Quotation A direct quotation is the exact reproduction of someone's words. A quote is marked with double quotation
marks or other special formatting. It requires a citation. See Section 2: How to use direct quotes.
Reference list The complete list of all sources paraphrased or quoted used in your work. The reference list appears at the
end of your work. It records the full publication details of each source, and it is arranged in alphabetical
order. Every in-text citation should appear in the reference list, and every item in the reference list should be
mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally, the citations that appear in the text must have the
same spellings and dates as the ones in the reference list. See Appendix H for a checklist.
Source The place where the information was found. Source type refers to whether the source is a book, article,
webpage etc. and whether it is a hard copy or electronic. Referencing rules differ for each source type.
Summary A brief account of another person’s ideas or research in your own words. A summary of a work or section of
a work, or a general reference to someone's work or ideas, requires a citation.
URL This is the abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator (URL). It also known as the web address. The URL
should link directly to the text were possible. URLs are hyperlinked (blue, active and underlined). A very
long URL can be shortened using a URL shortening service. Ensure that it links directly to the correct
location.

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Appendix B: Symbols and Their Use

Symbol Use in citations and references
& (Ampersand) Citations
The ampersand is used to abbreviate “and” between . . . (Smith & Jones, 2025).
authors’ names in information prominent citations and in Smith and Jones (2025) define equality as …
the reference list. However, use the word “and” when
providing an author prominent in-text citation with two or
more authors. Reference
Note. See Appendix I for citing multiple authors and Smith, N., & Jones, B. (2025). Title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Appendix J for referencing multiple authors.
( ) (Round brackets: parentheses) Parentheses are used to enclose a citation. The use of parentheses (a word or phrase
Round brackets, known as parentheses, come in pairs and inserted) for other purposes should be avoided in academic writing. Use wording to
contain material that help clarify a point, but often show the value of a piece of text rather than using parentheses. If something is not
indicate the information within is less important than important enough to include in the main text, consider leaving it out completely.
surrounding information.
[ ] (Square brackets in a citation) Example 1
Example 1: For information prominent citations, use Children require … (World Health Organization [WHO], 2025).
square brackets within parentheses when adding an
acronym or initialisms to your writing for the first time. Example 2
Example 2: Use square brackets when adding extra In fact, Cobras (2023) asserts that listening “is the fundamental skill upon which all
words to quotations that help the reader to understand the conflict resolution depends . . . [and play a key role] in guiding positive outcomes
meaning. This is useful when you need to fit a quotation between two or more parties” (p. 124).
into your own sentence correctly. When editing
quotations, avoid changing the quotation’s meaning. Example 3
Example 3: Square brackets are also used with sic to In the report, “the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a fire
indicate that a spelling error was present in the original hazard” (Wilson, 2023, p. 55).
text.
 Symbol Use in citations and references
[ ] (Square brackets in a reference list) Reference example
Square brackets are sometimes placed after a title to
Kruszelnicki, K. (Host). (2017, November 21). Mitochondria: Fiery powerhouses
indicate the type of resource it is when it sits outside the
typical academic peer-reviewed literature (e.g., Evidence [Audio podcast episode]. In Great Moment in Science. ABC Radio National.
summary, Audio podcast, Tweet) See Section 5 for
https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/greatmomentsinscience/mito
individual resources.
chondria-fiery-powerhouses/9158506
Examples include
Audiobook Manuscript in preparation Recommended practice
Audio podcase episode Manuscript submitted for Sculpture
Blog publication Speech transcript
Brochure Master’s thesis, Name of Status update
ca. Institution Awarding the Symposium
Computer software Degree TV Series episode
Conference session Mobile app Tweet
Doctoral dissertation, Name of Online forum post Unpublished doctoral
Institution Awarding the Degree Painting dissertation
Evidence summary Pamphlet Unpublished manuscript
Facebook page Paper presentation. Unpublished master’s thesis
Fact sheet Photograph Video
Film Podcast transcript Video file
Interview transcript Poster presentation Video podcase
Legal case number of proceedings PowerPoint slides Vocal score/ Orchestral score
Lecture notes Press release

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Appendix C: Acronyms and Their Use

Acronyms Examples
Acronyms are words formed from the first letter of each An author prominent in-text citation (i.e., citation at the start of a sentence)
word in a long name. These can then be said as a word. First time
You must not create an acronym of your own. Use the
existing ones that are recognised, for example, Technical The World Health Organization (WHO, 2024) defines physical activity as …
and Further Education (TAFE) or Queensland and
Subsequent times
Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd (QANTAS).
WHO (2024) indicates that …
In-text citation An information prominent in-text citation (i.e., citation at the end of a sentence)
The first time you include a name that you want to First time
shorten to an acronym or initialism, type the name in full
and then type the acronym or initialism in parentheses Older adults … (World Health Organization [WHO], 2024).
after it. After that, the acronym may replace the full name
or phrase. Always use the full name or phrase in the Subsequent times
abstract section of your document. Physical activity provides … (WHO, 2024).

Reference list Reference list example

Do not include the acronym or initialism after the World Health Organization. (2024, June 26). Physical activity.
organisation name within a reference unless it is part of
the official name. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity

Note. Do not change the spelling of the author.

Appendix D: Initialisms and Their Use
Initialisms Examples
Initialisms are a series of capital letters made up of the In academic writing, initialisms are introduced in the same way as acronyms.
initial letters of a series of words. Initialisms cannot be An author prominent in-text citation
said as a word; for example: USA (initialism for United
States of America) or NLA (initialism for National The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2019) defines disability as a restriction to
Library of Australia) daily activities which last for at least six months or more.
The first time an initialism is used, give the full name or An information prominent in-text citation
phrase followed by the initialism in parentheses. After
that, the initialism may be used in place of the full name . . . (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2019).
or phrase. Always use the full name or phrase in the Reference example
abstract in your assignment.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, October 24). Disability, ageing and carers,
Australia: Summary of findings. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/
disability/disability-ageing-and-carers-australia-summary-findings/latest-
release
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Zhou, M., Ramírez, A. S., Chittamuru, D., Schillinger, D., & Ha, S. (2023). Testing
Many journal articles and online documents are assigned the effectiveness of narrative messages using critical health
a DOI. It is a unique string of letters and numbers that
communication. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 16(2), 139–146.
identifies a document. All DOIs begin with the number 10
and can often be found on the first page of a journal https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2023.2189363
article, or in the database information. If a DOI is
provided, it should be included at the end of the reference.
DOIs should be in the https://doi.org/10.xxxx/x format
even if it is presented as doi:10.xxxx/xxxx. DOIs are
hyperlinked (active, blue font and underlined).

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Initialisms Examples
n.d. (no date) Citation
Used when no publication year is found. Look carefully Lansdown (n.d.) found that “. . .” (p. 13).
for publication dates as they can be hard to find on web
Reference
sites. You may find the date by checking for a copyright
link. Lansdown, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses. CQUniversity.

p. (single page) Citation: Quotation

Priest (2025) indicates that “20% of . . .” (p. 4).
Quotation
Research suggests that “. . .” (Priest, 2025, p. 4).
Page numbers are required when directly quoting. If the
page number is not available, use a paragraph number. Citation: Paraphrase
When there are no paragraph numbers, provide the closest Priest (2025) outlines that . . .
heading as well as the number of paragraphs following it.
. . . (Priest, 2025).
For examples, see section below on the use of paragraph
numbers.
Paraphrasing
Page numbers are not required for paraphrasing unless
otherwise specified by your lecturer.
 Initialisms Examples
pp. (multiple pages) Citation: Quotation
“. . .” (Llias, 2025, pp. 511–512).
In-text citation
“. . .” (Owen, 2025, pp. 1, 4 & 6).
Use pp. when referring to a quote or data from multiple
pages. Use a comma between numbers for pages that are Reference list examples
not in sequence.
Journal
Reference list
Spreen, T. L., & Gerrish, E. (2022). Taxes and tax‐exempt bonds: A literature
The use of p. and pp. is not required when referring to
whole books, journal articles or webpages. However, pp. review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 36(4), 767–808.
may be used when referring to a chapter in a book. See https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12464
“Chapter in an edited book”.
Chapter in an edited book
Grehan, M. (2021). Visioning the future by knowing the past. In J. Daly, S. & D.
Jackson (Eds.), Contexts of nursing: An introduction (6th ed., pp. 23–41).
Elsevier.

reg or regs (regulation or regulations) In the text of your work, you should write:
To aid your reader to locate the specific information that The Copyright Regulations (2017, regs 18–19) indicate . . .
you cited, you should provide the unit or division. If it is at the beginning of the sentence, you should write:
Regulation 18 of the Copyright Regulations (2017) . . .
§ or §§ (section or sections in legal documents) In the text of your work, you should write:
To help your reader locate the specific section or The Civil Proceedings Act (2011, § 7) outlines . . .
subsection that your information comes from, you should Unless it is at the beginning of the sentence, for example:
give a pinpoint reference to the relevant section or Section 7 of the Civil Proceedings Act (2011) outlines . . .
subsection.

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Appendix E: Abbreviations and Their Use

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word. Words can be shortened in a number of ways, including omitting parts of the interior of the
word, or cutting off the end of a word. If the end of the word is removed to create an abbreviation, then a full stop is added. If the interior of the word is
removed, leaving the last letter; no full stop is needed. Here are examples.

Abbreviations in references Examples

cat. no. (catalogue number) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020, December 11). ABS corporate plan, 2020-
A catalogue number is used to identify an item in a record. 2021 (cat. no. 1005.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@
It is used for tracking purposes.
.nsf/productsbyCatalogue/ED09CF8070B516CCCA25863B00040961?Ope
nDocument

ca. (circa) Citation

From Latin meaning ‘around’ or ‘about’. Used when we … (Aristotle, ca. 350 B.C.E./1994).
can only approximate the publishing date. Square brackets
are placed around the approximate date instead of Aristotle (ca. 350 B.C.E./1994) . . .
parentheses. This approximation may be made by looking
at the latest entry in the reference list of the source. Reference example
Aristotle. (1994). Politics. (B. Jowett, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive.
http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.html (Original work published ca.
3500 B.C.E.)

Comp. (compiler) Use the same format as for an edited book but use (comp.) instead of (Ed.).
The person who assembles a training or educational
package is called a compiler.
 Abbreviations in references Examples
e (eLocator or article number) Sands, M., & Aunger, R. (2020). Determinants of hand hygiene compliance among
If a journal article does not provide a page range, use an nurses in US hospitals: A formative research study. PLOS ONE, 15(4),
eLocator or article number.
Article e0230573. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230573

Ed. or Eds. (editor or editors) Citation

One editor: (Ed.) More than one editor (Eds.) Berman et al. (2021) outline that the skills of clinical nursing are …
Note. When referring to one chapter in an edited work, Reference list example
reference the chapter as a “Chapter in an edited book”. See
Section 3. Do not use Ed. for in-text citations. Berman, A. S., Snyder, S., Levett-Jones, T., & Burton, T., Harvey, N. (Eds.).
(2021). Skills in clinical nursing (2nd ed.). Pearson Australia.

ed. (edition) Wilson, J. (2019). Infection control in clinical practice (3rd ed.). Elsevier Health
When books are revised and issued a second or third time Sciences.
(or more), publishers show the difference between versions
by indicating the edition. This is necessary as the editions
differ from one another as each version has different
information.
Journal titles BMJ or Br Med J
These may be abbreviated in catalogues when they are very British Medical Journal
long and sometimes an initialism is used. It is
recommended that you locate and use the full name of the
journal in your reference list. See also information about
initialisms above.

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Abbreviations in references Examples

para. (paragraph number) Quotation of information without page numbers.
If the page number is not available, use a paragraph
number. Paragraph number
“State and federal approaches to disaster management are failing, as there
When there is no paragraph number, provide the closest
heading as well as the number of paragraphs following it. are inadequate laws and policies to fund government agencies and
• Short headings remain the same + paragraph number compensate victims” (Sydney Environment Institute, 2020, para. 1.).
• Long headings are shortened and placed in double Short headings remain the same + paragraph number
quotation marks + paragraph number.
Data indicates that “one in four people in Australia (26%) were born overseas”
(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2016, The population of Australia is 24.4
million, para. 4).
Long headings are shortened + paragraph number
The 2016 census revealed that “more than one in five Australians (21%) spoke a
language besides English at home” (ABS, 2016, “More than one in five,” para. 1).
(Original heading: “More than one in five of us speak a language other than
English at home”)
 Abbreviations in references Examples
Vol. or Vols. (volume or volumes) Book
Book: Sometimes books are one part of a set or series. Auer, M. E., Pester, A., & May, D. (2022). Learning with technologies and
Each book in the set or series is labelled a volume.
technologies in learning: Experience, trends and challenges in higher
Journals: Journals publish a set number of volumes each
year, so volume numbers are used to identify in which education (Vol. 456). Springer International Publishing.
volume an article appears. However, do not include the Journal
words “Vol.” or “Vols.” when referencing journals. Place
the journal volume number in italics after the journal title. Spreen, T. L., & Gerrish, E. (2022). Taxes and tax‐exempt bonds: A literature
If the journal does not use volume numbers but gives the review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 36(4), 767–808.
season or the month, include the season or the month after
the publication year. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12464
Webber, M. (2024, November). Narrabri farming family joins the biodiversity
project. Australian Landcare, 12–15. https://landcareaustralia.org.au/wp-
content/uploads/2024/11/FA-Landcare-in-Focus-Magazine.pdf

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Appendix F: Latin Words and Their Use as Abbreviations

Latin words and their abbreviations. Are used in academic writing at times but they should be kept to a minimum and used inside parentheses.
Below are examples of Latin words (or their abbreviations), used inside parentheses when citing in text or in the reference list.

Latin words Example in citation or reference list

et al. abbreviation for “et alia” meaning “and others” In-text citation
When a work has three or more authors, only use the surname . . . (Schönhärl et al., 2023).
of the first author, followed by et al.
Reference example
There should always be a full stop after “et al.” as the end of
the word has been removed to create an abbreviation. Schönhärl, K., Hürlimann, G., & Rohde, D. (Eds.). (2023). Histories of tax
evasion, avoidance and resistance (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis.

Sic means ‘thus’ or ‘so’ In the report, “the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a
Used in a quotation, in italics and in square brackets. It fire hazard” (Wilson, 2023, p. 55).
indicates that the word directly before it is an error that
appeared in the original text. This is to preserve the
authenticity of the quotation. This error may be an incorrect
spelling, punctuation or grammar.
Note. The square brackets are not italicised.
Circa means ‘around’ or ‘about’ It is abbreviated to ca. Aristotle. (1994). Politics. (B. Jowett, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive.
Used when an approximate publishing date is available. Place http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.html (Original work
square brackets around the approximate date instead of
parentheses. This approximation may be made by looking at published ca. 3500 B.C.E.)
the latest entry in the reference list of the source you are
using.
Appendix G: Referencing a Journal Article With or Without a DOI
When referencing a journal article, it can be difficult to know what information to
include to form a complete reference. Use the Figure 4 flow chart below to clarify whether to
include a DOI, no URL or a URL at the end of the reference.
Note 1. If a journal article does not have a DOI number, no URL is needed if it is found in an
academic database. Examples of academic databases: APA PsycNET, PsycINFO, Academic
Search Complete, CINAHL, Ebook Central, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, JSTOR (excluding
primary source collections), MEDLINE, Nexis Uni, Ovid, ProQuest), PubMed,
ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science etc.
Note 2. Most journal articles do not require a retrieval date; however, on rare occasions,
articles may need a retrieval date if they are retrieved from databases where articles are
periodically updated. These articles/journals often have editors. See UpToDate example in
Section 5.

Figure 4

DOI Flow Chart for Journal Articles

Note. A flow chart to help students reference a journal article.

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Appendix H: Check Your Reference List
Check Key point
The reference list begins on a new page. It should be the last page of your assignment;
however, the appendices go after the reference list.
Margins are set at least 2.54 cm top and bottom and left and right.
Font style and size is same as for the rest of the assignment: Times New Roman 12 pt.
Line spacing in the reference list is double line.
The title is References and it is in bold, centred, and has the same font style and size as
the document.
The reference list is aligned with the left margin.
All lines after the first line of each entry should be indented half an inch (1.27cm) from
the left margin. This is called a hanging indentation.
A blank line space is not used after each reference.
Numbers, letters and bullet points are not used to indicate new references.
The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order according to the first author’s
surname (family name). The surname must be written in full and initials are used to
represent given names.
References by the same author in different years should be ordered by year. Place the
oldest work first.
References which have the same author and same year of publication are listed
alphabetically according to the title of the book/article, and a lower-case letter is added
to the date: Example - Education Queensland. (2023a). Education Queensland.
(2023b). Add a letter to both the reference and the in-text citation.
If there is no author or authoring body (institution, corporation or other organisation),
the reference is listed alphabetically according to the title of the article. If a source is
authored by an organisation rather than an individual, it is listed alphabetically
according to the organisation’s name. For example: Education Queensland.
URLs are hyperlinked (active, blue font and underlined).

Cut and paste URLs to avoid transcript errors. Do not change the URL. If the URL is
very long, it is acceptable to shorten a URL using URL shortening services. Ensure that
it links directly to the correct location.
Any reference that starts with a number precedes the alphabetical listing and is listed
numerically, for example, 3D Networks. (2022). Delivering on . . . will appear before
Anderson, J. (2023) . . .
Every in-text citation appears in the reference list, and every item in the reference list is
to be mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally, the citations that appear
in the assignment itself must have the same spelling and dates as the ones in the
reference list. Do not change the spelling. Exception: Personal communication may be
included in-text; however, it does not need to be included in the reference list.

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Appendix I: Quick Guide for Citing Multiple Authors

Author prominent citation Information prominent citation

Type of Citation
(i.e., at the start of the sentence) (i.e., at the end of the sentence)

One work by one Luna (2025) . . . . . . (Luna, 2025).

author

One work by two Walker and Allen (2024) . . . . . . (Walker & Allen, 2024).
authors
One work by Wiskunde et al. (2025) . . . . . . (Wiskunde et al., 2025).
three or more
authors
Use of page Smith (2024) “. . .” (p. 5). “. . .” (Smith, 2024, p. 5).
numbers for
quotes
Secondary Yan (2019, as cited in Lin, 2025) . . . (Yan, 2019, as cited in Lin, 2025).
resource
Two sources for Clark (2024) and Hent (2025) . . . . . . (Clark, 2024; Hent, 2025).
one citation

No date Smith (n.d.) . . . . . . (Smith, n.d.).

Group author
Group author CQUniversity (2025) . . . . . . (CQUniversity, 2025).
(no acronym)

Group author First citation First citation

(with acronym) World Wildlife Fund (WWF, 2025) . . . (World Wildlife Fund [WWF], 2025).

Subsequent citations Subsequent citations

WWF (2025) . . . . . . (WWF, 2025).

• Write the whole group name only once in-text. Include an abbreviation directly after the
group name. For subsequent citations only use the abbreviation. See examples above.
• Do not create your own abbreviations. Only use recognised abbreviations.

Note. How to cite multiple authors in-text. Adapted from Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (7th ed., p. 266), by American Psychological
Association, 2020, Author.

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Appendix J: Quick Guide for Referencing Multiple Authors

Number of Reference List

authors
One author Walk, B. (2025).

For 2 to 20 Walker, A. E., & Li, S. (2025).

authors, include
all surnames and
initials. Use a
comma and an
ampersand symbol
(&) before the last
author.
When there are 21 West, B., Anderson, M., Yaylor, P., Wang, L., Singh, P., Garcia, L., Moore,
or more authors,
U., Santos, E., Tanaka, S., Zhang, I., Lee, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B.,
provide the first
19 authors Xu, A., Martinez, R., Wilson, V., Kim, L. J., Clark, G., Teller, E., . . .
followed by
Bunt, A. (2025).
ellipsis and the
final author. No
ampersand is
required.
Authoring body Correct: National Institute of Mental Health. (2025).
(no acronym or
initialisation is Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2025).
required for the
reference list).

Note. Do not change the spelling of the author.

Use an ampersand American Psychological Association & National Institute of Health. (2024).
(&) to separate
two corporate
authors.

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Appendix K: Citing and Referencing Figures and Tables
When including a figure (image or graph) or a table into an assignment, provide
source details below the figure or table. Use the templates below to assist you. The source
details should also be included in the reference list. For more details on how to label your
tables and figures see Section 2: How to use tables, figures and images.
Caption templates and examples for tables and figures
• Identify which type of source you took your figure or table from
• Choose the correct template (journal article, book, book chapter and webpage). If the
table or figure has not been adapted, use the word from. If the table or figure has been
adapted, use the phrase adapted from.
• The examples below simply demonstrate how to use the template.
• The reference list example indicates how to reference the figure or table in a
reference list.

Source type Templates and examples

Journal article, magazine, newspaper or blog
From [or Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. N. Author and C. O.
Template Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume(issue), p. xx
(https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxx).
From “Social Media: A Contextual Framework to Guide Research and
Example Practice,” by L. A. McFarland and R. E. Ployhart, 2015, Journal of Applied
Psychology, 100(6), p. 1656 (https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039244).

Reference list McFarland, L. A., & Ployhart, R. E. (2015). Social media: A contextual
example framework to guide research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology,
100(6), 1653–1677. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039244
Book
From [or Adapted from] Title of Book (any edition or volume information,
Template p. xxx), by A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year, Publisher
(https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxx).
Adapted from Managing Therapy-Interfering Behavior: Strategies From
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (p. 172), by A. L. Chapman and M. Z.
Example
Rosenthal, 2016, American Psychological Association
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14752-001).
Chapman, A. L., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2016). Managing therapy-interfering
Reference list behavior: Strategies from dialectical behavior therapy. American
example Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14752-001

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 Source type Templates and examples
Edited book chapter
From [or Adapted from] “Title of Chapter,” by A. N. Author and C. O.
Author, in A. N. Editor (Ed.), Title of Book (any edition or volume
Template information, p. xxx), year, Publisher.

Note. Provide a DOI in parentheses if available as per example above.

From “The Cortex: Regulation of Sensory and Emotional Experience,” by
D. Christian, in N. Hass-Cohen and R. Carr (Eds.), Art Therapy and
Example
Clinical Neuroscience (p. 63), 2008, Jessica Kingsley.

Reference list Christian, D. (2008). The cortex: Regulation of sensory and emotional
example experience. In N. Hass-Cohen & R. Carr (Eds.), Art therapy and clinical
neuroscience (pp. 62–75). Jessica Kingsley.
Webpage or standalone document on the web
From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] Title of Web Document,
Template by A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year (https://xxxxxxxx).

From Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity: Data, Trends and Maps, by
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015 (https://www.cdc.gov/
Example
nccdphp/dnpao/data-trends-maps/).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Nutrition, physical

Reference list activity and obesity: Data, trends and maps. https://www.cdc.gov/
example nccdphp/dnpao/data-trends-maps/

Note. Table with templates, copyright examples and reference entries for figures and tables
reproduced from journal articles, books, book chapters and webpage. Adapted from
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed., p. 391), by
American Psychological Association, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000).
Note to academics and RHD Students. Please be aware that an extended copyright caption
for tables and figures will be required for academic publishing (APA, 2020, p. 391).

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Index

Abbreviations ........................................ 90 Ebook chapter available on the web ........ 42

Academic Integrity ............................... 30 Generative AI........................................ 32

Have I plagiarised? .................................. 30 Ethical Use of Generative AI ................... 32
Steps for Avoiding Plagiarism ................. 31 Ethical Use of Generative AI Flowchart.. 33
Use of Generative AI ................................ 32 Referencing Generative AI Using APA
Style ...................................................... 34
Acronyms .............................................. 86
Government documents found online 56
Appendices ............................................ 82 Australian Bureau of Statistics data cube 57
Australian Bureau of Statistics data set ... 58
Books (Hard copy) .......................... 20, 36 Australian Bureau of Statistics webpage . 57
Chapter in an edited book .................. 21, 41
Fact sheet ................................................. 58
Edited book............................................... 41
Press releases........................................... 58
Editions .................................................... 40
Same author, same year ........................... 59
Multiple sources for one idea ................... 40
Standalone document ............................... 56
Multiple works same author, published
Webpage................................................... 56
in different years ................................... 37
Multiple works same author, same year... 38 Initialisms .............................................. 87
No author but an authoring body ............. 39
No date can be established ....................... 40 Journals and magazines ....................... 44
eLocator or article number ...................... 91
One author ............................................... 36
Hard copy journal without a DOI ............ 46
One issue or volume in an edited series ... 41
Hard copy with no volume or issue
One volume of multi-volume work ........... 41
number .................................................. 46
Source within a source:Secondary
Journal article with a DOI ................. 22, 44
source ................................................... 39
Journal article without a DOI ............ 23, 45
Two authors.............................................. 36
Online magazine ...................................... 47
Two primary sources within the one
secondary source .................................. 40
Key terms .............................................. 82
Works by different authors with the same
family name and same year .................. 38 Latin words ........................................... 94
Conference papers ................................ 52 Legal documents ................................... 60
Conference sessions and presentations .... 52 Coroner’s report ...................................... 63
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Hansard.................................................... 63
Mental Disorders .............................. 43 Legal case .......................................... 24, 61
Legislation (Act, Bill, Regulation) ........... 60
Dissertation or master’s thesis ............ 53 Standards ................................................. 62
Unpublished thesis ................................... 53
Multiple authors ................................... 98
Ebooks ............................................. 20, 21 Citing........................................................ 97
Ebook available on the web ..................... 42
Referencing .............................................. 98
Ebook available via ACQUIRE ................ 43

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News articles ......................................... 48 Reports .................................................. 50
Hard copy ................................................. 48 Government, with individual authors....... 51
Online news website ................................. 48 Hard copy................................................. 50
Online newspaper..................................... 48 Online Government, with corporate
author ................................................... 51
Page numbers Online with individual authors ................ 50
Article number.......................................... 91
Book chapter ............................................ 21 Specialised sources ............................... 67
eLocator ................................................... 91 Artistic work ............................................. 67
Journal article .......................................... 22 Audio podcast episode ............................. 68
Long quotes .............................................. 12 Audiobook ................................................ 68
Paraphrasing.............................................. 7 Blog .......................................................... 69
Quote for multiple pages .......................... 89 Book review .............................................. 50
Quote for single page ............................... 88 Brochure .................................................. 75
Short quotes.............................................. 11 Data cube ................................................. 69
Data set .................................................... 69
Paraphrasing ........................................... 6 Dictionary (Hard copy)............................ 70
Rules ........................................................... 7 Dictionary (online)................................... 70
Steps ........................................................... 6 Encyclopaedia (Hard copy -
author/editor) ....................................... 70
Quick Guide
Encyclopaedia (Online) ..................... 70, 71
Check your reference list ......................... 96
Facebook post or page ............................. 71
Citing and referencing figures and tables 99
Film or movie ........................................... 71
Citing multiple authors ............................ 97
Forum post (not Moodle) ......................... 72
Referencing multiple authors ................... 98
Historical source on the web ................... 72
Quotations ............................................. 10 Images ...................................................... 67
Long ......................................................... 12 JBI Evidence summary ............................. 73
Page numbers ........................................... 88 JBI Recommended practice ...................... 73
Paragraph numbers ................................. 88 Map .......................................................... 74
Short ......................................................... 11 Musical score ........................................... 75
Steps ......................................................... 10 Painting .................................................... 67
Pamphlet .................................................. 75
Reference list ................................... 19, 96
Photographs ............................................. 67
Authors' names ......................................... 27
PowerPoint (not in Moodle) .................... 76
Books ........................................................ 20
Radio transcript from a webpage............. 76
Captialisation and italics ......................... 27
Shakespeare ............................................. 76
Document on the web ............................... 25
Software packages ................................... 76
Journal article without a DOI .................. 23
Song.......................................................... 77
Journal articles with a DOI ..................... 22
Tables and figures .................................... 77
Legal case ................................................ 24
TED talk ................................................... 78
Long URL ................................................. 26
Television advertisement .......................... 78
Publication details ................................... 26
Television episode or webisode................ 78
Webpage ................................................... 25
Television transcript ................................ 79

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 Traditional Knowledge or Oral Tables and figures ................................ 15
Traditions of Indigenous Peoples ......... 79 Citing and referencing ............................. 99
Twitter ...................................................... 80 Figures ............................................... 17, 18
Unpublished manuscript .......................... 80 Photograph .............................................. 67
Wiki .......................................................... 80 Tables ................................................. 15, 16
YouTube—with creator’s name ................ 81
Turnitin ................................................. 30
Styles of citation in-text .......................... 7
Author prominent ....................................... 7 University-provided electronic and
Information prominent ............................... 7 multimedia study materials ............ 64
Discussion board message posted to
Multiple sources for one idea ..................... 8
Moodle .................................................. 65
Quick guide to citing multiple authors ..... 97
Echo360 presentation or video on
Moodle .................................................. 65
Summarising ........................................... 8
Lecture notes available on CQUniversity
Rules ........................................................... 9
e-Units (Moodle) .................................. 64
Steps ........................................................... 8
Personal communication.................... 65, 75
Symbols.................................................. 84 PowerPoint presentation on Moodle ....... 64
Source in study guide
Symposium contribution ...................... 53 Secondary source .........................................66
Unit notes on Moodle ............................... 64
Systematic review ................................. 46
Cochrane Database of Systematic Webpage or standalone document 25, 54
Reviews ................................................. 46
Document on the web ............................... 54
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and
No date ..................................................... 55
Implementation Reports ........................ 47
Page numbers........................................... 55
JBI Evidence Synthesis ............................. 47
Paragraph numbers ................................. 55

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