TESTBANK For Essenals of Cognive

Neuroscience, 2nd Edion by Bradley R. Postle

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Chapter 1

Multiple Choice/True False

1. True or false: The most important contribution of Franz Josef Gall’s theory of Phrenology
was that it pioneered the use of the scientific method in the study of the brain.

[false]

2. True or false: Topographic representation is evidence in favor of the principle of localization

of function.

[true]

3. Which of the following findings from the work of Flourens was interpreted as evidence for
equipotentiality of brain function:
a. Damage to many different brain areas seemed to produce impairment of judging,
remembering, and perceiving. [True]
b. Different mental traits, such as cautiousness and benevolence, were supported by
discrete brain areas.
c. The motor cortex has a topographical representation, such that the areas of the brain
that represent the fingers, then the palm, then the wrist, then the elbow are adjacent to
one another.
d. Damage to occipital cortex produces more profound and enduring impairment of visual
perception than does damage to parietal cortex.

4. Fritsch and Hitzig (1870) demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe
produces movements of the body, but that electrical stimulation of the parietal lobe
does not. This is a demonstration of
a. Anatomical specificity [true]
b. Mass action
c. Equipotentiality
d. Contruct validity

Short Answer / Fill-in-the-blank

1. With regard to neuroanatomy, _____ refers to the front of the brain of a standing human,
and _____ to the portions near or along the midline.
a. Frontal, medial

2. Paul Broca discovered that damage to what part of the brain impairs speech?
a. Left inferior frontal

3. Lesions of the occipital impair which sensory function in primates?

 a. Vision

4. Nineteenth-century studies of what three functions provided important evidence for the
principle of localization of function in the brain?
a. Motor control (Fritsch and Hitzig), vision (Munk and Ferrier), speech (Broca)

Essay / Longer Answer

1. Describe phrenology. What principle(s) from phrenology still have some validity today?
What aspects of phrenology are no longer considered to be scientifically valid?

2. Contrast localization-of-function with mass-action theories of brain function.

3. What does the term Jacksonian march refer to, and what property of the brain was inferred
from it?

4. What is construct validity?

5. What does it mean for a property of cognition to be “emergent”?

6. What is the distinction between neuropsychology and systems neuroscience?

Multiple Choice

1. True or false: Binding of the neurotransmitter GABA with postsynaptic receptors would
make the postsynaptic neuron more likely to depolarize.
A True
B False [correct]

2. True or false: The cell bodies of all neurons in the brain are located in the cerebral cortex.
A True
B False [correct]

3. A neuron that is in which state is less likely to fire an action potential?

A Depolarized
B Hyperpolarized [correct]

4. The disequilibria that neurons seek to maintain are characterized by:

A A negative electrical potential and a higher concentration of Na+ ions inside the cell
[True]
B A negative electrical potential and a higher concentration of K+ ions inside the cell
C A positive electrical potential and a higher concentration of Na+ ions inside the cell
D A positive electrical potential and a higher concentration of K+ ions inside the cell

5. Oscillations in the local field potential (LFP) are most likely due to:
A The summation of fluctuating membrane potential in the dendritic arbors of many
neurons [True]
B The fluctuation of the membrane potential of the synapse nearest to the recording
electrode
C The summation of action potentials being fired by many neurons
D The action potentials being fired by the neuron nearest to the recording electrode

Short Answer / Fill-in-the-blank

1. What are the four parts of the central nervous system?

a. Cerebrum, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum

2. What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

a. Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, limbic

3. What makes grey matter grey and white matter white?

a. Grey: unmyelinated cell bodies; white: myelinated axons

4. The bumps in the brain are known as _____ and the grooves as _____.
a. Gyri; sulci

5. What disease is associated with demyelination?

 a. Multiple sclerosis

6. Reuptake of neurotransmitters occurs on which side of the synaptic cleft?

a. Presynaptic
7. Which part of the neuron is responsible for sending signals to other neurons? Which part for
receiving signals?
a. Axon; dendrites

8. The hollow chambers of the brain are known as _____ and are filled with _____.
a. Ventricles; cerebrospinal fluid

9. _____ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and _____ the primary
inhibitory neurotransmitter
a. Glutamate; GABA

10. What is the name of the major white-matter bundle that connects the two cerebral
hemispheres?
a. Corpus callosum

Essay / Longer Answer

1. What is myelin? Why is it important to neuronal communication?

2. Describe the sequence of events that lead up to and follow a neuron firing an action
potential.

3. What is a local field potential? Name two ways in which it can be measured.

4. Describe how phase synchrony impacts the effectiveness of neuronal communication.

Multiple Choice

1. True or false: Electroencephalography (EEG) offers superior temporal resolution relative to

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A True [correct]
B False

2. Let’s say that a cognitive neuroscientist has “discovered” that repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the posterior region of the left inferior frontal gyrus
produces a deficit in speech production. Which of the following additional experiments
would NOT help to assess the specificity of this finding?
A Apply rTMS to the right inferior frontal gyrus while subjects perform a verbal
working memory task [correct]
B Apply rTMS to the right inferior frontal gyrus while subjects perform the same
speech production task
C Apply rTMS to the left inferior frontal gyrus while subjects perform a verbal working
memory task

3. Which method offers the highest resolution for noninvasively applying focal stimulation to
just one area on the surface of the brain?
A Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [true]
B Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
C Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)
D Positron emission tomography (PET)

4. For which of the following can magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) NOT be used?
A To measure electrical activity in the brain [True]
B To measure the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal
C To measure the volume of a particular brain structure
D To assess the integrity of white matter tracts

5. Which of the following methods, when used alone, could support inferring the necessity of a
brain region’s contribution to the behavior being studied?
A Neuropsychology [True]
B functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
C electroencephalography (EEG)
D magnetoencephalography (MEG)

6. Measures of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) assess the extent to which

A brief epochs of elevated power at high frequencies (typically gamma and/or high-
gamma) occur at a specific phase of a lower-frequency component of the signal (often in the
delta, theta, or alpha band) [correct]
 B brief epochs of elevated power at low frequencies (often in the delta, theta, or alpha
band) occur at a specific phase of a higher-frequency component of the signal (typically
gamma and/or high-gamma)
C LFPs in different brain regions are synchronized

7 At the level of cellular physiology, the process responsible for the largest proportion of
activity-related changes in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal (as measured, for
example, with functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) is:
A Reestablishing the neurons chemical gradient via the Na+/K+ pump. [correct]
B Generation of the action potential at the axon hillock.
C The enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
D Neurotransmitter synthesis.

8 As a general rule, parallel distributed processing (PDP) models are used to evaluate ideas
about cognitive processing at an abstract level, whereas deep neural network (DNN) models can
be used to test hypotheses about circuit-level computations.
1. A True [correct]
2. B False

9 Graph theoretic analysis of resting state functional correlation (RSFC) data have shown that
neurologically healthy aging is associated with:
1. A A weakening of community segregation [correct]
2. B A strengthening of community segregation
3. C An increase in core-periphery structure
4. D A decrease in core-periphery structure

10. In what way are H2150 PET imaging and fMRI similar?
A Both can be used to measure changes in brain activity in response to
performing a cognitive task [Correct]
B Both can be used to measure brain anatomy

11. In what way are H2150 PET imaging and fMRI different?
a. PET is typically based on measuring an intrinsic signal, blood oxygenation, whereas
fMRI is based on the uptake of a contrast agent
b. fMRI is typically based on measuring an intrinsic signal, blood oxygenation, whereas
PET is based on the uptake of a contrast agent [Correct]

Short Answer / Fill-in-the-blank

1. With electroencephalography (EEG) data, trial-averaging is performed prior to data analysis

for the _________ technique, whereas a spectral transform is performed prior to a
__________ analysis.
a. Event-related potential (ERP); time-frequency
 2. For invasive electrical recordings from patients undergoing presurgical planning,
___________ provides measurements of field potentials with grid or strip electrodes placed
on the cortical surface.
a. electrocorticography (ECoG)

3. The approach of transfecting neurons with DNA that codes for light-sensitive ion channels is
known as _____________.
a. optogenetics

4. The MRI data used to assess the density of tissue with voxel-based morphometry are _____-
weighted images, whereas the MRI data used to assess activity are _____-weighted images.
a. T1; T2

5. Resting state functional correlation (RSFC) is a method for measuring _________

connectivity, whereas diffusion-tensory imaging (DTI) is a method for measuring _________
connectivity
a. Functional; structural

Essay / Longer Answer

1. Describe a strength and a weakness of the ERP technique for analyzing EEG data; describe a
strength and a weakness of spectral analysis of EEG data.

2. In the context of the scalp EEG, what is the inverse problem and how does it constrain the
interpretation of EEG data?

3. How do the sluggish (i.e., lowpass filter) properties of the BOLD response constrain the
design of fMRI experiments? Specifically, what are the critical factors when designing an
event-related fMRI study?

4. What do the results from positron emission tomography (PET) data tell us about the
magnitude of brain activity related to a cognitive event (such as reading a word) versus the
magnitude of activity of the brain “at rest.”

5. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of block designs for neuroimaging studies.

6. Can a neural network model (such as a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model) prove
how a computation is carried out by the brain? If your answer is ‘yes,’ justify your reasoning;
 if your answer is ‘no,’ explain a scientist would invest the time and effort of carrying out a
simulation with a neural network model.

7. Summarize the differences between PDP models and deep neural network (DNN) models.
Multiple Choice

1. True or false: Information from the temporal retina of the left eye projects to the right
hemisphere.
A True
B False [Correct]

2. V1 neurons representing the fovea have _____ receptive fields, while those representing
areas outside of the fovea have _____ receptive fields.
A Small; larger [correct]
B Large; smaller

3. True or false: The horizontal meridian divides the visual field into upper and lower
hemifields.
A True [Correct]
B False

4. True or false: The packing density of cortical columns in V1 mirror the packing density of
photoreceptors in the retina
A True
B False [Correct]

5. Magnocellular neurons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus have ________
receptive fields and __________ conduction velocities relative to parvocellular neurons from the
LGN.

a. larger; faster [correct]

b. larger; slower
c. smaller, faster
d. smaller, slower

6. The ________ mode of thalamic neuronal spiking is more effective at driving downstream
cortical activity than is the _________ mode of thalamic neuronal spiking.

a. burst; tonic [correct]

b. tonic; burst

c. magnocellular; parvocellular

d. parvocellular; magnocellular

Short Answer / Fill-in-the-blank

 1. Neurons in layer ______ of V1 can influence whether neurons in the LGN are in tonic mode
or burst mode
a. VI

2. An increase in power in the alpha band is typically associated with a/an _____________ in
cortical excitability.
a. decrease

3. What does it mean to say that V1 has a retinotopic organization?

4. The optic radiations that connect the LGN with V1 contain __________ fibers
projecting from LGN to V1 than from V1 to LGN.
a. fewer

Essay / Longer Answer

1. Describe the distinction between a neuron’s receptive field versus its tuning.

2. Describe at least four transforms that occur when information about a visual stimulus
reaches V1.

3. What is cortical magnification, and how does it relate to the organization of the retina?

4. Describe the concept of a hypercolumn.

5. What is a functional account for the fact that, despite the logical feedforward direction of
visual information from the retina to the LGN to cortex, there is a higher proportion of
neurons projecting from cortex to LGN than there is from LGN to cortex?

6. Summarize the principle of predictive coding as it applies to visual perception, and

distinguish it from a feedforward account.