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vi Contents

2.4 Creating Distributions from Data 30

Frequency Distributions for Categorical Data 30
Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency Distributions 31
Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data 32
Histograms 35
Cumulative Distributions 38
2.5 Measures of Location 40
Mean (Arithmetic Mean) 40
Median 41
Mode 42
Geometric Mean 42
2.6 Measures of Variability 45
Range 45
Variance 46
Standard Deviation 47
Coefficient of Variation 48
2.7 Analyzing Distributions 48
Percentiles 49
Quartiles 50
z-Scores 50
Empirical Rule 51
Identifying Outliers 53
Boxplots 53
2.8 Measures of Association Between Two Variables 56
Scatter Charts 56
Covariance 58
Correlation Coefficient 61
2.9 Data Cleansing 62
Missing Data 62
Blakely Tires 64
Identification of Erroneous Outliers and Other Erroneous Values 66
Variable Representation 68
Summary 69
Glossary 70
Problems 71
Case Problem 1: Heavenly Chocolates Web Site Transactions 81
Case Problem 2: African Elephant Populations 82
Available in the MindTap Reader:
Appendix: Descriptive Statistics with R

Chapter 3 Data Visualization 85

3.1 Overview of Data Visualization 88
Effective Design Techniques 88
3.2 Tables 91
Table Design Principles 92
Crosstabulation 93

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 Contents vii

PivotTables in Excel 96
Recommended PivotTables in Excel 100
3.3 Charts 102
Scatter Charts 102
Recommended Charts in Excel 104
Line Charts 105
Bar Charts and Column Charts 109
A Note on Pie Charts and Three-Dimensional Charts 110
Bubble Charts 112
Heat Maps 113
Additional Charts for Multiple Variables 115
PivotCharts in Excel 118
3.4 Advanced Data Visualization 120
Advanced Charts 120
Geographic Information Systems Charts 123
3.5 Data Dashboards 125
Principles of Effective Data Dashboards 125
Applications of Data Dashboards 126
Summary 128
Glossary 128
Problems 129
Case Problem 1: Pelican stores 139
Case Problem 2: Movie Theater Releases 140
Appendix: Data Visualization in Tableau 141
Available in the MindTap Reader:
Appendix: Creating Tabular and Graphical Presentations with R

Chapter 4 Probability: An ­Introduction to ­Modeling

Uncertainty 157
4.1 Events and Probabilities 159
4.2 Some Basic Relationships of Probability 160
Complement of an Event 160
Addition Law 161
4.3 Conditional Probability 163
Independent Events 168
Multiplication Law 168
Bayes’ Theorem 169
4.4 Random Variables 171
Discrete Random Variables 171
Continuous Random Variables 172
4.5 Discrete Probability Distributions 173
Custom Discrete Probability Distribution 173
Expected Value and Variance 175
Discrete Uniform Probability Distribution 178
Binomial Probability Distribution 179
Poisson Probability Distribution 182

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viii Contents

4.6 Continuous Probability Distributions 185

Uniform Probability Distribution 185
Triangular Probability Distribution 187
Normal Probability Distribution 189
Exponential Probability Distribution 194
Summary 198
Glossary 198
Problems 200
Case Problem 1: Hamilton County Judges 209
Case Problem 2: McNeil’s Auto Mall 210
Case Problem 3: Gebhardt Electronics 211
Available in the MindTap Reader:
Appendix: Discrete Probability Distributions with R
Appendix: Continuous Probability Distributions with R

Chapter 5 Descriptive Data Mining 213

5.1 Cluster Analysis 215
Measuring Distance Between Observations 215
k-Means Clustering 218
Hierarchical Clustering and Measuring Dissimilarity
Between Clusters 221
Hierarchical Clustering Versus k-Means Clustering 225
5.2 Association Rules 226
Evaluating Association Rules 228
5.3 Text Mining 229
Voice of the Customer at Triad Airline 229
Preprocessing Text Data for Analysis 231
Movie Reviews 232
Computing Dissimilarity Between Documents 234
Word Clouds 234
Summary 235
Glossary 235
Problems 237
Case Problem 1: Big Ten Expansion 251
Case Problem 2: Know Thy Customer 251
Available in the MindTap Reader:
Appendix: Getting Started with Rattle in R
Appendix: k-Means Clustering with R
Appendix: Hierarchical Clustering with R
Appendix: Association Rules with R
Appendix: Text Mining with R
Appendix: R/Rattle Settings to Solve Chapter 5 Problems
Appendix: Opening and Saving Excel Files in JMP Pro
Appendix: Hierarchical Clustering with JMP Pro

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 Contents ix

Appendix: k-Means Clustering with JMP Pro

Appendix: Association Rules with JMP Pro
Appendix: Text Mining with JMP Pro
Appendix: JMP Pro Settings to Solve Chapter 5 Problems
Chapter 6 Statistical Inference 253
6.1 Selecting a Sample 256
Sampling from a Finite Population 256
Sampling from an Infinite Population 257
6.2 Point Estimation 260
Practical Advice 262
6.3 Sampling Distributions 262
Sampling Distribution of x 265
Sampling Distribution of p 270
6.4 Interval Estimation 273
Interval Estimation of the Population Mean 273
Interval Estimation of the Population Proportion 280
6.5 Hypothesis Tests 283
Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses 283
Type I and Type II Errors 286
Hypothesis Test of the Population Mean 287
Hypothesis Test of the Population Proportion 298
6.6  Big Data, Statistical Inference, and Practical Significance 301
Sampling Error 301
Nonsampling Error 302
Big Data 303
Understanding What Big Data Is 304
Big Data and Sampling Error 305
Big Data and the Precision of Confidence Intervals 306
Implications of Big Data for Confidence Intervals 307
Big Data, Hypothesis Testing, and p Values 308
Implications of Big Data in Hypothesis Testing 310
Summary 310
Glossary 311
Problems 314
Case Problem 1: Young Professional Magazine 324
Case Problem 2: Quality Associates, Inc. 325
Available in the MindTap Reader:
Appendix: Random Sampling with R
Appendix: Interval Estimation with R
Appendix: Hypothesis Testing with R
Chapter 7 Linear Regression 327
7.1 Simple Linear Regression Model 329
Regression Model 329
Estimated Regression Equation 329

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x Contents

7.2 Least Squares Method 331

Least Squares Estimates of the Regression Parameters 333
Using Excel’s Chart Tools to Compute the Estimated Regression
Equation 335
7.3 Assessing the Fit of the Simple Linear Regression Model 337
The Sums of Squares 337
The Coefficient of Determination 339
Using Excel’s Chart Tools to Compute the Coefficient
of Determination 340
7.4 The Multiple Regression Model 341
Regression Model 341
Estimated Multiple Regression Equation 341
Least Squares Method and Multiple Regression 342
Butler Trucking Company and Multiple Regression 342
Using Excel’s Regression Tool to Develop the Estimated ­Multiple
Regression Equation 343
7.5 Inference and Regression 346
Conditions Necessary for Valid Inference in the Least Squares
­Regression Model 347
Testing Individual Regression Parameters 351
Addressing Nonsignificant Independent Variables 354
Multicollinearity 355
7.6 Categorical Independent Variables 358
Butler Trucking Company and Rush Hour 358
Interpreting the Parameters 360
More Complex Categorical Variables 361
7.7 Modeling Nonlinear Relationships 363
Quadratic Regression Models 364
Piecewise Linear Regression Models 368
Interaction Between Independent Variables 370
7.8 Model Fitting 375
Variable Selection Procedures 375
Overfitting 376
7.9 Big Data and Regression 377
Inference and Very Large Samples 377
Model Selection 380
7.10 Prediction with Regression 382
Summary 384
Glossary 384
Problems 386
Case Problem 1: Alumni Giving 402
Case Problem 2: Consumer Research, Inc. 404
Case Problem 3: Predicting Winnings for NASCAR Drivers 405
Available in the MindTap Reader:
Appendix: Simple Linear Regression with R

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 Contents xi

Appendix: Multiple Linear Regression with R

Appendix: Regression Variable Selection Procedures with R

Chapter 8 Time Series Analysis and Forecasting 407

8.1 Time Series Patterns 410
Horizontal Pattern 410
Trend Pattern 412
Seasonal Pattern 413
Trend and Seasonal Pattern 414
Cyclical Pattern 417
Identifying Time Series Patterns 417
8.2 Forecast Accuracy 417
8.3 Moving Averages and Exponential Smoothing 421
Moving Averages 422
Exponential Smoothing 426
8.4 Using Regression Analysis for Forecasting 430
Linear Trend Projection 430
Seasonality Without Trend 432
Seasonality with Trend 433
Using Regression Analysis as a Causal Forecasting Method 436
Combining Causal Variables with Trend and Seasonality Effects 439
Considerations in Using Regression in Forecasting 440
8.5 Determining the Best Forecasting Model to Use 440
Summary 441
Glossary 441
Problems 442
Case Problem 1: Forecasting Food and ­Beverage Sales 450
Case Problem 2: Forecasting Lost Sales 450
Appendix: Using the Excel Forecast Sheet 452
Available in the MindTap Reader:
Appendix: Forecasting with R

Chapter 9 Predictive Data Mining 459

9.1 Data Sampling, Preparation, and Partitioning 461
Static Holdout Method 461
k-Fold Cross-Validation 462
Class Imbalanced Data 463
9.2 Performance Measures 464
Evaluating the Classification of Categorical Outcomes 464
Evaluating the Estimation of Continuous Outcomes 470
9.3 Logistic Regression 471
9.4 k-Nearest Neighbors 475
Classifying Categorical Outcomes with k-Nearest Neighbors 475
Estimating Continuous Outcomes with k-Nearest Neighbors 477

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xii Contents

9.5 Classification and Regression Trees 478

Classifying Categorical Outcomes with a Classification Tree 478
Estimating Continuous Outcomes with a Regression Tree 483
Ensemble Methods 485
Summary 489
Glossary 491
Problems 492
Case Problem: Grey Code Corporation 505
Available in the MindTap Reader:
Appendix: Classification via Logistic Regression with R
Appendix: k-Nearest Neighbor Classification with R
Appendix: k-Nearest Neighbor Regression with R
Appendix: Individual Classification Trees with R
Appendix: Individual Regression Trees with R
Appendix: Random Forests of Classification Trees with R
Appendix: Random Forests of Regression Trees with R
Appendix: R/Rattle Settings to Solve Chapter 9 Problems
Appendix: Data Partitioning with JMP Pro
Appendix: Classification via Logistic Regression with JMP Pro
Appendix: k-Nearest Neighbors Classification and Regression with JMP Pro
Appendix: Individual Classification and Regression Trees with JMP Pro
Appendix: Random Forests of Classification or Regression Trees with JMP Pro
Appendix: JMP Pro Settings to Solve Chapter 9 Problems

Chapter 10 Spreadsheet Models 509

10.1 Building Good Spreadsheet Models 511
Influence Diagrams 511
Building a Mathematical Model 511
Spreadsheet Design and Implementing the Model in a
Spreadsheet 513
10.2 What-If Analysis 516
Data Tables 516
Goal Seek 518
Scenario Manager 520
10.3 Some Useful Excel Functions for Modeling 525
SUM and SUMPRODUCT 526
IF and COUNTIF 528
VLOOKUP 530
10.4 Auditing Spreadsheet Models 532
Trace Precedents and Dependents 532
Show Formulas 532
Evaluate Formulas 534
Error Checking 534
Watch Window 535

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 Contents xiii

10.5  Predictive and Prescriptive Spreadsheet Models 536

Summary 537
Glossary 537
Problems 538
Case Problem: Retirement Plan 544

Chapter 11 Monte Carlo Simulation 547

11.1 Risk Analysis for Sanotronics LLC 549
Base-Case Scenario 549
Worst-Case Scenario 550
Best-Case Scenario 550
Sanotronics Spreadsheet Model 550
Use of Probability Distributions to Represent Random
Variables 551
Generating Values for Random Variables with Excel 553
Executing Simulation Trials with Excel 557
Measuring and Analyzing Simulation Output 557
11.2 Inventory Policy Analysis for Promus Corp 561
Spreadsheet Model for Promus 562
Generating Values for Promus Corp’s Demand 563
Executing Simulation Trials and Analyzing Output 565
11.3 Simulation Modeling for Land Shark Inc. 568
Spreadsheet Model for Land Shark 569
Generating Values for Land Shark’s Random Variables 570
Executing Simulation Trials and Analyzing Output 572
Generating Bid Amounts with Fitted Distributions 575
11.4 Simulation with Dependent Random Variables 580
Spreadsheet Model for Press Teag Worldwide 580
11.5 Simulation Considerations 585
Verification and Validation 585
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Simulation 585
Summary 586
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Simulation Analysis 586
Glossary 587
Problems 587
Case Problem: Four Corners 600
Appendix: Common Probability Distributions for Simulation 602

Chapter 12 Linear Optimization Models 609

12.1 A Simple Maximization Problem 611
Problem Formulation 612
Mathematical Model for the Par, Inc. Problem 614
12.2 Solving the Par, Inc. Problem 614
The Geometry of the Par, Inc. Problem 615
Solving Linear Programs with Excel Solver 617

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xiv Contents

12.3 A Simple Minimization Problem 621

Problem Formulation 621
Solution for the M&D Chemicals Problem 621
12.4 Special Cases of Linear Program Outcomes 623
Alternative Optimal Solutions 624
Infeasibility 625
Unbounded 626
12.5 Sensitivity Analysis 628
Interpreting Excel Solver Sensitivity Report 628
12.6 General Linear Programming Notation and More Examples 630
Investment Portfolio Selection 631
Transportation Planning 633
Maximizing Banner Ad Revenue 637
12.7  Generating an Alternative Optimal Solution for a Linear Program 642
Summary 644
Glossary 645
Problems 646
Case Problem: Investment Strategy 660

Chapter 13 Integer Linear ­Optimization Models 663

13.1 Types of Integer Linear Optimization Models 664
13.2 Eastborne Realty, an Example of Integer Optimization 665
The Geometry of Linear All-Integer Optimization 666
13.3  Solving Integer Optimization Problems with Excel Solver 668
A Cautionary Note About Sensitivity Analysis 671
13.4 Applications Involving Binary Variables 673
Capital Budgeting 673
Fixed Cost 675
Bank Location 678
Product Design and Market Share Optimization 680
13.5 Modeling Flexibility Provided by Binary Variables 683
Multiple-Choice and Mutually Exclusive Constraints 683
k Out of n Alternatives Constraint 684
Conditional and Corequisite Constraints 684
13.6 Generating Alternatives in Binary Optimization 685
Summary 687
Glossary 688
Problems 689
Case Problem: Applecore Children’s Clothing 701

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Optimization Models 703

14.1 A Production Application: Par, Inc. Revisited 704
An Unconstrained Problem 704
A Constrained Problem 705
Solving Nonlinear Optimization Models Using Excel Solver 707
Sensitivity Analysis and Shadow Prices in Nonlinear Models 708

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 Contents xv

14.2 Local and Global Optima 709

Overcoming Local Optima with Excel Solver 712
14.3 A Location Problem 714
14.4 Markowitz Portfolio Model 715
14.5 Adoption of a New Product: The Bass Forecasting Model 720
Summary 723
Glossary 724
Problems 724
Case Problem: Portfolio Optimization with Transaction Costs 732
Chapter 15 Decision Analysis 737
15.1 Problem Formulation 739
Payoff Tables 740
Decision Trees 740
15.2 Decision Analysis Without Probabilities 741
Optimistic Approach 741
Conservative Approach 742
Minimax Regret Approach 742
15.3 Decision Analysis with Probabilities 744
Expected Value Approach 744
Risk Analysis 746
Sensitivity Analysis 747
15.4 Decision Analysis with Sample Information 748
Expected Value of Sample Information 753
Expected Value of Perfect Information 753
15.5 Computing Branch Probabilities with Bayes’ Theorem 754
15.6 Utility Theory 757
Utility and Decision Analysis 758
Utility Functions 762
Exponential Utility Function 765
Summary 767
Glossary 767
Problems 769
Case Problem: Property Purchase Strategy 780

 ulti-Chapter Case ProblemS  

M
      Capital State University ­Game-Day Magazines 783
Hanover Inc. 785
           
Appendix A  Basics of Excel 787
Appendix B  Database Basics with Microsoft Access 799
Appendix C  Solutions to Even-Numbered Problems (MindTap Reader)
References 837
Index 839

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 About the Authors
Jeffrey D. Camm. is the Inmar Presidential Chair and Associate Dean of Business Analyt-
ics in the School of Business at Wake Forest University. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, he holds
a B.S. from Xavier University (Ohio) and a Ph.D. from Clemson University. Prior to joining
the faculty at Wake Forest, he was on the faculty of the University of Cincinnati. He has also
been a visiting scholar at Stanford University and a visiting professor of business adminis-
tration at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College.
Dr. Camm has published over 40 papers in the general area of optimization applied
to problems in operations management and marketing. He has published his research in
Science, Management Science, Operations Research, Interfaces, and other professional
journals. Dr. Camm was named the Dornoff Fellow of Teaching Excellence at the University
of Cincinnati and he was the 2006 recipient of the INFORMS Prize for the Teaching of
Operations Research Practice. A firm believer in practicing what he preaches, he has served
as an operations research consultant to numerous companies and government agencies. From
2005 to 2010 he served as editor-in-chief of Interfaces. In 2016, Professor Camm received
the George E. Kimball Medal for service to the operations research profession, and in 2017
he was named an INFORMS Fellow.

James J. Cochran. James J. Cochran is Associate Dean for Research, Professor of Applied
Statistics and the Rogers-Spivey Faculty Fellow at The University of Alabama. Born in Day-
ton, Ohio, he earned his B.S., M.S., and M.B.A. from Wright State University and his Ph.D.
from the University of Cincinnati. He has been at The University of Alabama since 2014 and
has been a visiting scholar at Stanford University, Universidad de Talca, the University of
South Africa and Pole Universitaire Leonard de Vinci.
Dr. Cochran has published more than 40 papers in the development and application of
operations research and statistical methods. He has published in several journals, including
Management Science, The American Statistician, Communications in Statistics—Theory
and Methods, Annals of Operations Research, European Journal of Operational Research,
Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, Interfaces, and Statistics and Probability Letters. He
received the 2008 INFORMS Prize for the Teaching of Operations Research Practice, 2010
Mu Sigma Rho Statistical Education Award and 2016 Waller Distinguished Teaching Career
Award from the American Statistical Association. Dr. Cochran was elected to the International
Statistics Institute in 2005, named a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2011,
and named a Fellow of INFORMS in 2017. He also received the Founders Award in 2014 and
the Karl E. Peace Award in 2015 from the American Statistical Association, and he received
the INFORMS President’s Award in 2019.
A strong advocate for effective operations research and statistics education as a means
of improving the quality of applications to real problems, Dr. Cochran has chaired teaching
effectiveness workshops around the globe. He has served as an operations research consultant
to numerous companies and not-for-profit organizations. He served as editor-in-chief of
INFORMS Transactions on Education and is on the editorial board of INFORMS Journal
of Applied Analytics, International Transactions in Operational Research, and Significance.

Michael J. Fry. Michael J. Fry is Professor of Operations, Business Analytics, and Infor-
mation Systems (OBAIS) and Academic Director of the Center for Business Analytics in
the Carl H. Lindner College of Business at the University of Cincinnati. Born in Killeen,
Texas, he earned a B.S. from Texas A&M University, and M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees from
the University of Michigan. He has been at the University of Cincinnati since 2002, where
he served as Department Head from 2014 to 2018 and has been named a Lindner Research
Fellow. He has also been a visiting professor at Cornell University and at the ­University of
British Columbia.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xviii About the Authors

Professor Fry has published more than 25 research papers in journals such as Operations
Research, Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, Transportation Science, Naval
Research Logistics, IIE Transactions, Critical Care Medicine, and Interfaces. He serves on
editorial boards for journals such as Production and Operations Management, INFORMS
Journal of Applied Analytics (formerly Interfaces), and Journal of Quantitative Analysis in
Sports. His research interests are in applying analytics to the areas of supply chain manage-
ment, sports, and public-policy operations. He has worked with many different organizations
for his research, including Dell, Inc., Starbucks Coffee Company, Great American Insurance
Group, the Cincinnati Fire Department, the State of Ohio Election Commission, the Cincin-
nati Bengals, and the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Gardens. In 2008, he was named a finalist
for the Daniel H. Wagner Prize for Excellence in Operations Research Practice, and he has
been recognized for both his research and teaching excellence at the University of Cincinnati.
In 2019, he led the team that was awarded the INFORMS UPS George D. Smith Prize on
behalf of the OBAIS Department at the University of Cincinnati.

Jeffrey W. Ohlmann. Jeffrey W. Ohlmann is Associate Professor of Business Analytics

and Huneke Research Fellow in the Tippie College of Business at the University of Iowa.
Born in Valentine, Nebraska, he earned a B.S. from the University of Nebraska, and M.S.
and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Michigan. He has been at the University of Iowa
since 2003.
Professor Ohlmann’s research on the modeling and solution of decision-making prob-
lems has produced more than two dozen research papers in journals such as Operations
Research, Mathematics of Operations Research, INFORMS Journal on Computing, Trans-
portation Science, and the European Journal of Operational Research. He has collaborated
with companies such as Transfreight, LeanCor, Cargill, the Hamilton County Board of Elec-
tions, and three National Football League franchises. Because of the relevance of his work
to industry, he was bestowed the George B. Dantzig Dissertation Award and was recognized
as a finalist for the Daniel H. Wagner Prize for Excellence in Operations Research Practice.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface
B usiness Analytics 4E is designed to introduce the concept of business analytics to under-
graduate and graduate students. This edition builds upon what was one of the first collec-
tions of materials that are essential to the growing field of business analytics. In Chapter 1, we
present an overview of business analytics and our approach to the material in this textbook. In
simple terms, business analytics helps business professionals make better decisions based on
data. We discuss models for summarizing, visualizing, and understanding useful information
from historical data in Chapters 2 through 6. Chapters 7 through 9 introduce methods for both
gaining insights from historical data and predicting possible future outcomes. C ­ hapter 10 cov-
ers the use of spreadsheets for examining data and building decision models. In Chapter 11,
we demonstrate how to explicitly introduce uncertainty into spreadsheet models through the
use of Monte Carlo simulation. In Chapters 12 through 14, we discuss optimization models
to help decision makers choose the best decision based on the available data. Chapter 15 is an
overview of decision analysis approaches for incorporating a decision maker’s views about
risk into decision making. In Appendix A we present optional material for students who need
to learn the basics of using Microsoft Excel. The use of databases and manipulating data in
Microsoft Access is discussed in Appendix B. Appendixes in many chapters illustrate the
use of additional software tools such as R, JMP Pro and Tableau to apply analytics methods.
This textbook can be used by students who have previously taken a course on basic
statistical methods as well as students who have not had a prior course in statistics. Business
Analytics 4E is also amenable to a two-course sequence in business statistics and analytics.
All statistical concepts contained in this textbook are presented from a business analytics
perspective using practical business examples. Chapters 2, 4, 6, and 7 provide an intro-
duction to basic statistical concepts that form the foundation for more advanced analytics
methods. Chapters 3, 5, and 9 cover additional topics of data visualization and data mining
that are not traditionally part of most introductory business statistics courses, but they are
exceedingly important and commonly used in current business environments. Chapter 10
and Appendix A provide the foundational knowledge students need to use Microsoft Excel
for analytics applications. Chapters 11 through 15 build upon this spreadsheet knowledge
to present additional topics that are used by many organizations that are leaders in the use
of prescriptive analytics to improve decision making.

Updates in the Fourth Edition

The fourth edition of Business Analytics is a major revision. We have added online appen-
dixes for many topics in Chapters 1 through 9 that introduce the use of R, the exceptionally
popular open-source software for analytics. Business Analytics 4E also includes an appendix
to Chapter 3 introducing the powerful data visualization software Tableau. We have further
enhanced our data mining chapters to allow instructors to choose their preferred means of
teaching this material in terms of software usage. We have expanded the number of concep-
tual homework problems in both Chapters 5 and 9 to increase the number of opportunities
for students learn about data mining and solve problems without the use of data mining soft-
ware. Additionally, we now include online appendixes on using JMP Pro and R for teaching
data mining so that instructors can choose their favored way of teaching this material. Other
changes in this edition include an expanded discussion of binary variables for integer optimi-
zation in Chapter 13, an additional example in Chapter 11 for Monte Carlo simulation, and
new and revised homework problems and cases.
●● Tableau Appendix for Data Visualization. Chapter 3 now includes a new appendix
that introduces the use of the software Tableau for data visualization. Tableau is a very
powerful software for creating meaningful data visualizations that can be used to dis-
play, and to analyze, data. The appendix includes step-by-step directions for generating
many of the charts used in Chapters 2 and 3 in Tableau.

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xx Preface

●● Incorporation of R. R is an exceptionally powerful open-source software that is

widely used for a variety of statistical and analytics methods. We now include online
appendixes that introduce the use of R for many of the topics covered in Chapters 1
through 9, including data visualization and data mining. These appendixes include
­step-by-step directions for using R to implement the methods described in these chap-
ters. To facilitate the use of R, we introduce RStudio, an open-source integrated devel-
opment environment (IDE) that provides a menu-driven interface for R. For Chapters 5
and 9 that cover data mining, we introduce the use of Rattle, a library package provid-
ing a graphical-user interface for R specifically tailored for data mining functionality.
The use of RStudio and Rattle eases the learning curve of using R so that students can
focus on learning the methods and interpreting the output.
●● Updates for Data Mining Chapters. Chapters 5 and 9 have received extensive
updates. We have moved the Descriptive Data Mining chapter to Chapter 5 so that it is
located after our chapter on Probability. This allows us to use probability concepts such
as conditional probability to explain association rule measures. Additional content on
text mining and further discussion of ways to measure distance between observations
have been added to a reorganized Descriptive Data Mining chapter. Descriptions of
cross-validation approaches, methods of addressing class imbalanced data, and out-
of-bag estimation in ensemble methods have been added to Chapter 9 on Predictive
Data Mining. The end-of-chapter problems in Chapters 5 and 9 have been revised
and generalized to accommodate the use of a wide range of data mining software. To
allow instructors to choose different software for use with these chapters, we have
created online appendixes for both JMP Pro and R. JMP has introduced a new version
of its software (JMP Pro 14) since the previous edition of this textbook, so we have
updated our JMP Pro output and step-by-step instructions to reflect changes in this soft-
ware. We have also written online appendixes for Chapters 5 and 9 that use R and the
­graphical-user interface Rattle to introduce topics from these chapters to students. The
use of Rattle removes some of the more difficult line-by-line coding in R to perform
many common data mining techniques so that students can concentrate on learning
the methods rather than coding syntax. For some data mining techniques that are not
available in Rattle, we show how to accomplish these methods using R code. And for
all of our textbook examples, we include the exact R code that can be used to solve
the examples. We have also added homework problems to Chapters 5 and 9 that can
be solved without using any specialized software. This allows instructors to cover the
basics of data mining without introducing any additional software. The online appen-
dixes for Chapters 5 and 9 also include JMP Pro and R specific instructions for how to
solve the end-of-chapter problems and cases using JMP Pro and R. Problem and case
solutions using both JMP Pro and R are also available to instructors.
●● Additional Simulation Model Example. We have added an additional example of a
simulation model in Chapter 11. This new example helps bridge the gap in the difficultly
levels of the previous examples. The new example also gives students additional informa-
tion on how to build and interpret simulation models.
●● New Cases. Business Analytics 4E includes nine new end-of-chapter cases that allow
students to work on more extensive problems related to the chapter material and work with
larger data sets. We have also written two new cases that require the use of material from
multiple chapters. This helps students understand the connections between the material
in different chapters and is more representative of analytics projects in practice where the
methods used are often not limited to a single type.
●● Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Analytics and Big Data. Chapter 1 now includes a
section that discusses legal and ethical issues related to analytics and the use of big data.
This section discusses legal issues related to the protection of data as well as ethical issues
related to the misuse and unintended consequences of analytics applications.

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface xxi

●● New End-of-Chapter Problems. The fourth edition of this textbook includes more
than 20 new problems. We have also revised many of the existing problems to update
and improve clarity. Each end-of-chapter problem now also includes a short header to
make the application of the exercise more clear. As we have done in past editions, Excel
solution files are available to instructors for problems that require the use of Excel. For
problems that require the use of software in the data-mining chapters (Chapters 5 and 9),
we include solutions for both JMP Pro and R/Rattle.

Continued Features and Pedagogy

In the fourth edition of this textbook, we continue to offer all of the features that have been
successful in the first two editions. Some of the specific features that we use in this textbook
are listed below.
●● Integration of Microsoft Excel: Excel has been thoroughly integrated throughout
this textbook. For many methodologies, we provide instructions for how to perform
calculations both by hand and with Excel. In other cases where realistic models are
practical only with the use of a spreadsheet, we focus on the use of Excel to describe
the methods to be used.
●● Notes and Comments: At the end of many sections, we provide Notes and Comments
to give the student additional insights about the methods presented in that section.
These insights include comments on the limitations of the presented methods, recom-
mendations for applications, and other matters. Additionally, margin notes are used
throughout the textbook to provide additional insights and tips related to the specific
material being discussed.
●● Analytics in Action: Each chapter contains an Analytics in Action article. Several of
these have been updated and replaced for the fourth edition. These articles present inter-
esting examples of the use of business analytics in practice. The examples are drawn
from many different organizations in a variety of areas including healthcare, finance,
manufacturing, marketing, and others.
●● DATAfiles and MODELfiles: All data sets used as examples and in student exercises
are also provided online on the companion site as files available for download by the
student. DATAfiles are Excel files (or .csv files for easy import into JMP Pro and
R/Rattle) that contain data needed for the examples and problems given in the text-
book. MODELfiles contain additional modeling features such as extensive use of
Excel formulas or the use of Excel Solver, JMP Pro, or R.
●● Problems and Cases: With the exception of Chapter 1, each chapter contains an exten-
sive selection of problems to help the student master the material presented in that
chapter. The problems vary in difficulty and most relate to specific examples of the use
of business analytics in practice. Answers to even-numbered problems are provided in
an online supplement for student access. With the exception of Chapter 1, each chapter
also includes at least one in-depth case study that connects many of the different meth-
ods introduced in the chapter. The case studies are designed to be more open-ended than
the chapter problems, but enough detail is provided to give the student some direction
in solving the cases. New to the fourth edition is the inclusion of two cases that require
the use of material from multiple chapters in the text to better illustrate how concepts
from different chapters relate to each other.

MindTap
MindTap is a customizable digital course solution that includes an interactive eBook, au-
tograded exercises from the textbook, algorithmic practice problems with solutions feed-
back, Exploring Analytics visualizations, Adaptive Test Prep, and more! MindTap is also

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
accidental, since it is not repeated in }. 17 or J. 21. 18. The reading
of the deleted letter transcribed as H is rather doubtful. There is no
support for it in the MSS. [1 read as H,] the second of the two points
is effaced; [or regarding the second point as preserved, ‘I’ might be
read]. 22. For the overwritten ν of ATTHTTEIAEN cf. KEAEYOYCIN in
the following line, and l. 9, note. Bekk. reads ἀπήγγειλεν (and
κελεύουσιν) with the MSS., which give no support to the variant
ATTHTTEAAE(N). of Λακεδαιμόνιοι, MSS., Bekk. 29. The original
omission of THN HMEPAN ΚΑΙ (MSS., Bekk.) after TAYTHN was
apparently due to the repetition of THN. The mistake has been
partially rectified by the insertion of ΚΑΙ, though with this reading
ταύτην must refer to νύκτα. It is noticeable that the following words
καὶ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν νύκτα are omitted in K. | 36. AIEAOCAN:: so KN;
ἐδίδοσαν, di; διεδίδοσαν, Bekk. 42. OTTAEITAI: cf. MEIKPON, I. 165.
43. Ol, here inserted above the line, is read by Bekk. with most MSS.
(om. Qe). Its omission after TETPAKOCIO! would be peculiarly easy.
III. 1. CTAAIA is read by Bekk. with the MSS. The variant CTAAAIA
may be right. The forms στάδιος, σταδαῖος and σταδιαῖος are
frequently confused in MSS.
 44 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI _ 3. ANAPEC EN: so f;
ἄνδρες of ἐν, Bekk. with the other MSS. ’ The accidental omission
before MAXHC of the words ἐπολιορκήθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς γαυμαχίαφ
μέχρι τῆς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ Was Of course due to the recurrence of EN
THI NHC@I]. The missing words were subsequently written by the
second hand in the margin at the top of the column, and indicated
by the curved mark to the left of the line and by the word avyw
placed over the point where the omission occurred. 5. EIKOCI:
εἴκοσιν, Bekk. with MSS.; cf. |. 21. 6. The O of ΟἹ was converted
from another letter, perhaps A. 4. ATTHIECAN is the reading of the
MSS. and Bekk.; the variant ATTHICAN is a preferable spelling.
[ἀπῆσαν, Cobet. | 8. ΔΕ: the addition of € brings the papyrus into
agreement with the MSS. and Bekk. 9. ΛΑΘΡΑΙ : λάθρα, MSS., Bekk.
10. CITOC TIC ΕΝ: rie ἐν: MSS., Bekk. The loss of TIC after -TOC
would be easy. | 11. ENKATEAHOOH : the v./. here agrees with the
reading of FHINbde, which is followed by Bekk.; ἐγκατελείφθη vulg.
12. ΕΠΙΤΑΔΗΟ : ’Emradas, Bekk. with MSS. 14. For the added final ν
cf. II. 9, note. 16. Ol is read by Bekk. with the MSS. 21. EIKOCI:
εἴκοσιν, MSS., Bekk.; cf. 1. 5. 26. EAAHCIN: v has been added above
the line as in |. 14, etc. 38. ΤΕΘΝΕΩ]ΤΕΟ : the papyrus may of
course have read TEONHKOTEC with Q. 39. There would be room in
the lacuna for KAAO! ΚΑΙ ΑΓΑΘΟΙ, the reading of FHQf. 40. HCJAN:
the traces of the letter before N suit A better than €, and so HCAN is
preferable to EIEN. The papyrus stands alone in (apparently) reading
the verb. 49. The column contained one more line after this one.
XVII. Tuucypives II. 7-8. 7X53 om. Fragment containing part of
Thucydides ii. 7-8, written in a small upright uncial of the second or
third century. Collated with Hude’s text, the only variant is χωρία
μᾶλλον for μᾶλλον χωρία. [Ol ΔΕ THN ΤΊΕ YTI[APXOYCAN ΦΙΛΙΑ
TAYT [E]IH [BEBAIWC TIE [EYJMMAXIAN €[ZHTAZON PI= THIN
TTEAOTIONNHCON KA [KAI] EC TA ΠΕΡῚ TIEA[OTIONNHCON = 10
TATIOAE[MHCONTEC OAITON XWPIA MAAAON €[TIPECBEYON TE
EM[ENOOYN OYAEN AMPOTE 5 TO KEPKYPAN KA[I ΚΕΦΑΛΛΗ PO!
[AAA EPPWNTO EC TON TIO NIAN ΚΑΙ AKAP[NANAC ΚΑΙ ZA
AEM[ON KYNGON: OP@N[TEC Εἰ ΟΦΙΟΙ XVIII. HeEropotus I. 105-6.
18-2 Χ 8-7 cm. Fragment containing part of Herodotus i. 105-6,
written in a good-sized round formal uncial resembling the
handwriting of the great biblical codices. We
 FRAGMENTS OF EXTANT CLASSICAL AUTHORS 45 should
assign the fragment to the third century. Both this and the next
papyrus support the manuscript tradition in essentials, but show a
few variations in the dialectic forms of words. A very deep margin is
left at the bottom of the column. "EN K[YTIP® IPON ENTEY CON
WCTE AMA AE[FOYCI TE ΘΕΝ E[TENETO WC AYTO! KY ΟἹ CKYOAI
AIA TOYT[O CHEAC TIPIO! [AEFOYCI ΚΑΙ TO ΕΝ NOCEEIN KAI
OPA[N ΠᾺΡ ΕΥ̓ KYOH[POIC! POINIKEC Εἰ 15 TOIC! TOYC
ATTIKN[EOME 5 Cl Ol IAPY[CAMENO! EK TAY ~ ΝΟΥΌ ΕΟ THN
CKYO[IKHN THC THC C[YPIAC EONTEC ΤΟΙ ΧΩΡΗΝ W[C]
AIAK[EATA] TOYC Cl AE TWN C[KYOEWN CY KAAEOYCI ENAPEA[C]
ΟἹ CKY AHCAC! T[O IPON TO EN ACKA ΘΑΙ ETT! MEN NYN OKT@
AWNI ΚΑ[Ὶ TOIC] TOYTWN 20 ΚΑΙ EIKOCI ETEA H[P]XON TH[C 10
AIE[] EKFO]NOIC[] ENECKH ACIHC ΟἹ ΟΙΚΎ]ΘΑΙ KAI TA TIAN YEN
H O[E]OC OH[AJE[AN NOY TA COIN [YTI]O TE YBPIOC Collated with
the text of Stein the variants are 1 [ἐντεῦ]θεν for ἐνθεῦτεν ; τὶ
ἐνέσκηψεν ἡ for ἐνέσκηψε 6; 22 σφιν for σφι. XIX. HeEropotus I. 76.
12:5 Χϑ cm. Fragment containing on the recéo eight incomplete lines
of a second century cursive document, on the verso part of
Herodotus i. 76, written in a rather small square uncial of the second
or third century. The writing towards the ends of lines is often much
effaced. The stops seem to have been put in later. KYPOC ΔΕ
ATEIPAC TON EWYTOY CTPA TON KAI TTAPAAABWN TOYC META=Y
OIKEONTA[C] TIANTAC HNTIOYTO KO KPOICW TIPIN ΔΕ
EZEAAYNEIN OP 5 MHCAI TON CTPATON TIEMYAC KHPY KAC €C
TOYC IWNAC EIMTE[I]PATO C[EAC _ATIO KPOICOY ATTICTAN[AI
I]GON[EC : MEN ΝΥΝ ΟΥ̓Κ ΕΠΕΙΘΟΝΤΟ᾽ KY[POC ΔΕ WC ΑΦΙΚΕΤΟ
ΚΑΙ ANTECTPATO[TTEAEY 10 CATO KPOICG ΕΝΤΑΥΘΑ [EN T]H
TITEPI[HI ΧΩΡΗΙ EMEIPEONTO KATA TO ICXYPON AAAHAGON*
MAXHC [ΔΕ KAP]T[EP]HC FENOMENHC KAI [TIECONTWN ΠΟΛ AWN
AMPOTEPWON [TEAOC OYAETEPOI
 46 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI 15 NIKHCANTEC
AIE[CTHCAN NYKTOC E[TI]EAQOYCHC: KAI [ 4. The meaning of the
insertion over the line at the end in a different hand is obscure. ἐσ
might be read in place of x. 9. ΑΦΙΚΕΤΟ : ἀπίκετο S(tein). 1ο.
ENTAYOA: ἐνθαῦτα S.; cf. xviii. 1, [ἐντεῦ]θεν. 11. ETTEIPEONTO:
ἐπειρῶντο S. 14. ἀμφοτέρων πολλῶν S. XX. Homer, Iviap Il. 730-
828. Plate V. Twelve fragments, the largest measuring 14-5 x 8cm.,
from a papyrus containing the second book of the Iliad. Parts of four
columns are preserved, written in a large upright calligraphic uncial.
On the verso are some accounts in a cursive hand of the late second
or early third century (v. Plate V). The Homer on the vecfo we
should assign to the second century. The text agrees in the main
with the vulgate, but there are some variations, including the
insertion of a new line (in this position). This shows the influence of
the Ptolemaic manuscripts of Homer, most of which have a number
of additional lines (cf. G.P. II. iv. pp. 12-13). There are no stops,
breathings, elision-marks, accents, or iotas adscript. We give a
collation with La Roche's text. Col. I. 730-754. Three fragments (a),
(4), and (c), containing parts of 730-736 and 745-754748. JKAl AEK[
Pap., where the MSS. have καὶ εἴκοσι. 51. ΕΡΓ ENEM[ONTO: so the
MSS. ἔργα νέμοντο La R. 754. ΕΠΊΡΡΕΙ : ἐπιρρέει La R. Col. 11. 755-
779. Two fragments (4) and (e), containing parts of 769-779.
Fragment (d@) is facsimiled in Plate V. 742. TIOME[NI: a mistake for
ποιμένι. Col. IIL 780-803. Four fragments (/), (g), (4), (ἢ. The verso
of (g) is facsimiled. 793. AJNAKTOC: La R. with MSS. γέροντος. 795.
ΟἸΦΙΝ EEICA[: a mistake for μιν. 796. EICIN: εἰσί La R. 497. WC TE
ΠΟΤ ΕΠ: ὥς mor’ La R. with MSS. 798. After this the papyrus adds
the line ENOA IAON TI[AEICTOYC PYTAC A]NEPAC
AIO[AOTTWAOYC, cf. Book III. 184-5, where this line follows ἤδη καὶ
Φρυγίην εἰσήλυθον ἀμπελόεσσαν. The resemblance between II. 798
and III. 184 accounts for the insertion of III. 185 in the present
passage. 800. AEIHN for λίην. 801. ΠΕΡῚ A[CTY: sothe MSS. La R.
adopts the Aristarchean reading TTPOTI. 802. WAE AE: δδέγε La α
The MSS. are divided on the point. 803. FAP TI[POTI?: La R. with
the MSS. xara. Col. IV. 804-828. Four fragments (g), (4), (2), (σι),
containing parts of 804-810 and 815-828. Fragment (7) is facsimiled.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 46.19%
accurate

PLaTE V NUON FAQQCCAITOAYCTTEPCL Τί OCAN HICH

LULAINC TOOK: egg ἧς ake ὌΝ τὰ ᾿ ᾿ Ἰ τ... τὰ ‘eee στ eee , ΡΝ oe 4
, ney ya, ΄ % τ ye - τ ἷ " i ate ee Fag nee ΩΣ Νο. ΧΧ
 FRAGMENTS OF EXTANT CLASSICAL: AUTHORS 47 805.
TTICIN EKACTOC: a mistake for TOICIN. 823. APXEJAOXOC
AK[AMAC : La R. with the MSS. ᾿Αρχέλοχός 1 τ᾽. 825. ΠΕΙΝΙΟΝΤΕΟ :
πίνοντες La R. X XI. Homer, [πμπὰ}0 II. 745-764. 20X14-7 cm.
Homer’s /ijad, II. 745-764, written in a large round upright hand of
the first or second century. The apostrophes marking elision are by
the first hand ; the accents, breathings, stops, and marks of quantity
may possibly have also been inserted by the first hand, but more
probably they are due to the person who has added some
corrections in cursive. The text is the vulgate. Al for € is found in 5
BUSS ΝΣ 1ο 20 XXII. OYK O10C AMA τωι! Fe AEONTEY[C OZOC
APHOC YIOC YTIEPEYMOIO KOPWNOY K[AINEIAAO TOIC A AMA
TECCAPAKONTA MEAA[INAI NHEC €ETTONTO FOYNEYC A’ EK
ΚΥΦΟΥ HE AYW [KAI EIKOCI NHAC TW! A AINTEJIHNEC~
ETTONTO* MENETI[TOAEMO! TE TIEPAIBO! é [O]! ΠΕΡΙ AWAWNHN
AYCXIMEPON O[IKI EBENTO [O]! T AM® IMEPTON TITAPHCION
ἐργί ENEMONTO [O]C P* EC TIHNEION TIPOIE! KAAAIPOO[N YAWP
[o]va 0 re ΠΗΝΕΙΩ͂Ι CYLMIMICrETAL A[PrYPOAINHI [AAJA fi TE MIN
KAOYTIEPOEN ETTIPEE[I HYT EAAION [OP]KOY FAP AEINOY
CTYFOC ὕδατος [ECTIN ATTOPPWE [MJATNHTWN A HPXE
TIPOGOOC TEN[OPHAONOC Υἱὸς [Ol] ΠΕΡΙ TIHNEION ΚΑΙ ΠΉΛΙΟΝ
EINO[CI>YAAON [N]JAIECKON TWN MEN TIPO@OOC G00C
H[PEMONEYE [T]W! Δ AMA TECCAPAKONTA MEAAINAI [NHEC
€TTONTO [O]YTO! AP HTEMONEC AANAG)N KAI KO[IPANO! HCAN
[τ]. TAP TWN Ox’ APICTOC €HN: CY MO! EN[NETIE MOYCA
[A]YT@N HA ΙΠΠΩΝ ΟἹ kn ATPEIAHICIN [ETTIONTO Π͵ῚΠΤΠΟΙ
MEN MEL’ ἄρισται ECAN SHPATI[AAAO TAC EYMHAOC ἔλαυνε
TIOAWKEAC OPN[IOAC WC SopHoc ies, Ocdipus Tyrannus 375-385
and 429-441. 8 X 9-3 cm. Part of a leaf out of a papyrus book, the
verso having lines 375-385 of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus, the
recto lines 429-441, in both cases nearly complete. The dimensions
of the pages and the arrangement of the columns in this
 48 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI MS. are uncertain. If there
was another column on the verso after 375-385, there must have
been another column on the vecto before 429-441, and then each
column would not have contained more than eighteen lines on an
average. Assuming that the margin at the bottom was about the
same as the margin at the top, this would give a page of about 14x
22cm., which is an unlikely size. It is more probable that there was
no column on the verso after 375-385. This would give a column of
fifty-four lines, and a page nearly 35cm. high by 22cm. broad, if a
column is lost on the verso before 375-385, or by 11cm. broad if
there was only one column ona page. The fragment cannot be part
of an opisthographic roll, since the writing on the verso precedes
that on the recto. The verso (as in the case of the ‘ Logia’ fragment)
is numbered at the top pi[. The volume, therefore, even if it ended
with the Oedipus Tyrannus, certainly consisted of 130 pages, and
must have contained considerably more than this play. The papyrus
is written in a small, round, upright, formal uncial of about the fifth
century, and is thus about six centuries older than the oldest
manuscript of Sophocles. The manuscript has been corrected in
several places, though not always where it ought to have been, by a
contemporary who wrote a less literary hand ; but the original
readings are often not erased. In two cases (378, 430) the reading
of the corrector is between dots, as in the Thucydides papyrus (xvi);
and here too the corrector not improbably intended his reading to be
only an alternative, not necessarily a correction. Marks of elision are
generally used, and except in 434 (v. note ad /oc.) are by the first
hand. The accents, breathings, stops, and marks of quantity, which
occasionally occur, are apparently due to the .corrector. The
paragrapht marking a change of speaker were probably inserted by
the original scribe. The variants of the papyrus, which are nearly all
of considerable interest, are discussed in the notes. The ink used by
the scribe and corrector is of the brown colour which came into
common use in the Byzantine period; cf. e.g. the Geneva papyrus of
Menander’s Γεωργός. It has faded considerably in some parts,
especially on the verso. The number at the top of the verso (which is
by a third hand) is written in black ink. Verso. : ,. ριί 375 [MHT
A]JAAON OCTIC WC OPA ΒΛΕΨΑΙ ΠΟΤ᾽ ΑΝ’ [OY FAP] ME MOIPA
TIPOC ΓΕ COY TIECEIN ΕΠΕΙ Vv [IKANOC] ATTOAAWN ὧι TAA’
EKTIPAZAl MEAEL: ’ "Το. ri [KPEONTO]C A COY TAYTA
TAZ€YPHMATA
 FRAGMENTS OF EXTANT CLASSICAL AUTHORS 49 [KPEWN
ΔΕ] CO! TIHM’ OYAEN: AAA’ AYTOC CY COl380 [ὦ TTAOYTE] KA!
TIYPANNI ΚΑΙ Τέχνη TEXNHC [YTIEPEPO]YCA TW TIOAYZHAW BIW
ν [OCOC ΠΑΡ᾽ YJMIN Ο ΦΘΟΝΟΟ ΦΥΛΑΟΟΕΤΑΙ [ΕἸ THCAE Γ᾽
AP]XHC OYNEK’ AN EMO! TIOAIC [AWPHTON OY]K’ AITHTON
EICEXEIPICEN. γ᾽ πιστοῦ ΕΣ 385 [TAYTHC ΚΡΕΊΩΝ Ο ΠΕΙΟΙΤΊΟ €
[=] A[P]XAC ΦΙΛΟΟ Recto. 2 λ H TAYTA AHT ANEKTA TIPOC
τουτίου KAYEIN του: 430 ΟΥ̓Κ᾽ ΕΟ ΟΛΕΘΡΟΝ ΟΥ̓ΧΙ GACCON ΑΥ̓͂
ΠΑΙΛΙΝ ΑΓΟΡΡΟΟ ΟΙΚΩΝ TWNA’ ATTOCTPAE[IC ΑΠΕΙ OYA’ TKOMHN
ἐγωγ' AN εἰ CY μή K[AAEIC OY ΓᾺΡ TIC’ HAEIN M@PA ΦΩΝΗΟΟΙΝΤ᾽
EITE! _CxONHC: Γ᾽ AN OIKOYC TOYC EMOYC [ECTEIAAMHA 435
HMEl ΔΕ ΤΟΙΟΙ͂Δ᾽ ἐφυμεν᾽ ὡς ME[N CO! ΔΟΚΕΙ _MO@POt!-
[TIONEVCI δ᾽ Οἱ Τ᾽ ἔφυσαν E[MOPONEC Tovey MEINON TIC Δ EM’
EKOY[E! BPOTODN ἥδ HMEPA ΦΥζ(εΕι CE ΚΑΙ ΔΙΑΦΘΙΕΡΕΙ ὡς
ΠΑΝΤ᾽ ATAN AINIKTA KACA[OH ΛΕΓΕΙΟῸ 440 ᾿ΟΥΚΙΟΥΝ CY TAYT’
APICTOC EYPICKJEI[N εφὺς TO[IAYT’ ONEIAIZ’ 375. OCTIC: the
rough breathing i in this papyrus tends to become very like the acute
accent, and where the papyrus is rubbed it is impossible to
distinguish them. Here and in 383, HN, what we have considered to
be the accent may be the rough breathing. BAEYAI : so apparently
the papyrus for βλάψαι of the MSS. The juxtaposition of ὁρᾷ
probably accounts for the new reading. 376. ME... ΓΕ COY: so the
MSS. But the sense imperatively requires Brunck’s emendation σέ...
γ᾽ ἐμοῦ. The date when the error crept into the MSS, is thus pushed
back beyond the fifth century. ’ 378. COY: the scribe first wrote TOY,
then corrected it to COY. The corrector, however, inserted the T
above the line. The MSS. have σοῦ, but τοῦ makes equally good
sense. Probably here and in 430 the corrector’s reading is an
alternative, derived from another manuscript. A confusion between
HC and HT is easily explained, for in the third century B.c. they
would in many hands be hardly distinguishable. 380. ΠΎΡΑΝΝΙ : a
mistake for TYPANNI. E
 50 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI 385. The scribe seems in
copying from a MS. which had Tl€!ICTOCOE=APXHC to have omitted
OC by a natural blunder. 429. After AHT the corrector apparently
inserted ~ instead of the more usual apostrophe. The meaning of
the A (or a) written by the corrector above the line just before the
lacuna is obscure. 430. The MSS. have οὐ πάλιν, which is the
reading of the corrector here; but αὖ, the reading of the scribe,
would make good sense. Cf. note on 378. 431. ATOPPOC: a mistake
for ayroppo 434. The scribe wrote CXOAHC?P, hich was altered by
the corrector to CXOAHIC’. The MSS. have σχολῇ σ᾽, Suidas σχολῇ
γ᾽, which was accepted by moron, who inserted σ᾽ after ἐμούς. 435.
ἡμεῖς τοιοίδ' MSS., and this was no doubt the reading of ie corrector,
though he did not erase the superfluous ΔΕ of the scribe. XXIII.
Prato, Laws, IX. 18-2 x 18-5 cm. Plate VI. Parts of three columns
containing pp. 862-3 of Plato’s Laws, Book IX. The variants are not
important, but the papyrus is of great palaeographical interest, since
it can be approximately dated with certainty. On the verso some one
has scribbled [YJTTATEIAC NOYMMIO (sic) UTATELAS νουμμιου
TOVOKOV Kat αννιον ανυλλινων (A.D. 295) Teo» emt υπαΪτι]ας
[τω]ν [κ]υριων ἡμων κωνσταντιου και μαξιμ[ι]ανου [των επιφανεσ[
τ]ατω[»] καισ[αρ͵]ων σεβαστων, underneath which there are traces
of three short lines. The writing on the recto, therefore, which is a
good-sized square sloping uncial, cannot be later than the end of the
third century. How much earlier it is cannot be determined with
precision, but we should not place it before 200. The manuscript has
been corrected by a contemporary hand (or possibly by two hands).
The stops are in most cases, perhaps all, due to the corrector. The
first column contains only the ends of lines. 1. AIKJAI@I TPO, 2.
TJIC WE, 3. BAJATITHI, 4. NOJMO@E, 5. TIPO]C AYO, 6.
BAETTTEO]N, 7. ]-KAI BAA, 8. BAJABEN, 9. ΕἸ]0 TO, 10. ] TO, 12,
TOJY, 18. ΔΙΑΦ]Ο, 19. JN, 20. TOIC] NO with πειρατεο]ν ae written
above by the corrector. Col. II. Col. ITT. H[AONQON H AYTT@JN H
[TIMQ)]N KAI ΛΕΓΙΕΙΝ : AHAON TAP [H ATIMIGON ΚΑ]! XPHMA OT!
T[O]C[ONAE ΠΕΡΙ YY [TWN ZHMIAJC H ΚΑΙ AW XHC K[Al AEFETE
TTPOC AA P[WN H ΚΑΙ TO TIAJPATIAN WTI AHAOYC K[Al AKOYETE
WC 5 NI ΤΡΟΠΩΙ TIOIHCE! [T]IC MEl ς ΕΝ MEN [EN AYTH THC
PLATE VI No. XXIII
 FRAGMENTS OF EXTANT CLASSICAL AUTHORS CHCA! MEN
THN AAIKI AN CTEP=AI Δὲ H MH ME! CEIN THN TOY AIKAIOY ΦῪΥ
CIN’ ΑΥ̓ΤΟ ECTIN TOYTO €P 10 FON TWN KAAAICTWN NO MG@N*
ON A AN ANIATWC ) ΕΙΟ TAYTA EXONTA AIC@H ΤΑΙ NOMO@ETHC
AIKHN T[OY]TOICI ΚΑΙ NOMON ΘΗ 15 [CEl] TINA: FIFNOOCKWN
ΠΟΥ TOIC TOIOYTOIC TIACIN WC OYTE AYTOIC ETI ZHN AMEINON
TOYC TE AAAOYC AN AITIAH! GEAOCIEN A μεν 20
TIAAAATTOMENO! TOY BI δε OY TIAPAAEITMA MEN TOY MH
AQIKEIN TOIC AAAOIC FENOMENOI- TIOIOYNTEC ΔΕ ANAPWN
KAKW([N] €[PH @YCEWC ELITE TI TIAGOC EITE ΤΙ MEPOC ON O
[eYMOC AYCEPI ΚΑΙ AYCMAXON KTHMA EMITEPYKOC A 10
AOFICTG@ BIAI TTOAAA A ΝΑΤΡΕΠΕΙ : TTWC A OY: ΚΑΙ MHN
HAONHN ΓΕ OY TALY ο THN ΤΩΙ OYMGI TIPOCA FOPEYOMEN ΕΞ
ENAN[TI 15 AC ΔΕ AYTWI SAME[N POD MHC AYNACTEY[OYCAN
ΠΕΙΘΟΙ META [ATTATHC a BIOY TIPATTEIN [TITAN OTI ΠΕΡ AN
AYTHC H [BOYAHCIC 20 EGEAHCH: ΚΑΙ M[AAA: TPI TON MEN
AFNOI[AN ΛΕγῶν AN TIC TWN AMA[PTHMA TWN AIT[IAN OYK AN
YEY AOITO: A[IXH SI 25 MON [ΤΊΗΝ TTOAIN: OY[TW MEN [AH
ΤΩΙ͂Ν [T]OIO[YTWN We give a collation with Hermann’s edition
(Teubner, 1856). 1. 8. BAJABEN: the MSS. vary between βλαβέν and
ἀβλαβές. H. adopts the latter, bracketing ὑγιές. 19. JN: this can
hardly be anything else but the termination of TIEIPATEO]N. The
corrector, by inserting πειρατέον ἀεί at the end of the next line,
seems to have wished to place it after καθιστάναι instead of before
it. The MSS. agree in placing it before καθιστάναι. Cf. II. 20, where
the corrector introduces a novel reading. II. 7. The dot placed by the
corrector over the € of A€ means that the letter was to be elided; cf.
21, where dots are placed over letters to be omitted. 20. The
insertion of μέν after ἀπαλλαττόμενοι and the substitution of δέ for
μέν after παράδειγμα are new readings. The MSS. agree with the
readings of the first hand. 25. H. with two MSS. omits μέν. The size
of the lacuna makes it fairly certain that μέν was the reading of the
papyrus. | III. 7. ON: &» H. with some MSS. 11. For the double dots
marking a change of person, cf. x. introd. 12. TAYTHN, the reading
of the first hand (corrected to TAYTON), is due to the proximity of
ἡδονήν. 18. H. with some MSS. omits way, which is required in the
papyrus to fill up the acuna. 21. MEN: H. with the MSS. μήν. E 2
 52 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI XXIV. Prato, Republic, X.
4:6 X 7-4 cm. F ragment of Plato’s Republic, X. pp. 607-8, written in
a medium-sized sloping uncial of the third century. The only variants
from Beiter’s text are the spellings οὕτω for οὕτως and évyeyovdra
for éyyeyovdra in line 6. MEIC OYTW AIA TON ENTEFO ΓΕ M(H ὦ
ΦΙΛΕ ETAIPE WCTIEP Ol ΠΟΤΕ TOY EPACOENTE[C EAN
HTHCOONTAI MH W¢EAIM[ON NOTA MEN Ερωτὰ THC TOIAY THC
TIOIHCEWC YTIO THC TWN [KAJAWN TIOAI[T]EIWN TPOPHC
ΕΙΝΑΙ TON EPWTA: ΒΙΑΙ MEN 10 [EYNO! MEN ECOME]OA ANH 5
OMWC AE ATTEXONTAI- KAI H ) : ᾿ XXV. DEMOSTHENES, De
Corona. 9:-5x8cem. Plate ITI. Fragment containing eleven lines from
Demosthenes’ De Corona, p. 308, written in a large thick formal
uncial probably in the third century. Accents, breathings, and marks
of elision and quantity appear to be due to the corrector, who
inserted ἡ at the end of line 5, and iotas adscript in lines 3 and 4. At
the top Xo is written in a different (?) hand, probably the number
(606) of the column in a series of rolls containing speeches of
Demosthenes. There are no variations from the Dindorf-Blass text
(Teubner, 1885), except that the € of CE is not elided in line 4. Ἀν
[H]KEN * ΕΝ OYAEN! OY] TO[IN]YN [ΟΥΔΕ] THN HTTAN t [ΕἸ]
TAYTH TAYPIAC pal [ΕἸΦ᾿᾽ H CTENEIN CE 5 [ὦ] KATAPATE TIPOCy
[T]OON ΠΑΡ᾽ EMO! ΓΕΓῸ [NY]IAN €YPHCETE [TH] ΠΌΛΕΙ OYTWCT
το [ΔΕ AOTIZECEE O]Y [AAMOY ΠΏ ΠΟ]ΤΕ 5. The corrector
objected to the division ΠΡΟΓΙΗΚΕΝ, and therefore transferred the H
to the previous line. Words compounded with prepositions, however,
generally form an exception to the rule that a word must not be
divided so that a consonant comes at the end of the line, and a
vowel at the beginning of the line following; see note on Rev. Pap.
XIII. 11.
 FRAGMENTS OF EXTANT CLASSICAL AUTHORS 53 XXXVI.
DEMOSTHENES, TIPOOIMIA AHMHIOPIKA, 26-29. 11-5X 52-6 cm.
Plate VII.. Parts of seven columns from a manuscript containing the
προοίμια δημηγορικά of Demosthenes, portions of δὲ 26-29 being
preserved. The manuscript had been cut down before the verso was
used for writing some accounts, which are continued also on the
recto between Columns V and VI. These are written in a small
cursive hand, which is not later than the early part of the third
century, and more probably belongs to the second. The writing on
the vecto, which is a medium-sized broad carefully written uncial,
may be assigned to the second century. It bears much resemblance
to the writing of the Bacchylides papyrus}. Occasional stops and
marks of elision, and a few corrections (or alternative readings),
have been inserted in a contemporary or slightly later semi-uncial
hand. The paragraphi and angular signs at the ends of lines are by
the original scribe, to whom it is possible that the insertions in V. 14
and VII. 2 should also be assigned. The text of the papyrus is a
good one, and in several instances its readings are an improvement
upon those of the MSS. We give acollation with the DindorfBlass
edition. Plate VII gives a facsimile of Cols. II and III of the recto and
part of the accounts on the verso. Col. I. Col. II. AWN
BOYAEYOMENOYC KAI . YMAC ΤΑΥ͂ΤΑ ΕεΦ WN ΝΥΝ ΚΟΙΝΩΝ
ATTANT@N EOE ECTE TOYTOIC ΚΑΙ MAAICTA AEIN AKOYEIN ΤῶΝ
CYMBOY CYMPEPON TO ΛΟΓΟΥ TYXEIN AEYONTWN WC EMO!
ΔΟΚΕΙ͂’ TOYC ANTIAEFONTAC AN MEN 1 We should assign the
Bacchylides papyrus toa somewhat later date than that which Mr.
Kenyon gives to it. The cursive hand in which the later scholia are
written seem to be not earlier than the second century, and may
belong to the third. The MS. itself and the earlier scholia we should
assign to the first or second century A.D. The Ptolemaic
characteristics to which Mr. Kenyon refers hardly seem to us to
outweigh the Roman type of some of the letters, and its general
resemblance to MSS. of the Roman period. The shallow forms of v
and y are found in Roman papyri, e.g. in Nos. ix and xvi of the
present volume. The ¢ formed by three unconnected strokes is but a
shade more archaic than the ¢ in xxvi, formed by three separate
strokes of the pen, the third stroke joining the second, or than the ¢
of ix, in which the second and third strokes are formed without the
pen being lifted. Moreover, considering (1) the possibility that the
form of ¢-in the Bacchylides papyrus was a conscious archaism (cf.
G. P. I. ii, where the primitive form of ¢, I, is found in a papyrus of
the Roman period), and (2) the fact that the archaic forms of ¢
continued to be used in MSS. long after the later form, in which the
three strokes are written without lifting the pen, had come in (it is
found as early as the second cent. B.C., cf. e.g. Paris Pap, 1), the
form of ἐ is not in itself sufficient evidence for determining the date.
 54 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI 5 ENOYMOYMENOYC OTI
Al 5 TAP ΔΙΔΑΞΑΙ AYNHOG) CXPON ECTIN ὦ ANAPEC A CIN WC
OYK ECTIN APICTA @HNAIO! NYN BEBOYAEY A TOYTOIC AOKE!
OT! OYAEN MENQN TI ΠΑΡΑΙΝΕΙ͂Ν HMAPTHTAI Πὼ TOYTO ) ENIWN
OOPYBEIN YCTEPON TIPASEANTEC A@WIOYC TOYC 10 AE
KATHTOPOYNTWN TWN 10 KINAYNOYC TIO!HCOYCIN AYTWN
TOYTWN TWN ΠΕ AYTOIC €AN AE MH AY TIPATMENWN HAEWC A
NHOWCIN OYKOYN YCTE KOYEIN €f@ TAP O14A NO PON ΓΕ
ETTITIMAN ΕΞΟΥ ‘MIZ@ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ YMAC ΟΤΙ ) CIN AAA OC’A
ANOPWITTWN 15 NYN MEN APECKOYCIN MA 15 HN ΕΡΓΟΝ
AKOYCAI CYN ΛΙΟΘ᾽ YMEIN ΟἹ TAYTA OIC ) ; ὲ Col. III. Col. IV.
CTW! TWN CYMBOYAEY AIABAAONTWON THN ONTWN EFW AE
OYAE TIOAIN HM@N BAACOH ΠΩΠΟΤΕ HEHCAMHN XA MIAC EPP
META AOZHC ΛΕΙ͂ΟΝ TO ΔΙΔΑΞΑΙ TA KAAHC ATIOAYCAC@AI Al 5
BEATIC@ YMAC WC ΓᾺΡ 5 7MEN EATIIAEC ὦ ANAPEC ATTAWC
ΕἸΠΕΙΝ TIANTEC A@HNAIO! MEFAAA! KAI YTTAPXEIN EFNWKOTEC
KAAAI TWN TIPOEIPHME EMOIFE AOKEITE> AAAA NWN TTPOC AC
OIOMAI TOYC TO TIEICAL TIPATTEIN TAY TIOAAOYC ANEY
AOFICMOY 10 TA: ETIEIAAN FAP TI AO 10 TI TIETIONGENAI EFW A
OY ΞΗΙ ΚΑΙ ΨΗΦΙΟΘΗ ΤΟΤΕ τουντ᾽ ισὸν ΔΕΠΟΤΕ EFNWN ENEKA
ICON TOY TIPAXOHNAI TOY TIAPAXPHMA APECAI ATTEXE! OCON
ΠΕΡ TIPIN TOU πριν ΛΕΓΕΙΝ TI TIPOC YMAC OTI) ΔΟΞΑΙ ECTIN
MEN OYN WC AN MH ΚΑΙ META TAYTA 15 Ἐγὼ NOMIZG) XAPIN Y 15
CYNOICEIN HTWMAI ECTI MAC TOIC ΘΕΟΙΟ OdEIAEIN “MEN OYN
TO KOINON €60C Col. V. C[Y]NOICEIN HMEAAEN TAYT 10
X@HCECOAI EAN MEN OYN ΕΝ HAONHI TIPATTEIN ONO “MHA
YTIOMEINHTE AKOY YMIN INA ΚΑΙ XAPIZOME CAl MHAE EN OY Τὼ
AOKI NOC ΚΑΙ XPHCTA ΛΕΓΩΝ MAZONTEC AIAMAPTEIN 5
EPAINOMHN " ETTELAH AE a TANANTIA OPW) TOYTWN A[AJAA TQ)
PYCE! ΠΟΝΗΡ € ETTIXEIPOYNTAC YMAC O10 15 THIGYMEIN
TIPATTEIN ΤΟΙ MAL ΔΕΙΝ ANTEITIEIN Εἰ AYTA TIPOAIPEICGA! AO
KAI TICIN MEAA® ATIE . :
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whe, - = : a as mapa Ὧν : gd ΣΝ τος εἰς ? : Ss, ἢ δὴ δ ΤΙ ΜΝ 4 ἐ- 2
as ve r : wT a Ce tg Se toe ee A ans if 2 Sh ee 3 = oe ἧς 7 ἘΠ ΤῊ .
-. ΤΣ =: τας ᾿ as - sae τῶν get SP τῷ ἢ πο ee 25 τ: αν wt rere « so "
Te Ci ae oe: ΗΝ ; eee gow Sop Es ᾿ς ea Ce ΕΝ. Ὁ 4 pe ee Ϊ ἘΠ ow
Lar ange fel a : Σ Serre, ae : ; το ΠΝ Se ἀλτ 5 sf x Vag, . : - ΣΉ ΩΣ.
ae eo πὰ me τὸ ἘΣ na ἫΝ 9: on . ἘΠ 3 Ἂ 7 : ee v Η͂ ? sp ' . 3: > ¢
ay is eu. & as + 7 : ΠῚ es ar a oe 7 ah sab Ὁ ney
 FRAGMENTS OF EXTANT CLASSICAL AUTHORS 55 Col. VI.
Col. VII. ΝΑΙΟΙ TOIC AOZACIN ΠᾺΡ =HN CYMBOYAEYOY[CI TIE!
YMIN €INA[I] TINAC [0] TJINE[C ANTEPOYCIN ΕΠΕΙΔΑΝ )
TIPATTEIN ΤΙ ΔΕΗΙ El MEN 5 OYN ΑΠΌΔΟΝΤΩΝ YMWN AOTON
AYTOIC OT EBOYAEYE COE TOT ΕΠΟΙΟΥΝ TOYTWN AN HN ASION
ΚΑΤΗΓῸ PEIN El TEP] WN HTTHN 10 TO EBIAZONTO ΠΆΛΙΝ AE
ΓΕΙΝ ΝΥΝ ΔΕ TOYTOYC [M,¢N 1 ΓΟΥΔΕΝ ECT ATOTION EITI[E]IN
BOYAHOHNAI TAYTA A ΤΟΤΕ ΟΥ̓Χ YTTEMEINATE A @ECOA
TOYTOYC YCTEPO[N KA THFOPOYNTAC ΕΠΑΙΓ[ΝΕΙ ΤΕ’ TAYTO AH
TOYTO ΜΟΙ TIA AIN ΔΟΚΕΙ͂ΤΕ TITEI]CECOALI Εἰ MH
TIAPACXONTEC iCOY[C AKPOATAC ΠΆΝΤΩΝ [Y MAC AYTOYC ΕΝ
ΤΩΙ ΠΙΑ ΡΟΝΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΤΟΝ ΤΟΝ ΠΟΝΟΝ YITOMEINANTEC
ΕΛΟΛΊΕΙΝΟΙ ΤΑ KPATICTA TOYC ΕΤΙ TOYTOIC ENITI ) MWNTAC
PAYAOYC Ν[Ο wa ζ 15 KOYCAI YMIN A AN TIC Εἴ! MIE[IJTE EF
M[E]N ΔΗ Al KOT[@]C EN[ITIMHCE}IEN 15 KAION [Y]TTEIAH[S]A
TIP[@) T[OJN [ I. 2. KOINWN: κοινῶς MSS. κοινῶν B(lass).
following Wolf, whose conjecture is thus justified. 7.
BEBOYAEYMENQDN : μὲν βουλομένων B., with the MSS. 10. The
dots placed over ΤΩΝ, presumably by the corrector, mean that the
word was to be omitted. B. with the MSS. has τῶν. Possibly the
corrector confused this TWN with the TWN in the next line, which is
omitted in most MSS., but is read by B. 15. APECKOYCIN: ἀρέσκουσι
B.; cf. III. 14. €CTIN; V. 1. HMEAAEN; 9. TICIN; VI. 1. AOZACIN. |
16. TAYTA OIC: ταῦθ᾽ οἷς B. following one MS. which has ταῦτα οἷ.
The other MSS. have οἷα, which is not so good. 11. 1. TAYTA: ταῦτ᾽
B., cf. VI. 13; similarly ECTIN APICTA for ἔστ᾽ dso in 6; TE for yin
13; ΔΕ for δ᾽ in 111. 2; ΠΩ ΠΟΤΕ for πώποθ᾽ 3, cf. 1V. 11; ΤΟΤΕ for
τότ᾽ 111. 11 and VI. 14; TIAPAXPHMA for παραχρῆμ᾽ IV. 12;
YITOMEINHTE for ὑπομείνητ᾽ V. 11, cf. VI. 14; ΠΟΝΗΡΑ for πονήρ᾽
14. 7. OTI: ὅτ᾽ B. 14. The apostrophe is due to the corrector, who
wished the A of OCA to be elided. 15. AKOYCAI CYN[: B. with the
MSS, ἀκοῦσαι, τούτων τετυχηκότες. ΠῚ, 8. EMOITE: so the MSS. μοι
B. 11. ΤΟΤΕ, the reading of the first hand, is the reading of B. and
the MSS. The corrector read τοῦτ᾽ ἴσον, probably as an alternative,
cf. the next note and introd. to xvi. 13. ΠΡΙΝ : so B. with the MSS.
The reading of the corrector τοῦ πρίν is new. 14. WC: sothe MSS. ὃν
Β. V. 10. ΕΑΝ: ἄν B. VI. 7. TOT: τοῦτ᾽ B, with the MSS.
 56 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI 16. There are some traces
above the line after KOTW which suit €C. Perhaps these letters were
re-written, or there was some correction. VII. 4. TAYTO: τοῦτο B.
with the MSS. ταὐτό is an improvement. 12. ETI: ὁτιοῦν B. with the
MSS. 14. B. and the MSS. have the reading of the first hand
vopseire. a X XVII. IsocraTEs, ΠΕΡῚ ANTIAOCEWC §§ 83 and 87. 5:2
x 12-7 cm. . Parts of two consecutive columns of Isocrates περὶ
ἀντιδόσεως. The two fragments of which the papyrus is composed
are from the tops of the columns, containing portions of §§ 83 and
87 of the speech. The handwriting is a graceful, rather small, upright
uncial, which may be of the end of the first or of the second century.
Col. I. Col. IT. ΚΑΙ T@N AAAG@N KINAYNOON H ΠΕΡΙ TIAEIONOC
TI[OIEICGAI TOON METEPAN OYCAN MAAAON H A[A]KE TOYC
NOMOY[C TIGENT@N KAI TPA _ASAIMONIGON ETI AE TIC AN ΠΕΡΙ
PENTOON OC[WI ΠΕΡ EICI CITANI@ ΚΑΛΛΙΌΝΩΝ KAI MEIZONOON
ΠΡᾺ ΤΕΡΟΙ KAI XA[AETTWTEPO! ΚΑΙ YY 5 TMAT@N TOY TOYC
EAAHNAC [6Ε]ΠῚ 5 XHC SPONIM[@TEPAC AEOME TE THN
BAPBAPWN CTPATEIAN TTA [NO]! TYFXAN[OYCIN Collated with the
Benseler-Blass edition, the variants are:—I. 1. ΤΩΝ AAAQON for τῶν;
6. ΒΑΡΒΑΡΩΝ for τῶν βαρβάρων ; and II. 3. [ΓΡΑΊΦΕΝΤΩΝ (a slip)
for γραφόντων. XXVIII. Xenoruon, Hellenica 111. τ. Fragments of
three consecutive columns from a manuscript of Xenophon’s
Hellenica. The portion preserved is from the third book, chap. 1, δὲ
3-7. The text is written in a nearly upright square uncial hand,
resembling in its general characteristics that of xxvi (cf. Plate VII). In
the upper margin, which as in xiv, &c., is very broad, are some semi-
cursive scholia, which may be by the same scribe. The
characteristics of this semi-cursive writing, as well as that of the
more formal hand of the text, incline us to refer the manuscript to
the second century. Iota adscript is commonly written. Both single
and double dots are used to mark a pause in the sense, as well as
the marginal paragraphus. Short lines are filled up by the usual
angular sign.
 {πες Ὁ. eee ae are ὧς = me ee me er Wee . .-- ...--.. ea 5
Ὁ FRAGMENTS OF EXTANT CLASSICAL AUTHORS 57 A rough
breathing is inserted once. The papyrus is in two fragments, the
larger of which, containing Cols. II and III, measures 12-2 x 12-5
cm. Collated with Keller’s text (1890) the papyrus shows προσέλαβεν
for προσέλαβε in II. 11, and probably ἠτήσατο for ἠτήσατο in 1. 13.
Col. I. Col. IT. wwjrous wal... . [κοῦ Ἴισαν. [. .] νπ[ε]ρ Ἰομίδσαντες ἢ
[. - . .]a φορον emexovrag ΑΥ̓ΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ AYT[OI ΔΙΑΦΥΓΛΑΤΤΕΙΙ͂Ν: €
) _€AEYOEPO! EIEN : [0] “TEL AE [CWOE]NTEC ΟἹ ANA 5 O[Y]N
AAKEAAIMO[NIOI 5 BANTE[C ME]TA KYPOY ) TIEMMOYCIN
AY[TOIC CYNEME[IE]AN AYTOD! ) [O1]BPWNA APMOCT[HN ΕΚ
TOYTOY HAH ΚΑΙ EN [AOJNTEC CTPATIWT[AC TOIC TEAIOIC
ANTETAT [TWIN MEN NEOSAM[ TETO ΤΩΙ TI[C]CADEPNE! 10
[AW]N EIC XIAIOYC- TL[@N 10 ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΕΙ[Ο] ΠΈΡΓΑΛΛΟΝ [ΔῈ
AJAAWN TIEAOTTIO[N ], MEN EK[OYCJAN TIPOCIE [NHCIW]N €IC
TETPA[KIC : [A]JABEN ΚΙΑΙ] TEYOPANT! [XIAIOYC] HTHCATO ΔΙΕ O
AN [ΚΊΑΙ A[AICAPNAN [OIBPWN] KAI ΠᾺΡ A[OH GN €Y[PYCOENHC
TE KAI 15 [NAIWN TPIJAKOC[IOYC : 15 TIPOK[AHC HPXON OI A 2
[ITITIEAC ΕἸΠΩΪΓΝ OTI ΠῸ A[HMAPATOY TOY AA -. 6 Bos 4
KEA[AIMONIOY Col. ITI. WPYTTEN WC [APAIPH HCAMEN[OC AY
XEAQ) COMENOC T[O YAWP AY NHN =Y[AINHN €ITE ΤΩΝ - WC Δ
[EK TOY TEl 10 CTHCEN [6Π| THI PE ~XOYC EKOE[ONTEC ΠΟΛ
ATIA[I ΚΑΙ TAYTHN 5 AAKIC ENE[BAAON MENT[OI] EKAPAMON €IC
TO OPYF[MA ΚΑΙ TEC O[! AAPICAIOI _EYAA ΚΑΙ A[I@OYC ΠΟΙ I. 2.
The letters μισα were intended to be cancelled by the dots placed
above them ; cf. xxvii. I. 10, note. 13. HTHCATO: the first letter is
more like H than |, and eight letters seem too much for the lacuna,
so H]ITHCATO is a less probable reading. II. 2. There is a critical
mark before this line, and what appears to be part of a critical sign is
visible in the margin opposite to 11.
 58 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI XXX. Evciip Il. 5. 8-5 xX
15°2 cm. Fragment from the bottom of a column, containing the
enunciation, with diagrams, of Euclid II. 5, and the last words of the
preceding proposition. From the character of the handwriting, which
is a sloping rather irregular informal uncial, this papyrus may be
assigned to the latter part of the third or the beginning of the fourth
century. Diaereses are commonly placed over syllabic ι and νυ. Iota
adscript is not written. The corollary of Proposition 4 seems to have
been omitted, while the two lines illustrating the division els toa καὶ
ἄνισα in Proposition 5 are not found in ordinary texts. Otherwise the
papyrus shows no variants from the text of the Oxford edition of
1703 or that of Peyrard, beyond the mistake of rerpaywvov for
τετραγώνῳ in 1.9, and the spelling perogv for μεταξύ in 1. 6.
TEPIEXOME[NW OPOEOTWNIW......... ἔ €AN EYGEIA FPAMMH
TMH6EH €EIC ICA KAI AN [-- --Ξ ere : ICA TO ὕπο TWN ANI acess
ne eens! eere 5 CWN THC OAHC TMHM[ATIOON TIEPIEXOMENON
ΟΡΘΟΓΩΝΙΟΝ META T[O]Y ATIO THC METO=Y TWN TOMODN
TET[PA]FWNOY ICON ECTIN TW ATIO THC HMICEl é AC
TETPATWNOY 5. THC O corrected from ΠΕΡΙ. 6. 1. μεταξύ. 9. 1.
τετραγώνῳ. 1. If the reading is correct—and though the traces of
letters after ΠΕΡ are scanty, there seems to be no alternative—the
corollary of Prop. 4 was omitted. After OP@OΓΩωΝΙῶ, too, there
would not be room for more than about nine letters, so ὅπερ ἔδει
δεῖξαι must have either been omitted or, more probably, abbreviated.
2-3. The shortness of these lines indicates that there were two
horizontal strokes in the margin, the first showing the division into
equal, the second that into unequal parts. The first is entirely broken
away, and only the left-hand part of the second is preserved.
 Eire gy 2°: 9: +: a, Ae Abeta weet As LATIN 59 PART IV.
LATIN. XXX. HuistoricAL FRAGMENT. 8-6x5 cm. (Recto) Plate VIII.
Part of a vellum leaf from a Latin Codex, containing on the recto the
ends of ten lines, and on the verso, which is much rubbed and
faded, parts of ten more. The occurrence of the names Antiochus
and Philippus suggests that the subject of the composition was the
Macedonian wars of Rome; and as the fragment is not to be found in
the extant authorities, it probably comes from the lost works of
some annalist or historian of this period—possibly from the Htstoriae
Philippicae of Trogus Pompeius. Palaeographically the fragment is
very interesting. The prevailing character of the letters is that known
as rustic capital, but there is a small admixture of uncial forms.
Notwithstanding its comparative heaviness, characteristic of writing
on vellum, in its general appearance the hand bears a decided
resemblance to that of the Herculaneum papyrus fragments on the
Battle of Actium (written before 79 a.D.). Of individual points of
contact the most noticeable are the open P, the broad V, the
epigraphic dots between words, and the accents or afices (possibly
by a second hand) upon long vowels. The afer is most frequently
found in inscriptions of the first and the first half of the second
centuries A.D., and it practically ceased to be employed at the end of
the third. Its frequent use in this MS., in common with the
Herculaneum papyrus (cf. too B. G. U. 611), is an indication of a
very early date. On the other hand, these archaic characteristics in
the handwriting are counterbalanced by the occurrence of the uncial
forms of D and Q, the tendency to roundness in E, as well as by the
facts that the fragment is from a book and not a roll, and that the
material used is vellum not papyrts, These considerations combined
render it impossible to refer the fragment to a period earlier than the
third century. Words are not divided at the ends of lines, which are
therefore very irregular in length. Recto. Verso. το 7: TVM - IMPERI
JER SVPERAT? E.[ JQOVE - PRAEFECTI JO Q REX: HIEME : C[ ]:
SATIS - POLLERENT JH .. CAVE PACTI[
 60 THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI ]VS - ATQVE -
ANTIOCH[VS 5 JS ILLI PAX RO[MAJNV[ 5 GEJNERIS-: DESPECTI - ]
COITV- TRANS:...[ GEN]TESQVE : ALIENAS - ] ROMA[. .JEQVI[
SPJECTARENT.’ ] THRAC .[.]M° AT[ JA PHILIPPVS ]M - AVXILIEIS [
JONE - ANT[IOCHVS 10 JERREXIT [ 10 JVALIDIO[ JPHRYGIA [ ].-[
Recto. ἡ. The mark of punctuation at the end of this line and in
verso 2 appears to be by the original scribe. A similarly placed,
though rather differently shaped sign, is used in the Herculaneum
papyrus mentioned above. 10. The doubtful O might be C. Verso.
Five or six letters inserted in a small upright hand in the upper
margin are almost effaced. 5. RO[MAJNV[: there is barely room in
the lacuna for MA. 6. COITV.: C has been re-written. 8. The letter
after the doubtful C does not appear to be I. XXXII. Veron, Aeneid 1
457-467 and 495-507. 6-6x 5-4 em. (Verso) Plate VIII. Fragment of
a leaf of a papyrus book, containing on the recto the ends of lines
457-467, and on the verso the beginnings of lines 495-507, of the
first book of Vergil’s Aeneid. The manuscript is written with brown
ink (cf. introd. to xxii) in a rather small upright semi-uncial hand,
which may probably be referred to the fifth century. The height of
the page was about 26cm. We give a collation with Ribbeck’s text
(1860). Recto. Verso. 457 orbe|m 495 |dum stu\piet aclhillem [regta
ad te[mplum ing\utt achata | [emce|sstt magna 460 labori|s (qlealis
in eurotae la\ud: exercet dian|a mortalia tangunt 500 hinc adg. hinc
gilomerantur sal\utem fert umero glradiensque | latonae tacitum ]
talis erat ] per med\tos
PiaTe VIII Nos. XXX, XXXI, XXXII
 LATIN 61 497 tuuentu's 505 tum fori|bus saepla ture 458.
achillem: so Rib. with MSS. Achillen, MSS. of Nonius. 459. achata:
Achate, Rib. 500. adg(ue): so the codex Romanus; a/gue, Rib. 501.
The top of the g of gradiens rises rather high, but cf. « in umero in
this line. 1[ngrediens cannot be read. XXXII. Letrer To A TrisuNuS
MILITUM. 19:6x 10-5 cm. Plate VIII. Letter written to Julius
Domitius, a “¢rzbunus militum, by Aurelius Archelaus, who
recommends to the good offices of Domitius a friend named Theon.
The papyrus offers a good example of the Latin cursive hand of the
second century, to which it may probably be assigned. The writing is
very clear and the comparative absence of linked forms renders it
particularly easy to decipher. There is a distinct tendency to separate
words from each other, and occasionally single points are inserted
between them.
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