Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-020-09726-0

Methods of Various Citing and Referencing Style:

Fundamentals for Early Career Researchers

Sanjay Pandey1 · Sweta Pandey2 · Sudhakar Dwivedi3 · Dinesh Pandey1 ·

Himangi Mishra1 · Shankhpani Mahapatra4

Published online: 31 March 2020

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract
A citation is a way of giving individuals credit for their creative and intellectual
work that you used to support your research. The citation can be used to identify a
particular source and to combat plagiarism. By citing and referring consulted mate-
rial to a piece of educational work, you will not only be able to more easily verify
others’ views of facts in your work, but you will work in an ethical and honest way.
Acknowledgments can be in the form of text citations, footnotes, endnotes and/or
bibliographies. Different citing and reference styles cater to the specific needs of dif-
ferent disciplines.

Keywords Chicago style · Vancouver style · Harvard style · AGLC style · MHRA
style · OSCOLA style

Introduction

A citation style is a set of rules citing sources in academic writing. Whenever you
mention someone else’s work, a citation is needed to avoid plagiarism. Different
citation styles have different rules for in-text citations, bibliographic entries and
paper drafting. The differences can be very subtle, so it is important to carefully
examine the style rules you use. In-text citations refer to a source (for example, by
citations or paraphrasing), you must add a citation in the text. There are three main
types of citation; (1) Parental citations, you put the source reference in parenthe-
ses directly in your text. It usually includes the author’s last name along with the

* Sanjay Pandey
[email protected]
1
Multi‑disciplinary Research Unit, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, M.P., India
2
Department of Pediatrics, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, M.P., India
3
Department of Anaesthesiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, M.P., India
4
Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, M.P., India

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244 Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253

publication date and/or page number. (2) Note citation, you put a reference to the
source in a footnote or endnote. (3) Numeric citations, you give the number of each
of your sources. When you want to cite a source, use the bibliography and the cor-
rect number. Reference list entries, include at the end of your paper and list all the
sources you cite. Each entry in the list corresponds to an in-text citation, and gives
the reader complete publication information to easily find the source.1 Citing its
sources is an extremely important component of its research project. It shows that
you are a responsible researcher and that you have located appropriate and reputable
sources that support your thesis or claim. Also, if your work is being posted online
or in print, there is a chance that others will use your research project in their work.2
There are various cited styles namely MLA, APA, AIP, Chicago, IEEE, MHRA,
CISRO, Harvard, Vancouver etc.
1. Modern Language Association (MLA) style: MLA is an organization that
focuses on language and literature. The MLA format is mainly used for language,
literature, liberal arts and other humanities subjects.3 MLA has been widely adopted
by scholars, professors, journal publishers, and both academic and commercial pro-
cess across the world.4 The MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text
citations. This means that the author’s last name and page number(s) are taken from
a quote or parapress that should appear in the text, (such as Smith 173) and a com-
plete reference should be quoted on the work page.5 In-text citations include gen-
eral information (author’s surname and page number), or just (page number) if the
author’s name is in the sentence. No comma and ‘p’ or ‘pg’ are required. The refer-
ence appears in parentheses at the end of the sentence that includes a reference or
quote from your source. The citation is followed by a punctuation mark. A complete
reference to the resource should then be included in the cited work page at the end
of the essay.6,7
Examples: Article in Print Journal
Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of Source”. Title of Container, other con-
tributors, version, numbers, publisher, publication date, location (see footnote 3).
Hannah, Daniel K. “The Private Life, the Public Stage: Henry James in Recent
Fiction.” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 30, no. 3, 2007, pp. 70–94.8
Example: Internet database/webpage.
Bennish, Steve, and Laura A. Bischoff. “Voters Support Ohio Library
Building Boom”. Dayton Daily News, 24 June 2016. Ebscohost, http://searc​
h.ebsco ​ h ost.com.i.ezpro​ x y.nypl.org/login​ . aspx?direc ​ t =true&AuthT​y pe=cooki​
e,ip,url,cpid&custi​d=nypl&db=nfh&AN=2W631​44501​246&site=ehost​-li.

1
Bas Swaen. August 18, 2015. https​://www.scrib​br.com/citin​g-sourc​es/citat​ion-style​s/.
2
https​://www.citat​ionma​chine​.net/mla/cite-a-websi​te.
3
https​://www.bibme​.org/mla.
4
https​://www.citet​hisfo​rme.com/citat​ion-gener​ator/mla.
5
https​://owl.purdu​e.edu/owl/resea​rch_and_citat​ion/mla_style​/mla_forma​tting​_and_style​_guide​/mla_in_
text_citat​ions_the_basic​s.html.
6
https​://www.cante​rbury​.ac.nz/libra​ry/suppo​rt/citat​ions-and-refer​encin​g/mla-citat​ion-style​/.
7
https​://www.libra​ry.corne​ll.edu/sites​/defau​lt/files​/mla_style​_revis​ed.pdf.
8
https​://libgu​ides.uwf.edu/citin​gsour​ces/mla8.

13
Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253 245

2. American Psychological Association (APA) style: APA style is most fre-

quently used within the social sciences, in order to cite various sources.9 The APA
referenced style is an “author-date” style, so the author(s) in citation in the text and
the year of publication are given in full or partially rounded brackets (Smith and
Bruce, 2018). Use only the author’s name after the comma and the year of publica-
tion. Include page, chapter or section number.10,11
Example: Article in Print Journal
Pandey, S. (2012). Prevalence of factor V Leiden G1691A, MTHFR C677T
and prothrombin G20210A among Asian Indian sickle cell patients. Clinical and
Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 18(3), 320–323. https​://doi.org/10.1177/10760​
29611​42583​0
Example: Internet database/webpage
Harris, J. G. The return of the witch hunts. Witchhunt Information Page.
Retrieved May 28, 1996, from http://liqui​d2-sun.mit.edu/fells​.short​.html.
3. Chicago style: Unlike many citation styles, Chicago gives authors two differ-
ent ways to source documents; Author-Date System and Notes-Bibliography (NB)
System.12 As its name suggests, author-date uses ancestral citations in the text to
refer to the author’s last name of the source and the year of publication. Each par-
enthetical citation corresponds to an entry on a reference page that concludes the
document. In these respects, author-date, for example, is similar to the APA genre.
In contrast, NB directs the reader to a brief citation at the bottom of the page, using
the numbered footnote of the text. This corresponds to a complete citation on a bib-
liographic page that concludes the document.13
Example: (In text citation)
Cole found that “The bones were very fragile” (see footnote 1).
Each superscript then refers to a numbered citation in the footnotes or endnotes.
Journal Article:
First Name Last Name of Author, “Article Title,” Journal Name Volume Number,
no. of issue (Date published): Page-Range, DOI address.
Sanjay Pandey, “Genotypic Influence of α-Deletions on the Phenotype of Indian
Sickle Cell Anemia Patients” The Korean Journal of Hematology 46, no. 3 (Korean
Society of Hematology 2011):192–195, http://dx.doi.org/10.5045/kjh.2011.46.3.192
Example- Internet database/webpage
Full Notes:
U.S. Census Bureau. Immigration by Leading Country or Region of Last Resi-
dence: 1901 to 2001, accessed January 28, 2006, http://www.censu​s.gov/stata​b/hist/
HS-09.pdf.
Bibliography:

9
http://www.bibme​.org/citat​ion-guide​/apa/.
10
https​://libgu​ides.murdo​ch.edu.au/APA.
11
http://libra​rygui​des.vu.edu.au/apa-refer​encin​g/getti​ng-start​ed-in-apa-refer​encin​g.
12
https​://www.chica​goman​ualof​style​.org/tools​_citat​iongu​ide.html.
13
https​://owl.purdu​e.edu/owl/resea​rch_and_citat​ion/chica​go_manua​l_17th_editi​on/cmos_forma​tting​
_and_style​_guide​/gener​al_forma​t.html.

13
246 Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253

U.S. Census Bureau. Immigration by Leading Country or Region of Last Resi-

dence: 1901 to 2001, accessed January 28, 2006. http://www.censu​s.gov/stata​b/hist/
HS-09.pdf.
4. Vancouver style: The Vancouver style is often used in medicine and natural
sciences and sometimes in technology.14 The Vancouver style is mainly known as
recommendations for publishing scholarly work in medical journals (ICMJE rec-
ommendations). It was developed in Vancouver by editors of medical journals in
1978 and more than 1000 medical journals (including ICMJE members BMJ,
CMAJ, JAMA and NEJM) used this style.15 Vancouver style follows the rules of
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, which is maintained by the US
National Library of Medicine.16
Example: Article in Print Journal
Pandey S, Ranjan R, Mishra RM. Interaction of—α 3.7, ß thalassemia mutation
IVS 1-5 and HbD Punjab in a family: a case report. Ind J Clin Biochem. 2012 Sept;
27(3):314–317.
Example: Internet database/webpage
Body weight. 2012. MedlinePlus Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medli​neplu​
s/bodyw​eight​.html [Accessed 16.01.2013]
5. Harvard style: The Harvard (Author-Date) citation style is a system that stu-
dents, authors, and researchers can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, dis-
coveries, and ideas into their work so that their conclusions are violated without
violating any intellectual property rules. The popular format is commonly used in
assignments and publications for the humanities as well as the natural, social and
behavioural sciences.17
In-text citation: It mainly consists of round brackets placed within the text of
the authors’ last names and year of publication (and page numbers if it is quoted
directly). If there is no thoughtful author, the title and date are used.
Reference list: The reference list should be sorted alphabetically by the last name
of the first author of each work. A reference to an author is ordered alphabetically by
the first key word of the title. Use only the initial letters of the authors’ given names.
No full stop and space between initials. Last name comes first.18
Example: Reference list print journal article
Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, ‘Nativity and wealth in mid- nineteenth cen-
tury cities’, Journal of Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468–493
In-Text Example (Conley and Galeson 1998).19
Example: Internet database/webpage
Cancer Council 2017, Causes of cancer, Cancer Council, viewed 21 May 2018,
https​://www.cance​r.org.au/about​-cance​r/cause​s-of-cance​.

14
https​://innsi​da.ntnu.no/wiki/wiki/Engli​sh/Using​+the+Vanco​uver+refer​ence+style​.
15
https​://miche​ner.ca/stude​nts/libra​ry/refer​encin​g-writi​ng-help/vanco​uvers​tyle/.
16
https​://guide​s.lib.monas​h.edu/citin​g-refer​encin​g/vanco​uver.
17
http://www.citet​hisfo​rme.com/citat​ion-gener​ator/harva​rd.
18
https​://libgu​ides.mq.edu.au/refer​encin​g/Harva​rd.
19
https​://guide​s.libra​ry.uwa.edu.au/harva​rd/examp​les.

13
Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253 247

6. American Institute of Physics (AIP) style: The AIP style is established by

the American Institute of Physics. AIP is a commonly used format in the field of
physics. AIP is a numbered style in which references counted in order of appear-
ance of the article and listed in that order at the end of the article.20 The journals
title should be Abbreviated and eliminate words like “of” or “the”.21 Few example
of common abbreviations are: Journal (J.), Medical (Med.), Research (Res.), Clini-
cal (Clin.), Laboratory (Lab.), Analysis (Anal.). This means “Journal of Medical
Research” would be abbreviated “J. Med Res.” and “ Clinical Laboratory Analysis “
would be abbreviated “ Clin. Lab. Anal.”
Example:
A.A. Surname and B.B. Surname, Abbreviated title of journal. volume no,
issue or part of (in brackets if needed), First page number of the article (year of
publication).22
G. Young and R.E. Funderlich, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 5151 (1973)
Example: Internet database/webpage
T.M. Huber, How To Locate Material for Formal Reports, WWW Document,
(http://physi​cs.gac.edu/~huber​/misc/findi​ng.htm).
7. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
style: The CSIRO style based on the Australian Journal of Botany referring style
that is published by CSIRO. It follows the author-date citation within the text of
the document, e.g. (Pandey 2019), and the detailed reference list at the end of the
document.23
Example: Article in Print Journal
Harper, M. J., McCarthy, M. A., and van der Ree, R. (2005). The use of nest
boxes in urban natural vegetation remnants by vertebrate fauna. Wildlife Research
32, 509–516.24
Example: Internet database/webpage
U.S. Geological Survey (2015) ‘Earth Explorer’. Available at http://earth​explo​rer.
usgs.gov [Verified 12 September 2015]
8. Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) style: AGLC style is designed
to identify legal sources which follow the footnote citation system specifically. It
is not related to the legal writing style. The AGLC is moderately neutral, meaning
that it allows a resource to be cited in a consistent manner, whether it is published in
print or online in a report or unproven format.25
Example: Article in Print Journal
Author’s First Name Surname, ‘Title of article’ ({Year}) Volume (Issue) Journal
Name Starting page, Pinpoint.26

20
https​://guide​s.lib.vt.edu/find/citat​ion-style​-manua​ls/aip.
21
https​://physi​cs.gac.edu/~huber​/misc/aipre​fs.htm.
22
https​://guide​s.lib.monas​h.edu/c.php?g=21978​6&p=14542​86.
23
https​://guide​s.lib.monas​h.edu/citin​g-refer​encin​g/csiro​.
24
https​://www.publi​sh.csiro​.au/zo/forau​thors​/autho​rinst​ructi​ons.
25
https​://libra​ry.nd.edu.au/instr​uctio​n/refer​encin​g/aglc.
26
https​://libgu​ides.libra​ry.usyd.edu.au/c.php?g=50821​2&p=34763​76.

13
248 Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253

Belindia Bennett, Terry Carney and Caroline Saint, ‘Swine Flu,Doctors and Pan-
demics: Is there a Duty to Treat during a Pandemic?’ (2010) 17(5) Journal of Law
and Medicine 736, 738.
Example: Internet database/webpage
Footnote:
International Whaling Commission, IWC Information (4 August 2010) <http://
www.iwcof ​fi ce.org/commi​ssion​.iwxma​in.htm>.
Bibliography:
International Whaling Commission, IWC Information (4 August 2010) <http://
www.iwcof ​fi ce.org/commi​ssion​.iwxma​in.htm>.
9. Modern Humanities Research (MHRA) style: The MHRA referencing is a
style of reference developed by the Association of Modern Humanities Research.
It is primarily intended for use in relation to books and journals published by the
association but is also used by students in a wider context.27 The MHRA style is
often used in the arts and humanities. It uses footnotes that refer solely to a citation.
Footnoting is the major advantage of MHRA: a reader does not need to consult the
bibliography to find references, because the footnote provides all the details.
A. Footnotes

I. Sequential superscript numbers should be used to indicate a footnote in the

essay’s text (see footnote 1).
II. A corresponding superscript number must be used at the beginning of the
footnote
III. Always give full reference when first citing a source
IV. Subsequent footnotes from the same source should include the authors last
name (where possible), volume number (if relevant) and page number/s
V. Subsequent footnotes with no author should include the source title, volume
number (if relevant) and a shortened version of the page number / s.
VI. When more than one source is cited by the same author or more than one
author with the same last name, subsequent footnotes include authors with
last name, shortened version of source title, volume number (if relevant) and
should include the page number/s. (Use only the short title of one source to
refer to more than one work by the same author or citing multiple authors with
the same last name).

B. Bibliography

I. Arrange alphabetically.
II. If there is more than one source by the same author arrange by authors last
name then in alphabetical order of the title, disregarding words such as: an, a,
the.
III. Do not use a full stop at the end of each reference.

27
http://www.citet​hisfo​rme.com/style​s/mhra-refer​encin​g-gener​ator.

13
Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253 249

IV. The name of the first listed author or a source is inverted so that the surname
appears first. When a source has many authors, only the first listed author’s
name is inverted.
V. Arrange sources with no author alphabetically by title.28

Example: Article in Print Journal

Last name, First initial. “Article Title,” Journal name, Volume. Issue (Year):
Page/s.
Jenkins, Oliver. “Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine,” Culinary Research,
Volume 5.8 (1996): pp. 47–59.29
Example- Internet database/webpage
Snow, Dan. How did so many solider survive the trenches? (n.d.), http://www.
bbc.co.uk/guide​s/z3kgx​s [accessed 18 July 2015]
10. Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style: IEEE is
a professional organization that supports many branches of engineering, computer
science and information technology. In addition to publishing journals, magazines
and conference proceedings, IEEE also sets several standards for a wide variety of
industries. The IEEE citation style includes textual text citations counted in square
brackets, which refer to the full citation listed in the reference list at the end of the
paper. The reference list is organized numerically, not alphabetically.30,31
Example: Article in Print Journal
Author(s). “Article title”. Journal title, vol., pp, date.
G. Pevere. “Infrared Nation.” The International Journal of Infrared Design, vol.
33, pp. 56–99, Jan. 1979.32
Example: Internet database/webpage
A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Lan-
guage learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003.
[Online]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volum​e6/numbe​r12/. [Accessed Dec. 2,
2004].
11. Turabian style: Turabian style was developed by Kate Turabian and elabo-
rated in “A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations” that is
based on the Chicago style. It is specially designed for students writing research
papers. Turabian style follow a note system and an author-date system in citation.
The notation system is used in the humanities (literature, history, and art), while the
author-date system is used in the social sciences.
1. Turabian note citation example:(book)
Turabian in-text citations; The book uses authors’ success stories from their lived
experiences to make the case for a creative revolution in the business world (see
footnote 1).

28
https​://guide​s.lib.monas​h.edu/citin​g-refer​encin​g/mhra.
29
https​://www.ukess​ays.com/refer​encin​g/mhra/.
30
https​://pitt.libgu​ides.com/citat​ionhe​lp/ieee.
31
https​://guide​s.libra​ry.queen​su.ca/c.php?g=50179​3&p=34366​04.
32
http://www.ijsss​t.info/info/IEEE-Citat​ion-Style​Guide​.pdf.

13
250 Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253

Turabian footnote (first reference to a source): (see footnote 1) Dave Stewart and
Mark Simmons, The Business Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Collide
(Berkeley: New Riders Press, 2010), p. 22.
Turabian footnote (subsequent references to a source) (see footnote 1); Stewart
and Simmons, The Business Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Collide,
p. 22.
Turabian bibliography entry; Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. The Business
Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Collide. Berkeley: New Riders Press,
2010.
2. Turabian author-date citation example (book):
Turabian in-text citation; The book uses success stories from the authors’ own
lived experiences to make the case for a creative revolution in the business world
(Stewart and Simmons 2010, 22).
Turabian reference list entry; Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. 2010. The Busi-
ness Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Collide. Berkeley: New Riders
Press (see footnote 1).
Example: Internet database/webpage
Smith, John. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/
POLIT​ICS/01/21/obama​_inaug​urate​d/index​.html (accessed February 1, 2009).
12. American Political Science Association (APSA) style: APSA is primarily
used in political science, with specific regulations for United States government doc-
uments. APSA uses an author-date system (see footnote 1).
Example:
Last Name, First Name. Year. Title. Edition. Editor First Name Editor Last
Nameed. City: Publisher. (Book)
Rowling, Joanne K. 1997. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. 1st ed. Lon-
don: Bloomsbury Publishing Inc.
Petit, C., and J.M. Sieffermann. 2007. “Testing Consumer Preferences for Iced-
Coffee: Does the Drinking Environment Have Any Influence?” 18(1): 161–7.33
Example: Internet database/webpage
Postal Service. 2006. United States Code. Title 39, Sec. 3211. http://www.law.
corne​ll.edu/uscod​e/html/uscod​e39/usc_sec_39_00003​211—000-.html (November
15, 2006).
13. Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) Style-:
This style used by e many students for referencing authorities, law and other legal
content. It is widely used in law schools and by journal and book publishers in the
UK and abroad.34 OSCOLA is used in law schools. It is the prominant citation style
for legal academic writing in English. OSCOLA uses a note system; You include a
complete description of the source in the footnote.
Example: Book
I. In-text citation: The present book is a systematic collection of research publi-
cations in molecular level of sickle syndrome (see footnote 1).

33
https​://citat​ionsy​.com/style​s/ameri​can-polit​ical-scien​ce-revie​w.
34
https​://www.citet​hisfo​rme.com/style​s/oscol​a-refer​encin​g-gener​ator.

13
Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253 251

II. Footnote: (see footnote 1) Sanjay Pandey and Sweta Pandey, Updates in
Hemoglobinopathies,Thalassemia and IDA Research (Scholars Press, 2019).
III. Reference list entry: Pandey S and Pandey S, Updates in Hemoglobinopa-
thies, Thalassemia and IDA Research (Scholars Press, 2019).
Example: Internet database/webpage
Websites and blogs Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1
May 2009) <www.naked​law.com/2009/05/index​.html> accessed 19 November 2009
14. American Medical Association (AMA) style: The AMA style is often used
in medical science and uses a numerical system. Numbering in text is set in super-
script, with the page number in parentheses. To create an in text citation in the AMA
style, you simply need to include a number in the superscript where the source is
relevant. Often a citation is shown with a quote or at the end of a sentence where the
source has contributed. The numbered used should be in chronological order from
beginning to end of the paper.35
Example: Author Last name, First Initial Middle Initial. Title in sentence case.
Abbreviated Journal Title in Title Case. Year Month Day; volume (Issue#): PP–PP.
I. In-text citation: This book explores the molecular genetics level research of
sickle syndrome, thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia (see footnote 1, p. 3).
II. Reference list entry: Pandey S, Pandey S. Molecular Aspects of Sickle,
Thalassemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia. Latvia, EU: Schloars’ Press; 2019
Example: Internet database/webpage
Antimicrobial Resistance. Infectious Diseases Society of America. http://www.
idsoc​iety.org/Topic​_Antim​icrob​ial_Resis​tance​/. Accessed July 21, 2014.
15. American Chemical Society(ACS) style:
ACS is mainly used in chemistry papers. There are three variations in the ACS
style for in-text citations. The choice of style depends on the journal. American
Chemical Society developed the ACS style that is used for academic writing in
chemistry. ACS uses both numbered and author-date systems.36
In-text citation: References in the text must be cited in one of two ways; Depend-
ing on the number, either italic numbers in parentheses, or superscript numbers
numbered sequentially. If a reference is quoted more than once, it does not receive a
new number. When referring to more than one reference at a time, include the refer-
ence number in ascending order separated by commas.
By author-date: surname and year of publication in brackets.
Reference list: If the number is quoted by the author, the list of references
appears at the end of the paper in the authors’ list, or in alphabetical order if cited
by author-date. Use full stops and spaces between beginners. Last name comes first
Example: Book
I. ACS in-text citation (numeric): The present book is systematic collection of
research publications in molecular level of sickle syndrome (see footnote 1).

35
https​://www.citet​hisfo​rme.com/citat​ion-gener​ator/ama.
36
https​://libgu​ides.mq.edu.au/refer​encin​g/ACS.

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252 Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253

II. ACS in-text citation (author-date): The present book is systematic collec-
tion of research publications in molecular level of sickle syndrome. (Pandey and
Pandey, 2019).
III. ACS reference list entry: In the reference list, the source is listed alphabeti-
cally when the author-date system is used, and by number when a numerical system
is used.
Pandey, S.; Pandey, S. Updates in Hemoglobinopathies, Thalassemia and IDA
Research; Scholars Press: Latvia, 2019
Example: Internet database/webpage
Matlack, A. S. Introduction to Green Chemistry [Online]; Dekker: New York,
2001. http://web.a.ebsco​host.com.libpr​oxy.murdo​ch.edu.au/ehost​/detai​l/detai​
l?vid=0&sid=a9c47​449-b100-446f-b65b-c7143​be5ca​f7%40sess​ ionm​gr4009​ &bdata​
=JnNpd​GU9ZW​hvc3Q​tbGl2​ZQ%3d%3d#AN=68196​&db=nlebk​6 (accessed Apr
24, 2008)
16. National Library of Medicine (NLM) style: NLM writing style guide is
used often in medicine and kinesiology. It is written by the International Committee
of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). NLM is used primarily in the medical world.
NLM uses a numeric system.37
Example: book
I. NLM in-text citation: Present study reflects the phenotypic and genotypic var-
iability of sickle cell disease [1].
II. NLM reference list entry: 1. Pandey S. Role of the Modulating Fctors on the
Phenotype of Sickle Cell Disease. Raleigh: Lulu Publication; 2019.
Example: Internet database/webpage
Animal welfare Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricul-
tural Library; [updated 2005 May 4; cited 2006 Feb 17]. Available from: http://nal.
usda.gov.awic
17. American Anthropological Association (AAA) style: The AAA docu-
mentation style is a close cousin of the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). The AAA
Style Manual, an online publication, provides anthropological writers and scholarly
guidelines on AAA variations from CMS style. AAA is based on Chicago style and
is primarily used in social studies. AAA style uses an author-date system.38
Example: (book)
I. AAA in-text citation: The present book is a systematic collection of research
publications in molecular level of sickle syndrome. (Pandey and Pandey, 2019, 10)
II. AAA reference list entry: Pandey Sanjay, and Sweta Pandey 2019 Updates in
Hemoglobinopathies, Thalassemia and IDA Research. Latvia: Scholars Press.
Example: Internet database/webpage
Society for Historical Archaeology 2011 What is Historical Archaeology? http://
www.sha.org/ accessed October 11, 2013.

37
https​://www.enago​.com/acade​my/the-natio​nal-libra​ry-medic​ine-nlm-style​-guide​-a-brief​-overv​iew/.
38
https​://www.unl.edu/rhame​s/cours​es/curre​nt/readi​ngs/AAA%20Sty​le.pdf.

13
Publishing Research Quarterly (2020) 36:243–253 253

Table 1  Summary of recommended citing style for various disciplines Source: https​://guide​s.lib.monas​
h.edu/citin​g-refer​encin​g/recom​mende​d
S. no. Name of discipline Recommended style

1. Architecture Chicago
2. Fine art Turabian
3. Design Turabian
4. Art Chicago, MLA, APA, Harvard
5. Business and Economics APA, AGLC
6. Education APA
7. Engineering Harvard, IEEE, AIP
8. Information technology APA, IEEE
9. Law AGLC
10. Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Vancouver, Harvard, APA
11. Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals APA, Vancouver
12. Sciences CSIRO

Conclusion

Citation and referencing style is an important part of any publication. When a

research publication is written and sent for publication in any journal, the reference
style of that journal is followed. The journals follow any of the reference styles men-
tioned above, which are important for early career researchers to know. The early
career researchers have a lot of difficulties in finding different reference styles guide-
line. Through this article, various reference styles have been explained in a very
easy way. This article will help the early career researchers to include reference style
in their publication in a simple way. Researchers will have easier and better under-
standing and use of all reference styles on single platform (Table 1).

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maps and institutional affiliations.

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