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• Muscle tissue is composed of cells differentiated for
optimal use of the universal cell property termed
contractility.
• Microfilaments and associated proteins together
generate the forces necessary for cellular
contraction, which drives movement within certain
organs and the body as a whole.
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o(a): Skeletal muscle is composed of large, elongated,
multinucleated fibers that show strong, quick, voluntary
contractions.
o(b): Cardiac muscle is composed of irregular branched cells bound
together longitudinally by intercalated disks and shows strong,
involuntary contractions.
o(c): Smooth muscle is composed of grouped, fusiform cells with
weak, involuntary contractions. The density of intercellular
packing seen reflects the small amount of extracellular connective
tissue present.
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Organization
of skeletal
muscle
(a): An entire skeletal muscle is
enclosed within a dense
connective tissue layer called the
epimysium continuous with the
tendon binding it to bone. (b):
Each fascicle of muscle fibers is
wrapped in another connective
tissue layer called the perimysium.
(c): Individual muscle fibers
(elongated multinuclear cells) is
surrounded by a very delicate layer
called the endomysium, which
includes an external lamina
produced by the muscle fiber (and
enclosing the satellite cells) and
ECM produced by fibroblasts. 5
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Sarcome
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum &
Transverse Tubule System
oIn muscle the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is
specialized for Ca2+ ion sequestration. The depolarization
of this sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, which results in
the release of Ca2+ ions, is initiated at the specialized
myoneural junction on the surface of the muscle cell.
oSurface-initiated depolarization signals would have to
diffuse throughout the cell to produce Ca2+ release from
internal sarcoplasmic reticulum cisternae.
oTo provide for a uniform contraction, skeletal muscle fibers
have a system of transverse (T) tubules. These fingerlike
invaginations of the sarcolemma form a complex network
of tubules that encircles every myofibril.
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The neuromuscular junction
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The neuromuscular junction
oDiagram indicating key features of a typical
neuromuscular junction: synaptic vesicles of
acetylcholine (ACh), a synaptic cleft, and a
postsynaptic membrane. This membrane, the
sarcolemma, is highly folded to increase the number of
Ach receptors at the NMJ. Receptor binding initiates
muscle fiber depolarization, which is carried to the
deeper myofibrils by the T tubules
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Mechanism of Contraction
o■ Ca2 + binding to troponin causes t ropomyosin to
change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind the
actin subunits, forming crossbridges between thick and
thin filaments.
o■ The myosin heads then pivot with ATP hydrolysis, which
pulls the thin filaments along the thick filaments.
o■ With Ca 2+ and ATP present, a contraction cycle
ensues in which myosin heads repeatedly attach, pivot,
detach, and return, causing the filaments to slide past one
another, shortening the sarcomere.
o■ When the membrane depolarization ends, Ca2 + is
again sequestered, ending contraction and allowing the
sarcomeres to lengthen again as the muscle relaxes.
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Mechanism of Contraction
o■ Synapses of motor axons with skeletal muscle are
called m otor end plates (MEPs), neuromuscular junctions
(NMJs), or myoneural junctions; the neurotransmitter is
acetylcholine.
o■ A motor axon may form many terminal branches, each
ending on an MEP of a muscle fiber; all fiber s innervated
by branches of that axon comprise a motor unit.
oMuscle Spindles & Tendon Organs
o■ Th ese are both sensory proprioceptors in which
sensory axons wrap around intrafusal fiber s in small
specialized fascicles or around myotendinous collagen
bundles, respectively.
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Hình 5: Thay đổi khi co cơ
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Cardiac Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
o■ Cardiac muscle fibers are also striated, but they
consist of individual cylindrical cells, each
containing one (or two) central nuclei and linked by
adherent and gap junctions at prominent
intercalated discs.
o■ Sarcomeres of cardiac muscle are organized
and function similarly to those of skeletal muscle.
o■ Contraction of cardiac muscle is i ntrinsic at
nodes of impulse generating pacemaker muscle
fibers; autonomic nerves regulate the rate of
contraction.
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Smooth Muscle
o■ Smooth muscle fibers are individual small, fusiform
(tapering) cells, linked by numerous gap junctions.
o■ Thin and thick filaments in smooth muscle fibers do not
form sarcomeres, and no striations are present.
o■ Thin actin filaments attach to α-actinin located in dense
bodies that are located throughout the sarcoplasm and
near the sarcolemma; contraction causes cells to shorten
individually.
o■ Sarcoplasmic reticulum is less well-organized in smooth
muscle fibers, and there is no transverse tubule system.
o■ Troponin is lacking in smooth muscle; proteins
controlling the sliding filaments here include myosin light-
chain kinase (MLCK) and calmodulin.
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Tế bào cơ trơn 25
Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
o■ Repair and regeneration can occur in skeletal muscle because of a
population of reserve muscle satellite cells that can proliferate, fuse, and
form new muscle fibers.
o■ Cardiac muscle lacks satellite cells and has little capacity for
regeneration.
o■ Regeneration is rapid in smooth muscle because the cells/fiber s are
small and relatively less differentiated, which allow renewed mitotic
activity after injury.
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XIN CẢM ƠN
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