BME 223

BIOENGINEERING MATERIALS 1
8. Introduction to Natural and Artificial
Biomaterials – Transplant, Implants,
Prosthesis, and Artificial Organs
by
Dr. O.A. Adeleye
Biomedical Engineering, University of Lagos

Material for the course:

1. BIOMATERIALS The Intersection of Biology and Materials
Science by J.S.Temenoff, A.G.Mikos
2. Online Sources
NEW MATERIALS FOR BODY IMPLANTS
& PROSTHESIS
IMPLANTS & PROSTHESIS
IMPLANTS & PROSTHESIS
BIOMATERIAL CLASSES
SOME APPLICATION OF BIOMATERIALS
 Smart Sutures
(a)A smart surgical suture self-tightening at elevated
temperatures. A thermoplastic shape-memory polymer fiber
was programmed by stretching to about 200% at a high
temperature and fixing the temporary shape by cooling. After
forming a loose knot, both ends of the suture were fixed in
place.
(a)The photo series shows, from top to bottom, how the knot
tightened in 20 seconds when heated from 20 to 40°C.
(b) Degradable shape
Desirable Material Properties for
Medical Applications
Biocompatibility
Hydrogels
 Artificial skin
Artificial skin, which is grown in the laboratory, is used to treat
patients with extensive skin loss or those that have burns.
The challenge with growing artificial skin is getting the cells to
align properly.
Therefore a scaffold must be used for the cells.
The most successful scaffold is lactic acid -glycolic acid
copolymer.
Biomaterials –Metals
Biomaterials –Metals
Biomaterials –Metals VITALLIUM
Biomaterials –Metals GOLD
BIOGLASS
METAL FOAMS
METAL FOAMS
METAL FOAMS
Implant Fixation Methods
Implant Fixation Methods
Implant Fixation Methods
Biomaterials –Polymers
Biomaterials –Polymers

: study of the eye

: study of the eye

3D Bioprinting
3D Printing of Body Parts
3D Printing of Body Parts
 Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering -
Future Directions in Bioprinting
The challenge of tissue engineering is to mimic what happens in nature. Attempts are
being made to engineer, in the body, practically every tissue and organ in the body.
Work is proceeding in creating tissue-engineered liver, nerve, kidney, intestine,
pancreas and even heart muscle and valves.
In the area of connective tissues, work has been ongoing worldwide for many years
in the engineering of tendon, ligament, bone and cartilage.
To date the highest rates of success have been achieved in the areas of skin,
bladder, airway and bone, where tissue-engineered constructs have been used
successfully in patients
Neo-bladder –a commercial synthetic bladder
 BIOCERAMICS
• Behavior of Ceramics in the Human Body
• Ceramics employed within the body can fall
into all three biomaterial classifications i.e.
Inert, resorbable and active, meaning they
can either remain unchanged, dissolve or
actively take part in physiological processes.
• What Forms Can Bioceramics Take?
• Bioceramics are available as:
• ·Micro-spheres
• ·Thin layers or coatings on a metallic implant
• ·Porous networks
• ·Composites with a polymer component
• ·Large well polished surfaces
 BIOCERAMICS
• What Materials are Classified as Bioceramics?
• Materials that can be classified as bioceramics include:
• ·Alumina
• ·Zirconia
• ·Calcium phosphates
• ·Silica based glasses or glass ceramics,
• ·Pyrolytic carbons
• What Functions Do Bioceramics Fulfil?
• Bioceramics satisfy needs as diverse as low coefficients of
friction for lubricating surfaces in joint prostheses,
surfaces on heart valves that avoid blood clotting,
materials that stimulate bone growth and those that can
harness radioactive species for
 CERAMIC MATERIALS
Bone is a composite material of which the main
inorganic component is a ceramic called hydroxyapatite.
The hydroxyapatite is combined in the bone
microstructure with a natural biological polymer -
collagen.
TYPES OF ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS
Hip Implant Options
Hip Implant Options
 Hip Implant Options
• Plastics are used extensively in the medical industry.
One of the most interesting medical applications for
plastics is the “artificial hip”.
• Each prosthesis is made up of two parts: the
acetabular component (socket portion) that replaces
the acetabulum, and the femoral component (stem
portion) that replaces the femoral head.
 Hip Implant Options
• The femoral component is made of titanium, while the
acetabular component is made of a metal shell with a
plastic inner socket liner. The plastic liner is molded
from Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethyleneand acts
like a bearing. The UHMWPE is extremely tough,
abrasion resistant and has a very low coefficient of
friction. This is a very good example of how plastics
and metals work together to enhance our quality of
life.
Hip Implant Options
Shoulder Replacement
Elbow Replacement
3 Types of Knee Replacement
SPINAL DISC REPLACEMENTS
DENTAL IMPLANTS
Biomaterial – Metal Titanium
Cardiovascular Devices
Pump Drive Unit
 Implantable Cardiac Pacemakers

Pacemaker - a device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its
contractions
 Plastic Product
• Some of the most advanced plastic products being
manufactured today are used in the medical industry.
• The angioplasty catheter is a good example of a life saving
medical device that would not be possible without
plastics.
• Balloon angioplasty is a minimally invasive non-surgical
alternative to coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The
angioplasty balloon is used to compress obstructing
plaque in a clogged artery against the arterial wall so that
blood can flow freely again.
• This procedure has a very high success rate and greatly
reduces the chances of surgical complications.

Angioplasty balloons are made from a variety

of plastics including Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET), nylon 11 or nylon 12.
 Balloon
Angioplasty In
Action:
 Stent Before And After Expansion

Stent - a tiny tube that a doctor places in an artery or duct to help keep
it open and restore the flow of bodily fluids in the area
MATERIALS FOR PROSTHESES
This bionic arm Bionic Arm
can do things like
picking up fragile
items such as a
glass.

The arm is
connected directly
to the wearer,
Jesse Sullivan's
brain, so he's able
to use it like any
other appendage..

Electrodes intercept the limb's residual nerve firings and feed them to a
computer embedded in the forearm, which then commands six motors to
move the device's shoulder, elbow and hand in unison.
Thanks to hand sensors, the wearer can even gauge pressure and fine-tune
their grip.
COCHLEAR IMPLANTS TO ALLOW
PERSONS TO HEAR
Cochlear Implant -Detail
 Artificial Sprinting Leg
Oscar Pistorious wears the Ossur Cheetah Flex-foot
Artificial Sprinting Leg. It is made of carbon fiber and
manufactured in Iceland.

The prosthesis’ ‘J’

curve shape
resembles the hind
quarter of a cheetah,
the fastest animal on
land. The spikes used
on the bottom are
taken
 The C-Leg Innovation
The C-Leg is an innovative, completely microprocessor-controlled leg
prosthesis system that helps people who have undergone trans-
femoral amputation to achieve a new degree of safety and dynamics.
The C-Leg features a wireless remote control that lets users easily
switch between different settings, e.g. for walking, bicycling or inline-
skating.
I – LIMB HAND
 A Sensational Breakthrough: The First
Bionic Hand That Can Feel
The first bionic hand that allows an amputee to feel what they
are touching was transplanted in 2013, in a pioneering
operation that could introduce a new generation of artificial
limbs with sensory perception.

The wiring of his new bionic

hand was connected to the
patient’s nervous system with
the hope that the man would be
able to control the movements
of the hand as well as receiving
touch signals from the hand’s
skin sensors.
 Cosmesis
Touch Bionics have made a break-through in the cosmesis of the i-LIM
Hand.

Aesthetic improvements are evident in both the static and,

importantly, the dynamic cosmesis.

Cosmesis is the flexible skin covering that covers the i-LIMB Hand and
ProDigits. By applying in-house expertise and partnering with companies
that specialize in cosmesis.
 Cosmesis
• Touch Bionics has achieved major breakthroughs
in the aesthetic appearance of its prosthetic
products, including being able to apply
permanent hair.
• The Touch Bionics products are the first
prosthetic hands to imitate the true movement
and lifelike accuracy of a human hand. The
challenge has been to find materials that can
FINTER DIGITS AND FEET COVERING
FOR A PROSTHESIS
MODERN AESTHETIC DESIGNS FOR PROSTHES
(MANY CAN BE 3D PRINTED)
MODERN AESTHETIC DESIGNS FOR PROSTHES
(MANY CAN BE 3D PRINTED)