THAI MOOGAMBIGAI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

CHENNAI - 600 107

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING

PRACTICAL MANUAL

[Subject Code - 1052235440]

(R Scheme: III Year/V Sem. 2025-2026)

 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING PRACTICALS
S.
NO DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGN

Assemble and disassembling a computer & Trouble shooting

Install Hard Disk/SSD
1
A) Partition and Format Hard Disk.
B) Practice with scan disk, disk cleanup, disk De-fragmentation
2 Installing and Configuring any one device
Install and configure any one device (Printer, Scanner, Web cam, Bio-metric
Device) with Troubleshoot the problems
Windows OS Server Installation
3

4 Installation and Configuration of DNS Server

5 Installation and configuration of DHCP Server.

Installation and Configuration of any one of Service (Telnet , FTP server, Web
6
Server)
Practicing the following cabling works in a networks
A) Cable Crimping
7 B) Standing Cabling
C) Cross Cabling
D) Testing the Crimped cable using a Cable Tester

8 Create a Network topology using any network simulation software

IP Configuring and Testing

A) Configure Host IP, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway in a system in LAN
9 (TCP/IP Configuration).
B) Configure Internet connection and use IPCONFIG, PING / Tracert and
Netstat utilities to Debug the Network issues.
Data backup & Network Security
A. Create and configure user accounts in windows
B. Create automated backups to ensure no data loss & you always have a
10
recent backup
C. Create rules on firewall to allow clients to connect to the Server Service
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COMPUTER
HARDWARE
AND NETWORKING
PRACTICAL
 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING PRACTICAL

1. Assemble and disassembling a computer & Trouble shooting

Aim :Assemble and disassembling a computer & Trouble shooting

Install Hard Disk/SSD
a) Partition and Format Hard Disk.
b) Practice with scan disk, disk cleanup, disk De-fragmentation

Hardware Required
A computer system, a Hard disk drive and a 40 pin flat ribbon cable (IDE cable), disk
defragmenter and disk cleanup utility, anti-virus software..

Procedure
(i) Switch off the system and disconnect the power cable.
(ii) Remove the system case cover (system box cover).
(iii) Using 40 pin flat ribbon cable [IDE cable], connect HDD with the motherboard.
(iv) Connect 4 pin power cable connector [big] of SMPS to the HDD .
(v) Set the jumpers on the drive correctly.
(vi) Now place the HDD into respective drive bay.
(vii) Replace the system case cover and switch on the system.

A) PARTITIONING AND FORMATTING A HARD DISK

PARTITIONING A DISK
Procedure:
Partitioning is a technique to divide the physical drive into number of logical drives. The
following steps should be followed to make DOS partition.
(i) Type FDISK at the DOS prompt; that brings the partition program to the screen.
(ii) Select the drive for logical partition and press enter.

FORMATTING A HARD DISK

Procedure:

It requires a low level formatting and a high level formatting. Formatting an existing disk
completely erases the information stored on it. There are 2 types of formatting.

i) Low level formatting

Low level formatting magnetically divides the disk into tracks and sectors. The
DOS
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FDISK program is used to find out whether a drive is low level formatted
or not

ii)High level formatting

High level formatting creates a file structure. The command to perform high
level formatting is:

C:\>FORMAT
C:/S Press Enter
key.
The switch /S is used to transfer the system files (booting files) to the hard disk drive before
formatting.

B) PRACTICE WITH SCAN DISK, DISK CLEANUP , DISK DE-FRAGMENTER,

VIRUSDETECTING AND RECTIFYING SOFTWARES.
Theory
Scan disk is an utility program, it is used to check, fix and correct the problems in the
following areas of each drive

(i) File allocation table (FAT)

(ii) Physical surface of the drive (Bad sectors)
This utility program also runs automatically. If the system is not properly shut down.

Procedure
The scandisk utility program can be run in both DOS environment and windows environment.

(i) If you are running a scan disk from DOS environment, use the
following syntax Syntax : SCANDISK drive :
(ii) If you are running from windows environment,
Click start -» Select programs -> Select accessories —» Select system tools -»
Select scandisk

The following options are listed:

a. System and data areas :Checks your entire disk for physical damage.
b. System area only :Checks only the system areas of the hard disk for physical
damage..
c. Data area only :Checks only the data area of your disk for physical damage.
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DISK CLEANUP :
The Disk Cleanup tool helps you free up space on your hard disk. The utility identifies
files that you can safely delete, and then enables you to choose whether you want to delete
some or all of the identified files.

Use Disk Cleanup to:

• Remove temporary Internet files.
• Remove downloaded program files (such as Microsoft ActiveX controls and Java
applets).
• Empty the Recycle Bin.
• Remove Windows temporary files.
• Remove optional Windows components that you don't use.
• Remove installed programs that you no longer use.

To use Disk Cleanup

1. Click Start ->All Programs ->Accessories ->System Tools ->Disk Cleanup. If several
drives are available, you might be prompted to specify which drive you want to clean.
2. In the Disk Cleanup for dialog box, scroll through the content of the Files to delete list.
Choose the files that you want to delete.
3. Clear the check boxes for files that you don't want to delete, and then click OK.

DISK DE-FRAGMENTER:
Disk Defragmenter is a Windows utility that consolidates fragmented files and folders on
your computer's hard disk. As a result reading and writing to the disk speeds up. To use Disk
Defragmenter:
1. Click Start ->All Programs ->Accessories ->System Tools ->Disk Defragmenter.
2. In the Disk Defragmenter dialog box, click the drives that you want to defragment. and
then click the Analyze button.
3. To defragment the selected drive or drives, click the Defragment button. After the
defragmentation is complete, Disk Defragmenter displays the results. If bad sectors are
found, choose to fix them.

FAMILIARIZING VIRUS DETECTING AND RECTIFYING SOFTWARE

1) Invoke the antivirus software either automatically or manually.
2) Select the drive or external devices to be scanned.
3) Right click on the drive or device and select the option scan.
4) The result will display the number of infected files.
5) Select the corrective measures like REPAIR/DELETE the infected files.
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f) Creating System restore points in windows for system recovery.

1. In the search box on the taskbar, type Create a restore point, and select it from the list of
results.
2. On the System Protection tab in System Properties, select Create.
3. Type a description for the restore point, and then select Create > OK.

Result:
Thus we have installed and configured the hard disk. We also have identified the disk as
master/slave and performed disk defragmentation, scan disk and disk cleanup utilities and
performed scan for anti-virus.
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2. Installing and Configuring any one device

Aim: Install and configure any one device (Printer, Scanner, Web cam, Bio-metric Device) with
Troubleshoot the problems

DOT MATRIX PRINTER:

Head cleaning mechanism of a dot matrix printer:

a) Turn off your printer, and unplug it from the power supply.

b) Dip your cloth in alcohol, and gently clean the outside of the printer.

c) Open your printer. There should be a door protecting the inside mechanical parts.

d) Gently clean the print heads of your dot-matrix printer with an alcohol-swabbed cloth.
Avoid the ribbon. If necessary, you should remove the ribbon while cleaning.

e) Close the printer door. Reconnect the power.

Installing dot matrix, Ink jet and laser printer:
The steps to be followed while installing the printer are:

1.ClickStart--> Control Panel--> Printers and other hardware--> Printers and Faxes.
2. Under Printer Tasks, click Add Printer.
3. Click Next on the first Add Printer Wizard window.
4. Select only "Local Printer" option and click "Next”.
5. Make sure to uncheck "Automatically detect and install My Plug and play printer"
option.
6. Under Select a Printer Port option, select the LPT1/USB port and click Next.
Under the Manufacturers list, select the correct type.

7. Under the Printers list, select the correct product and printer model number of your
printer and click Next.
8. Under “Do you want to use this printer as the default printer?” , Select "Yes" and click
Next.
9. Test the printer by printing a test page.
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DOT MATRIX PRINTER

LASER PRINTER

Troubleshooting for printer:

Problem: Printer does not power up.
Solution: No AC Power. Check power cord
Problem: Power is on but printer does not print.
Solution: Printer is not ON LINE. Press ON LINE.
Problem: Printout is faint.
Solution: Replace the ribbon.
Problem: Carriage moves but there is no printing.
Solution: Ribbon is not installed correctly. Re-insert ribbon.
Problem: Light or faded print.

Solution: Replace the toner cartridge.

Problem: Dirt on the backside of the page.

 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING PRACTICAL

Solution: The page layout may be too complex.

Problem: Thin/dark/vertical black lines.

Solution: Check the cartridge and replace if necessary.

C) Checking and connecting the data cable connectivity:

1. For proper functioning of the printer, the signal cable connecting the system and the
printer must work properly.
2. Check whether the signal cable is connected properly at the end of the system and the
printer.
3. Check the power cable also. If the signal cable or power cable are worn-out or
damaged, replace it with a new cable.
4. In correct port assignment is also making a problem in printer. So assign the correct
port for the printers according to the technical specifications.

WEB CAM
PROCEDURE:

1.Go to the Search box and search for Device Manager.

2.The Device Manager displays a complete list of devices on the computer.

3.Go to Cameras or Imaging Devices, right-click the webcam, then select Update driver.
4.If nothing happens when you plug in the webcam, and Windows can't find the drivers, read
the instruction manual or visit the webcam manufacturer's website to locate driver software
for the webcam.

BIO-METRIC DEVICE
PROCEDURE:
1.Insert the software installation disc that came along with your fingerprint reader, into the
disc drive of your computer. The installation disc has drivers that need to be installed to use
the reader.
2.Run the installer by choosing "Open with File Explorer", then by opening the installer.
3.Plug the fingerprint reader into the USB port. This is essential because without it, you cannot
use the sensor.
4.Follow the steps the installation wizard prompts you to. Choose the location for installing
the software. Once the installation is complete, click the close or finish button to end the
process.
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5.Place the reader on a convenient surface, such as on a desk. It should be easy to find and
easy to get to.
6.Make sure the reader is easily accessible since you will be using it for accessing the
computer most of the times.
7.Register each fingerprint. Try using Windows Hello/Touch ID, if that does not work, then
run the software that the reader comes with.
8.Lock your computer, and sign in by touching the fingerprint sensor.

Result:
Thus we have installed and configured Printer, Web cam, and bio-metric device successfully.
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3. WINDOWS SERVER OS INSTALLATION

AIM
To install windows server.
PROCEDURE
Installation of Windows
1. Insert the appropriate Windows Server installation media into your CD/DVD drive.

2. Reboot the computer

3. The Windows Setup screen appears.

4. Press ENTER to Continue Setup or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.

5. Agree the licensing agreement by press F8.

6. Delete the existing partition (select C drive, press D -> Enter -> L).

7. Create a new partition (press C). Give the partition size as 20000 and press Enter

8. Select Partition1 & press Enter.

9. Select Format the partition using the NTFS file system (quick) & press Enter.

10. Set up will format the partition to install windows.

11. Now Setup Will copy files required for installation.

12. After copying the system will restart automatically.

13. After restarting Setup will prepare to install.

14. It will ask for regional settings, leave default & click on Next.

15. Give the name & Organization (ppc), click on Next.

16. Enter the product key which is provided by Microsoft.

17. This will ask how clients & servers are connected in the network so it will keep track of
license of clients & Server

18. Now it will prompt for computer Name & to set the password click on Next

19. Set the Date & Time Zone & click on Next.

20. Select the typical for standalone or select custom for Network configuration

21. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) click on properties.

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22. Give an IP address of network, click on ok.

23. Click on next to finish the wizard.

24. Wait for a while the setup will complete.

25. After completing the system will restart.

RESULT:
Thus, Windows OS server is installed successfully.
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4. INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF DNS SERVER

AIM:
To Installation and configuration of DNS Server

PROCEDURE:
TO INSTALL A DNS SERVER

1. Open Server Manager. To open Server Manager, click Start, and then click Server
Manager.
2. Under Roles Summary, click Add Roles.
3. On Before You Begin, click Next.
4. On Confirm Installation Selections, click Install.
5. On DNS Server, click Next.
6. On Installation Results, click Close.

CONFIGURE DNS SERVER

1. Go to the Control Panel.

2. Click Network and Internet > Network and Sharing Center > Change adapter settings.
3. Select the connection for which you want to configure Google Public DNS. For example:
 To change the settings for an Ethernet connection, right-click the Ethernet interface and
select Properties.
 To change the settings for a wireless connection, right-click the Wi-Fi interface and
select Properties.
If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or
provide confirmation.
4. Select the Networking tab. Under This connection uses the following items, select Internet
Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) or Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) and then
click Properties.
5. Click Advanced and select the DNS tab. If there are any DNS server IP addresses listed there,
write them down for future reference, and remove them from this window.
6. Click OK.
7. Select Use the following DNS server addresses. If there are any IP addresses listed in
the Preferred DNS server or Alternate DNS server, write them down for future reference.
8. Replace those addresses with the IP addresses of the Google DNS servers:
 For IPv4: 8.8.8.8 and/or 8.8.4.4.
 For IPv6: 2001:4860:4860::8888 and/or 2001:4860:4860::8844.
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9. Repeat the procedure for additional network connections you want to change.

RESULT
Thus, DNS Server is installed and configured successfully .
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5. INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF DHCP SERVER

AIM
To Install and configure DHCP in windows 2003 server.
PROCEDURE
DHCP is Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It provides centralized
management of IP addresses for the client computers on a network

Installing DCHP Server:

1. Click Start, point to Control Panel, and then click Add or Remove Programs.
2. In the Add or Remove Programs dialog box, click Add/Remove Windows Components.
3. In the Windows Components Wizard, click Networking Services in the Components list, and
then click Details.

4. In the Networking Services dialog box, click to select the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) check box, and then click OK.

5. In the Windows Components Wizard, click Next to start Setup. Insert the Windows Server 2003
CD-ROM into the computer's CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive if you are prompted to do so.
6. Setup copies the DHCP server and tool files to your computer.
7. When Setup is completed, click Finish
Configuring DCHP Server
8. Click start ->Program and then select Administrative tools

9. From the administrative tools select DHCP

10. From the list select server and from the menu bar select Action.

11. From the Action menu bar select New scope.

12. A new scope wizard appears.

13. Now type the Name and Description for the scope and then click OK.

14. Now enter the Start IP address and End IP address that the scope distributes and then
click next and then Click Finish in the New Scope wizard.
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RESULT:
Thus, DHCP server is installed and configured successfully.
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6. INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF ANY ONE OF

THE SERVICES
(Telnet, FTP, Web Server)

AIM
To Install and Configure Mail Server in windows 2003 server environment.
PROCEDURE

Installing Mail server:

1. Start->Programs->Administrative Tools->Manage Your Server

2. Click on Add or remove a role

3. This will start the Configure Your Server Wizard. Click Next

4. Select Custom Configuration & click Next.

5. Click Mail server (POP3, SMTP). Click Next

6. Now specify the type of authentication as Local Windows Accounts and type the
email domain name thaimoogambigai.com. Click Next

7. Next step is to confirm the options you have selected. Click Next

8. The installation will start, and will also start the Windows Components Wizard.

When you get prompted to insert your Windows Server 2003 CD-ROM into your
CD-ROM drive
9. Click Finish

Configuring POP3 Mail server:

1. Start Adminstrative Tools POP3 service.
In the console tree, select the domain name (Eg: TMPC.com)

2. Right-click the domain in which you want to create a new mailbox, point to New,
and then select Mailbox.
3. Check the Create associated user for this mailbox box if you are using local
Windows accounts authentication or Active Directory integrated authentication,
unless a user account already exists with the same name as the mailbox you
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want to create. If the check box is already selected, clear it only if an account
already exists with the same name as the mailbox you want to create.
4. In Mailbox Name, type a name for the mailbox.

5. In Password, type the password for the mailbox, and then retype it in Confirm
Password.

Configuring the Email client

• Start Outlook Express
• Click Tools and then Accounts
• Click the Add button and select Mail.
• Complete the wizard and click ok.

RESULT
Thus, Mail Server is installed and configured successfully in windows 2003 server
environment
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7. CABLEING WORK IN A NETWORK

AIM :- To do Cable Crimping for Standard Cabling and Cross Cabling in a network .

REQUIREMENTS: RJ45 Connectors, Crimping tool & CAT 5 cable of desired length.

PROCEDURE:
CAT 5 Cable has 4 pairs of copper wire inside it. The color coding of Standard cables has
ORANGE WHITE (1), ORANGE (2), GREEN WHITE (3) , BLUE (4), BLUE WHITE (5), GREEN (6),
BROWN WHITE (7), BROWN (8).

Standard Cabling

1. Remove the covering of CAT 5 cable.

2. Straighten the eight wires of the cable.
3. Using Crimping tool’s cutter cut the end of wires so that they are of same length
4. Arrange the wire in order 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 respectively as shown in the diagram.

5. Insert the arranged cable in the RJ45 connector with clip pointing down.
6. In crimping tool insert the head of RJ45 connector and crimp (press) it hardly.
7. Follow same steps with same color order for the other end of cable.

Cross Cabling

Of the Eight wires in Cat 5, only 4 wires of the cable are used i.e. Two wires for
transmitting signal and two wires for receiving signal. 1st point 2nd point of cable wires

1-----------3
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2-----------6

3-----------1

4-----------4

5-----------5

6-----------2

7-----------7

8-----------8

Cable each wires setting.

1. Follow Steps 1 to 6 as done in standard cabling.

2. Only difference is in color coding of other side of wire.
3. Wire that is on 1st number on A-side (one end) should be on 3rd number on B-side
(other side) & vice-versa.
4. Wire that is on 2nd number on A-side (one end) should be on 6th number on B-side
(other side) & vice versa.
5. Now Crimp the RJ45 connector.
I/O Connector Crimping
1. Place the crimp ring over the cable end.
2. Trim the outer cover back about 1/4".
3. Trim the shielding, wire wrap and dielectric back to the bare inner wire.
4. Place the terminator over the end of the wire so the copper core sticks out through
the
hole.
5. Push the crimp-style connector down into the cable end so that the tube of the
connector goes between the foil and the outer housing.
6. Crimp the ring around the outside of the cable.
7. Trim any loose wires.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING PRACTICAL

8. Tug on the connector to the system to make sure it is attached.

RESULT :

Thus we have done the cable crimping for standard and cross cabling in a network and
tested it using a cable tester.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING PRACTICAL

8 CREATE A NETWORK TOPOLOGY USING ANY NETWORK

SIMULATION SOFTWARE

AIM :Significance of Network Topology

Procedure

The network topology is considered as the physical and logical arrangement of

connections and nodes. Modules in topology used to provide the functions such as,

 Virtual network segments are used to confine and test sensitive portions of network
 Testing is used to protect the resources and the reduction of risk
 Attacks are simulated against virtual networks
 Virtual topologies are created to test the network changes

Creation of Network Topology Using Simulator

Following that, our experts have showcased the creation process of network topology through
the utilization of following code based on OMNeT++ which is the network simulator used in this
process.

package flora.simulations;

………………

network Solid_Waste_Management_NW

parameters:

int numberOfNodes = default(50); int numberOfGateways = default(2);

int networkSizeX = default(1000); int networkSizeY = default(1000);

@display(“bgb=1000,1000”);

submodules:

IoT1: LoRaNode { @display(“p=108.864006,38.304;i=device/IoT”); }

loRaGW[numberOfGateways]: LoRaGW { @display(“p=157,238;is=s”); }

LoRaMedium: LoRaMedium { @display(“p=1,1;is=vs”); }

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networkServer: StandardHost {

parameters:

@display(“p=523.15204,153.216;i=device/server”);

configurator: Ipv4NetworkConfigurator {

parameters:

assignDisjunctSubnetAddresses = false;

@display(“p=1,1;is=vs”);

internetCloud: InternetCloud { @display(“p=418.32,59.472”); }

IoT2: LoRaNode { @display(“p=53.424,59.472;”); }

IoT3: LoRaNode { @display(“p=78.624,129.024”); }

IoT4: LoRaNode { @display(“p=38.304,129.024”); }

IoT5: LoRaNode { @display(“p=108.864006,89.712006”); }

…………

gwRouter[numberOfGateways]: Router { @display(“p=497.95203,356.752”); }

nsRouter: Router { @display(“p=528.192,68.544”); }

connections:

networkServer.ethg++ <–> Eth1G <–> nsRouter.ethg++;

nsRouter.pppg++ <–> Eth1G <–> internetCloud.pppg++;

for i=0..numberOfGateways-1 {

networkServer.pppg++ <–> Eth1G <–> gwRouter[i].pppg++;

gwRouter[i].ethg++ <–> Eth1G <–> loRaGW[i].ethg++;

}
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Demonstration of Network Topology Using Simulator

Consequently, we have implemented the network topology using the OMNeT++ simulator
through right clicking the project name and choosing the Run as option to OMNeT++
simulation.

Finally, the result is acquired through the implementation of network topology is highlighted in
the following.
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Result

To this end, we are always ready to give suggestion on the stage where you face some
difficulties with the required assistance for your research.
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9 IP CONFIGURATION & TESTING

AIM:-
A) Configure Host IP, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway in a system in LAN (TCP/IP
Configuration).
B) Configure Internet connection and use IPCONFIG, PING / Tracert and Netstat utilities
to Debug the Network issues

PROCEDURE:
1. Click Start, click Control Panel, click Network and Internet Connections, and then click
Network Connections.
2. Right-click the network connection that you want to configure, and then click
Properties.
3. On General tab click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click Properties.

4. Select the option Use the following IP address.

5. Configure the entries
IP address : : 132.147.160.1

Subnet mask : 255.255.0.0

Default gateway : 132.147.160.164

6. If you want to obtain DNS server addresses from a DHCP server, click Obtain DNS
server address automatically.
7. If you want to manually configure DNS server addresses, click Use the following DNS
server addresses, and then type the preferred DNS server and alternate DNS server IP
addresses in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server boxes.
8. Click OK to save the Connection properties.
Installing DHCP Server
1. Click Start and then select Control panel.
2. Select Add 0r Remove Program and then click Add or Remove windows components.
3. From the windows component wizard select Network Services and then select Details
button.
4. From the network service window select DHCP component.
5. Click OK and then click Finish from windows component wizard.
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Configuring DHCP Server

1. Click start ->Program and then select Administrative tools
2. From the administrative tools select DHCP
3. From the list select server and from the menu bar select Action.
4. From the Action menu bar select New scope.
5. A new scope wizard appears.
6. Now type the Name and Description for the scope and then click OK.
7. Now enter the Start IP address and End IP address that the scope distributes and then
click next and then Click Finish in the New Scope wizard.
Configuring DHCP Client
When TCP/IP is first installed, Windows XP automatically enables the option to obtain
an IP address from a DHCP server. You can disable this option if you want to manually enter IP
addresses.

The IP configuration tool (Ipconfig) allows users or administrators to examine the

current IP address configuration assigned to the computer, the IP address lease time, and
other useful data about the TCP/IP configuration. Start-> Run ->cmd -> ipconfig

CONFIGURE INTERNET CONNECTION AND USE IPCONFIG, PING / TRACERT AND

NETSTAT UTILITIES TO DEBUG THE NETWORK ISSUES.
IPCONFIG
 All incoming and outgoing network connections use the netstat command.
 At a command prompt, type netstat.
 It lists all connections, including the protocol being used, the local and Internet
addresses, and the current state of the connection.
 To see basic information about your adapters, type ipconfig at a command
prompt, and you'll see information like this:
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We can use ipconfig to release and renew IP addresses, and perform other
troubleshooting functions as well. For example, to renew an adapter's IP address, use this
command:

ipconfig /renew "adapter name"

TRACERT
The Tracert tool determines the path taken to a destination.

Tracert displays the path as the list of nearside router interfaces of the routers in the
path between a source host and a destination node.

c:\>tracert 2001:db8:1:f282:dd48:ab34:d07c:3914

PING
Ping is one of the most commonly used and known commands. Ping allows a user to
ping another network IP address.

Eg: ping 204.228.150.3

Options available with ping

-t Pings the specified host until stopped.

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-a Resolve addresses to hostnames.

-n count Number of echo requests to send.

NETSTAT
Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet
statistics, the IP routing table, IPv4 statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP protocols), and
IPv6 statistics (for the IPv6, ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over IPv6 protocols).

Result:
Thus we have configured TCP/IP and DNS to establish interconnection between
systems in LAN. We have also configured internet connection and use ipconfig,ping and
netstat utilities to debug the network issues.
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10 DATA BACKUP AND NETWORK SECURITY

AIM :

A. Create and configure user accounts in windows

B. Create automated backups to ensure no data loss & you always have a
recent backup
C. Create rules on firewall to allow clients to connect to the Server Service

Procedure
A. Create and configure user accounts in windows

1. Creating a User Account:

 Open Settings: Click the Start button, then select the gear icon (Settings).
 Go to Accounts: Click on "Accounts".
 Select Family & other users: Find this option on the left-hand menu.
 Add a new user: Click on "Add someone else to this PC".
 Choose account type: During the setup process, you will be prompted to choose between
creating a Microsoft account or a local account. If creating a local account, you will then choose
whether the account is a Standard user or an Administrator.
 Follow the prompts: Complete the remaining steps to set up the user account, including setting
a password and security questions.

2. Changing Account Type:

 Navigate to Accounts: Open Settings and go to Accounts > Family & other users.
 Select the user: Choose the user account you want to modify.
 Change account type: Click "Change account type".
 Select the new type: Choose either Standard user or Administrator.
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 Confirm the change: Click OK to apply the new account type.

3. Managing Permissions:

File/Folder Permissions:

Right-click the file or folder, select Properties, then the Security tab. Click Edit to manage
permissions for specific users.

Program Uninstall Permissions:

You can manage permissions for program uninstallation through the Local Group Policy Editor
(gpedit.msc).

User Account Control (UAC):

UAC settings, found in the Control Panel (or by searching for UAC), control how prompts for
administrator privileges are handled.

Important Considerations:

Administrator accounts:

Grant full control over the system. Use them sparingly and only when necessary.

Standard user accounts:

Limit access to system settings and critical files.

Strong passwords:

Always use strong, unique passwords for each user account, especially for administrator
accounts.
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Security best practices:

Regularly review user accounts and permissions to maintain a secure system.

B. Create and configure user accounts in windows

Your Windows PC comes with a one-stop backup solution, Windows Backup, that helps
you back up many of the things that are most important to you. From your files, themes, and
settings to many of your installed apps and Wi-Fi information, Windows Backup protects what
matters and makes it easier than ever to move to a new PC.

This guide describes how to use Windows Backup and the different settings to back up and
restore key items on your Windows PC.

Back up your PC

Paused

Step 1: Sign in with a Microsoft account

Step 2: Back up your folders
Step 3: Back up your settings
Step 4: Time to relax!

What about my Microsoft Edge preferences?

To easily browse the web from any of your devices and keep your favorites organized, sign in to
Microsoft Edge and turn on sync.

Sign in to sync Microsoft Edge across devices

Modify your backup configuration

If you want to change your backup configuration, open Settings > Accounts > Windows
backup or use the following shortcut:

Windows backup
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To change the synchronization of folders to OneDrive, select Manage sync

settings under OneDrive folder synching, and toggle the folders that you want to back up

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C .Create rules on firewall to allow clients to connect to the Server Service

Open Windows Firewall with Advanced Security:

Search for "Windows Firewall" in the Start Menu and select "Windows Firewall
with Advanced Security".

2. Create a New Inbound Rule:

In the left pane, click on "Inbound Rules".

In the right pane, click on "New Rule...".

3. Choose Rule Type:

Select "Port" and click "Next".

4. Specify Protocol and Ports:

Choose either TCP or UDP, depending on the service.

Select "Specific local ports" and enter the port number used by the server service.
Click "Next".

5. Choose Action:

Select "Allow the connection" and click "Next".

6. Specify Profile:

Select the appropriate network profiles (Domain, Private, Public) that should be affected by
this rule. Click "Next".

7. Name the Rule:

Give the rule a descriptive name (e.g., "Allow SQL Server (TCP on port 1433)") and an optional
description.
Click "Finish".

8. Optional: Restrict by IP Address:

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To further restrict the rule to specific IP addresses or subnets, edit the rule after creation.
Go to the "Scope" tab.
Under "Remote IP address", select "These IP addresses" and click "Add".
Enter the IP addresses or subnets that should be allowed to connect.
Click "OK" on all open windows to save the changes.

Example:
Let's say you want to allow clients to connect to a SQL Server instance running on port 1433
using TCP:
1. Follow steps 1-4 above, selecting "TCP" and entering "1433" as the specific local port.
2. Follow steps 5-7, naming the rule appropriately.
3. If you want to restrict access to a specific subnet (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24), edit the rule, go to the
"Scope" tab, and add that subnet as a remote IP address.
By following these steps, you can create firewall rules to allow clients to connect to your server
service while maintaining a secure network.

Result:
Thus we have done the Data backup and network security.