COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Ocular Lens
Eyepiece tube
Head
Nosepiece
Turret
Frame
Objectives
Stand
TENSION
Iris diaphragm Course and
Condenser Fine Focus
Illumination
Mechanical stage control
Base
13
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
AIM To study the various components and uses of the compound Microscope.
APPARATUS: The compound Microscope is used to magnify the object of study
and is the most important experiment of the Physiology lab. (Hematology)
The three important components of the microscope are 1. Mechanical component
2. Magnifyingcomponent. 3. Illumination components.
MECHANICAL COMPONENT IT HAS THE FOLLOWING PARTS
Base is Ushape and provides stability as support.
Pillars: There are twoupright pillars arising from the base on which the handle is
hinged
HANDLE:The handle is curved and the microscope can be fitted on the hinge.
BODY TUBE:The base: It is avertical tube attached to the handle. It can be racked
up and down by a penion screw arrangement.
THE COARSE AND FINE ADJUSTMENT SCREW: There are two coarse and fine
adiustment screws one on either side of the handle. If one side is rotated the other
side also rotates simultaneously. Use the left hand for adjustment of screws.
FIXED STAGE : The square plat form with an aperture in its centre on which the
counting chamberslide is placed a convergingcone of light passes through aperture
into the objective of lens.
MECHANICAL STAGE: Calibrated mechanical frame. on the fixed stage. It has a spring
mounted clip to holdthe slide and two screws to move the slide back and forthand also
sideways. Magnifying Component: It consists of afixed nose piece fitted at the lower
end of the body tube. The revolving nose-piece is fitted under it which carries the
objective lenses of different magnifying power. That the lens is in position is indicated by
aclick. The objective lenses are usually three in number. Magnifying part and numerical
aperture is edged on then. The greater the numerical apperture the clearer is the image
formed. With the low power objective of value, 10X and numerical apperture 0.25 this
lens magnify the image 10times and provides maximum field view. The high power
objective with value 40X and NA of 0.65 lens magnify the image 40 times. The oil
immersion objective of value 100 X and NA 1.30 magnify the image 100 times.
EYE PIECE:Fits in top of the body tube. The eyepieces can be magnifying power
5,8,20,25 etc., It has 2 lenses one at the top and the other at the bottom. Pointer
eyepieces have a pit mounted in them to point out an object in field of view.
THE ILLUMINATING COMPONENT :TWo mirrors are fitted below the condensor which
reflects light. The plane mirror is used when light source is natural. The concave mirror is
used if light source is artificial [ Ex. Electric lamp et., ] Diverging rays are
converted to parallel and directed into condensor.
THE CONDENSOR: Is fitted underthe fixed stage. It can be lowered raised bya screw
andpinion arrangement. Condensor has 2 lenses fitted in a short cylinder. It has an Iris
diaphragm which controls amount of light entering microscope. It hasa metal ringwhich
accommodates a blue filter and crown glass. when artificial source of light is used.
Function of the condensor is to convert parallel ray of light intoacone of condensed beam.
15
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION : Microscope is used for its magnifying power and power of
resolution which means ability to show two points as separate points. For example
resolving power of oil immersion objective is 0.25 um means if two points are nearer
than 0.25 um, they appear as one and blurred.
CALCULATION OF TOTAL MAGNIFICATION:Magnifying powèr of lens X
Magnifying
power of eye piece.
Ex: -If magnifying power of eye piece =10
then total magnification with low power lens = 10 x 10 = 100
with high power lens = 40 x 10 = 400
with oil immersion lens = 1000 x 10 = 1000
PROTOCOL: Do not begin half hazardly. Examine the slide with naked eye. Begin with
low power lens because it gives a large field view. Rack the condensor down andclose
the iris diaphragm to avoid the glare. Bring the lens to 1cm above the slide. Look into the
eyepièce and use the coarse adjustment screw to bring the object into focus. Then use
the fine adjustment screw to clarify the image. Never bring the lerns down from any height
looking into the eyepiece. You may miss the focusing point and break the slide. For high
power lens the aperture of it is smaller, raise the condensor and open the iris diaphram.
Bring the lens 1.2mm above the slide. Look into the eyepiece and adjust with fine
adjustment screw until object is sharply focused. For oil immersion objective, the
focusing position is very close to slide. Place a drop of cedar wood oilon glass slide and
immerse the oil immersion objective into this drop. Now look into the eyepiece and make
adjustment only with fine adjustment screw.
Racking the Microscope: Continuouslyrack microscope up and down when looking in
to it by using fine adjustment screw. Do not close the other eye. Practice keeping both the
eyes open Other types of Microscope :
a. Binocular MicroOScope: It has 2 eyepieces and both are used at once.
b. Ultra Microscope: UV light is used as source and quartz lenses are used.
c. Transmission Electron Microscope:L- Beam of Electrons are used as source of
light. Magnetic fields are used as lenses. Image is transferred to florescent screen
andphotographed.
QUESTIONS:
1. Whodiscovered Microscope ?
2. What are the components of Microscope ?
3. What are the parts of magnifying component and how many objectives are there?
4. Which is the illuminating component and state its functións?
5. What is resolving power?
6. What is the oil used in oil immersion objective and why?
7. What are the other types of Microscopes ?
17
1. who discoveed mivoscope
nton Von lewen hoek, a dutch diapu and ctiertist, ont one
of fhe plonevs of meoscopy . whoin
become the Prrst man to make and qeal mmio[cop.
a hat ase the comporents of miroope!
) The Sufpport ays temi
funetiong as a faresnk to which Uuious funcionaun
"
aKe attached
Buse
tHande
Body tube
keudutng noje pece
mechanieal stage.
b) Iluminatton Syttem;
t tifial butb Cyettou light)
ton densu ini3 diaphagm
amount of lynt enting the objet.
)magnification aystn;
pice ene Conve)
obiectiue lens Ctonve)
a) Adjust syetn
ustmen
cousse adiust mant,
t ne adustment
3what ase the pat of magnifng component of hos many
Objee tives ae thene
Aye piee lens( Conver)), objective lens (ionuex)
ke 3 objetive lens ; low Crox)
tHhh( 4sx)
oil tmmusion C100x)
4) hich is he TUluminating component f stofe it's unction?
The illuminafion Sys tem poufde uniform, o4t and bight
llumimatin o fhe entiie sytem fiet od gien t onsitts of
o
i) condensn = hep in Recol uing ht imoge .
got falleng
tit aia phaogm . adjust the omaunt of Gyit
) iis
on the matesial cin du
s) what 8 ieroluing powe?
eloe d
soling po wen is tie ability f miuosope to show each
and ditinet othe.
o
locat d stusiney os
) what is the oil ued n the oi) mmeasian objutie and why?
immes sion objective is Ce dawo0 d ol as t ha
oilused in ol
the Same Aefaoctive in dex as the slp, so
that the chiective Affeiuey immesed in it
1
what one the oth typu of mtuoope
Stmple miiostoPeont o
* Stueo miioscoPe
* lectton miotoseDpe
* Stanning ploe
mtuestope
(
HAEMOCYTOMETER, MODIFIED NEUBAUER CHAMBER
1.00 .
1.00 m.
0.0$ .
1. 00
0.25 .
21
HEMOCYTOMETRY
Date :
The formed elements of blood are counted by Hemocytometry. The apparatus used is
called Hemocytometer, consisting of diluting pipettes and counting chamtbers.
METHODS : Hemocytometer includes pipetting (diluting the blood in the pipette) and
charging (charging the Neubaure's chamber with diluted blood)
a) Pipetting
Principle :A measured unit of blood is diluted quantitatively with diluents by
using special measuring devices (pipettes).
Requirements:
RBC Pipette : It has a capillary stem of a uniform bore with a well ground conical
tip. Just above the stem is the bulb. The capacity of bulb is 100times that of the
stem. The stem is divided into 100 qual parts and marked as 0.5 and 1. Just
above the tube is the mark 101. The bulb contains a red bead, which helps in,
A) Mixing the blood with diluting fluid
B) For identification
C) To find out if the bulb is dry. If the bulb is dry, the bead moves freely in the bulb.
Otherwise it willstick to the sides.
BULB
BEAD IRED}
CALIBRATED SsTEM
SHOAT STEM
1UNIT
100 UNITS
101UMITS
RBC Pipette
23
WBCPipette : It has a stem with a wIder capillary bore. The capacity of the bulb is
40fimes that of the stem. The stem is divided in to 10 equal parts and marked as
05 and 1. Just above the bulb is the mark 11. The bulb contains awhite bead inside.
BULB
BEAD
CALIBRATED STEM
1UNIT STEM
10 UNITs
1 1NITS
WBC Pipette
b) Charging the chamber :
Principle:A mixture of blood and diluting fluid is released smoothly on to the central
platform of the chamber beneath a coverslip.
Requirements : Countingchamber, Pipete containingthe mixture and coverslip.
Improved Neubauer's chamber : It is a thick glass slide having two vertical moats
or depression on either side. Enclosed within this limp of H, separates an area on which
the square are marked. Thus we have twO squares on the two side of horzontal limb
of H, the surface on which the squares are marked is exactly 0.1mm below the
general surface of the slide. So, that, when a cover slip is placed over the blood film
of blood, the film will have a thickness of 0.1 mm.
Counting chamber is cleaned and placed on the stage of the microscope
with a cover slip. It is first focused under loW power and the general structure of the
lines is observed. The diaphragm of the condense is closed to the minimum aperture.
The lines will become clearer.
RAISED
PLATFORMS
COVER
GLASS
COVER GLASS
- DEPTH OF CHAMBER 0.t&8M
RASED PATFORM RULED
PLAIFORM RASED PLATFORM
SIDE VIEW
HM30706
MOATS.
TOP VIEW COUNTNG
CHAMBERS
Neubauer'sChamber Showing the Space between the Undersurface of
Coverslip and the Surface of the Platform
25
The countingchamber is a square of 3mm It is divided in to 9 equal
sGuares by triple ines. So that each square nas an area of one square mm, the square
squares
in the four corners has different rulings from that of central square The corner
RR ed for countingWBC where as the centrai square is used for counting RBC. The
lines. The middle of the
central RBC Square is divided in to 25 large squares by triple
is again
three lines forms the margin of each square. Each of these 25 large squares
lines.
divided into 16 smaller squares by single
one central
For RBC Counting : The red cells are counted in 4 corner groups and
squares ie. total of 80
group of medium squares, each of which has 16 smallest
smallest squares.
Area of one small RBC square = 1/20 x 1/20 = 1/400sg.mm
Depth of the chamber = 1/10 mm
Volume of one small RBC square = 1/400x 1/10 = 1/4000cu.mm
For WBCCounting: The count is done in the four corner groups of large squares,
each of which has 16 medium squares.
Area of one small WBC square is 1/4 mmx1/4 mm 1/16 sq.mm
Depth of the chamber = 1/10 mm
Volume of one small RBC square= 1/16 sq.mm x 1/10= 1/60Qu.mm
QUESTIONS:
1. How do youidentify the RBC and WBC pipette?
2. What are the uses of Hemocytometer in hematology ?
3.What are the precaution taken for pipetting ?
4. Why the fluid is not sucked directly from the stock bottle?
27
ohat ae the usy of hemarytomitt
hema in heama tolg
it is used fos mosmal counting of RBc S platelits
hat is the function af bod in the butb ?
The beo d heips to mix the bro od oith ft's diu ainy s
"H.
fluid an identifiation.
why is impovtont to iscesd the frut diop,2 dtop of
dilu ted biood fom the pipette efoe fhe chavging te
chamby.
counting
syrtem containy cnly the cell freeCandluent and theet
The chambu be fltd
be
to le discos ded befoie the
fos othu puspo se than cel
4 Can a pipette b used
cauntrg? uscd for counting platelbts
he RBc pipette can beteutenia
as in Sorme
n the Semen.
spumatajoa
Chasgead chamba
ohat a the ty
fea giun ldaly
6 compltliy ftledbith dluatbd
Tarally charped i chambus is blood insutttient to
dluted
blct cendy chsped. The
Cove the Pros piece,
blood ftowsinto the tenches
oe chaged &The dilute
ahat is the cormposition and functton f hyen's futa?
Hoycns 4id i Sodium chlaside Cndact}, o.5 - naintaing osmolaii
Sodum Sulphat Cnle,su) =a-s; -pevnts ageqotson
mu cnised chloitdo CHtol) = Ora59 -et as psesevatie
oml - vtet as Soluent.
whot s the function of fed bead of the bulb of pipette ?
the Contents df the bulb
mining tdentiiation of RBcpipet
Quik
ENUMERATION OFRED BLOOD CORPUSCLES
APPARATUS
MODIFIED NEUBAUER HAEMOCYTOMETER. This contains a pipette for red blood
GorDuscles, apipette for white blood corpuscles and a thick glass with a couning
chamber in the centre
COUNTING CHAMBER
NEUBAUERS SCALE:
In the Centre of the glass slide is a rectangular platform the surface of which is lower than
the generalsurface ofthe slide by 1/10mm. The platform has a groove on either side. On
the platform twosimilar scales are ruled in each scale,the central square millimeter is
Subdivided into smallsquare for R.B.C. Count. Each side of the millimeter square is
divided twenty times thus dividing the area in to 400 small squares. each fifty row (
vertical as well as horizontal ) of the small squares is subdivided by a line (vertical -
horizontal). The triple lines thus formed dividing the whole area into 25 large squares
each containing 16 smallsquares by single lines. The central square is utilised for R.B.C.
Count. while all the four corner squares are used for W.B.C. Count. In one sitting counts
can be made on all the scales on the platform, greater accuracy being thus obtained.
PIPETTE FOR RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES:
This has a stem containing a capillary bore which leads to bulb. The other end of the bulb
is connected with arubber tube carrying a r10uth piece for sucking fluid. The stem
carries two marks '0.5'and '1'On the other end ofthe bulb is a mark101'A glass bead is
found inside the bulb, which helps to mix the dilution fluid and blood.
DILUTION FLUID (HAYEM'S FOR R.B.C .): Mercuric chloride - 0.25 gm. Sodium
Chloride .- 0.5 gm. Sodium Sulphate 2.5 gm. and Distilled water - 100 C.C.
PROCEDURE: Keep the dilution fluid in a clean and dry watchglass. Keep the mouth
piece of the pipette in the mouth. Sterilize your finger with rectified spirit. Give deep prick
on the pulpof the finger. The blood should flow freely and should not be obtained by
squeezing.
Immerse the tip of the pipette in the drop of blood at an angle, and gently'suck up to '0.5'
as a continuous column. If the blood column is broken up by the entry of air bubble,
gently expel the bloodon the finger and repeat the process, wipe off the blood from the
exterior of thepipette and plunge its tip into the dilution fluidand suck up to the mark '101
avoid air bubbles by keeping the tip of the pipette well immersed in the dilution fluid
through sucking. The whole operation should be finished quickly less the blood should
clot inthe pipette. Keep the pipette horizontally one your palm and mix up the blood and
the dilution fluid in the bulb by rolling the pipette with the other plam for one minute.
Reject the fluid from the stem of the pipete and then place adrop of moderate size on the
platform of counting chamber. Place a cover glass over the platform. Gently taking care
to avoid air bubbles being enclosed in the fluid or they escape in to the groove on the
sides.Keep the slide on the microscope stage and focus the scale and the corpuscles
under low power with reduced illumination.
Next focus under high power for counting the corpuscles in 80 small squares in each of
the two central scales for R.B.C. Count. Whenthe cells touch boundary lines,count X
those touching the upper and the left lines, but not those touching the lower and the right
lines.
31
Estimmton of RBc Count
gm; To detemine the RBo Count uf the given Sampl
pAincipe;The biood Specimen is ailuted bsith dluton
Cells to be ounted
of futd which allows the se d
khon Vlume o Putd
vtppasatns tor RBc count
Drmpsoed meubaueis Coating chambrs,Rsc pipette,RBc
furd Cthyem's futd) composnd mi1oscope,
|diluting
Couuslhps, prickéng, vtepuhatyr.
fruid CHayp's ftuid's)
RBc dtlating and tanction:
"composition peuent aggegation ot
(a-sSgm) to
1) Socum Sulphatfosmation )
RSc Che foultt
chlstide Co Sgm) - mantain íoto nicity
)a)
Sodiem
chlonid Co-aSapm) -vdtibastetal, drti tuql
) Mencwny
and picsuuationy
Caterthe number of red blood corpuscles cOunted in
the small squares on similar
scale drawn on a paper. Calculate the number of corpuscle Sqmm. Ias shown
below.
CALCULATION:
Area of 5 Medium - Sized Squares = 1/25 x 5 = 1/5 mm?
Volume of 5 Medium -Sized Squares = 1/5 x 10 =1/50 mm'
Depth of the Chamber = 1/10
Dilution Factor =1:200
Let the number of cells in 1/50mm' Volume of diluted blood is N
No, of Cells in 1mm Volume of undiluted blood = Nx50x200
= Nx10,000
Were 'N' is the total number of cells counted in medium - sized RBC Squares.
Results :RBC Count =
DISCUSSION:
1. What are the functions of bead in the bulb of pipette ?
2. What is the normal erythrocyte count ?
3.Why there is need todilute the blood for counting the RBC ?
4.What are the functions of the ingredients in the dilution fluid ?
5. Why should the finger before pricking be dry ?
6.What will happen ifthe pipete is wet when blood is drawn into it?
7. What is the error that occurs if blood is squeezed out ?
8. Howdo you obtain the figure for dilution ?
9. What are the physiological variations in erythrocyte count ?
10. Name another diluting fluid used for RBC Count ?
11. What is anemia ? Different types ?
33
) wota (loom) - ta soluent
s) fnsute that impioue d meubaues's Countting chambu
Covwsslip and lens of the miuo Scope ae clean,
Pinaduse eunting chambe couusle
> Ansie that imptoued eubaue s
and lensy of the miuoope afe clean Bc prpette s chy
chluabing fruid (o) toye's Pucä
fura
>Take adqunte QBe
in atst tebe. the RBe pipottey,
maiking of
Suck the biood cupto O.s pipette ina testtube
the tip of the
> mmediately dip Ctayerns Putd) andsukd,
Contining R8c diluting fuid
lutd upto 1o2 moxk. betwen palmgand iol!it tluid.
hoigontolly
> tod the pipette bloo euenly min with kBc d:luting
So that
qntly dops of bloo as
ut Q-3
stem contatny ony
Distosd
ailuting futd
as stm contay
of blood
prksd rst 3 dhps any swad cetls
Putd but not alb wed
onyd:kuting SrmeaAsml diop of uid is
Chaspe fhe pipette and touch edyc of the
orn the tp of the of the co
en Covu ip.
duy 0f
dsop.to the bos
neubouess cham bet on stage of
ut the chasged
put
miuoscape. le and
>fest Sae at tox and
coleulatios
x5 =
Uolame of foc y eax depth
mm 3
mm 3
50
* 1fmm containg mumby of cells then Jmn2
50
Con tains N*2/1so) = N50
mullipy with dlation foe tois = NXSO X&o =Nxo, o00
lesutt No ofells in mn?g gien biood sample
LS = x îo 000 S3XD000
-5390000 cellt mmn3
pipette, couenslip and neeb oui's Should e
paecoutroS; Ihe
thsoughly clean and dey mixed wiH
as It is
> wipe off the gst diop of blood
4icsue. quicklyotkeswise
Shoutd be diutd
>Blood ih the prptte
(t clots.
9st a droPs of solution be diluted quickly
Disos de
otherwise it clots.
Nosmalialuy ;
males 5-6 million R&cs tubic mm of bood
fenals : 4-5- 5-5 million Bcs /ccebic mmofblood
Tnfonts i 6.4 llon KBc's cubic mmof biood.
lohat ae the cwe of hemocytometes in hema tolag
tis used for manuol counting of eec,Ge of
plabulet
awhat s the fention ot beod th ehe bub?
beo d hees to mix the bpod wtth ts dilubing
The
furd and identification
t°on of Ked bead in the ftd of
e whatis the func
ppette? identifaton of the
bulb Duck
the Contents of bulb
RBe's pipette
ENUMERATION OF WHITE BLOOD CORPUSCLES
APPARATUS:
Come asintheexercise on enumeration of red blood corpusciles except for a difference
used.
in the dilution fluid. The Turk's fluid is
PIPETTE FOR WHITE BLOOD CORPUSCLES:
The pipette for enumeration of Leucocytes contains '0.5 and 1.0 marks on the stem
and 11 markabove the bulb. The other end of the bulb is connected with arubber tube
carvinga mouth piece for sucking blood and dilution fluid. Awhite bead is found inside
the bulb which helps in mixing the blood and dilution fluid.
DILUTION FLUID (TURK'S)
Glacial Acetic Acid : (1%) Gentian Violet (0.3%) and Distilled water
PROCEDURE:
Same as exercise for the enumeration of red blood corpuscles with Neubauer's scale
except that the dilution fluid is drawn up to 11 mark above the bulb of thepipette for the
white blood corpuscles. Count all the white cells in all the four corner squares of the
chamber.
CALCULATION:
Area of 4WBC Squares = 4 x 1 =4 mm
Volume of 4 WBC Squares = 4 x 1/10 = 4/10 mm
Dilution Factor =1:20
Cellin 4/10mm' volume of diluted blood =N
No of Cells in 1mm' Volume of diluted blood = Nx 10/4
No of Cells in 1mm' Volume of undiluted blood = Nx 10/4 x 20
-Nx 50
Results :TOTAL WBC Count =
DISCUSSION:
1. Enumerate the difference between RBC and WBC pipette ?
2. What is the normal leucocyte count ?
3. What are the physiological variations in the Leucocyte count ?
4. What are the functions of the ingredients of the dilution fluid ?
5. What is Leukemia ?
6. Classify Leukemia ?
7. Mention the disease in which the total leucocyte count changes ?
37
Ectimation of wtr count
blcod
fimi lo atumine wse ceut In the giuen
Sompe of biood ii Aluted with hluting tura
pinciple i of lecocuta
Sede ls and s kaing muelei
ohich deutyoy thehumbus in dluted bicod
which ase counted and
ieposted as teu cocuyte
chamb
vAgesatay Tnpsoued Neabaues's
" kBC pipette
tiutd
" wBC ailuting
"compound miuostope
coueh slip
pickeng appasatis
impsoue2 menb aues's chambeu's
phodese Enue that clean sc pIpctte ts dry
miuoscope
covusltp lentes ot
wBc diluting feedd
" Take adequate aseptic prccoutioy.
pecou
with
*psck the tngu wtA pMopeu kBe Plpette
O"5 maBing ot the
Suek the blood pirete in a test
tip of fhe wBe
Tnmedtotely dip thk Suck fuid agto
diluting fuid and
tue contoining tuBc
(lmsk.
palmy ond Dl G
houdthe tube hon'onta lly betwen tne
the wBc
o hat blood tuenly mlx with
Jiluting furd.
chage the Sme diop of futd u alowrd to om ot f
He of the pipette and touch the cdqe of the dop to forn bodu.
n he (oUsc lip. he utd ì dain into counting aeaako
04
meu benus 's Chamb by capno aeti0s , cwait for 2min, so hat
bmd
bbo cell Settle
stle doon in ounting antnea.a
Counting
* Count wBcs in 4 Co nu big Squasg
* wBcs on uppu and l t Bosde coen te o in the sa uie
Dont count ell ohich ase 6n Aigkt (ot) (ower boroe,
do Same fos suuy Squase.
To tal mo- o 8c3 in 4 Seq,
calealations
x Volume of the bulb =) I-1 =1o (stem of the pipette doesn't
take pat in dilution.blood
diluted Containy O-s0o| ot blood
Ao vol .o
diluationfacs: 1o/o.5 = 80
Kwidth = ly =Imm
* bepth rmm
*4 Lantai Nnumbu uf cells .Then oo
Lomm3
Then Imm tube contane ’ Wx.
dk Pu priniple we have to mutipy toith diuk,
lesut No-fcells in Imm of given biooct sample is
K50 = tdsso/mm
4000- (l,000 wUBOS putebic mn, of 1Slooct
Questiory dbum'ning total
iluting utd s esed fo
Ohich cach
Teucocyte count ittt comporition and fenetion oof
eompoind
Tus k's urd;
Atttny
6yloc'al futd Atd : hemolyry f&cs without
oBcs.
Aention Uiole t : it staly nulei of euto uftes
* Distilled watr adt as a soluent.
shat is the rosmal total Taeukocyt coent
4000-1o00 mm3
phat s eukemia ?
.it a agroup ot malignenay of uoeçte asith un contiole d
and Aelease matuse andimatue w8cs into
ciheulation.
Total tount is aboe 50,000mm? upto 3kth (mm3
4whotis ecopeiia, Alame conditiong Causing t 2
is deieased 2 4000 mm
aopuia
(ouss Snfe tion -ith non- yogenic orjanism ,thyphotd
Uisalinfectin Influnga ,mumps AiD S
chugs i ch lotoropheniol ,sulpharomidy eto ytodugs ardin
bone
nalia rancu ou defesion,
n can cer causey bone cAS Ow.
o hat is et tocytosis ?Nome he phyiolagical and pathalogial
Causy ?
is inecsedn mo
noncy ? ntont and patsabun
phy stologial Couy? Axuuit
6. whot ase the fune ton t leakonyt?
Naukophl t lire of dofene oqon'st oeign
Monooyts aguats
Bocophlls:
Fsinophtlls mid phagoybiis
Role fnin psesitic tnfecti¡n
fole tâ allevgit Beo ctony
Role inaltugit heoctrons
. felea te o4 hepain,
ohat aue ts najostype ?
)het ts eukemi and
atuhe and mmtute 8Cs inta
Dsodctton and teleak 0f
Cleulaton.
tcute o) chienic
