2025

FEBRUARY
EDITION

MONTHLY
CURRENT
AFFAIRS
MAGAZINE

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February -2025

Abhyaas Newsboard...
For the quintessential test prep student

CURRENT AFFAIRS BUCKETS

1. Polity & Governance

2. International Relations
3. Science and technology
4. Economic
5. Environmental And Cultural
6. Miscellaneous

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February -2025
1 Polity & Governance
1. The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025
The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, is expected to be introduced by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in
the ongoing Budget session of Parliament. The Bill aims to modernize India’s immigration framework by
replacing outdated laws, including the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, the Registration of Foreigners Act,
1939, the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000.
Key Provisions: The Bill proposes stricter penalties for immigration violations. Unauthorized entry into India
may attract penalties of up to ₹5 lakh, while using fake passports could result in fines up to ₹10 lakh.
Immigration officers will have expanded powers to detain, investigate, and deport illegal immigrants while also
controlling the movement of restricted foreigners.
Educational and medical institutions admitting foreign nationals will have legal obligations to register and
report them to authorities. This measure aims to prevent visa misuse while ensuring better tracking of foreigners
in India. Additionally, transport operators, including airlines and shipping companies, will be held accountable
for verifying passenger documents to prevent unauthorized entry into the country.Need for the New Law
Existing immigration laws were formulated in the pre-Independence era under wartime conditions and are
outdated in addressing modern security and migration challenges. The government aims to introduce a
streamlined and technology-driven immigration system that ensures better compliance, security, and monitoring
of foreigners residing in India.
Challenges and Concerns: The Bill may face criticism over its potential impact on human rights, particularly
concerning deportation policies for long-term foreign residents and asylum seekers. Additionally, universities
and hospitals could face bureaucratic hurdles in complying with new reporting requirements, potentially
affecting international students and medical tourists. The effective enforcement of the new provisions will
require strong coordination among immigration officers, transport carriers, and security
agencies.ConclusionThe Bill seeks to enhance border security, tighten visa regulations, and ensure stricter
immigration controls. However, balancing national security concerns with human rights considerations will be
crucial. As Parliament debates the Bill, addressing concerns from educational institutions, civil rights groups,
and stakeholders will be essential for creating a fair and effective immigration framework.
2. President’s Rule in India: Constitutional Provisions and Judicial
Review
The imposition of President’s Rule under Article 356 of the Constitution transfers the executive and legislative
powers of a state to the Centre, while the High Court’s functioning remains unaffected. It is invoked when the
President, based on a Governor’s report, is satisfied that the state government cannot function as per
constitutional provisions.
Upon issuance of a Proclamation, President’s Rule remains in force for two months, after which Parliament
must approve it. Once approved, it can be extended for six months at a time, up to a maximum of three
years. However, extensions beyond one year require either a national emergency declaration or an Election
Commission certification that state elections cannot be conducted.
Instances of President’s Rule: Since 1950 President’s Rule has been imposed 134 times across 29 states and
Union Territories (UTs). Manipur and Uttar Pradesh have seen the highest number of impositions (10 times
each), whereas Jammu & Kashmir (12 years), Punjab (10 years), and Puducherry (7 years) have spent the
longest durations under central control due to security concerns and political instability. The most recent case
occurred in Puducherry (2021) after the Congress government lost a vote of confidence.
Judicial Interpretation: S R Bommai Case (1994) The Supreme Court (SC), in S R Bommai v. Union of
India (1994), placed significant checks on the arbitrary use of Article 356. A nine-judge Bench ruled that the
President’s decision to impose President’s Rule is subject to judicial review. Courts can assess whether the
proclamation was based on relevant material or suffered from illegality, mala fide intent, extraneous
considerations, abuse of power, or fraud. The SC also established that a valid proclamation suspends only

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the state legislature. The state government continues to function unless Parliament approves the rule within
two months. If Parliament fails to do so, the dismissed government is reinstated.JusticeB P Jeevan Reddy, in
his opinion, emphasized protecting state autonomy, stating that states should not be treated as mere
“appendages of the Centre.” He cautioned against interpretations that undermine federalism and stressed the
importance of safeguarding state powers.
3. Supreme Court Ruling on Governor’s Role in Withholding Assent to Bills
The Supreme Court of India has clarified that if a Governor withholds assent to a Bill, they must adhere to
Article 200 of the Constitution, which mandates that the Governor communicate the reasons for withholding
assent and prompt the Legislature to reconsider the Bill. The Court emphasized that withholding assent without
returning the Bill violates constitutional principles. Once the Legislature re-passes the Bill, with or without
amendments, the Governor must grant assent, reaffirming that the elected Legislature holds the final authority
on legislative matters.
Governor’s Powers over Bills UnderArticle 200, the Governor has the option to: Give assent to the
Bill.Return the Bill for reconsideration by the Legislature. Withhold assent (though this is rarely
exercised).Reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration, particularly if it contradicts the Constitution,
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), or poses national concerns.UnderArticle 201, if the Governor
reserves the Bill for the President’s consideration, the President can either grant assent, withhold it, or return it
to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
Can the Governor Withhold Assent at His Discretion? While Article 200 appears to permit
withholding assent, constitutional experts argue that the Governor must act on the advice of the Council of
Ministers as per Article 154. The Constitution does not explicitly grant the Governor discretionary power in this
regard. The key issue is whether a Governor should be allowed to withhold assent when the Bill has been
passed by the elected Legislature.
Challenges Related to Pending Bills Delays in Decision-Making: Failure to act on Bills disrupts
governance, delaying policy implementation.Undermining Democracy: As a nominee of the Centre, the
Governor may delay or reject Bills for political reasons, affecting federalism.Public Perception: Prolonged
delays in granting assent can create mistrust and damage the government’s credibility.Lack of Accountability:
The Governor’s refusal to provide reasons for withholding assent undermines transparency in governance.
Way Forward Governors must adhere to Article 200, ensuring that Bills are either approved or returned with
reasons for reconsideration. Establishing clear guidelines can prevent unnecessary delays and uphold legislative
authority. Greater transparency and accountability in decision-making will strengthen India’s constitutional
framework and democratic processes.
4. Implementation of Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand
On January 27, 2025, Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
post-Independence. The law, which excludes Scheduled Tribes and natives who have migrated out of the state,
was passed by the Uttarakhand State Assembly in February 2024.The UCC seeks to establish a uniform set of
legal provisions for all citizens, irrespective of religion or community. It standardizes laws related to marriage,
divorce, inheritance, property rights, and adoption, ensuring equality and eliminating discrimination. The code
is considered a constitutional measure aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. To
protect the cultural identity of indigenous communities, Scheduled Tribes, as defined under Article 342 of the
Constitution, have been exempted.
Key Features of the UCC The UCC bans practices such as halala, iddat, and triple talaq under Muslim
Personal Law and prohibits polygamy and child marriage. It ensures equal property and inheritance rights for
men and women. Mandatory online registration of marriages, divorces, and live-in relationships is required
through the government portal ucc.uk.gov.in. The legal age for marriage is set at 21 years for men and 18 years
for women.Inheritance laws grant equal rights to sons and daughters, and children born to live-in couples are
recognized as "legitimate," ensuring equal inheritance rights. The UCC mandates registration of live-in
relationships, with parental consent required for those below 21 years. Termination of such relationships

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requires mutual consent, and pregnancy must be reported within 30 days of childbirth. Landlords cannot deny
housing to registered live-in couples.
Digital Integration and ComplianceThe UCC portal features Aadhaar-based verification, multilingual
translation services, and integration with 13 government departments, including the police and courts. A Tatkal
facility allows for emergency processing. Marriages conducted since 2010 must be registered within six
months, while new marriages must be registered within 60 days. Live-in relationships must be registered within
one month of UCC implementation.A digital platform for will registration offers options such as online form
submission, handwritten/typed will uploads, and video recording. Applications are processed within 15 days,
with emergency requests handled in three days. Appeals against rejection must be filed within 30 days and
resolved within 60 days. Non-compliance leads to initial warnings, followed by fines for repeated violations.
Conclusion The implementation of the UCC in Uttarakhand marks a significant step towards legal uniformity,
eliminating gender biases in marriage and inheritance laws. By prohibiting discriminatory practices like
polygamy, child marriage, and triple talaq, the law aims to foster equality among all citizens.

5. Article 101(4)
MP Approaches High Court Over Potential Loss of LokSabha Seat Due to AbsenceAn
independent Member of Parliament (MP) has approached the High Court, expressing concerns about
the possible loss of his LokSabha seat due to prolonged absence from parliamentary proceedings. His
petition highlights the constitutional provision under Article 101(4), which governs the vacation of
seats in Parliament.

Article 101 of the Indian Constitution outlines the rules for vacation, disqualification, and dual
membership in Parliament. Specifically, Article 101(4) states that if an MP remains absent from all
House meetings for 60 consecutive days without obtaining permission, the House may declare their
seat vacant. However, this exclusion does not apply to periods when the House is prorogued or
adjourned for more than four consecutive days. This provision serves to ensure that MPs actively
participate in legislative proceedings and fulfill their parliamentary responsibilities.

Importantly, an MP’s seat is not automatically vacated after 60 days of absence; the House must
formally declare it vacant through a vote. A notable instance of this provision being enforced was the
disqualification of Barjinder Singh Hamdard, a RajyaSabha MP, in 2000 due to sustained absence.

To prevent disqualification, MPs must follow a formal process for seeking leave. They are required to
submit a request to the Committee on Members’ Absence, which reviews and submits a report to the
House. The House then votes on whether to approve or reject the request. Leave is granted for a
maximum of 59 days at a time, after which an MP must submit a fresh request if an extended absence
is needed.

The High Court petition by the independent MP underscores the legal complexities surrounding
parliamentary attendance and the consequences of prolonged absence. The case brings renewed
attention to Article 101(4) and the importance of MPs maintaining active participation in legislative
duties.

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February -2025
2. International Relations
1. US withdrawal from UNHRC, WHO
U.S. Withdrawal from International Organizations: Implications and the Need for Reforms
The United States has recently withdrawn from multiple international organizations, including the United
Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), the World Health Organization (WHO), and other global forums.
These moves reflect a broader shift under the 'America First' policy, emphasizing national interests over
multilateral engagement.
Key Instances of U.S. Withdrawal United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC): The U.S.
withdrew, citing ‘chronic bias against Israel’ and the council’s failure to address genuine human rights issues. It
also halted funding for UNRWA, which provides aid to millions of Palestinians. The UNHRC has historically
passed over 100 condemnatory resolutions against Israel, constituting more than 20% of its total resolutions.
World Health Organization (WHO): The U.S. criticized WHO’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and
alleged bias towards China, leading to its withdrawal. As the largest financial contributor, the U.S. exit resulted
in a $130 million funding shortfall, affecting global health responses. Other International Forums: The U.S.
withdrew from UNESCO (2017) due to alleged anti-Israel bias, mirroring its 1984 exit under President Reagan.
It also exited the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2017, citing the need to protect American jobs. The
remaining nations formed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
(CPTPP).
Implications of U.S. Withdrawal Weakening of Global Multilateralism: U.S. disengagement creates
leadership vacuums, enabling other powers, particularly China and Russia, to expand their influence in global
governance.Geopolitical Power Shifts: China has strengthened its role within WHO, UNHRC, and trade
agreements following U.S. exits, reshaping the global order.Damage to Global Trust and Alliances: Frequent
policy reversals (e.g., U.S. leaving and rejoining WHO, UNESCO, and the Paris Climate Accord) undermine
trust in American commitments.Impact on Global Trade and Climate Policies: U.S. withdrawal from TPP and
the Paris Climate Accord has reduced trade opportunities and slowed climate action.Impact on UNRWA: The
U.S., once the largest donor (contributing $300-400 million annually), ceased funding, affecting millions of
Palestinians relying on health, education, and aid services.
Reforms Needed in International Forums Strengthening Multilateralism: Reforming funding structures to
ensure mandatory contributions from all members can reduce dependence on a few nations. Expanding
Representation: Calls for UNSC expansion to include India, Brazil, and South Africa reflect the need for fairer
global decision-making. Revitalizing Climate Agreements: Strengthening compliance mechanisms and
penalizing withdrawals can ensure sustained participation in climate action.As the U.S. retreats from
international forums, reforms in transparency, representation, efficiency, and financial sustainability are
essential. Strengthening global institutions will ensure continued cooperation in addressing global challenges,
irrespective of shifting national policies.
2. Trump - Putin Talks
Trump-Putin Ukraine Peace Talks: A New Diplomatic Initiative In his second term, President Donald
Trump held a "lengthy and highly productive" conversation with Russian President Vladimir Putin, marking
their first confirmed dialogue since Trump resumed office. The discussion signaled the initiation of a US-
backed effort to mediate an end to the Ukraine war, a priority for Trump’s administration. The US aims to
facilitate negotiations between Russia and Ukraine to stabilize the region.Diplomatic Engagement and
Russia’s Response The Kremlin confirmed the 90-minute conversation, with Putin acknowledging Trump’s
efforts and expressing willingness to collaborate on global stability. This marks a shift in Trump’s stance on
Russia, contrasting with his first term, when he was criticized for being overly lenient toward Putin. While he
once praised Russia’s strategic maneuvers, he has since adopted a more critical approach, questioning its
handling of the war.

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Challenges in the Peace Process Despite Trump’s diplomatic push, significant challenges persist. Ukrainian
President VolodymyrZelenskyy remains hesitant to negotiate under terms that may compromise Ukrainian
sovereignty, especially with continued Western military and financial support. Skepticism also surrounds
Russia’s intentions, as there are concerns that Moscow may use negotiations to consolidate its territorial gains
in eastern Ukraine.European Reactions and Strategic Implications European officials have insisted on being
included in any peace negotiations, emphasizing Ukraine’s role in determining its future. Trump’s policy shift
includes suggesting that Ukraine abandon its NATO membership and acknowledging the impracticality of
restoring its pre-2014 borders. Analysts suggest this reflects a broader US strategy that prioritizes border
security and countering China over European security commitments.
A Potential Shift in Global Relations Trump’s diplomatic engagement with Putin represents a significant
departure from past US policy, reminiscent of the historic Yalta Summit during World War II. By initiating
ceasefire talks and planning a meeting with Putin in Saudi Arabia, Trump signals a potential realignment in
international relations. If successful, the negotiations could lead to a visit to Moscow for Russia’s Victory Day
in May, marking a shift in Europe’s security order.Implications for Asia and India The impact of a potential
US-Russia agreement on Asia remains uncertain. Key questions arise regarding Trump’s stance on China and
possible peace efforts in Taiwan. For India, this geopolitical shift is crucial, given its growing influence in
global affairs. Prime Minister NarendraModi’s upcoming meeting with Trump will provide an opportunity to
assess the broader strategic landscape, particularly in countering China’s trade dominance. India and the US,
both facing trade imbalances with China, may align in advocating for a new global economic order led by
democratic nations.
3. Modi Visit to USA
PM Modi’s Official Visit to the United States: Strengthening Bilateral Ties Prime Minister
NarendraModi’s visit to the United States marked a significant step in strengthening India-U.S. strategic
relations. During the visit, he met President Joseph Biden on the sidelines of the Quad Summit in Delaware. In a
special gesture, President Biden hosted the meeting at his residence in Wilmington.Key Outcomes of the
Visit Strategic and Defense Cooperation India’s National Security Semiconductor Fabrication
Plant: India will establish its first semiconductor fabrication plant, ‘Shakti,’ in collaboration with the U.S. The
facility will focus on producing infrared, gallium nitride, and silicon carbide semiconductors for military and
telecommunications applications. Next-Generation Defense Partnership: India procured 31 MQ-9B
drones and finalized co-production agreements for jet engines and munitions. Defense partnerships were
strengthened through collaborations like Liquid Robotics-Sagar Defence, a new C-130J MRO facility,
and INDUS-X innovation challenges. Military Interoperability and Cooperation: Emphasis was
placed on joint exercises, liaison officer deployments, and cybersecurity collaborations. The Security of Supply
Arrangement (SOSA) was concluded to enhance defense goods and services exchange.
Science, Technology, and Space Research Semiconductor Supply Chain Strengthening: India and
the U.S. committed to building secure semiconductor supply chains, with the GF Kolkata Power Center
contributing to AI, zero-emission vehicles, and connected device innovation. NASA-ISRO Collaboration:
A joint scientific research project onboard the International Space Station (ISS) is planned for 2025. U.S.-
India Global Challenges Institute: A $90 million initiative was launched to support high-impact R&D
partnerships, with funding for AI and quantum technology research.
Clean Energy and Climate InitiativesRoadmap for U.S.-India Clean Energy Supply Chains: The
partnership aims to create jobs, accelerate clean energy deployment, and achieve global climate
goals.Financial Support: $1 billion will be unlocked for renewable energy projects through multilateral
finance, with a focus on solar, wind, and energy storage technologies. Manufacturing and Private Sector
Engagement: India and the U.S. will collaborate on pilot projects in solar, EV, and energy efficiency,
particularly in Africa.
Global Development and Cultural CooperationDrug Policy and Global Health: The U.S.-India
Drug Policy Framework aims to curb synthetic drug trafficking and enhance public health cooperation.

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Triangular Development Partnership with Tanzania: Joint projects focus on renewable energy
access and infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific region.Repatriation of Cultural Heritage: The U.S.
returned 297 Indian antiquities under a 2024 Cultural Property Agreement, reinforcing cultural
cooperation.
Conclusion PM Modi’s visit reinforced India-U.S. cooperation in defense, clean energy, technology, and
global governance. Key initiatives, including semiconductor manufacturing, defense partnerships, and clean
energy collaborations, underline a shared vision for a secure and sustainable future.

4. India - Qatar Bilateral Meeting

The recent visit of Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani, the Amir of Qatar, to India marked a significant step in
strengthening bilateral ties between the two nations. The visit focused on enhancing cooperation in key areas
such as trade, energy, and investment. Both countries have set an ambitious target of doubling their bilateral
trade from USD 14 billion to USD 28 billion by 2030. During the visit, India and Qatar elevated their
relationship to a Strategic Partnership, aiming to expand collaboration in sectors like trade, investment,
energy, and security. Qatar’s sovereign wealth fund has already invested USD 1.5 billion in India and has
committed an additional USD 10 billion in sectors such as infrastructure, renewable energy, and advanced
technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning.To further economic cooperation, both
countries signed a Revised Agreement for Avoidance of Double Taxation, which will facilitate smoother
financial transactions and strengthen trade relations. Discussions were also held regarding a Free Trade
Agreement (FTA) between India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), of which Qatar is a key member.
Additionally, the two nations explored the possibility of operationalizing India’s Unified Payment Interface
(UPI) in Qatar and expanding Qatar National Bank’s presence in India, particularly in GIFT City in Gujarat.
On global matters, India reaffirmed its support for a two-state solution to the ongoingIsrael-Palestine conflict.

Qatar holds immense strategic importance for India, particularly in the energy sector. In FY 2022-23, Qatar was
India’s largest supplier of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), accounting for 48% of total LNG imports, and
also the top supplier of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), contributing 29%. This partnership plays a crucial
role in India’s transition towards cleaner energy sources, reducing its dependence on coal while ensuring energy
security. Beyond energy, Qatar is a key part of India’s "Link and ACT West" policy, strengthening ties with
GCC nations like the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Kuwait. Additionally, Qatar’s geopolitical influence,
especially its role as a mediator in regional conflicts like Afghanistan and the Israel-Palestine issue, provides
India with an opportunity to engage indirectly in Middle Eastern affairs.Security and counterterrorism are also
key areas of cooperation between the two nations. Given that 55% of India’s crude oil demand in 2022-23
was met by the Gulf region, maintaining stability in the region is critical for India. Qatar’s close diplomatic ties
with the United States further allow India to engage in regional security discussions and foster counterterrorism
initiatives.

In terms of defense cooperation, India and Qatar have strengthened ties through naval visits, military training
programs, and participation in the Doha International Maritime Defence Exhibition and Conference
(DIMDEX). They also conduct a bilateral maritime exercise called Za’ir-Al-Bahr (Roar of the Sea). On the
economic front, bilateral trade between India and Qatar in 2023-24 stood at USD 14.08 billion, with India’s
exports valued at USD 1.7 billion and imports at USD 12.3 billion. India is one of Qatar’s top three export
destinations, alongside China and Japan, and also one of its top three import sources, along with China and
the US. Qatar mainly exports LNG, LPG, chemicals, petrochemicals, and aluminum to India, while India
exports cereals, iron, steel, textiles, and machinery.

Investment is another strong pillar of the relationship, with over 15,000 Indian companies operating in Qatar
and Indian firms investing USD 450 million in various sectors. Cultural ties between the two countries are
also significant, with regular exchanges under the 2012 Cultural Cooperation Agreement. In 2019, India and
Qatar celebrated the India-Qatar Year of Culture, highlighting their deep-rooted cultural connection.
Moreover, the Indian expatriate community in Qatar is the largest, with over 835,000 Indians, making up

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27% of Qatar’s total population.Overall, this visit has strengthened the India-Qatar partnership, opening
doors for deeper cooperation in trade, energy, security, and cultural ties. The agreements and commitments
made during this visit are expected to benefit both countries significantly, fostering long-term economic and
strategic collaboration.

5. Appointment of Gyanesh Kumar as Chief Election Commissioner and

the 2023 Act
Gyanesh Kumar has been appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) under the Chief
Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service,
and Term of Office) Act, 2023. However, his selection has raised concerns as one of the members of
the Selection Committee argued that the process ignored the Supreme Court’s guidelines from the
AnoopBaranwal Case (2023). The main concern is that the selection process lacks neutrality and
may allow political influence over the Election Commission.

To ensure fairness in appointments, experts suggest restoring the Chief Justice of India (CJI) as a
member of the Selection Committee, as recommended by the Supreme Court in 2023. This would
reduce political bias and introduce a neutral element in the process. Another suggestion is to include a
retired Supreme Court judge or the Speaker of the LokSabha to balance the executive’s control.

There are also demands to strengthen the independence of the Election Commission (EC). The
Goswami Committee (1990) recommended that CECs and ECs should not be eligible for
government posts after retirement, such as Governor, to maintain impartiality. Additionally,
financial independence is a key concern. The Election Commission’s expenses are currently subject to
parliamentary approval, meaning they can be reduced through voting. Experts suggest that these
expenses should be charged directly on the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) so that the
government cannot alter or reduce them.

Another issue is the difference in protection between the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and
Election Commissioners (ECs). The 255th Law Commission Report (2015) recommended
amending Article 324(5) so that ECs receive the same protection as the CEC, preventing external
influence. Currently, the CEC can only be removed through an impeachment process similar to
that of Supreme Court judges, while ECs can be removed based on the CEC’s recommendation,
making them more vulnerable to political pressure.

The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions
of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 replaces the earlier Election Commission Act of 1991.
This new Act defines the process of appointing, removing, and determining the service conditions of
the CEC and ECs.

The Act was introduced after the Supreme Court’s ruling in the AnoopBaranwal Case (2023).
Before this ruling, the President appointed the CEC and ECs based on the advice of the Prime
Minister and the Council of Ministers. The Supreme Court intervened and ruled that a panel
consisting of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition (LoP), and the Chief Justice of
India (CJI) should handle the selection process until Parliament passed a law. However, the 2023 Act
removed the CJI from the Selection Committee and replaced them with a Union Cabinet Minister,
giving the executive greater control over appointments.

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6. India - US TRUST Initiative

The US-India COMPACT (Catalyzing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce
& Technology) for the 21st Century was launched by President Donald Trump and Prime Minister
NarendraModi to strengthen bilateral ties. The initiative focuses on defense collaboration, trade,
technology, energy security, and regional cooperation.A key component of COMPACT is the signing
of a new 10-year Framework (2025-2035) for the US-India Major Defence Partnership, enhancing
defense sales and co-production of Javelin Anti-Tank Guided Missiles and joint exercises like Tiger
Triumph. The Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement will streamline defense trade, while
the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA) will foster AI-driven defense cooperation. In
trade, the Mission 500 initiative aims to increase bilateral trade to USD 500 billion by 2030 through
tariff reductions and expanded market access. Energy security cooperation will deepen, with the US
supporting India's International Energy Agency (IEA) membership.

Technology collaboration will be strengthened through TRUST (Transforming the Relationship

Utilizing Strategic Technology), focusing on semiconductors, quantum computing, and AI.
Additionally, critical mineral supply chains will expand, covering lithium and rare earth recovery
projects. Civil space cooperation will progress with NASA-ISRO initiatives, including an Indian
astronaut’s mission to the International Space Station (ISS) and the NISAR satellite launch. The
initiative also emphasizes multilateral partnerships, counterterrorism efforts, Indo-Pacific security, and
connectivity projects like the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor.

Despite strong bilateral ties, challenges remain. Tariff disputes, the lack of a Free Trade Agreement
(FTA), and India's trade surplus with the US create tensions. Immigration policies remain contentious,
with India agreeing to repatriate undocumented immigrants while facing uncertainty over H-1B visa
policies. Restrictions on AI, drones, and missile technology limit India's defense capabilities, and
differences persist over data localization laws. Geopolitical frictions also exist, particularly regarding
India's historical ties with Russia.
To advance the partnership, finalizing a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), easing visa restrictions,
improving data governance, and strengthening multilateral engagement are crucial. Addressing these
challenges will enable deeper economic, technological, and security cooperation, fostering long-term
stability and prosperity in US-India relations.

7. USAID and its role in India

The association between India and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
began in 1951 when U.S. President Harry Truman signed the India Emergency Food Aid Act. Over the
decades, USAID’s role has evolved from food assistance to infrastructure development, capacity
building, economic reforms, and various developmental projects. Initially, the agency played a significant
role in education, immunization, and healthcare. While health remains its primary focus—including
initiatives for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, maternal and child health, and immunization—USAID has also
invested in sectors such as economy, energy, water supply, sanitation, and environmental health. In 2024,
its funding for India’s health sector stood at $79.3 million.

Historically, between 1992 and 2002, around 65% of the annual U.S. foreign assistance to India was
allocated to food aid. However, this program ended in 2011, and since 2012, USAID has not included
food aid in its budget for India. The agency has also contributed to state-run projects, such as the Swachh

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Bharat Mission (SBM). In 2015, USAID signed anMoU with the Ministry of Urban Development
(MOUD) to support clean water and sanitation services. It collaborated with Water Sanitation and
Hygiene Institute (WASH) and KPMG India to strengthen the institutional capacity of the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). Recently, USAID supported the AMRUT 2.0 Water Conclave
held in Lucknow in February 2024, organized by Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (Urban) in partnership with
KPMG India.

USAID has also played a role in fostering bilateral ties. In 2019, it co-sponsored the India-Afghanistan
Trade & Investment Show, held in Delhi. In the clean energy sector, USAID partnered with the Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy under the Advance Clean Energy – Deployment Technical Assistance
(PACE-D TA) Program. It worked with Arcfinance to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency
technologies.

Furthermore, USAID collaborated with India’s Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
(MOEF&CC) to enhance forest ecosystems, carbon stocks, biodiversity, and livelihoods in Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Sikkim. However, over the years, its funding to India has
declined, partly due to India's objections to certain grant conditions. In the last decade, India has received
approximately $1.5 billion from USAID, accounting for 0.2% to 0.4% of its total global funding.
8. South Africa’s new land law that Trump says is ‘egregious’ and
‘immoral’?
United States President Donald Trump has signed an Executive Order titled "Addressing Egregious Actions of the
Republic of South Africa", ending financial assistance to South Africa. The decision was based on alleged “unjust
and immoral practices,” including the enactment of a new land expropriation law, aggressive positions against the
US and Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and strengthening ties with Iran.
On February 5, two days before Trump’s decision, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced he would not
attend the G20 foreign ministers’ meeting in Johannesburg, citing concerns over South Africa’s policies. Trump, in
a post on Truth Social on February 2, accused South Africa of “confiscating land” and committing a “massive
human rights violation.” Billionaire entrepreneur and government aide Elon Musk also criticized South Africa for
its alleged “racist ownership laws.”
The controversy centers around South Africa’s new Expropriation Act, implemented on January 24, 2025. The Act
allows the state to seize land without compensation for public purposes under certain conditions. It aims to address
historical land ownership disparities caused by apartheid-era policies. President Cyril Ramaphosa clarified that the
law is a constitutionally mandated legal framework ensuring equitable land access, not a confiscation instrument.
The Act replaces the Expropriation Act of 1975, which followed the Willing Seller, Willing Buyer (WSWB)
principle. This principle slowed land redistribution by allowing sellers to choose buyers, thereby maintaining racial
ownership patterns. In 1994, white South Africans, comprising 10.9% of the population, owned 86% of
agricultural land. A 2017 land audit revealed that white ownership still stood at 72%, despite whites forming only
7% of the population. The National Development Plan 2030 seeks to address these disparities and promote
inclusive economic growth.
Trump’s stance on land reforms in South Africa dates back to his previous tenure (2017-21). In 2018, after a Fox
News segment highlighted land redistribution efforts, he condemned “farm seizures and expropriations.” His latest
Executive Order also referenced the Afrikaner ethnic minority, descendants of Dutch settlers with significant
landholdings.The move has heightened tensions between the US and South Africa, impacting diplomatic and
economic relations.

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3. Science And Technology
1. Chandrayaan-3 Landing Site: Age, Crater Analysis, and Lunar
Evolution
Chandrayaan-3 Landing Site: Geological Study and Findings A recent study by ISRO scientists has
estimated the age of the Chandrayaan-3 landing site, Shiv Shakti Point, to be approximately 3.7 billion
years. This period aligns with the emergence of primitive microbial life on Earth. The study provides
critical insights into the Moon’s geological evolution and impact history.Regional Geography of the
Landing Site India became the first country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon’s south pole in
August 2023. The landing site, now named Shiv Shakti Point, is surrounded by several prominent craters:
Manzinus Crater (96 km diameter, ~3.9 billion years old) to the north, Boguslawsky Crater (95 km
diameter, ~4 billion years old) to the southeast, Schomberger Crater (86 km diameter, ~3.7 billion years
old) to the south Manzinus and Boguslawsky craters have flat floors and subdued walls, while
Schomberger stands out due to its steep crater walls, central peak, and well-preserved ejecta blanket.
Study Techniques and Findings ISRO’s Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) scientists conducted a
detailed study using high-resolution imaging and terrain analysis from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Data from the Pragyan rover and Vikram lander provided critical geological insights, with findings
published in Advances in Space Research. Advanced Imaging Analysis: Scientists used wide-angle and
terrain cameras to examine crater formations and rock distributions. Pragyan rover identified multiple
rock fragments and secondary crater chains, aiding in tracing the origin of lunar materials. Rock
Distribution Study: A higher rock concentration was found near a fresh crater 14 km south of the
landing site. This material exhibited less space weathering compared to its surroundings, indicating a
relatively recent impact.
Key Highlights: Age Estimation: By analyzing 25 craters (500-1,150 meters in diameter), scientists
estimated the site's age to be 3.7 billion years. Lunar Surface Evolution: The region has undergone
micro-meteorite bombardment and extreme thermal variations, gradually breaking down rocks into lunar
regolith over millions of years. Terrain Formation: The site’s morphology suggests it primarily consists
of ejecta from the Manzinus and Boguslawsky craters, shaping the landscape over time. Significance of
the Study The Moon, lacking an atmosphere, remains vulnerable to continuous asteroid impacts.
Studying crater formations provides a timeline of lunar surface evolution. Chandrayaan-3’s geological
mapping enhances the understanding of the Moon’s highland history, enabling better interpretation of
mission data and advancing lunar exploration.

2. Paris AI Summit 2025

India at the Paris AI Action Summit: Advancing Ethical and Sustainable AI Prime Minister NarendraModi
co-chaired the third edition of the AI Action Summit in Paris, underscoring India's commitment to ethical,
sustainable, and inclusive artificial intelligence (AI) development. The summit emphasized the role of AI in
achieving global climate goals, energy efficiency, and responsible governance, focusing on five key themes:
Public service AI, Future of work, Innovation and culture, Trust in AI, and Global AI governance.India’s
Perspective and Key Initiatives AI for Global Good India highlighted AI’s potential across healthcare,
education, and agriculture, stressing its role in advancing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Five-Pillar Agenda for Responsible AI PM Modi proposed a five-point framework for ethical AI
development:Pooling global resources and talent for AI innovation.Developing open-source AI systems to

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ensure accessibility.Creating high-quality, unbiased datasets for fair AI models.Democratizing AI for people-
centric applications.Addressingcybersecurity, disinformation, and deepfakeconcerns.Addressing
Employment Challenges India acknowledged fears of AI-induced job displacement but emphasized that
technological advancements historically transform jobs rather than eliminate them. To mitigate workforce
disruptions, India is prioritizing skilling and reskilling programs.
Strategic Significance for India Positioning in the Global AI LandscapeThe summit takes place amid intense
AI competition between the West and China, offering India an opportunity to establish itself as a key player in AI
governance and innovation. The event also strengthens India’s strategic partnership with France in AI research
and development.India’s AI Development RoadmapBuilding a Large Language Model (LLM) tailored to
India’s diverse linguistic and cultural landscape.Promoting public-private partnerships to ensure affordable
computing power for startups and researchers. The IndiaAI Mission, which supports AI research
through:Subsidized access to GPU clusters for AI training. Funding for AI-driven projects in critical sectors.
Conclusion The Paris AI Action Summit underscores India’s proactive approach to ethical AI governance,
innovation, and education. As AI continues to reshape industries, India’s investments in AI research, public-
private collaborations, and responsible regulation will determine its position in the global AI ecosystem.

3. Einstein Ring
Einstein Rings and Their Scientific Significance AnEinstein ring is a celestial phenomenon where light from a
distant object, such as a galaxy or dark matter, forms a ring around a foreground celestial body due to gravitational
lensing. This occurs when the observer (such as the Euclid telescope), the intervening lensing object, and the
background galaxy are nearly perfectly aligned.Gravitational Lensing and Formation Gravitational lensing is a
consequence of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, which states that massive objects create a
gravitational field that bends and amplifies light traveling from a distant source. When this bending results in a
complete circular structure, it is termed an Einstein ring. The object responsible for bending the light is called a
gravitational lens.
Discovery and Rarity Einstein rings were first discovered in 1987 and are extremely rare, found in less than 1%
of galaxies. A prominent example is the Einstein ring observed around NGC 6505, where light from a distant
unnamed galaxy 4.42 billion light-years away is distorted by the gravitational field of NGC 6505, creating a
distinct ring-like structure.Nomenclature and Observations The phenomenon is named after Albert Einstein,
whose theory predicted that light could bend and warp around massive objects due to their gravitational pull.
Einstein rings are not visible to the naked eye and can only be detected using advanced space telescopes, such as
the Euclid telescope.
Scientific Importance Einstein rings serve as natural magnifying lenses, allowing astronomers to study distant
galaxies that would otherwise be invisible. Their significance lies in: Probing the Universe: They help
astronomers analyze galaxies at extreme distances. Studying Dark Matter: By observing gravitational lensing
effects, scientists can map the distribution of dark matter, which does not emit light but influences cosmic
structures.Investigating Dark Energy: Einstein rings contribute to understanding dark energy, the mysterious
force driving the Universe’s accelerating expansion.Conclusion The discovery and study of Einstein rings
provide critical insights into the cosmic structure, dark matter, and dark energy. As advanced telescopes
continue to detect new Einstein rings, they remain powerful tools for unraveling the mysteries of the Universe.

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4. Economy

1. Highlights of Economic survey 2024-2025

The Economic Survey is an essential annual document that assesses India’s economic performance over
the past financial year and provides policy recommendations for the upcoming fiscal year. It is prepared
by the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) under the Ministry of Finance and serves as a crucial
resource for policymakers, economists, and researchers. Released on January 31, a day before the Union
Budget, the Economic Survey provides a comprehensive analysis of economic trends, challenges, and
growth prospects for 2024-25 while outlining key policy directions for 2025-26.
The Economic Survey 2025 is divided into two parts. Part A focuses on key economic trends, challenges,
and policy measures that influence the government's approach to economic management. Part B presents
a detailed statistical analysis of various sectors, including agriculture, industry, services, infrastructure,
healthcare, and environmental concerns. Initially presented as part of the Union Budget in 1950-51, the
Economic Survey has been a stand-alone document since 1964 to allow for a more detailed review of
economic developments before the budget presentation.
The Economic Survey 2025 projects India’s real GDP growth at 6.4% for FY25, with a forecast of 6.3%-
6.8% for FY26. The agricultural sector continues to perform well, the industrial sector has rebounded
post-pandemic, and the services sector has stabilized at pre-pandemic levels. Retail inflation has declined
from 5.4% in FY24 to 4.9% in April-December 2024, with expectations of further moderation. Bank
NPAs have dropped to a record low of 2.6%, while FDI has increased by 17.9%, reaching $55.6 billion.
Infrastructure investment has risen significantly, and sectors such as electronics, steel, and
pharmaceuticals have shown steady growth. The services sector now contributes 55.3% to total Gross
Value Added (GVA), reflecting its increasing role in the economy.
The Economic Survey is released before the Union Budget to ensure transparency, provide an economic
overview, and shape policy decisions. It highlights key issues such as inflation, fiscal deficit,
unemployment, and sectoral performance, guiding budget allocations and economic reforms.
Understanding the linkage between the Economic Survey and the Union Budget is essential, as it reflects
the government’s economic strategy, policy priorities, and governance approach.

2. Highlights of Budget 2025-2026

The Union Budget 2025-26 is centered around the theme “SabkaVikas”, emphasizing balanced growth
across all regions of India. Although the term "budget" is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, it
is referred to as the "Annual Financial Statement" under Article 112. The Finance Minister, quoting
Telugu poet Shri Gurajada AppaRao, highlighted the importance of people-centric development, stating,
"A country is not just its soil; a country is its people."The vision of Viksit Bharat focuses on six key
principles: eradication of poverty, universal quality education, affordable healthcare, full employment
with a skilled workforce, 70% women’s participation in economic activities, and strengthening
agriculture to make India the ‘food basket of the world.’

The budget identifies four key engines of growth:

Agriculture: The Prime Minister Dhan-DhaanyaKrishiYojana will cover 100 districts, with a special
Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses. The Kisan Credit Card loan limit has been raised to ₹5 lakh.
Additionally, a comprehensive program will enhance productivity in fruits, vegetables, and cotton.
MSMEs: The investment and turnover limits for MSMEs have been increased, and new credit schemes
introduced for micro-enterprises and marginalized women entrepreneurs. A toy manufacturing hub and a
National Manufacturing Mission will be developed.

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Investment: Key initiatives include 50,000 Atal Tinkering Labs, broadband expansion, a ₹1.5 lakh crore
interest-free loan scheme for states, and a ₹1 lakh croreUrban Challenge Fund. R&D and innovation will
be supported with ₹20,000 crore, while nuclear energy expansion will receive ₹20,000 crore for Small
Modular Reactors (SMRs).
Exports: The Export Promotion Mission and BharatTradeNet will streamline trade documentation and
support domestic manufacturing integration into global supply chains.
Reforms and Fiscal Measures in the financial sector: the FDI limit in insurance has been raised to
100%, regulatory reforms have been introduced, and over 100 provisions have been decriminalized under
Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0. The fiscal deficit target is set at 4.4% of GDP for FY 2025-26, with a roadmap for
fiscal consolidation.
Tax ReformsPersonal income tax has been restructured, with no tax on income up to ₹12 lakh and a
₹75,000 standard deduction for income up to ₹12.75 lakh. TDS exemptions have been expanded, and
compliance procedures simplified. The budget promotes investment, extends tax benefits for Sovereign
Wealth and Pension Funds, and reduces Customs Duties on critical minerals, shipbuilding materials, and
lithium-ion battery production.The Union Budget 2025-26, through its structural reforms, fiscal
discipline, and focus on inclusive growth, aims to drive India towards becoming a developed economy.

3. Bifurcation of Railway Zone

The Union Cabinet has approved the establishment of the South Coast Railway (SCoR) Zone, making it
the 18th zone of Indian Railways, with its headquarters in Visakhapatnam. This decision stems from the
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014, which mandated Indian Railways to examine the feasibility
of creating a new railway zone following the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
The creation of the SCoR Zone aims to enhance operational efficiency, accommodate increasing
passenger and freight traffic, and promote industrial, agricultural, and tourism growth in Andhra Pradesh.
The restructuring also focuses on improving logistics for major ports like Visakhapatnam and
Krishnapatnam, which are critical to the region’s economy. A significant aspect of this bifurcation is the
reorganization of the Waltair Division, a key revenue-generating area. The division has been split, with
one part merged into the newly created Visakhapatnam Division under SCoR, while the other has been
placed under the newly formed Rayagada Division in the East Coast Railway (ECoR).
The Waltair Division has historically played a vital role in Indian Railways’ revenue generation due to its
high freight traffic, particularly from the mining and steel industries in Odisha and Chhattisgarh. In the
2023-24 financial year, ECoR achieved a record freight loading of 250 million tonnes, with Waltair
contributing 74.66 million tonnes. The bifurcation is intended to streamline railway administration,
improve freight management, and ensure balanced regional development.
By creating the SCoR Zone, the government aims to enhance railway infrastructure, boost regional
connectivity, and provide a more efficient railway network tailored to the needs of Andhra Pradesh. This
move is expected to facilitate economic growth by strengthening industrial and trade linkages, promoting
tourism, and improving passenger amenities. Additionally, the restructuring aligns with the broader
objective of decentralizing railway operations for better governance and regional development. The
establishment of the SCoR Zone marks a significant step in fulfilling the long-standing demand for a
dedicated railway zone in Andhra Pradesh while ensuring optimized logistics and transportation networks
in the region.

4. The New Tariff Orders and Their Global Impact

On February 1, the United States imposed new tariff measures, including a 25% tariff on all imports
from Mexico and Canada, a 10% tariff on Canadian oil, natural gas, and electricity, and a 10%
tariff on Chinese imports. While North American tariffs have been temporarily halted, the tariff on
Chinese imports remains in effect. These measures are part of broader economic policies aimed at

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fulfilling election promises, protecting domestic industries, generating government revenue, and
countering the alleged role of China, Mexico, and Canada in fentanyl trafficking. Additionally, tariffs
serve as a negotiation tool, exerting economic pressure on trading partners that account for over 40% of
US imports.
A trade war occurs when countries impose tariffs, quotas, and trade barriers in response to perceived
unfair trade practices. It is characterized by retaliatory tariffs, non-tariff barriers, economic and political
motivations, and global trade disruptions. The US-China trade war (2018–2020) exemplified such
conflicts, leading to reduced trade, slower global economic growth, market volatility, rising production
costs, inflation, and shifting global supply chains. Emerging economies such as India and Vietnam
benefited from trade diversions during previous tariff disputes, as companies sought alternative
manufacturing bases.
For India, the latest US tariffs present both opportunities and challenges. On the positive side, Indian
exports may gain a competitive edge as US tariffs on Chinese, Mexican, and Canadian goods increase.
Studies indicate that India was the fourth-largest beneficiary of US trade diversions between 2017 and
2023. Additionally, supply chain realignments could boost foreign direct investment (FDI) and
strengthen India's manufacturing sector. However, India also faces risks, such as increased dumping of
Chinese goods, global trade uncertainties, reciprocal US tariffs on Indian exports, and higher costs for
raw materials affecting key industries like electronics and chemicals.
To mitigate risks and maximize opportunities, India must adopt a strategic approach. Strengthening trade
agreements, such as the India-UAE CEPA, will help diversify export markets. Enhancing domestic
industries through anti-dumping measures and initiatives like Make in India is crucial. Attracting global
supply chains through improved infrastructure and business policies, as seen in the success of the
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, will further strengthen India’s position. Finally, engaging in
diplomatic negotiations with the US is essential to prevent tariff escalations on Indian exports and secure
favorable trade terms.

5. RBI’s Monetary Policy: Key Decisions and Implications

The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has announced a 25 basis point (bps) cut
in the repo rate, reducing it to 6.25%, marking the first rate cut in 57 months. This decision aims to support
economic growth amid easing inflation, which is projected to moderate to 4.4% this quarter and 4.2% in 2025-
26. Lowering the repo rate, which is the interest rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks, is expected to result
in cheaper loans for housing, automobiles, and businesses. The last such rate cut occurred in May 2020 during
the COVID-19 crisis.
In a significant digital security initiative, the RBI introduced a dedicated internet domain ‘bank.in’ for Indian
banks to enhance cybersecurity and prevent phishing attacks. The Institute for Development and Research in
Banking Technology (IDRBT) will oversee domain registrations, set to begin in April 2025, with future
expansion plans including ‘fin.in’ for non-bank financial institutions.
Despite the rate cut, the RBI has maintained a neutral monetary policy stance, citing risks from geopolitical
tensions, trade protectionism, and financial market volatility. Economic growth remains a priority, with real
GDP projected at 6.4% in 2024-25 and 6.7% in 2025-26. Factors supporting this growth include improving
employment, tax relief measures, and stable agricultural output. While rural demand is rising, urban
consumption remains subdued.
The Indian rupee has depreciated by 3.2% against the US dollar since November 2024, reflecting global
trends. RBI’s foreign exchange reserves stand at $630.6 billion, ensuring external sector resilience and
managing currency volatility. The current account deficit is expected to remain sustainable. Liquidity
conditions tightened in December-January due to advance tax payments, capital outflows, and forex operations,
prompting RBI to urge banks to lend in the call money market instead of parking excess funds with the central
bank.
Market reactions to the policy included a 198-point decline in Sensex, a 43-point drop in NSE Nifty, and a slight
increase in bond yields. The rupee, however, appreciated by 15 paise to 87.43 against the dollar. Future
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monetary policy signals potential additional rate cuts in 2025, contingent on favorableinflation-growth
dynamics, with an aspirational 7% GDP growth target. The RBI remains committed to balancing growth and
inflation, ensuring financial stability, and strengthening India’s digital banking ecosystem.

6. PM’s Dhan-Dhaanya: Major agriculture initiative launched in Union

Budget 2025
The Union Budget 2025-26, themed SabkaVikas, focuses on inclusive and balanced growth by
recognizing four key engines of development: agriculture, MSMEs, investment, and exports.In
agriculture, the Prime Minister Dhan-DhaanyaKrishiYojana targets 100 low-productivity districts,
benefiting 1.7 crore farmers through enhanced irrigation and storage facilities. A six-year AtmaNirbharta
in Pulses mission aims to ensure self-sufficiency in Tur, Urad, and Masoor. The National Mission on
High Yielding Seeds will develop over 100 pest-resistant seed varieties, while the Mission for Cotton
Productivity promotes sustainable farming. MSMEs receive a boost with revised classification criteria,
increased credit access, and sectoral schemes such as the Focus Product Scheme for leather and footwear.
A Fund of Funds for Startups is also proposed to support entrepreneurship.

Investment measures include the Urban Challenge Fund to develop cities, the JalJeevan Mission for
universal piped water, and a ₹25,000 croreMaritime Development Fund to improve logistics. The budget
also prioritizes education with expanded IIT infrastructure and 10,000 fellowships under the PM
Research Fellowship. In healthcare, 200 Day Care Cancer Centers will be established in 2025-26,
ensuring wider accessibility. The Nuclear Energy Mission with ₹20,000 crore aims to develop Small
Modular Reactors (SMRs), strengthening India’s clean energy capacity. Additionally, the revised UDAN
Regional Connectivity Scheme will enhance air travel to 120 new destinations.Export promotion is a key
focus, with the Export Promotion Mission setting sectoral targets and BharatTradeNet streamlining trade
processes. Infrastructure improvements include new warehousing for air cargo and policies promoting
outsourcing hubs in Tier-2 cities.

Tax and financial reforms provide relief by raising the tax-free income threshold to ₹12 lakh, increasing
FDI in insurance to 100%, and reducing compliance burdens. Social welfare initiatives include PM
SVANidhi credit for street vendors, identity cards for gig workers, and 50,000 Atal Tinkering Labs to
boost innovation.By prioritizing farmers, youth, women, and businesses, the budget lays a strong
foundation for Viksit Bharat. If effectively implemented, these measures will drive sustainable
development, attract private investment, and position India as a globally competitive and economically
resilient nation.

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5. Environmental And Cultural
1. La Niña did not bring down Temperatures
La Niña, meaning "The Little Girl" in Spanish, is the cool phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation
(ENSO). It is marked by colder-than-usual sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean. As the
opposite of El Niño, which leads to warming in the same region, La Niña plays a crucial role in
influencing global weather patterns.The mechanism of La Niña involves the strengthening of trade winds,
which push warm surface waters toward the western Pacific. This allows the upwelling of cooler, deeper
waters in the eastern Pacific, leading to a drop in ocean temperatures. La Niña is a naturally occurring
phenomenon that follows an irregular cycle, typically lasting between two to seven years, and often
succeeding an El Niño event.

Despite its general cooling effect on global temperatures, January 2025 recorded unusually high
temperatures, underscoring the growing impact of climate change. This anomaly suggests that rising
greenhouse gas emissions are overpowering the temporary cooling influence of La Niña, highlighting the
urgent need for climate action.InIndia, La Niña has profound implications, particularly for agriculture,
water resources, and energy production. It strengthens the southwest monsoon, leading to increased
rainfall, which enhances agricultural output and benefits farmers. The improved monsoon also raises
reservoir levels, reducing water scarcity and ensuring better availability for irrigation, drinking, and
industrial use. Additionally, higher rainfall contributes to greater hydropower generation, enhancing
energy security. Another significant benefit of La Niña is the mitigation of extreme heat events.
Compared to El Niño years, which are associated with intense heatwaves and droughts, La Niña years
typically experience milder summer temperatures.

However, while La Niña is generally beneficial for India, its global effects can be disruptive. It is often
linked to extreme weather events, including droughts in some regions and excessive rainfall and flooding
in others. These variations underscore the need for continuous climate monitoring, adaptive strategies,
and robust disaster preparedness measures. As climate change accelerates, understanding and mitigating
the combined effects of natural climate variability and human-induced warming will be crucial for
sustaining long-term environmental and economic stability.

2. Temperatures at the North pole reached 20°c above average

Extreme Arctic Warming: Causes, Impacts, and Global Implications On 2 February 2025, the North Pole
experienced temperatures 20°C above average, while Svalbard, Norway, recorded a temperature rise
exceeding 20°C above the 1991–2020 average. This extreme warming event highlights the accelerating
climate changes in the Arctic.
Extreme Warming in the Arctic The Arctic, known for its harsh winters, witnessed unusually high
temperatures this year. A scientist from the Finnish Meteorological Institute termed it an extreme winter
warming event—though not the worst recorded, it remains one of the most severe. Since 1979, the Arctic
has warmed four times faster than the global average, contributing to rising sea levels and disruptions in
weather patterns.
Factors Behind the Unusual Warmth Low-Pressure System Over Iceland: A low-pressure system over
Iceland pulled warm air from the south into the Arctic, significantly raising temperatures. Warm Sea
Surface Temperatures in the North-East Atlantic: Unusually high sea surface temperatures in the

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northeast Atlantic intensified warm air movement into the Arctic. Temperature Anomalies: On 2
February 2025, the daily average temperature at the North Pole was 20°C above normal, with absolute
temperatures exceeding -1°C, an anomaly for Arctic winters.
Why Is the Arctic Warming Faster Albedo Effect:Sea ice reflects sunlight (high albedo)As ice melts,
exposed land and water absorb more heat, creating a feedback loop—more heat leads to more melting,
further accelerating warming.Weaker Convection in the Arctic:Convection (warm air rising) is weaker in
the Arctic due to limited sunlight.As a result, heat from greenhouse gases remains trapped near the
surface, increasing waring. Ocean and Wind Patterns: Changes in ocean currents and jet streams allow
warm air from the south to reach the Arctic, intensifying warming trends.
Impacts of Arctic Warming Rising Sea Levels: Melting Arctic ice raises sea levels, increasing flood risks
in coastal regions. Extreme Weather Events: Arctic warming disrupts weather patterns, leading to cold
spells, heatwaves, and heavy rainfall.Disruptions in Ocean Currents: The warming Arctic weakens the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), affecting weather, food production, and water
supply globally. Climate Feedback Loop: Melting ice exposes more heat-absorbing surfaces, leading to
further warming and accelerating climate change.
Conclusion The extreme heat at the North Pole signifies the rapid transformation of the Arctic, with
serious global consequences. Urgent action is required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate
climate change to prevent severe disruptions to ecosystems, sea levels, and weather patterns worldwide.

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6.Miscellaneous

1.Overseas Mobility (Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, 2024:

A Step Towards Safe and Legal MigrationThe Indian government is set to introduce the Overseas
Mobility (Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, 2024, aimed at modernizing migration policies by replacing the
Emigration Act of 1983. The move is significant as the existing law lacks provisions to address contemporary
migration challenges. Additionally, the increasing deportation of illegal Indian immigrants from the US
underscores the urgency of structured migration policies.
Need for the BillThe Emigration Act, 1983, is outdated and fails to align with global migration trends. It lacks
mechanisms to ensure safe overseas employment, leaving many workers vulnerable to fraudulent recruiters and
exploitation. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs, led by ShashiTharoor, has highlighted
the need for comprehensive migration reforms. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is working on the bill to
ensure safe, legal, and transparent migration while curbing fraudulent practices.
Key Features of the Proposed BillSafe and Orderly Migration Framework: Establishes a structured system
for legal overseas employment, ensuring transparency and protection.Public Consultation & Stakeholder
Involvement: The MEA is consulting multiple ministries, with a 15-30 day window for public feedback before
finalization.Strengthening the Role of the Protector of Emigrants (PoE): PoE offices will collaborate with Indian
embassies to safeguard workers' rights and address grievances.Awareness and Prevention Measures: Indian
missions abroad will launch awareness campaigns to educate prospective migrants and issue advisory warnings
against fraudulent agents.Grievance Redressal and Repatriation Support: Strengthens mechanisms for legal
assistance and repatriation of distressed migrants.
Significance in the Context of US DeportationsThe Trump 2.0 administration has initiated deportation
of 20,000 undocumented Indians, with the total undocumented Indian population in the US estimated at 725,000.
This highlights the need for legal migration pathways to safeguard Indian workers abroad.Impact on Indian
Migrants and the Economy For Migrant Workers: Enhanced protection from fraudulent recruiters, improved
support systems, and legal employment opportunities ensuring job security.For the Economy: Legal migration
boosts remittances, strengthens India's global labor presence, and enhances diplomatic ties with host countries.
Way ForwardThe bill is expected to be finalized within a year, replacing the Emigration Act of 1983 and
ensuring a structured migration system. Through public consultations and inter-ministerial reviews, the bill aims to
modernize migration policies and safeguard Indian workers abroad, reinforcing India’s commitment to safe, legal,
and transparent overseas employment.
2. The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025
The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, is expected to be introduced by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in
the ongoing Budget session of Parliament. The Bill aims to modernize India’s immigration framework by replacing
outdated laws, including the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939, the
Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000.
Key Provisions: The Bill proposes stricter penalties for immigration violations. Unauthorized entry into India
may attract penalties of up to ₹5 lakh, while using fake passports could result in fines up to ₹10 lakh. Immigration
officers will have expanded powers to detain, investigate, and deport illegal immigrants while also controlling the
movement of restricted foreigners.
Educational and medical institutions admitting foreign nationals will have legal obligations to register and report
them to authorities. This measure aims to prevent visa misuse while ensuring better tracking of foreigners in India.
Additionally, transport operators, including airlines and shipping companies, will be held accountable for verifying
passenger documents to prevent unauthorized entry into the country.Need for the New Law Existing immigration
laws were formulated in the pre-Independence era under wartime conditions and are outdated in addressing

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modern security and migration challenges. The government aims to introduce a streamlined and technology-driven
immigration system that ensures better compliance, security, and monitoring of foreigners residing in India.
Challenges and Concerns: The Bill may face criticism over its potential impact on human rights, particularly
concerning deportation policies for long-term foreign residents and asylum seekers. Additionally, universities and
hospitals could face bureaucratic hurdles in complying with new reporting requirements, potentially affecting
international students and medical tourists. The effective enforcement of the new provisions will require strong
coordination among immigration officers, transport carriers, and security agencies.ConclusionThe Bill seeks to
enhance border security, tighten visa regulations, and ensure stricter immigration controls. However, balancing
national security concerns with human rights considerations will be crucial. As Parliament debates the Bill,
addressing concerns from educational institutions, civil rights groups, and stakeholders will be essential for
creating a fair and effective immigration framework.

3. New Chief Election Commissioner

Under the new Act, the CEC and ECs are appointed by the President based on the recommendation of a
Selection Committee, which consists of the Prime Minister (Chairperson), the Leader of the Opposition
(LoP) or the leader of the largest opposition party in the LokSabha, and a Union Cabinet Minister
nominated by the Prime Minister. The Search Committee, led by the Law Minister, shortlists five candidates
for consideration, but Section 8 of the Act allows the Selection Committee to consider names beyond this list,
further increasing executive discretion.To be eligible for appointment, candidates must have held a Secretary-level
post in the Government of India and must possess experience in election management. The CEC and ECs
receive a salary equal to that of a Supreme Court judge and serve for six years or until they turn 65,
whichever is earlier. Reappointment is not allowed, and if an EC is promoted to CEC, their total tenure cannot
exceed six years. If a CEC or EC receives a government pension, their salary is reduced by the pension amount,
except in cases of disability pensions.
The process of removal also differs for the CEC and ECs. The CEC can be removed only through an
impeachment process similar to Supreme Court judges, while an EC can be removed on the
recommendation of the CEC. Both the CEC and ECs can resign by submitting their resignation to the
President.
Despite these provisions, the 2023 Act has been criticized on several grounds. One major issue is the exclusion
of the Chief Justice of India from the Selection Committee, which weakens the neutrality of the appointment
process. With the executive holding two out of three votes, concerns have been raised that Election
Commissioners may be biased towards the ruling party, potentially affecting electoral fairness.
Additionally, the Act allows the Selection Committee to function even if there is a vacancy. If the LoP position
is vacant due to the dissolution of the LokSabha, the committee will continue to function with just the Prime
Minister and a Union Minister, giving the ruling party complete control over the appointment process. This
contradicts the original intention of the Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment, which sought to reduce executive
dominance.
The Act has also been challenged in the Supreme Court, as many argue that Parliament cannot override a
Supreme Court ruling through an ordinary law. There are concerns that this Act may undermine free and fair
elections, as a biased Election Commission could influence the electoral process and political outcomes.
Moreover, the Search Committee, which shortlists candidates, is also dominated by the executive, raising doubts
about the fairness of selections.
In conclusion, while the 2023 Act provides a structured framework for appointing the CEC and ECs, it has
raised serious legal and democratic concerns. The removal of the Chief Justice of India from the Selection
Committee, the executive’s overwhelming influence, and the uncertainty over judicial review have all led to
debates about the independence and credibility of the Election Commission. As the Supreme Court reviews
the petitions challenging the Act, the discussion over electoral integrity, democratic fairness, and
constitutional checks and balances remains ongoing.

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February -2025

4. Maharatsra - Karnataka border dispute

The Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute has intensified, with both states passing resolutions to support
a legal battle over the issue. The dispute primarily concerns Belagavi, Karwar, and Nipani in North
Karnataka, which Maharashtra claims based on linguistic and historical factors. The conflict traces back
to the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, which, following the recommendations of the Justice Fazal Ali
Commission, placed Belagavi in the erstwhile Mysore state. Maharashtra contends that Marathi-speaking
areas should be part of its territory and has cited historical records and linguistic majority as its basis. In
1966, the Mahajan Commission, led by former Chief Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan, recommended that
Belagavi and 247 villages remain with Karnataka. Maharashtra rejected the report and moved the
Supreme Court in 2004.

Karnataka, on the other hand, maintains that the settlement of boundaries under the States Reorganisation
Act is final and warns that revisiting such issues would set a dangerous precedent. Attempts to resolve
the matter have included mediation by the Centre, with Union Home Minister Amit Shah proposing a six-
member team to address the dispute.Legal and constitutional mechanisms exist for resolving inter-state
disputes. Article 131 grants the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in such matters, while Article 263
allows the President to establish an Inter-State Council for dispute resolution. The Sarkaria Commission
(1988) recommended making this council a permanent body, leading to its establishment in 1990.

Border disputes in India are not limited to Maharashtra and Karnataka. Assam has ongoing disputes with
Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Meghalaya over historical claims and territorial
demarcations. Haryana and Himachal Pradesh dispute the Parwanoo region, while Ladakh and Himachal
Pradesh both claim Sarchu, a vital halt point on the Leh-Manalihighway.A lasting resolution requires
modern approaches such as satellite mapping to accurately define state boundaries. Strengthening
institutions like the Inter-State Council and Zonal Councils can help mediate disputes through
cooperative federalism, ensuring unity in India’s diverse landscape.

5. Uttarakhand bars outsiders from buying farm lands

Uttarakhand Cabinet Approves Draft Law Restricting Land Purchases by Non-Residents
TheUttarakhand Cabinet has approved a new draft law imposing restrictions on the purchase of
agricultural and horticultural land by non-residents in 11 out of 13 districts, with exceptions for Haridwar
and Udham Singh Nagar. The legislation aims to safeguard the state’s resources, cultural heritage, and
citizens’ rights while maintaining Uttarakhand’s original identity.Under the new law, district magistrates
will no longer have the authority to approve land purchases. Instead, non-residents seeking to acquire
land in the state must submit an affidavit to prevent fraud and irregularities, with final approval resting
solely with the state administration. This measure is expected to enhance scrutiny and ensure greater
transparency in land transactions.

To further strengthen oversight, the government will implement an online monitoring system through a
dedicated portal. This system will record land transactions involving non-residents, ensuring
accountability and preventing illegal acquisitions.

Additionally, the law introduces stricter land use regulations, particularly within municipal boundaries.
Any land within these areas must be used according to designated regulations, and any violation will
result in the government taking possession of the property. This provision is designed to curb
unauthorized land use and prevent encroachments.

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February -2025

A comparison with Himachal Pradesh highlights similar restrictions. In Himachal, non-agriculturists are
not allowed to freely purchase agricultural land. However, land acquisition is permitted for industrial,
tourism, or horticultural purposes with government approval. Uttarakhand’s policy follows a similar
approach but imposes stricter regulations to preserve local resources and identity.

The state government has emphasized that this draft law is a crucial step toward protecting Uttarakhand’s
land and resources, ensuring that outsiders do not exploit its agricultural and horticultural assets. By
restricting unregulated land sales, the government aims to maintain demographic balance while
upholding the interests of the state’s residents and cultural heritage.

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