An Autonomous Institute

Department of
Master in Computer
Application
(MCA)

Master in Computer Application (MCA)

Syllabus Structure and Curriculum under Autonomy
 SWVSM’s
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Warananagar
(An Autonomous Institute)
Department of Master in Computer Application (MCA)

Vision

To become a center of excellence in computer applications and develop competent IT professionals.

Mission

 To develop IT professionals with a high degree of expertise in computer applications, business, and
information systems.
 To excel in academics and industry by addressing contemporary and real-world challenges in computer
applications.
 To enhance graduate employability through work-based learning in social entrepreneurship
 To foster collaboration with industries and nationally recognized institutions.
 To create an environment that promotes lifelong learning and innovation in computer applications and
related fields.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Graduates will be able to,

• Able to analyze, design, and develop computing applications using modern programming languages
to solve real-world problems.
• Able to build a strong foundation for higher education and research, showcasing critical thinking and
innovative problem-solving skills.
• Able to demonstrate effective communication, teamwork, and leadership in diverse professional
settings while upholding ethical standards.
• Able to exhibit adaptability and a commitment to continuous learning in the evolving field of
computer science.
• Able to engage in practices that enhance societal well-being and sustainability, recognizing the
ethical implications of their work.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Graduate will be able to

• Identify, design, and develop solutions for real-world problems by implementing various phases of the
software development lifecycle.
• Analyze and apply computing solutions in societal and human contexts, understanding their impact on
individuals and communities.
• Demonstrate knowledge and skills in contemporary issues and emerging technologies in the field of
Computer Applications.

Quality Policy
 To promote excellence in academic and practical training by inspiring students to become skilled IT
professionals who meet industry demands and contribute to societal development.
 SWVSM’s
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Warananagar
An Autonomous Institute
Department of Master in Computer Application (MCA)

Program Outcomes (POs)

Upon completion of the MCA program, graduates will be able to:
• PO1: Computational Knowledge:
Apply knowledge of computing fundamentals, specialization, mathematics, and domain knowledge suitable for
computing to abstract and conceptualize computing models from defined problems and requirements.

• PO2: Problem Analysis:

Identify, formulate, research literature, and solve complex computing problems, reaching substantiated conclusions
using fundamental principles of mathematics, computing sciences, and relevant domain disciplines.

• PO3: Design/Development of Solutions:

Design and evaluate solutions for complex computing problems, and design and evaluate systems, components, or
processes that meet specified needs, considering public health and safety, and cultural, societal, and environmental
factors.

• PO4: Conduct Investigations of Complex Computing Problems:

Use research-based knowledge and research methods, including design of experiments, data analysis and
interpretation, and synthesis of information, to provide valid conclusions.

• PO5: Modern Tool Usage:

Create, select, adapt, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern computing tools to complex
computing activities, understanding their limitations.

• PO6: Professional Ethics:

Understand and commit to professional ethics, cyber regulations, responsibilities, and norms in professional
computing practice.

• PO7: Life-long Learning:

Recognize the need for and have the ability to engage in independent learning for continuous development as a
computing professional.

• PO8: Project Management and Finance:

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of computing and management principles and apply these to one’s
work as a team member or leader to manage projects in multidisciplinary environments.

• PO9: Communication Efficacy:

Communicate effectively with the computing community and society at large about complex computing activities,
with skills to comprehend and write reports, design documentation, make presentations, and give and understand
clear instructions.

• PO10: Societal and Environmental Concern:

Understand and assess societal, environmental, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues in local and global contexts,
and the related responsibilities relevant to professional computing practice.

• PO11: Individual and Team Work:

Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and multidisciplinary
environments.

• PO12: Innovation and Entrepreneurship:

Identify timely opportunities and use innovation to pursue them, creating value and wealth for the betterment of
individuals and society at large.
 SWVSM’s
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Warananagar
An Autonomous Institute
Department of Master in Computer Application (MCA)

Abbreviations
Sr. No. Acronym Definition

1 ISE In-Semester Examination

2 ISE-I In-Semester Examination-I
3 ISE-II In-Semester Examination-II
4 ESE End-Semester Examination
5 ISA In-Semester Assessment (Term Work)
6 L Lecture
7 T Tutorial
8 P Practical
9 CH Contact Hours

10 C Credit

Course/ Subject Categories

Sr. No. Acronym Definition

1 BSC Basic Science Course

2 HSC Humanity Science Course
3 ESC Engineering Science Course
4 PCC Professional Core Course
5 OEC Open Elective Course
6 MC Mandatory Course
7 PEC Professional Elective Course
8 PW Project Work (Mini and Major Project)
9 II Industrial Internship

Course/ Subject Code

2 4 P G M C A P C C 1 0 X
Adm PG Master in Course Sub Course
Year Course Computer Category ID
Application

Course Term work and POE Code

2 4 P G M C A P C C 1 0 X T/P/A
T- Term work
Adm PG Master in Course Sub Course P- POE
Year Course Computer Category ID A- Audit
Application Course
 SWVSM’s
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Warananagar
An Autonomous Institute
Department of Master in Computer Application (MCA)

Semester-wise Credit Distribution

for
Master in Computer Application (MCA) Programme

Year First Year Second Year

Total
Semester I II III IV

Credits 27 27 27 23 104
 Second Year
Master in Computer Application
(MCA)
Semester - III
Detailed Syllabus
 SWVSM’s
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Warananagar
(Autonomous)
Second Year Master in Computer Application (MCA)
Semester-III
(Implemented from 2025 - 26)
Curriculum Structure, Credit Scheme and Evaluation Scheme

Examination and Evaluation Scheme

Sr. Course
Category Course Code Course Title L T P CH C
No. Cat.
Minimum for
Component Marks
Passing

ISE 40 16
1 PCC 24PGMCAPCC301 Software Engineering 4 - - 4 4 40
ESE 60 24
ISE 40 16
2 PCC 24PGMCAPCC302 Mobile Application 40
Programming 3 - - 3 3 ESE 60 24
Development
Core Course ISE 40 16
3 PCC 24PGMCAPCC303 R Programming 2 - - 2 2 40
ESE 60 24
ISE 40 16
4 PCC 24PGMCAPCC304 Internet of Things 4 - - 4 4 40
ESE 60 24
24PGMCAPEC3051 ISE 40 16
5 Program Elective PEC 24PGMCAPEC3052 Program Elective - IV 3 - - 3 3 40
ESE 60 24
24PGMCAPEC3053
Laboratory Course - Mobile ISA 25 10
24PGMCAPCC302P 4 4 2
6 Programming PCC Application Development - - POE 50 20 30
Core Course ISA 50 20
24PGMCAPCC303P Laboratory Course - R
7 PCC Programming - - 4 4 2 POE 50 20 40
24PGMCAPEC3051T
8 Program Elective PEC 24PGMCAPEC3052T Program Elective - IV - 1 - - 1 ISA 25 10 10
24PGMCAPEC3053T
Ability
9 Enhancement AEC 24PGMCAAEC306 Seminar ISA 25 10 10
- - 4 4 2
Course
ISA 25 10
On Job Training / 24PGMCAOJT307 Major Project - I 30
10 Field Project OJT - - 8 8 4 POE 50 20

Total 16 01 20 36 27 ------ 800 -------

 SWVSM’s
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Warananagar
(Autonomous)
Second Year Master in Computer Application (MCA)
Semester-III

List of Program Elective Course (PEC)

Sr. No. Course Code Program Elective-IV

01 24PGMCAPEC3051 Advanced Database

02 24PGMCAPEC3052 Machine Learning

03 24PGMCAPEC3053 Reinforcement Learning

Member Secretary Chairman Board of Academic Dean T.K.I.E.T, Principal T.K.I.E.T,

Board of Studies Studies Warananagar Warananagar
 24PGMCAPCC301: Software Engineering

Lectures : 4 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 4 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To introduce the principles and methodologies of software engineering.
2. To provide knowledge of software development life cycle models and their applications.
3. To develop skills in software requirements analysis and design
4. To understand software testing strategies and quality assurance processes .
5. To expose students to software project management concepts and tools.

Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of the successful completion of the course, the student will Blooms
be able to Taxonomy
CO1 Apply software development life cycle models to design software systems. Apply
CO2 Analyze and document software requirements effectively. Analyze

CO3 Design modular and structured software solutions using standard practices Apply

CO4 Implement appropriate software testing techniques for quality assurance. Apply

Manage software projects using estimation, scheduling, and risk management

CO5 Apply
tools.

Description:
Software Engineering covers the principles and practices for designing, developing, testing, and managing high-
quality software systems using structured engineering methods.

Prerequisites: Programming fundamentals, Algorithms, DBMS.

Introduction to Software Engineering

Unit 1 Introduction to Software Engineering, Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC),

Software Process Models: Waterfall, Incremental, Spiral, Agile, Characteristics of 7 Hrs
Good Software, Software Engineering Ethics,
 Requirement Analysis
Types of Requirements: Functional and Non-functional, Requirements
Unit 2
Elicitation Techniques, Requirements Analysis, Software Requirements 7 Hrs
Specification (SRS), Validation and Verification of Requirements
Software Design

Unit 3 Objectives of Input Design, Input Validations, Design of output:- Objectives of

Output, Design Types Of Output, Coupling & Cohesion User Interface design:
8 Hrs
Elements of good design, design issues, features of modern GUI, error messages
Software Testing and Quality Assurance
Basics of Software Testing, Levels of Testing: Unit, Integration, System,
Unit 4 Acceptance, Testing Techniques: Black-box, White-box, Test Planning and Test
Case Design, Software Quality Assurance (SQA) Software Metrics and 8 Hrs
Measurement, Introduction to Automation Testing
Software Maintenance and Evolution
Introduction to Software Maintenance, Types of Maintenance: Corrective,
Unit 5 Adaptive, Perfective, Preventive, Challenges in Software Maintenance, Impact
Analysis and Change Management, Software Configuration Management in 8 Hrs
Maintenance.
Advanced Software Engineering Concepts
Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE), Service-Oriented
Unit 6 Architecture (SOA), Software Reuse, Software Reliability and Fault Tolerance,
Introduction to Cloud-based Software Engineering, DevOps and Continuous 8 Hrs
Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - - 3 - -

CO2 - 2 3 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO3 - 3 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - 3 2

CO4 2 1 2 - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - 2

CO5 2 3 3 2 2 1 - 3 - - - - 3 2 3

References:

Text Books

1 Software Engineering by R.S. Pressman, Tata McGraw-Hill

Reference Books

1. An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering by Pankaj Jalote, Tata McGraw-Hill

2. Fundamentals of Software Engineering by Rajib Mall, PHI Learning
3. Software Engineering by Martin Shooman, McGraw-Hill
System Analysis and design and Introduction to Software Engineering by Parthsarathi, B.W. Khalkar,
4. Everest Publishing House
 24PGMCAPCC302: Mobile Application Development

Lectures : 3 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To understand Mobile Development Platforms and Architecture.
2. To develop Proficiency in Mobile Programming Languages and Tools
3. To design and Build User-Centric Mobile Applications
4. To implement Backend Integration and Data Handling.
5. To apply Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance Techniques.

Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of the successful completion of the course, the student will Blooms
be able to Taxonomy
CO1 Understand fundamentals of Android Application Development Environment Understand
Identify various components of Android Framework for developing mobile
CO2 Analyze
Applications.

CO3 Apply Android Application Framework for developing mobile Applications. Apply

Integrate mobile applications with backend services using web APIs,

CO4 Apply
databases, and cloud platforms

CO5 Analyze different security threats for android mobile applications. Analyze

Description:
This course introduces the fundamentals of mobile application development, focusing on design, coding, and
deployment across popular platforms like Android.

Prerequisites: Basic programming knowledge, database fundamentals, Web technologies.

Introduction to Mobile Operating Systems & Android Overview

Introduction to Mobile Operating Systems, Overview of Android OS: Versions,

Unit 1
Features, and Evolution, Characteristics of Mobile Applications, Comparison between
Android, Windows, and iOS, Android System Architecture: Overview, Introduction
7 Hrs
to SDK and Android Development Tools (ADT)
 Android Development Environment & Components
Setting up Android Studio, AVD, and Emulator, Dalvik Virtual Machine and
Unit 2 Android Runtime (ART), Android Project Structure and Directory Layout,
Basic Android App Structure and Lifecycle, Creating and Running a Simple 7 Hrs
Android App.

User Interface Design in Android

UI Components: TextView, EditText, Buttons, CheckBox, RadioGroup,
Unit 3 Spinner. Pickers: DatePicker, TimePicker. Layout Managers: LinearLayout,
RelativeLayout, TableLayout, GridLayout. Views: ScrollView, WebView,
GridView

Menus, Activities, and Intents

Android Menus: Options Menu, Context Menu, Popup Menu. Activity
Unit 4 Lifecycle: Methods and Examples. Intent Fundamentals: Explicit Intents,
Implicit Intents. Passing Data Between Activities. Launching Activities using 8 Hrs
Intents

Data Storage and Device Features

SQLite Database in Android: Creation, CRUD Operations, Managing Database
Unit 5 Connections. Introduction to Shared Preferences and File Storage. Telephony
API: Accessing Call State, Sending SMS, Making Calls. Sending Emails 8 Hrs
through Android Apps.
Location-Based Services and Android Security
Location API: Basics and Implementation. Working with Google Maps API in
Unit 6 Android. Mobile Application Security: Client-side & Server-side
Vulnerabilities, Common Mobile App Threats and Risks. Android Security 8 Hrs
Mechanisms: System-level and Application-level Security, Security Best
Practices and Tools for App Security Scans.

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 - 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - 2 - -

CO2 2 2 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO3 - 2 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - 3 3

CO4 1 2 3 3 2 - - - - - - - 2 - 2

CO5 2 2 2 3 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 3
References:

Text Books

1 Android Application Development – BlackBook Pradip Kotari, Dreamtech

Reference Books

1. Android, P.K. Dixit, Vikas Publication

2. Composing Mobile Apps Learn, Explorer, Apply using Android Anubhav Pradhan, Anil Deshpande, Wiley.
Android Wireless Application Development By Lauren Darcey and Shane Conder, Pearson Education, 2 nd
3. Edition
Unlocking Android Developer’s Guide By Frank Ableson and Charlie Collins and RobiSen, Manning
4.
Publication Co.
Android Security Internals: An In-Depth Guide to Android's Security Architecture 1st Edition,
5. ElenkovNikolay, No Starch Press.
 24PGMCAPCC303: R Programming

Lectures : 2 Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 2 ISE : 40
ESE : 60

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To introduce participants to the R programming language and its environment.
2. To equip learners with the skills to manipulate data, perform statistical analyses, and create
visualizations using R.
3. To provide insights into advanced data analysis techniques, including machine learning
algorithms within the R ecosystem.
4. To foster the ability to tackle real-world data problems and derive actionable insights using R.
Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
CO1 Understand and apply R programming fundamentals, including data types, Understand
functions, and control structures.
CO2 Perform data manipulation, analysis, and visualization using key R packages Analyze
such as dplyr, tidyr, and ggplot2.

CO3 Utilize statistical and machine learning techniques for data analysis and Apply
predictive modeling using R tools like caret and random Forest.

CO4 Develop efficient and reproducible R scripts, while engaging with the R Evaluate
community for ongoing learning and collaboration.

Description:
This course is designed to guide the learners through the fundamentals of R programming to
advanced analytics techniques. Designed to cater to both beginners and those with some
programming experience, the course offers a deep dive into R's powerful capabilities for statistical
analysis, data visualization, and predictive modeling.
Prerequisites: 1 Basics of Programming Concepts

Introduction to R Programming
Unit 1 Overview of R and its IDEs (RStudio), Basics of R syntax and programming
concepts, Data types, variables, and operations in R. 4 Hrs
Handling Packages in R
Installing a R Package, Few commands to get started: installed.packages(),
Unit 2 6 Hrs
package Description(), help(), find.package(), library() - Input and Output –
Entering Data from keyboard – Printing fewer digits or more digits – Special
Values functions : NA, Inf and –inf.
 Data Manipulation and Preparation
Unit 3 Importing and exporting data in R, Data cleaning and preparation with dplyr,
Data transformation using tidyr. 6 Hrs
Data Analysis and Statistics
Unit 4 Descriptive statistics and exploratory data analysis, Hypothesis testing and
inferential statistics, Regression analysis and ANOVA. 4 Hrs

Data Visualization with R

Unit 5 Principles of effective data visualization, Introduction to ggplot2 and

advanced visualization techniques, Creating interactive visualizations with 6 Hrs
packages like plotly.
Advanced Analytics and Machine Learning
Unit 6 Overview of machine learning in R, Classification, regression, and clustering
6 Hrs
techniques, Model evaluation and tuning.

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - -

CO2 3 - - 1 1 - - - - - - -

CO3 - 3 2 2 2 - - - - 1 - -

CO4 - - - 2 3 2 - - - - - -

References:
Text Books
1 N. Metzler, " R Programming for Beginners: An Introduction to Learn R Programming with
Tutorials and Hands-On Examples," Independently Published, 2019.
2 Fischetti, Tony, “ R: Data Analysis and Visualization,” Packt Publishing, 2016.

Reference Books
1. Lander, Jared. “R for Everyone: Advanced Analytics and Graphics,” Pearson Education, 2017.

2. Singh, Ajit. “R Programming: Simply In Depth,” Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp, 2020.
3. G. Grolemund, " R Programming An Approach to Data Analytics," Mjp Publisher, 2021.
 24PGMCAPCC304: Internet of Things

Lectures : 4 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 4 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. Understand the architecture and key components of IoT systems.
2. Learn the protocols and communication models used in IoT.
3. Explore platforms and tools used to develop IoT applications.
4. Analyze security, privacy, and ethical aspects of IoT.
5. Understand real-world IoT applications in various domains.
Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of the successful completion of the course, the student will Blooms
be able to Taxonomy

CO1 Explain the architecture, design principles, and components of IoT Understand
systems.
CO2 Analyze IoT protocols and communication models. Analyze

CO3 Apply development tools and platforms for IoT-based solutions. Apply

CO4 Evaluate the security and privacy aspects in IoT systems. Evaluate
Critically analyze real-world IoT applications and propose domain-
CO5 Analyze/Evaluate
specific solutions.

Description:
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the Internet of Things (IoT), covering its
architecture, protocols, platforms, security concerns, and real-world applications across various
domains.
Prerequisites: Computer Networks, Programming Fundamentals

Introduction to IoT
Unit 1
Definition, characteristics, IoT architecture, enabling technologies, IoT levels,
7 Hrs
deployment templates.
 IoT Communication Models
Unit 2 Communication models: device-to-device, device-to-cloud, cloud-to- 7 Hrs
cloud, and back-end data sharing.
IoT Protocols
Unit 3 IoT protocols: MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, XMPP, DDS, AMQP, ZigBee,
Bluetooth, LoRaWAN. 8 Hrs
IoT Platforms & Tools
Unit 4 Arduino, Raspberry Pi, NodeMCU; Cloud platforms: Google IoT Core,
AWS IoT, ThingSpeak; IoT operating systems. 8 Hrs
Security, Privacy, and Ethics
Unit 5 IoT security threats and attacks, secure communication, access control,
data encryption, privacy challenges, ethical implications. 8 Hrs
Applications and Case Studies
Unit 6 Smart Home, Smart City, Industrial IoT, Healthcare, Agriculture:
challenges and future research directions. 8 Hrs

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3 - -

CO2 2 3 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO3 - 2 3 3 3 - - - - - - - - 3 2

CO4 2 - - 3 - 2 2 - - - - - 2 - 2

CO5 2 2 3 3 2 1 - 1 1 - - - 3 2 3

References:

Text Books

1 Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, Internet of Things – A Hands-on Approach, Universities Press

Reference Books
1. Rajkumar Buyya, Amir Vahid Dastjerdi, Internet of Things: Principles and Paradigms, Morgan Kaufmann.
2. Cuno Pfister, Getting Started with the Internet of Things, O’Reilly Media, 2011.
3. Adrian McEwen, Hakim Cassimally, Designing the Internet of Things, Wiley, 2014.
4. Honbo Zhou, The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A Middleware Perspective, CRC Press, 2012
Donald Norris, The Internet of Things: Do-It-Yourself at Home Projects for Arduino, Raspberry
5.
Pi, and BeagleBone Black, McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.
 24PGMCAPEC3051: Advanced Database

Lectures : 3 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. Provide an in-depth understanding of advanced database concepts, including query processing and
optimization.
2. Familiarize students with distributed, object-oriented, and NoSQL databases.
3. Introduce database security, transaction management, and concurrency control mechanisms.
4. Develop skills for working with large-scale data and emerging database technologies.

Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
Explain advanced query processing, optimization techniques, and indexing
CO1 Understand
methods
Analyze transaction management, concurrency control, and recovery
CO2 Analyze
mechanisms
CO3 Design and manage distributed databases with optimized query performance Create

CO4 Apply object-oriented and object-relational concepts in database design Apply

Compare and evaluate emerging database technologies such as NoSQL and
CO5 Evaluate
NewSQL

Description:
This course covers the design and implementation of distributed and object-oriented databases and
introduces emerging technologies like NoSQL, NewSQL, and big data systems.

Prerequisites: Fundamental knowledge of RDBMS, SQL, and basic programming

Query Processing and Optimization

Unit 1 Overview, Steps, Parsing, Translation, Evaluation, Heuristics, Cost-Based
Optimization, Indexes, Materialized Views, Caching 10 Hrs
 Transaction Management and Concurrency Control
ACID, Transaction States, Schedules, Serializability, Recoverability, Locking, 9 Hrs
Unit 2
Timestamps, Deadlocks, Recovery.

Distributed Databases
Architecture, Fragmentation, Replication, Allocation, Distributed Query
Unit 3 8 Hrs
Optimization, CAP, BASE, Transactions.

Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Databases

Need, Classes, Inheritance, Encapsulation, OQL, Object-Relational Mapping (ORM), 6 Hrs
Unit 4
ORDBMS Features
Emerging Database Technologies
NoSQL Databases (Key-Value, Column, Document, Graph), Big Data, Hadoop,
Unit 5 NewSQL, Database as a Service (DBaaS) 7 Hrs

Case Studies & Industry Applications

Unit 6 Real-world case studies involving distributed, NoSQL, and cloud databases; 7 Hrs
Comparative analysis

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2

CO2 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 3

CO3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3

CO4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 2

CO5 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3
References:

Text Books
1 Elmasri & Navathe – Fundamentals of Database Systems, Pearson
2 Silberschatz, Korth & Sudarshan – Database System Concepts, McGraw-Hill

Reference Books
1. C. J. Date – An Introduction to Database Systems, Addison-Wesley
2. Rick Cattell – Object Data Management
3. Pramod J. Sadalage & Martin Fowler – NoSQL Distilled, Addison-Wesley
 24PGMCAPEC3052: Machine Learning

Lectures : 3 Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40
ESE : 60

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To introduce the fundamentals of Machine Learning
2. To Understand various Machine Learning Algorithms
3. To expose students to real world problems where machine learning can provide solutions

Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
CO1 Analyze and Implement Regression techniques Analyze

CO2 Design and Implement solutions for Classification problem Design

CO3 Understand and Apply Unsupervised learning algorithms Understand

CO4 Develop efficient and reproducible R scripts, while engaging with the R Evaluate
community for ongoing learning and collaboration.

Description:
This course specifically make student able to learn algorithms used in machine learning techniques
for solving real world problems and developing new applications based on Machine Learning

Prerequisites: 1 Basics of computer science including algorithms, data structure, Basic Linear
algebra and Probability theory

Introduction to Machine Learning

Unit 1 Introduction to Machine Learning Process, Data Visualization: Line Chart,
Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Histograms, Scatter Plots, Box Plots 6 Hrs
Regression
Unit 2 Simple Regression, Multiple Regression, Model assessment, Non-Parametric
6 Hrs
Regression: K-Nearest Neighbor Regression, Kernel Regression
 Classification
Unit 3 Linear Classifiers, Logistic regression, Decision Tress: Tree Terminology,
Decision Tree Learning, Decision Boundaries. 6 Hrs

Unsupervised Learning
Unit 4 Difference between Supervised and Un Supervised Learning, Clustering, K
Means Clustering: Problem with Random assignment of Cluster centroid, 6 Hrs
Finding value of K, Hierarchical Clustering: Distance Matrices, Linkage
Text Analysis
Unit 5 Basic Text Processing with Python, Regular Expression, Natural Language
Processing, Text Classification. 6 Hrs
Neural Network and Recommendation System
Vectorization, Neural Network: Gradient Descent, Activation function,
9 Hrs
Unit 6 Parameter Initialization, Optimizer, Loss Function. Recommendation
System: Popularity based Recommender Engines, Content Based
Recommendation Engine, and Classification Based Recommendation
Engine.

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - 1

CO2 2 3 2 1 1 - - - - - - -

CO3 - 1 1 3 2 - - - - - - -

CO4 - - - 2 3 2 - - - - - -

References:

Text Books
1 Machine Learning with Python- An Approach to Applied ML, by Abhishek Vijayvargia, (First
Ed.) BPB Publication
Reference Books
1. Machine Learning (McGraw-Hill International Editions Computer Science Series) by Tom M.
Mitchell
2. Machine Learning Using Python, Manaranjan Pradhan and U Dinesh Kumar.( First Edition:
2019) WILEY
 24PGMCAPEC3053: Reinforcement Learning

Lectures : 3 Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40
ESE : 60

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. Gain a historical perspective of AI and its foundation
2. Become familiar with basic principles of AI toward problem-solving
3. Get to know approaches of inference, perception, Uncertain Knowledge, and Reasoning

Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy

CO1 Understand the core concepts and terminology of reinforcement learning Understand

CO2 Analyze and formalize real-world problems into the framework of RL. Analyze

CO3 Apply RL techniques to solve engineering problems. Apply

CO4 Critically evaluate and compare different RL algorithms. Evaluate

Description:
In this course, students will learn what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is, explore use cases and
applications of AI, and understand AI concepts and terms like machine learning, deep learning, and
neural networks.

Prerequisites: 1 Basic knowledge of Machine Learning.

Introduction to Reinforcement Learning

Unit 1 Basics of reinforcement learning, Markov decision processes (MDPs),
Components of RL: agent, environment, state, action, reward 4 Hrs

Dynamic Programming and Monte Carlo Methods

Unit 2 Policy evaluation and iteration, Value iteration and policy iteration, Monte
6 Hrs
Carlo prediction and control, Exploration vs. exploitation trade-off
 Temporal Difference Learning and Function Approximation

Unit 3 TD prediction, SARSA algorithm, Q-learning algorithm, Linear function

approximation, Nonlinear function approximation (e.g., neural networks), Deep Q- 6 Hrs
Networks (DQN)
Policy Gradient Methods and Exploration Strategies
Unit 4 Policy approximation, Policy gradient theorem, REINFORCE algorithm, Epsilon-
greedy strategy, Upper Confidence Bound (UCB), Thompson Sampling 4 Hrs

Advanced RL Algorithms
Unit 5 Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO),
Trust Region- -Policy Optimization (TRPO) 6 Hrs
RL Applications, Ethical Considerations, and Limitations
Unit 6 RL in robotics and control, Imitation learning, Transfer learning, RL applications in
engineering - autonomous vehicles, energy management, Ethical considerations in 6 Hrs
RL, Bias and fairness in RL, Safety considerations in RL applications

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2 1 - - - - - - 1 - - -

CO2 1 2 2 - - - 1 - 1 - - -

CO3 1 3 1 - - - - - - - - -

CO4 2 1 - - - - - - 1 - - -

CO5 2 2 1 2 1 - - - 3

References:
Text Books
1 "Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction" by Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto
Reference Books
1. "Deep Reinforcement Learning" by Pieter Abbeel and John Schulman
2. "Reinforcement Learning and Optimal Control" by Dimitri P. Bertsekas
 24PGMCAPCC302P - Laboratory Course – Mobile Application Development
Practicals : 4 hrs/ week Examination Scheme
Credits :2 ISA : 25 Marks
POE : 50 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To develop skills in building mobile apps using modern tools and frameworks.
2. To understand the mobile app lifecycle from design to deployment.
3. To implement platform APIs and local data storage in apps.
4. To integrate web services and optimize app performance.

Course Outcomes:
Blooms
COs At the end of successful completion of the course the student will be able to
Taxonomy
CO1 Develop functional mobile applications using appropriate tools and languages. Apply
CO2 Design user-friendly interfaces and implement app navigation. Apply
CO3 Use platform APIs and manage local data effectively. Apply
CO4 Integrate web services and debug apps for better performance. Apply

Description:
This lab course provides practical experience in designing, developing, and testing mobile applications using
modern tools and frameworks.

Prerequisites: 1 HTML, CSS, and JavaScript fundamentals, software development concepts and IDE
usage, database concepts
Practicals:
Sr.
No. Practical Topic Hrs. Bloom’s Taxonomy

1 Create a simple “Hello World” mobile app. 2 Understand

2 Design a basic login screen with input validation. 2 Apply
3 Build a multi-screen app using intents/navigation. 2 Apply
4 Implement a list view to display dynamic data. 2 Apply
5 Store user data using SharedPreferences. 2 Apply
6 Create a local database using SQLite or Room. 2 Apply
7 Use device sensors (e.g., accelerometer or GPS). 2 Apply
8 Fetch data from a REST API and display it. 2 Apply
9 Integrate Firebase for user authentication. 2 Apply
10 Create a media player app for audio playback. 2 Apply

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2 2 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO2 1 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO3 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO4 2 2 1 3 - - - - - - - - - - -

References:
Text Books
1. Android Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide By Bill Phillips, Chris Stewart, and Kristin
Marsicano

Reference Books
1 Learning Android Application Development By Reto Meier, O'Reilly Media
2 Beginning Flutter: A Hands-On Guide to App Development By Marco L. Napoli, Apress
 24PGMCAPCC303P - Laboratory Course – R Programming
Practicals : 4 hrs/ week Examination Scheme
Credits :2 ISA : 50 Marks
POE : 50 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To introduce the basics of R language and its programming environment.
2. To develop skills in data manipulation, visualization, and analysis using R.
3. To enable students to write R scripts and functions for data processing.
4. To apply statistical and graphical techniques to real-world datasets using R.

Course Outcomes:
Blooms
COs At the end of successful completion of the course the student will be able to
Taxonomy
CO1 Write and execute R programs for data analysis tasks. Apply
CO2 Perform data manipulation and cleaning using R functions. Apply
CO3 Create visualizations to interpret and present data effectively. Apply
CO4 Apply statistical methods and models using R tools. Apply

Description:
This course introduces the fundamentals of R programming for data analysis, visualization, and statistical
computing.
Prerequisites: 1 Programming concepts, data types and structures.
Practicals:
Sr. Practical Topic Hrs. Bloom’s
No. Taxonomy
Download and install R-Programming environment and install basic packages
1 2 Understand
using install. Packages () command in R.
2 Learn all the basics of R-Programming (Data types, Variables, Operators etc.) 2 Apply
3 Implement R-Loops with different examples. 2 Apply
4 Learn the basics of functions in R and implement with examples. 2 Apply
Implement data frames in R. Write a program to join columns and rows in a
5 2 Apply
data frame using c bind () and r bind () in R.
6 Implement different String Manipulation functions in R. 2 Apply
7 Implement different data structures in R(Vectors ,Lists ,Data Frames) 2 Apply
8 Write a program to read a csv file and analyze the data in the file in R 2 Apply
9 Create pie charts and bar charts using R. 2 Apply
10 Create a data set and do statistical analysis on the data using R. 2 Apply

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2 2 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO2 1 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO3 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO4 2 2 1 3 - - - - - - - - - - -

References:
Text Books
1. R for Data Science by Hadley Wickham and Garrett Grolemund, O’Reilly Media.

Reference Books
1 The Art of R Programming by Norman Matloff, No Starch Press
2 Advanced R by Hadley Wickham, Chapman & Hall/CRC.
 24PGMCAPEC3051T: Advanced Database

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 25 Marks
Tutorials : 1
Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world
applications.
Students will analyze through theoretical insights and practical applications, also they will gain the skills
necessary to manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

 Unit 1: Query Processing and Optimization.

 Unit 2: Transaction Management and Concurrency Control.
 Unit 3: Distributed Databases.
 Unit 4: Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Databases.
 Unit 5: Emerging Database Technologies.
 24PGMCAPEC3052T: Machine Learning

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 25 Marks
Tutorials : 1
Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world applications.
Students will analyze through theoretical insights and practical applications, also they will gain the skills
necessary to manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

 Unit 1: Machine Learning Concepts, Setting Up Python and scikit-learn

 Unit 2: Loading and Preprocessing Datasets, Linear Regression with scikit-learn
 Unit 3: Logistic Regression for Classification, Implementing K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
 Unit 4: Decision Trees and Random Forests, Support Vector Machines (SVM).
 Unit 5: Clustering with K-Means Algorithm, Model Evaluation and Cross-Validation
 24PGMCAPEC3053T: Reinforcement Learning

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 25 Marks
Tutorials : 1
Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world applications.
Students will analyze through theoretical insights and practical applications, also they will gain the skills
necessary to manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

 Unit 1: Reinforcement Learning Concepts, Understanding Markov Decision Processes (MDPs)

 Unit 2: Implementing a Simple Gridworld Environment, Exploration vs. Exploitation
 Unit 3: Value Iteration Algorithm, Policy Iteration and Policy Evaluation
 Unit 4: Q-Learning Algorithm Implementation, SARSA Algorithm in Action
 Unit 5: Deep Q-Networks (DQN) Basics, Training an Agent in OpenAI Gym
 24PGMCAAEC306 - Seminar
Practicals : 8 hrs/ week Examination Scheme
Credits :4 ISA : 25 Marks
POE : 50 Marks
Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to
1. To develop skills in researching and analyzing advanced topics in computer applications.
2. To enhance technical writing and documentation abilities.
3. To improve oral communication and presentation skills in a professional setting.
4. To encourage independent learning and awareness of recent technological trends.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of successful completion of the course, the student will be able to Blooms
COs Taxonomy
CO1 Identify and explore current topics or emerging trends in computer applications. Apply
CO2 Prepare a well-structured technical report based on thorough literature review. Apply
CO3 Deliver an effective seminar presentation using appropriate tools and techniques. Apply
CO4 Respond confidently to questions and engage in technical discussions. Apply
Nature of Seminar
The aim of this seminar is to make the students to study regarding industrial project. They are expected to go
through the latest trend pertaining to computer and allied fields, to do the literature survey and deliver the
seminar on their work done in an industrial project. The other important aim of the seminar is to encourage
and develop the personality, aptitude and knowledge of the students
 Seminar work should be continually evaluated based on the contributions of an individual student,
originality of the work, innovations brought in, research and developmental efforts, depth and
applicability, etc.
 Three mid-term evaluations should be done, which includes presentations and demos of the work
done.
Project Report Format:
1. Page Size: Trimmed A4
2. Top Margin: 1.00 Inch
3. Bottom Margin: 1.32 Inches
4. Left Margin: 1.5 Inches
5. Right Margin: 1.0 Inch
6. Para Text: Times New Roman 12 Point Font
7. Line Spacing: 1.5 Lines
8. Page Numbers: Right Aligned at Footer. Font 12 Point. Times New Roman
9. Headings: Times New Roman, 14 Point Bold Face
10. Certificate: All students should attach standard format of Certificate as described by the department.
Certificate should be awarded to batch and not to individual student. Certificate should have signatures of
Guide, Head of Department and Principal/ Director.
11. Index of Report:
a. Title Sheet
b. Certificate
c. Acknowledgement
d. Table of Contents
e. List of Figures
f. List of Tables
12. References: References should have the following format
For Books: “Title of Book”, Authors, Publisher, Edition
For Papers: “Title of Paper”, Authors, Journal/Conference Details, Year
 24PGMCAOJT307 - Major Project I

Practicals : 8 hrs/ week Examination Scheme

Credits :4 ISA : 25 Marks
POE : 50 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

5. To apply theoretical knowledge to solve real-world problems through software development
6. To enhance skills in system design, coding, testing, and documentation.
7. To encourage teamwork, project planning, and time management.
8. To develop the ability to present and defend technical solutions effectively.
Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
CO1 Design and develop a complete software application or system. Apply
CO2 Apply software engineering principles to real-world project development. Apply
CO3 Collaborate effectively in teams and manage project workflows. Apply
CO4 Present technical work clearly through documentation and oral presentation. Apply

Guide Lines for Projects:

Project Selection
- Choose a relevant and feasible project that aligns with your specialization and current industry trends.
- The project must be original; plagiarism will lead to disqualification.
Project Proposal Submission
- Submit a project proposal including the title, objectives, scope, technology stack, and expected outcomes.
- The proposal must be approved by the assigned faculty guide.
Team Formation
- Projects can be done individually or in teams (preferably 2–3 members).
- Team members must contribute equally and document individual responsibilities.
Regular Progress Reviews
- Attend all scheduled review meetings and present progress updates.
- Maintain a project diary or logbook signed weekly by the faculty guide.
Technical Documentation
- Prepare proper documentation including system requirements, design diagrams, implementation, testing, and
user manuals.
- Follow standard formatting and citation styles as instructed.
Final Submission Requirements
- Submit the source code, executable files, project report, and presentation slides.
- Ensure the report includes screenshots, test results, and references.
Viva Voce and Demonstration
- Demonstrate the working of the project and be prepared to answer technical questions during the final viva.
- Each team member must be able to explain the complete project.
Ethical Conduct
- Ensure ethical use of data and technology; avoid using copyrighted material without permission.
- Acknowledge all external tools, APIs, or frameworks used.
 Second Year
Master in Computer Application
(MCA)
Semester - IV
Detailed Syllabus
 24PGMCAPEC4011: Artificial Intelligence

Lectures : 3 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. Gain a historical perspective of AI and its foundation
2. Become familiar with basic principles of AI toward problem-solving
3. Get to know approaches of inference, perception, Uncertain Knowledge, and Reasoning

Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
CO1 Implement knowledge of agent architecture, searching, and reasoning techniques Understand
for different applications
CO2 Investigate Searching and Inferencing Techniques. Analyze

CO3 Establish knowledge base sentences using propositional logic and first-order Apply
logic

CO4 Illustrate the application of probability in uncertain reasoning. Evaluate

CO5 Assess the AI expert systems using engineering knowledge. Apply

Description:
In this course, students will learn what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is, explore use cases and
applications of AI, and understand AI concepts and terms like machine learning, deep learning, and
neural networks.

Prerequisites: 1 Basic knowledge of Statistics and modelling.

Ability to understand complex algorithms like classification, Regression, etc.

Introduction to AI
Introduction: What is AI? Foundations and History of AI Intelligent Agents:
Unit 1
Agents and environment, Concept of Rationality, The nature of the 4 Hrs
environment, The structure of agents.
Uninformed Searching Strategies
Unit 2 Problem‐solving: Problem‐solving agents, Example problems, Searching for
Solutions Uninformed Search Strategies: Breadth First Search, Depth First 6 Hrs
Search, Iterative deepening depth-first search
 Informed Search Strategies
Informed Search Strategies: Heuristic functions, Greedy best-first search,
Unit 3 A*search. Heuristic Functions Logical Agents: Knowledge–based agents, 6 Hrs
The Wumpus world, Logic, Propositional logic, Reasoning patterns in
Propositional Logic.
First Order Logic
First Order Logic: Representation Revisited, Syntax and Semantics of First
Unit 4 Order logic, Using First Order logic. Inference in First Order Logic: 4 Hrs
Propositional Versus First Order Inference, Unification, Forward Chaining,
Backward Chaining, Resolution
Uncertain Knowledge and Reasoning
Uncertain Knowledge and Reasoning: Quantifying Uncertainty, acting under
Unit 5 Uncertainty, Basic Probability Notation, Inference using Full Joint 6 Hrs
Distributions, Independence, Baye’s Rule and its use. Wumpus World
Revisited
Expert Systems
Expert Systems: Characteristics of expert system, components of expert
Unit 6 system, expert system development: Rule based expert system, meta rules 6 Hrs
and knowledge, Knowledge engineering, Applications of expert system, case
studies: A simple medical expert system.

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2 1 - - - - - - 1 - - -

CO2 2 3 2 - - - 1 1 1 - - -
CO3 2 3 2 - - 1 - 2 1 - - -
CO4 2 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - -
CO5 2 3 1 3 1 - 2 1 3

References:
Text Books
1 Artificial Intelligence, Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig, 3rd Edition, Pearson,2015
Artificial Intelligence and machine learning, Vinod Chandra S. S. Anand Hareendra S., PHI
2
Learning private limited 2014

Reference Books
1. Artificial Intelligence, Elaine Rich, Kevin Knight, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill,2013
Artificial Intelligence Structure and Strategies for Complex, George F Lugar, Pearson
2.
Education, 5th Edition, 2011
 24PGMCAPEC4012: Blockchain Technology

Lectures : 3 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. Introduce the foundational concepts, principles, and types of blockchain technologies.
2. Explain the cryptographic mechanisms and data structures underpinning secure blockchain operations.
3. Familiarize students with consensus algorithms used in decentralized systems.
4. Provide hands-on understanding of smart contracts and decentralized application development using
platforms like Ethereum.
5. Explore real-world blockchain applications across domains and discuss current trends, opportunities,
and challenges in adopting blockchain technology.
Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of the successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
CO1 Explain the fundamental concepts, architecture, and types of blockchain. Understand
CO2 Apply cryptographic techniques for securing blockchain systems. Apply

CO3 Compare various consensus algorithms used in blockchain networks. Analyze

CO4 Design and implement simple smart contracts using Solidity. Create / Apply
Evaluate real-world blockchain applications and examine ongoing research
CO5 Evaluate
trends.

Description:

This course introduces blockchain fundamentals, cryptographic foundations, consensus mechanisms,

smart contracts, and blockchain applications. It emphasizes conceptual clarity and the real-world
relevance of decentralized technologies.

Prerequis Cryptography, Computer Networks, Data Structures

ites:

Introduction to Blockchain
Unit 1
Definition, characteristics, components, structure of block, blockchain vs
traditional systems, types (public, private, consortium), benefits and challenges 5 Hrs
 Distributed Ledger & Cryptographic Foundations
Unit 2 Distributed ledger technologies, hash functions (SHA-256), digital signatures,
6 Hrs
public-key cryptography, Merkle trees, hash pointers.
Consensus Mechanisms

Unit 3 Need for consensus, types: Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Stake (PoS),

Delegated PoS, Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT), Proof-of-Authority (PoA). 6 Hrs
Smart Contracts and Ethereum
Unit 4 Blockchain platforms, Ethereum architecture, Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM),
gas concept, writing and deploying basic smart contracts in Solidity. 6 Hrs
Blockchain Use Cases and Applications
Unit 5 Applications in supply chain, banking and finance (DeFi), healthcare, identity
management, real estate, NFTs. 6 Hrs
Challenges, Research, and Future Trends
Unit 6 Security and privacy issues, scalability, interoperability, legal and regulatory
concerns, current research areas 7 Hrs

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3 - -

CO2 2 3 2 - 2 - - - - - - - 2 3 -

CO3 2 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO4 - 2 3 - 3 - - - - - - - - 3 2

CO5 2 2 2 3 2 1 - 1 - - - - 2 2 3

References:

Text Books

1 Imran Bashir, Mastering Blockchain, Packt Publishing, 3rd Edition, 2020.

Reference Books
1. Arvind Narayanan et al., Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies, Princeton University Press, 2016.
2. Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Mastering Bitcoin, O’Reilly Media, 2017.
3. Roger Wattenhofer, The Science of the Blockchain, Inverted Forest Publishing, 2016.
 24PGMCAPEC4013: Distributed Computing

Lectures : 3 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To understand the fundamental principles and architectures of distributed systems.
2. To explore process communication techniques such as RPC and RMI.
3. To study synchronization, coordination, and consistency in distributed environment.
4. To analyze fault-tolerant techniques and distributed file systems.
5. To apply distributed algorithms in real-world applications including cloud computing.
Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of the successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
CO1 Explain the models, characteristics, and architecture of distributed systems. Understand
CO2 Apply inter-pocess communication mechanisms like RPC and RMI. Apply

CO3 Analyze synchronization and consistency issues and their solutions. Analyze

CO4 Evaluate distributed file systems and fault-tolerant mechanisms. Evaluate

CO5 Implement distributed coordination algorithms in real-world scenarios. Apply

Description:
This course introduces the concepts, models, and challenges of distributed systems, focusing on
communication, synchronization, consistency, fault tolerance, and distributed algorithms. It equips
students with foundational knowledge and analytical skills to design and evaluate distributed
computing systems.
Prerequisites: Operating Systems, Computer Networks

Introduction to Distributed Systems

Unit 1 Definition, goals, characteristics, system models, issues in distributed systems,
client-server architecture, P2P, cluster & grid systems 5 Hrs
 Communication in Distributed Systems
Unit 2 Message passing, Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Remote Method Invocation
6 Hrs
(RMI), multicast communication, middleware.
Synchronization & Logical Clocks
Unit 3 Clock synchronization (Cristian's, Berkeley), logical clocks (Lamport
timestamps), vector clocks, mutual exclusion algorithms. 6 Hrs
Distributed File Systems & Naming
Unit 4 File system models, file service architecture, NFS, DFS, naming services, name
resolution, directory services. 6 Hrs
Fault Tolerance and Recovery
Unit 5 Failure models, process resilience, reliable communication, recovery models,
checkpointing, consensus algorithms (Paxos). 6 Hrs
Distributed Algorithms & Applications
Unit 6 Distributed transactions, MapReduce, load balancing, distributed deadlock
detection, case studies (Hadoop, GFS, etc.). 7 Hrs

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3 - -
CO2 2 3 2 - 2 - - - - - - - 2 3 -
CO3 2 3 3 2 - - - - - - - - 3 2 -
CO4 2 2 2 3 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2
CO5 2 3 3 3 2 2 - 1 - - - - 3 2 3

References:

Text Books
Andrew S. Tanenbaum & Maarten Van Steen, Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms,
1
Pearson Education, 2nd Edition.

Reference Books
1. George Coulouris et al., Distributed Systems: Concepts and Desig Pearson, 5th Edition.
Ajay D. Kshemkalyani & Mukesh Singhal, Distributed Computing: Principles, Algorithms and
2.
Systems, Cambridge University Press.
3. M. L. Liu, Distributed Computing: Principles and Applications, Pearson Education.
 24PGMCAPEC4021: Project Management

Lectures : 3 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To introduce students to the fundamentals of project management in software and IT environments.
2. To develop skills in project planning, scheduling, and resource management.
3. To expose students to risk management, quality assurance, and cost control techniques.
4. To understand various project execution and monitoring tools and practices.
5. To apply leadership and communication skills essential for managing project teams.
Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of the successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
CO1 Explain the project lifecycle, methodologies, and process groups. Understand

CO2 Apply techniques for project planning, scheduling, and resource allocation. Apply

CO3 Analyze risk, quality, and cost management strategies in project execution. Analyze

CO4 Evaluate project performance using monitoring and control techniques. Evaluate
Demonstrate leadership, team dynamics, and communication in project
CO5 Evaluate / Apply
management scenarios.

Description:
This course equips students with principles and practices of managing software and IT projects,
including project planning, execution, monitoring, risk management, and team collaboration using
established methodologies and tools.

Prerequisites: Software Engineering or equivalent foundational course

Introduction to Project Management

Unit 1
Project characteristics, Project life cycle, Role of a project manager, Project
management process groups, PMBOK framework. 7Hrs
 Project Planning and Scheduling
Unit 2 Scope planning, WBS, Time management, Network diagrams, Critical Path
6 Hrs
Method (CPM), Gantt charts, Resource allocation.
Cost and Quality Management
Unit 3 Cost estimation techniques, Budgeting, Earned Value Analysis (EVA), Quality
planning and assurance, Standards (ISO, CMMI. 7 Hrs
Risk and Procurement Management
Unit 4 Risk identification, risk analysis (qualitative & quantitative), risk mitigation,
procurement planning, vendor selection. 6 Hrs
Project Execution and Monitoring
Unit 5 Project tracking, Performance measurement, Change control, Status reporting,
Project dashboards, Agile monitoring tools. 7 Hrs
Team and Communication Management
Unit 6 Team building, Conflict resolution, Communication planning, Stakeholder
engagement, Leadership styles. 6 Hrs

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - -

CO2 2 3 3 2 - - - - 2 - - - 3 3 -
CO3 2 3 3 2 3 2 - - 2 - - - 3 2 2
CO4 2 3 2 3 - 3 - - 2 - - - 3 3 -
CO5 2 - 2 - - 3 2 3 3 3 - - 2 2 3

References:

Text Books

1 Pinto, Jeffrey K., Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage, Pearson Education.

Reference Books
1. PMBOK Guide (Project Management Body of Knowledge), PMI, 6th Edition.
Harold Kerzner, Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and
2.
Controlling, Wiley.
3. Claude H. G., Effective Project Management, McGraw Hill.
 24PGMCAPEC4022: Research Methodology

Lectures : 3 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

4. To introduce the fundamental concepts and significance of research in computer applications.
5. To equip students with knowledge of research design, methodologies, and data collection techniques.
6. To develop the ability to formulate research problems and hypotheses effectively
7. To familiarize students with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method research approaches .
8. To enhance skills in analyzing, interpreting, and presenting research findings ethically and clearly.
Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of the successful completion of the course, the student will Blooms
be able to Taxonomy
Identify and define research problems relevant to the field of computer
CO1 Analyze
applications.
Apply appropriate research design and methodology to investigate real-world
CO2 Apply
problems.
Collect, organize, and analyze data using suitable statistical and analytical
CO3 Analyze
tools.
CO4 Interpret research results and draw meaningful, evidence-based conclusions. Analyze

Prepare structured research reports and communicate findings effectively,

CO5 Apply
following ethical guidelines.

Description:
This course introduces students to the principles, techniques, and ethics of conducting scientific research. It
focuses on research design, data collection, analysis, and effective presentation of findings in computer
application domains.

Prerequisites: Statistics, programming, literature review, logical reasoning.

Introduction to Research

Unit 1 Meaning, objectives, and types of research. Significance of research in computer

applications. Research process and steps involved. Formulation of research problem 7 Hrs
and objectives
 Research Design and Literature Review
Unit 2 Research design: Exploratory, descriptive and experimental. Review of
literature: Sources, searching, and writing review. Developing hypotheses and 7 Hrs
research questions. Ethical considerations in research.
Data Collection Methods

Unit 3 Primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques: Surveys, interviews,
observation. Sampling techniques and sample size determination. Tools and
8 Hrs
instruments for data collection.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Unit 4 Qualitative vs quantitative data analysis. Statistical tools: Measures of central
tendency, dispersion. Hypothesis testing and inferential statistics. Use of
8 Hrs
software tools (SPSS, R, Excel) for data analysis.
Report Writing and Presentation

Unit 5 Structure of a research report. Writing research proposals and abstracts.

Citation styles and referencing (APA, MLA, IEEE). Techniques for effective
presentation of research findings. 8 Hrs

Advanced Research Topics

Research in emerging areas of computer science. Case studies and research
Unit 6
project management. Intellectual property rights and plagiarism. Publication
8 Hrs
process and peer review.

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 3 - -

CO2 - 2 3 3 - - - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO3 - 3 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - 3 2

CO4 2 2 2 - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - 2

CO5 2 3 3 2 2 1 - 3 - - - - 3 2 3

References:

Text Books
1 Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques by C.R. Kothari & Gaurav Garg,

Reference Books
1. Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners by Ranjit Kumar, SAGE Publications.
2. Business Research Methods by Donald R. Cooper & Pamela S. Schindler, McGraw-Hill Education
3. Research Methods in Education by Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison.
 24PGMCAPEC4023: Leadership & Organizational Behavior

Lectures : 3 Hrs./Week Evaluation Scheme

Credit : 3 ISE : 40 Marks
ESE : 60 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To provide foundational knowledge of individual and group behavior within organizations.
2. To understand key leadership theories and their practical applications in organizational settings.
3. To explore the impact of motivation, personality, and perception on workplace behavior.
4. To develop skills for effective communication, conflict management, and team dynamics .
5. To examine the role of organizational culture, structure, and change in influencing behavior and leadership
effectiveness.

Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of the successful completion of the course, the student will Blooms
be able to Taxonomy
CO1 Analyze individual and group behavior in organizational contexts. Analyze
CO2 Apply leadership theories to real-world business and team situations. Apply
Evaluate the impact of motivation, personality, and perception on employee
CO3 Evaluate
performance.
Demonstrate effective communication, conflict resolution, and decision-
CO4 Apply
making skills.
Assess how organizational structure, culture, and change affect leadership and
CO5 Evaluate
behavior.

Description:
This course explores the principles of individual and group behavior in organizational settings and examines key
leadership theories and styles. It aims to build practical skills in motivation, communication, decision-making,
and change management for effective leadership and team performance.

Prerequisites: Management and organizational structures, Familiarity with interpersonal communication

concepts, Interest in human behavior, leadership, and workplace dynamics.

Introduction to Organizational Behavior

Definition, nature, and scope of Organizational Behavior (OB), importance of OB in
Unit 1 managerial decision-making, models of OB: Autocratic, Custodial, Supportive,
Collegial, disciplines contributing to OB, contemporary challenges and opportunities 7 Hrs
in OB
 Individual Behavior in Organizations
Personality: Types and theories (MBTI, Big Five), perception: Process, errors,
Unit 2 and managerial implications, attitudes and job satisfaction, learning theories:
Classical, Operant, Social Learning, motivation: Maslow’s Hierarchy,
7 Hrs
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, McGregor’s Theory X and Y
Group Dynamics and Team Management
Group formation, types, and stages of group development, team vs group –
Unit 3 characteristics and effectiveness, group decision-making: Techniques and
outcomes, conflict: Types, sources, and resolution strategies, managing diversity 8 Hrs
in teams
Leadership in Organizations
Leadership vs management, leadership theories: Trait, Behavioral, Contingency,
Unit 4 Path-Goal, Transformational & Transactional, leadership styles and their
effectiveness, emotional intelligence and its impact on leadership, ethical and 8 Hrs
contemporary issues in leadership
Organizational Structure and Culture
Organizational structure: Types and design, power and politics in organizations,
Unit 5 organizational culture: Definition, elements, and types, impact of culture on
performance and behavior, organizational climate and its influence on 8 Hrs
motivation and productivity
Organizational Change and Development
Meaning and types of organizational change, resistance to change and
Unit 6 overcoming it, Lewin’s Change Management Model, organizational
development (OD) interventions, role of leadership in change management 8 Hrs

Mapping of POs & COs:

If applicable
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 3 - -

CO2 - 2 3 3 - - - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO3 - 3 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - 3 2

CO4 2 2 2 - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - 2

CO5 2 3 3 2 2 1 - 3 - - - - 3 2 3

References:

Text Books
1 Organizational Behavior by Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, Pearson Education.

Reference Books
1. Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work by John W. Newstrom, McGraw-Hill Education
2. Leadership: Theory and Practice by Peter G. Northouse, SAGE Publications.
3. Organizational Behavior by Fred Luthans, McGraw-Hill Education.
 24PGMCAPEC4011T: Artificial Intelligence B C

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 50 Marks
Tutorials : 1

Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world
applications.
Students will analyze theoretical insights and practical applications, and also gain the skills necessary to
manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: definition, history, applications of AI, types of AI

(narrow, general, super AI), and foundations of intelligent agents.
Unit 2: Problem-solving and search strategies: uninformed search (BFS, DFS), informed search (A*,
greedy), constraint satisfaction problems, and game playing using minimax and alpha-beta pruning.
Unit 3: Knowledge representation and reasoning: propositional and predicate logic, inference rules,
semantic networks, frames, and ontologies.
Unit 4: Machine learning fundamentals: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, basic
algorithms like decision trees, k-NN, and clustering.
Unit 5: Natural language processing and expert systems: NLP tasks, parsing, speech recognition, rule-
based systems, and applications of expert systems.
Unit 6: Robotics and AI applications: perception, planning, motion, introduction to autonomous
systems, and real-world AI use cases in healthcare, finance, and smart cities.
 24PGMCAPEC4012T: Blockchain Technology B C

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 50 Marks
Tutorials : 1

Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world
applications.
Students will analyze theoretical insights and practical applications, and also gain the skills necessary to
manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

Unit 1: Introduction to blockchain: basic concepts, structure of a blockchain, history, types (public,
private, consortium), and key characteristics like immutability and decentralization.
Unit 2: Cryptographic foundations: hash functions, digital signatures, public/private key cryptography,
Merkle trees, and proof-of-work (PoW).
Unit 3: Bitcoin and cryptocurrency basics: Bitcoin architecture, transactions, mining, wallets, consensus
mechanisms, and limitations of Bitcoin.
Unit 4: Ethereum and smart contracts: Ethereum architecture, gas, solidity programming basics, writing
and deploying smart contracts.
Unit 5: Blockchain platforms and use cases: Hyperledger Fabric, Corda, blockchain in supply chain,
finance, healthcare, and voting systems.
Unit 6: Challenges and future trends: scalability, security, interoperability, regulatory issues, and
emerging trends like Web3 and decentralized finance (DeFi).
 24PGMCAPEC4013T: Distributed Computing B C

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 50 Marks
Tutorials : 1

Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world
applications.
Students will analyze theoretical insights and practical applications, and also gain the skills necessary to
manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

Unit 1: Fundamentals of distributed systems: definitions, goals, characteristics, system models, and
examples of distributed architectures.
Unit 2: Communication in distributed systems: message passing, remote procedure calls (RPC), remote
method invocation (RMI), and sockets.
Unit 3: Synchronization and coordination: clock synchronization, logical clocks, mutual exclusion, and
election algorithms.
Unit 4: Distributed file systems and shared memory: file models, consistency semantics, file access, and
distributed shared memory mechanisms.
Unit 5: Fault tolerance and recovery: failure models, replication, checkpointing, recovery strategies, and
reliable communication.
Unit 6: Distributed algorithms and applications: distributed hash tables (DHTs), peer-to-peer systems,
distributed databases, and case studies like Google File System and Hadoop.
 24PGMCAPEC4021T: Project Management B C

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 50 Marks
Tutorials : 1

Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world
applications.
Students will analyze theoretical insights and practical applications, and also gain the skills necessary to
manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

Unit 1: Introduction to project management: definitions, characteristics of projects, project life cycle,
and roles of a project manager.
Unit 2: Project planning: project scope, work breakdown structure (WBS), scheduling techniques like
Gantt charts and network diagrams.
Unit 3: Time, cost, and resource management: estimation techniques, critical path method (CPM),
program evaluation review technique (PERT), and resource leveling.
Unit 4: Project risk and quality management: risk identification, assessment, mitigation strategies, and
quality control tools.
Unit 5: Project communication and stakeholder management: communication planning, stakeholder
analysis, and team dynamics.
Unit 6: Project execution and closure: monitoring and control processes, project audits, documentation,
and post-project evaluation.
 24PGMCAPEC4022T: Research Methodology B C

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 50 Marks
Tutorials : 1

Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world
applications.
Students will analyze theoretical insights and practical applications, and also gain the skills necessary to
manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

Unit 1: Basics of research: definitions, objectives, types of research, research process, and problem
formulation.
Unit 2: Research design and literature review: types of research design, hypothesis formulation, ethical
considerations, and writing reviews.
Unit 3: Data collection methods: primary and secondary data, sampling techniques, and tools for data
gathering like surveys and interviews.
Unit 4: Data analysis techniques: qualitative vs quantitative analysis, statistical tools, hypothesis testing,
and use of software like SPSS or Excel.
Unit 5: Report writing: structure of a research report, citation styles (APA, MLA), writing abstracts,
proposals, and presentation skills.
Unit 6: Advanced topics: research in emerging areas, plagiarism, intellectual property, publication
process, and peer review systems.
 24PGMCAPEC4023T: Leadership & Organizational Behavior B C

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Credits : 1 ISA : 50 Marks
Tutorials : 1

Term Work & Tutorial

Complete 8-10 assignments covering core topics from each unit. The assignments should be
practical and focus on understanding fundamental concepts and their real-world
applications.
Students will analyze theoretical insights and practical applications, and also gain the skills necessary to
manage and innovate within modern data-intensive environments.
Students should complete exercises on core topics from each unit:

Unit 1: Introduction to Organizational Behavior: definition, scope, models, and contemporary

challenges.
Unit 2: Individual behavior: personality, perception, attitudes, learning theories, and motivation.
Unit 3: Group dynamics and team management: group formation, decision-making, conflict resolution,
and diversity management.
Unit 4: Leadership theories and styles: trait, behavioral, contingency, transformational leadership, and
emotional intelligence.
Unit 5: Organizational structure, culture, power, politics, and climate.
Unit 6: Organizational change and development: types of change, resistance, Lewin’s model, OD
interventions, and leadership in change management.
 24PGMCAOJT404: Major Project – II B
Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme
Credits : 1 ISA : 50 Marks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to

1. To apply theoretical knowledge to solve real-world problems through software development
2. To enhance skills in system design, coding, testing, and documentation.
3. To encourage teamwork, project planning, and time management.
4. To develop the ability to present and defend technical solutions effectively.
Course Outcomes:

COs At the end of successful completion of the course, the student will be Blooms
able to Taxonomy
CO1 Design and develop a complete software application or system. Apply
CO2 Apply software engineering principles to real-world project development. Apply
CO3 Collaborate effectively in teams and manage project workflows. Apply
CO4 Present technical work clearly through documentation and oral presentation. Apply

Guide Lines for Projects:

Project Selection
- Choose a relevant and feasible project that aligns with your specialization and current industry
trends.
- The project must be original; plagiarism will lead to disqualification.
Project Proposal Submission
- Submit a project proposal including the title, objectives, scope, technology stack, and expected
outcomes.
- The proposal must be approved by the assigned faculty guide.
Team Formation
- Projects can be done individually or in teams (preferably 2–3 members).
- Team members must contribute equally and document individual responsibilities.
Regular Progress Reviews
- Attend all scheduled review meetings and present progress updates.
- Maintain a project diary or logbook signed weekly by the faculty guide.
Technical Documentation
- Prepare proper documentation including system requirements, design diagrams, implementation,
testing, and user manuals.
- Follow standard formatting and citation styles as instructed.
Final Submission Requirements
- Submit the source code, executable files, project report, and presentation slides.
- Ensure the report includes screenshots, test results, and references.
Viva Voce and Demonstration
- Demonstrate the working of the project and be prepared to answer technical questions during the
final viva.
- Each team member must be able to explain the complete project.
Ethical Conduct
- Ensure ethical use of data and technology; avoid using copyrighted material without permission.
- Acknowledge all external tools, APIs, or frameworks used.