CHAPTER 2 FRAME OF REFERENCE The fame of reference is a system of co-ordinates axes attached to an observer having a clock with him, with respect to which, the observer can describe position, displacement, aceleration etc of a moving body. ‘Types of Frame of References (© Inertial frame of reference © Non-inertial frame of reference Inertial frame of reference : In which Newton's first law of motion holds good. For example, a frame of reference attached to aboy ina trainat restor moving with a uniform velocity along straight path. ‘Non-inertial frame of reference : In which Newton’s first law of motion does not hold good. For example a frame of reference attached 10a boy ina train moving with variable velocity or moving with acceleration along a straight path. MOTION A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time, with respect to its surroundings, eg. a bird ‘lying in air. Rest and motion are relative terms. Motion in one dimension : The motion ofa body is said to ‘be one dimensional if only one out ofthe three coordinates specifying the position of the body changes with respect to time, In such a motion, the body moves along a straight line, e.g. an object falling freely under gravity et. Motion in two dimensions : The motion of a body is said to be two dimensional i two out of three coordinates specifying the position of the body change with respect to time. In such a motion, the body moves ina plane, eg ‘an insect crawling over the floor of a room, billiard ball moving over the billiard table. Motion in three dimensions : The motion of a body is said to be three dimensional if all the three coordinates specifying the position of the body change with respect to time. In such a motion, the body moves in a space, eg. a bird flying in the sky, random motion of a gas molecule etc. SCALAR QUANTITIES ‘The physical quantities which have only magnitude but no direction are known as scalar quantities e.g, mass, workeetc. Kinematics VECTOR QUANTITIES ‘The physical quantities which have both magnitude as ‘well as direction are known as vector quantities, e.g force, velocity ete, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT ‘The length of the actual path traversed by a body during its motion in a given interval of time is called distance travelled by the body. ‘Thedisplacementofabodyis defined as the shortest distance between the two positions of the body in a particular direction. It is given by the vector drawn from the initial position to its final position. Letabody be displaced from .y Alyy ¥2)10 B (9.2) then its displacement is given by vector AB. From AOAB, F, + AB = fy or AB = Fy fg = mity, jemk ond % =x ity jrak AB = (x, — x) E+(y2~y) Je — ak ot AB =Axit+Ayj+azk Displacement is independent ofthe path. Distance is a scalar quantity whereas displacement is a vector quantity. ‘The displacement of a body in a given time interval can ‘be positive, negative or zero but the distance covered is always positive. ‘The value of displacement can never be greater than the distance covered. ferry Besa Ya 20) SPEED ‘Speed of a body is defined as the rate of change of position ofthe body with time in any direction distance travelled ie, Speed = “Stance tavelled Sy ‘time taken AVERAGE SPEED ‘Average speed is defined as the ratio of the total distance travelled by the body tothe total time taken. total distance travelled ‘ime taken ie, Average speedKinematics Ifa particle travels a distance Sin time f, to f, the average Si ed is v,, =—S— ee ena Ifa particle travels a distance s,, s,s, ete. with speeds vy, Vp Ys ete. respectively, then total travelled distance GaSb A on tS, Total time taken of trip = “L Average speed of a trip = S172 +834 wm +5 yyy ss) rar ‘» VELOCITY © Velocity of a body is defined as the rate of change of displacement of the body with time te, Velocity = Sisplacoment time interval © Speed is a scalar quantity whereas velocity is a vector quantity © Both the speed and velocity have the same unit and same dimensional formula [MLT-] © Average velocity : Average velocity is defined as the ratio of the displacement to the time interval for which the ‘motion takes place. ie, Average velocity: Let aparticle be at point 4 at time 1, and point B at tine f Poston vectors of 4 and B ae andj respectively. The displacement in this time interval isthe veetor B= (~The avenge ‘locity inthis time intervals Shange in position vector. For small time interval between ¢ and ¢ + Ar, change in position is AF then average velocity in Ar time interval is © Instantaneous velocity : The velocity of a body at a given instant of time during motion is known as instantaneous velocity ie., Instantaneous velocity © The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous speed at the given instant. © The speedometer of an automobile measures the instantaneous speed of the automobile. © The average speed of a body is greater or equal to the ‘magnitude of the average velocity over a given time interval. a | ACCELERATION ‘Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of velocity of a body with time. change in velocity time taken © Average acceleration : Average acceleration is defined as the ratio of the change in velocity to the time interval jie. Acceleration during which the change occurs ie, Average accelerati sions accel © Instantaneous acceleration : The acceleration of a body at a given instant of time is known as instantaneous acceleration fe, Average acceleration «Ifa body is speeding up, acceleration i in the direction of velocity, if its speed is decreasing, acceleration is in the direction opposite to that of the velocity. This statement is independent of the choice of the origin andthe axis. © The zero velocity of a body at any instant does not necessarily imply zero acceleration at that instant. A body may be momentarily at rest and yet have ‘non-zero acceleration. For example, « body thrown up has 2er0 velocity a its uppermost point but the acceleration at that instant continues tobe the aceleration due to gravity. I The relation between time and displacement x is = ox? + Bx, ‘here and B are constants, find the relation between velocity and acceleration. Soln.: We have the relation between time ¢ and displacement = a? + Be Differentiating with respect to x, we get, a =20x+B Het py 1 I, H vetocity » dt 2ox+B” Doxepl’ a “OCHY Now, acceleration, a=“ = 4) _1 a at| 2ax+B 2a’, ov ‘A body moving in a straight line with uniform acceleration describes three successive equal distances in time intervals ,, 1, and f, respectively. Show that tft) 3 h hthth Soln.: Let v, v, and vy be the initial velocities ofthe particle in the time intervals , f, and f, respectively, and v be the final velocity ofthe particle in the time interval, The particle moves | equal distances in each time interval and let it be d. 4b3B ‘Then, average velocity inthe time interval is ait : rier chic 0 ait Similarly, 4 = mo Sa 30 tH) i) felony au ‘ and average velocity inthe ime interval (+4, +55) is at ——a v) wiv) Gagan 2) From eqn (i), (i), (ii) and (iv) we get, ia 1 1 1 Let) Si ty)t ot 48s agit sgMa tt ss t¥) 1 =ygtity= At time ¢, positions of three particles 4, B and C are as follows: p= UAT, rg BP +2646, xo= SP + At ‘Which of them has uniform (constant) acceleration? —+— Proved) pay Son. (@) v= Star and a ‘The particle has no acceleration at all. -& @) v= FBaGx2)+2+0=6142 #x, a= Ss Here, acceleration is uniform. xo 4e1S +d Here acceleration depends upon time, so itis not uniform. DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH © If the graph is a straight line parallel to time-axis, shown by line AB, it means that the body is at rest ie. velocity = zero. ile : BoP 4 é a o Tine © Ifthe graph is a straight line inclined to time-axis (such as, 20) shows that body is moving with a constant velocity. © If the graph obtained is a curve like OD whose slope decreases with time, the velocity goes on decreasing, Le., ‘motion is retarded. © If the graph obtained is a curve like OF whose slope increases with time, the velocity goes on increasing, ie. motion is accelerated. wee (aR VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH © Ifthe graph isa straight line parallel to time axis shown by line AB, it means that the body is moving with a constant ‘velocity or acceleration (a) is zero. 2| a De? s E Time © Ifthe graph is a straight line and inclined to the time-axis with +e slope (line OC) it means thatthe body is moving with constant acceleration © If the graph obtained is a curve like OD whose slope decreases with time, the acceleration goes on decreasing. © If the graph obtained is a curve like OE whose slope increases with time, the acceleration goes on increasing © The area of velocity-time graph with time axis represents the displacement of that body. ACCELERATION-TIME GRAPH © When the graph is a straight line and parallel to time exis then acceleration is constant. © When the graph is oblique straight line having positive slope, then acceleration is uniformly increasing. © When the graph is an oblique straight line having negative slope, then acceleration is uniformly decreasing. © Foruniformmotion, acceleration is zero, displacement-time ‘graph ise straight line inclined to the time axis as shown in the figure (i) and velocity time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis as shown in figure (i). Displacement Neloity Time Tine o i © For motion with uniform acceleration, displacement- time graph is a parabola as shown in figure (ii) while velocity-tme graph isa straight line inclined to time axis as shown in the figure (i). Displacement 1 velocity-time graph of the motion of car is given below. Find the distance travelled by the car in the first six seconds. ‘What isthe deccleration ofthe car during the lasttwo seconds? 3x 10'emis} AP