Department of Civil Engineering

Chu Hai College of Higher Education

Structural Analysis I

Chapter 2 – Statically Determinate Beam

Ir. CW LAW – [email protected]

Content
 Analysis of Statically Determinate Beam

 Internal Forces of Statically Determinate Beam

 Plotting Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams

 Relation between Applied Load, Shear Force and

Bending Moment

 Sketching Deflected Shapes

 Principle of Superposition
Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
• As a statically determinate structure, the analysis of a statically
determinate beam can be carried out by equilibrium condition in
accordance with the law of statics;

• The procedure for analyzing a statically determinate beam is

often started by first finding the reaction through the equilibrium
conditions involving ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑋𝑋 = 0; ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌 = 0; ∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍 = 0. In
formulating the mathematical equations for solution, the designer
can freely assign directions of the reaction forces (including
moments). If the calculated reaction forces turn to be negative, it
means that the forces will be acting in the opposite direction of
that originally assumed by the designer;

• By drawing free bodies, the internal forces including shear forces

and bending moments of the beam can be determined again by
considering equilibrium.
Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam

Shear force

Bending Moment
Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Beam shear
taken as +ve For shear in the beam, conventionally it is considered
on this face to be positive if viewed from the beam right end, the
of the free shear force is downward on the free body starting
body from the left end.

Shear Force Shear Force

on this face on this face
downward : upward : -ve
+ve

+ve

-ve Shear Force Diagram

Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam

Deflected shape

Sagging moment :
+ve -ve
y
+ve

x Bending Moment Diagram – British

Style

Hogging moment :
-ve
Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
As an example, consider a simply supported
beam under a mid-point load 𝐹𝐹, the reactions are
1
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 𝐹𝐹
2
RA
At 𝑥𝑥 < 0.5𝐿𝐿, for balance of the free body RB
against vertical load
1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 𝐹𝐹 (constant) M
2 x
1
At 𝑥𝑥 > 0.5𝐿𝐿, 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 − 𝐹𝐹 = − 𝐹𝐹 (constant)
2

For rotational equilibrium, take moment about F

the section 𝑥𝑥 from A where 𝑥𝑥 < 0.5𝐿𝐿 M
1 RA
𝑀𝑀 − 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 x
2
which is the equation of a straight line sloping For rotational equilibrium, if 𝑥𝑥 > 0.5𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿
up with 𝑥𝑥. 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 − = 0
2
1 1
⇒ 𝑀𝑀 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
− 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥
At mid-span where 𝑥𝑥 = 0.5𝐿𝐿 2 2
1 𝐿𝐿 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 which is also the equation of a straight
𝑀𝑀 = 𝐹𝐹 = line, sloping down with 𝑥𝑥.
2 2 4
Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
As another example, consider a simply supported
beam under udl, the reactions are
1
𝑅𝑅1 = 𝑅𝑅2 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
2

At 𝑥𝑥, for balance of the free body against vertical

load
1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅1 − 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
2

For rotational equilibrium, take moment about the

section 𝑥𝑥 from A
𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀 − 𝑅𝑅1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =0
2
1 1
⇒ 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝑤𝑤𝑥𝑥 2
2 2
which is the equation of a parabola.

At mid-span where 𝑥𝑥 = 0.5𝐿𝐿

1 𝐿𝐿 1 𝐿𝐿 2 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝑤𝑤 =
2 2 2 2 8
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.1 – a cantilever Beam

Find the reactions at the Support.

𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 B

A
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴
First solve 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 and 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴

Vertical equilibrium : 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 4 × 1 = 4kN

Rotational equilibrium, taking moment about A with anti-clockwise
moment as +ve
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 − 4 × 2 + 0.5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 10kNm
B
To solve the shear force and moment at B, consider equilibrium of the
free body
𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 = 4kN
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 − 4 × 0.5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 2kNm
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.2

Find the reactions and

moments and shears at B
and C.

𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶

First solve for reaction 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 and 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 :

Vertical equilibrium : 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 15 + 2 × 3 + 15 = 36 (1)

Rotational equilibrium : take moment about A with anticlockwise as +ve
−15 × 2 − 2 × 3 × 4.5 − 15 × 6 + 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 × 4 = 0 (2)
⇒ 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 36.75kN
Substituting into (1) 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = −0.75kN. So the direction of 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 is reversed.
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.2

𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 1.5

𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 = 0.75kN
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 0.75 × 2 = 1.5kNm
Shear and moment at A
B (left side) B
2m
0.75
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 0.75kN

Free Body for Point B

 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.2

𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶

2kN/m 15kN
Shear and moment at C

2m
Free Body for
Point C (right side) 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 15 + 2 × 2 = 19kN
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 15 × 2 + 2 × 2 × 1 =34kNm
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.2

𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶

Shear and moment at C : Cutting free body on the left and re-analyze
2kN/m
15kN Comparing analysis on left and
right of C
0.75kN 2m 2m 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 + 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 36.75 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
−𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 0.75 + 15 + 2 × 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 17.75kN
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑡𝑡 = 0.75 × 4 + 15 × 2 + 2 × 1 × 0.5 =34kNm
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.2

Comparing analysis on left and

right of C
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 + 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 36.75 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡

𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 Rotational 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡

Vertical
equilibrium equilibrium
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶

𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑡𝑡 + 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡

17.75 + 19 = 36.75 = 34𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.3

Vertical equilibrium : 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 + 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 40 + 40 = 80 (1)

Horizontal equilibrium : 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 = 30 (Support D is on roller which cannot provide
horizontal reaction)
Rotational equilibrium, taking moment about A with anticlockwise as +ve
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 × 10 − 40 × 7.5 − 40 × 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 50 (2)

Substituting into (1) 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 30

 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.3

40

𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡

= 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 30 = 10
B

At A, the shear is 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 30, the moment is 0 and the axial load is 30kN
40kN

At B, on the left side the shear is still 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 , 30kN

∴ 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 30kN,
The moment is 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 × 5 = 30 × 5 = 150kNm;
30kN Left side Right
The axial load is 30kN;
side

At B, on the right side, the shear is 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 30 − 40 = −10kN

Moment remains as 150kNm
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.3

40

𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡

= 10 = 50
C

At C, on the left side, the shear is still 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = −10,

The moment is 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 × 2.5 = 125kNm. The axial load is 30kN.

At C, the shear on the right side is 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 50kN,

The axial load is 0.
VD=50
SC=50
At D (no right side), on the left side, the shear is 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 50kN
The moment and the axial load are 0.
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.4

First solve for reaction 𝐻𝐻𝐵𝐵 , 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 and 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 :

Vertical equilibrium : 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 10 + 4 × 10 + 15 = 65 (1)

Horizontal equilibrium : 𝐻𝐻𝐵𝐵 = 0
Rotational equilibrium : take moment about B with anticlockwise as +ve
10 × 2 − 4 × 10 × 5 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 × 10 − 15 × 13 = 0 (2)
⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 37.5kN
Substituting into (1) 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 27.5kN.
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.4 10kN 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
= 20
10kN
A B
10kN
10kN
A

𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
The shear force at right of A is 10kN, moment is 0. 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 27.5 − 10
= 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 10 = 17.5
The moment at left of B is also 10 and moment is 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
10 × 2 = 20kNm. = 20 = 20
B
The shear at right of B is 10 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 17.5
And the moment remains at 20kNm 27.5kN
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.4

𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
= 17.5
𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
The shear force at P is 17.5 − 4 × 4 = 1.5kN 4 kN/m = −18
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
The moment at P, taking moment at P (anticlockwise = 20
+ve) 𝑆𝑆𝑃𝑃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
20 − 17.5 × 4 + 4 × 4 × 2 − 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝 = 0 = −4 × 4
+ 17.5
⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝 = −18kNm =1.5
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.4

𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑆𝑆𝑃𝑃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 1.5
= 1.5 −4×6
The shear force at left of C is = 22.5
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐(𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙) = 1.5 − 4 × 6 = 22.5kN
𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
= 18
The moment at C, by taking moment at C (anti-
clockwise +ve)
−18 − 1.5 × 6 + 6 × 4 × 3 − 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0
6m
⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 45kNm
 Analysis of Statically Determinate
Beam
Example 2.4

𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
37.5
− 22.5
𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 15
= 22.5

𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 =45

The shear force at right of C is 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 22.5 = 15kN

𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 15 × 3 = 45kNm due to 15kN at D

𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 37.5
Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
• By the methods discussed above, we can calculate the shear
forces and bending moments of a beam at many points. By
plotting the shear forces and bending moments along the beam,
we obtain the “shear force diagrams” and “bending moment
diagrams”;

• The shear force and bending moment diagrams are useful to the
designer for him to see how they vary along the beam and where
are the critical sections. Then he can carry out design accordingly.
He may vary the section or add in different reinforcements in case
of reinforced concrete beams so as to achieve economical design;

• Before the use of computer, as it is tedious to calculate shear

force and bending moments at many sections, the experienced
designer has to identify the critical points to reduce workload.
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
To plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following beam

Example 2.5
The reactions on the left
and right supports are
0.5 × 5 × 4 = 10kN

x
1m 3m
5kN
5kN
Shear Force Diagram
15
10kN
10
𝑆𝑆 = 10 − 5𝑥𝑥
5

𝑀𝑀 = 10𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥 0.5𝑥𝑥 0

= 10𝑥𝑥 − 2.5𝑥𝑥 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

x -5

10kN -10

-15
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
To plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following beam

The reactions on the left

and right supports are
0.5 × 5 × 4 = 10kN

Bending Moment Diagram

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
𝑆𝑆 = 10 − 5𝑥𝑥
2

𝑀𝑀 = 10𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥 0.5𝑥𝑥 4

= 10𝑥𝑥 − 2.5𝑥𝑥 2
6
x 8
10kN 10

12
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
To plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following beam

Example 2.6

50kN
The reactions on the left
and right supports are
0.5 × 50 = 25kN
x

𝑆𝑆 = 25 𝑆𝑆 = 25 − 50
50kN = −25
𝑀𝑀 = 25𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀 = 25𝑥𝑥
2m −50(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
x = 100 − 25𝑥𝑥
x
25kN 25kN
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
To plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following beam

50kN The reactions on the left

and right supports are
0.5 × 50 = 25kN

Shear Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram

30 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
20
10

10
20

0
30
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-10 40

-20 50

-30 60
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.7 Combining the two load

The reactions on the left and

right supports are
0.5 × 5 × 4 + 0.5 × 50
= 35kN

𝑥𝑥 > 2
𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑆𝑆 = 35 − 50 − 5𝑥𝑥
𝑆𝑆 = 35 − 5𝑥𝑥 = −15 − 5𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀 = 35𝑥𝑥
−5𝑥𝑥 0.5𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀 = 35𝑥𝑥
x = 35𝑥𝑥 − 2.5𝑥𝑥 2 −5𝑥𝑥 0.5𝑥𝑥
x −50(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
10 + 25 = 35kN 35kN = 100 − 15𝑥𝑥
− 2.5𝑥𝑥 2
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Combining the two load The combined shear force
and bending moment can
actually be arrived at by
adding the results of the two
separate loads together. This
is the “Law of
Superposition”.

x
Shear Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram
40 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
30
10
20
20
10

0 30
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-10 40

-20 50

-30 60

-40 70
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.8

x RB
RA

First to solve Reactions

1
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 10 + × 6 × 3 = 19 (1)
2
Take moment about A (anticlockwise +ve)
1 1
− × 6 × 3 × × 3 − 10 × 4.5 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 6 = 0 (2)
2 3
⇒ 54 = 6𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 ⇒ 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 9
⇒ 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 10
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams (0,6) and (3,0) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑚𝑚 = (0 − 6)/(3 − 0) = −2 ∴ 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑦𝑦 = 6 𝑐𝑐 = 6 ∴ 𝑦𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑥𝑥

The equation for the linearly

varying load is 6 − 2𝑥𝑥

The load between 0 and 𝑥𝑥 is

(as a trapezium)
1
6 + 6 − 2𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2
2
RB=9
RA=10 x

Shear Force Diagram

15
To plot shear force diagram
0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3 10

𝑆𝑆 = 10 − 6𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 = 10 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 5
3 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4.5
𝑆𝑆 = 10 − 6 × 3 − 32 = 1 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4.5 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 6
-5
𝑆𝑆 = 1 − 10 = −9
-10
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
The equation for the linearly varying
load is 6 − 2𝑥𝑥

The moment between 0 and 𝑥𝑥

created by the trapezium is 6 − 6 − 2𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥
6 − 2𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 + 6 − 6 − 2𝑥𝑥
2 2 3
2 2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 3
= 3 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 + = 3𝑥𝑥 2 −
3 3

RA=10
RB = 9
RA =
10
3 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4.5
To plot the bending moment diagram
0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3 𝑆𝑆 = 1 𝑀𝑀 = 12
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 3 +1 𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝑀𝑀 = 10𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 − = 10𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 +
3 3
At 𝑥𝑥 = 3, 𝑀𝑀 = 12 𝑀𝑀 = 12
3 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4.5
𝑀𝑀 = 12 + 1(𝑥𝑥 − 3) = 9 + 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
At 𝑥𝑥 = 4.5, 𝑀𝑀 = 13.5

𝑥𝑥 − 3
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
4.5 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 6

𝑆𝑆 = 9 𝑀𝑀 = 13.5
−9 𝑥𝑥 − 4.5

𝑀𝑀 =13.5

𝑥𝑥 − 4.5
Bending Moment Diagram
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
To plot the bending moment diagram
4.5 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 6 2

At 𝑥𝑥 = 4.5, 𝑀𝑀 = 13.5 4

𝑀𝑀 = 13.5 − 9(𝑥𝑥 − 4.5) = 54 − 9𝑥𝑥 6

10

12

14

16
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.9 – beam with an internal pin

W = 30kN

L = 2m

To solve for the reactions first, split the beam into 2 free bodies
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.9 – beam with an internal pin

W = 30kN

L = 2m

Consider the free body

𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 𝑊𝑊 = 30 (1)

Take moment about C (anticlockwise +ve)

−𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 + 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 2𝐿𝐿 = 0 (2)
⇒ −30 × 2 + 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 15
⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 15
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.9 – beam with an internal pin

W = 30kN

L = 2m

Consider the free body

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 45 (1)

Take moment about A (anticlockwise +ve)

𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 − 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 2𝐿𝐿 = 0 (2)
⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 30 × 2 + 15 × 4 = 120
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.9 – beam with an internal pin

W = 30kN

L = 2m

Upon solution of 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 120, 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 45, 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 15

Counter-check by considering the whole beam

Taking moment about A (anticlockwise +ve)

𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 − 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 − 𝑊𝑊3𝐿𝐿 + 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 4𝐿𝐿 = 120 − 30 × 2 − 60 × 6 + 15 × 8 = 0
So equilibrium, check OK
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.9 – beam with an internal pin

W = 30kN

L = 2m

Shear Force Diagram

50
To plot the shear force diagram
40

In AB, 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 45 30

In BC, 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑊𝑊 = 45 − 30 = 15 20

In CD, 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 15 10

In DE, 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 30 = −15 = 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 0A0 1

B2 3 C4 5 D
6 7 E
8
-10

-20
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.9 – beam with an internal pin

W = 30kN

L = 2m

Bending Moment Diagram

To plot the bending moment diagram -140
-120
In AB, 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 = −120 + 45𝑥𝑥 -100

At B, 𝑀𝑀 = −120 + 45 × 2 = −30 -80

-60
In BC, 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 + 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐿𝐿 = −30 + 15 𝑥𝑥 − 2 -40
At C, 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = −30 + 15 4 − 2 = 0 -20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In CD, 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑥𝑥 − 2𝐿𝐿 = 15 𝑥𝑥 − 4 0 E8
A B D
At D, 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 15 2 = 30 20 C
40
At DE, 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 − 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝐿𝐿 = 30 − 15 𝑥𝑥 − 6 60
AT E, 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = 30 − 15 8 − 6 = 0 80
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10 – beam with an internal pin
30kN

6kN/m

B C D E
A
5m 3m 1.5m 1.5m

30kN

Consider the free body CDE, by symmetry

C 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 15kN
D

1.5m 1.5m Or by take moment about C (anticlockwise +ve)

𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 15kN 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 15kN 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 × 3 − 30 × 1.5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 15
∴ 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 30 − 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 15kN
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10 – beam with an internal pin
Consider the free body ABC
15kN (as reaction from the pinned joint)
6kN/m

B C
A 5m 3m
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵

Taking moment about A (anti-clockwise +ve)

−6 × 5 × 2.5 + 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 × 5 − 15 × 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 39kN

Or by take moment about B (anticlockwise +ve)

6 × 5 × 2.5 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 × 5 − 15 × 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 6kN

Check : 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 + 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 39 + 6 = 45 = applied load 6 × 5 + 15 = 45kN

 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10 – beam with an internal pin
Plotting shear force diagram
15kN (as reaction from the pinned joint)
6kN/m

B C
A 5m 3m
𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵−𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 6kN 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 39kN
= 24kN = 15kN
x
6kN/m B
Shear between A and B, at x from A 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 6𝑥𝑥 = 6 ⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 6 − 6𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 39kN
A
x
Shear at right of B is
Shear at left of B is 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 6kN
𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 39 − 24 = 15kN
𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵−𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 6 − 6 × 5 = −24kN
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10 – beam with an internal pin
Plotting shear force diagram
15kN (as reaction from the pinned joint)
6kN/m

B C
A 5m 3m
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 6kN 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 39kN
x 𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 15kN

𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵−𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
= 24kN = 15kN Shear between BC,
𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = constant 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 15kN
B at 15kN = 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡

𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 39kN
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10 – beam with an internal pin
30kN

6kN/m

B C D E
A
5m 3m 1.5m 1.5m

Shear Force Diagram

20
15
10
5
0
kN -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10 – beam with an internal pin
Plotting bending moment diagram
15kN (as reaction from the pinned joint)
6kN/m

B C
A 5m 3m
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 6kN 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 39kN
x

Moment between A and B, at x from A 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵

(taking anti-clockwise as +ve about x)
𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
−𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵−𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
2 = 45kNm
⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 6𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 A = 45kNm
x B
Moment at left of B is (𝑥𝑥 = 5) 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 6kN
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵−𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 6 × 5 − 3 × 52 = −45kNm
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10
Plotting bending moment diagram
15kN (as reaction from the pinned joint)
6kN/m

B C
A 5m 3m
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 6kN 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 39kN
x

Moment between B and C, at x from B

𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
(taking anti-clockwise as +ve about x)
= 15kN
−45 + 15𝑥𝑥 − 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = 0
⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = −45 + 15𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 45 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Moment at B is (𝑥𝑥 = 0)
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = −45
Moment at left of C is (𝑥𝑥 = 3) B x
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = −45 + 15 × 3 = 0kNm
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10
Plotting bending moment diagram
30kN

6kN/m

B C D E
A
5m 3m 1.5m 1.5m

30kN Consider the free body CDE, by symmetry

Between C and D at 𝑥𝑥 from C (0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1.5)
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 15𝑥𝑥
C At D (𝑥𝑥 = 1.5)
D E
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 15 × 1.5=22.5
1.5m 1.5m Between D and E at 𝑥𝑥 from C (1.5 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3)
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 15kN 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 15kN 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 15𝑥𝑥 − 30 𝑥𝑥 − 1.5 = 45 − 15𝑥𝑥
At E (𝑥𝑥 = 3)
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = 0
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Example 2.10 – beam with an internal pin
30kN

6kN/m

B C D E
A
5m 3m 1.5m 1.5m
Bending Moment Diagram
-50

-40

-30

-20

kN -10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0

10

20

30
 Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
Class Exercise :
Plot shear force and bending moment diagrams for the followings

1. 2.
Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
For vertical equilibrium
𝑆𝑆 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑤𝑤 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

The rate of change of shear on beam (slope of the

shear force diagram) = Applied load intensity
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
Or 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
1 1
𝑥𝑥2
⇒ 𝑆𝑆2 − 𝑆𝑆1 = ∫𝑥𝑥 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
1

So the difference in shear force in a beam from

𝑥𝑥1 to 𝑥𝑥2 is the area of the load intensity curve
Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
For rotational balance, take moment about the
right edge
𝑀𝑀 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑆𝑆 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

The rate of change of shear on beam (slope of the

bending moment diagram) = shear force
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
Or 𝑑𝑑𝑀𝑀 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
1 1
𝑥𝑥2
⇒ 𝑀𝑀2 − 𝑀𝑀1 = ∫𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1

So the difference in moment in a beam from 𝑥𝑥1 to

𝑥𝑥2 is the area of the shear force diagram
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Summary

• Slope of shear force at a point = Intensity of distributed load at the point

Shear Force Diagram

15
Shear Force Diagram
Constant slope 30
10 = 10/2=5
20
5 => UDL
10 Zero slope
0
0 1 2 3 4 0 => No Load in
-5 0 1 2 3 4
-10 the portion
-10
-20
-15
-30
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Summary

• Change in shear between 2 points = Area of the distributed load diagram between the
2 points
Area of
distributed load
= 5×1=5kN No load on
this portion

10kN 1m Shear Force Diagram 1m

15 25kN Shear Force Diagram
30
10
20
5 No change in
10
0 shear
0 1 2 3 4 0
-5 Shear changes 0 1 2 3 4
-10
-10 from 10kN to
-20
-15 5kN,
-30
difference 5kN
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Summary

• Slope of bending moment at a point = Shear Force at the point

Shear Force Diagram Shear Force Diagram

15 30
10 20

5 10

0 0 Zero slope
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
-5 -10 => No Load
-10 -20
Slope = 10 = -30
-15 Zero slope
shear Bending Moment Diagram Slope = 25
=> Zero shear = Shear Bending Moment Diagram
0 1 2 3 4 Slope = -25
0 1 2 3 4
0 = Shear
0
2
10
4
6 20
8 30
10 40
12 50
60
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Summary

• Slope of bending moment at a point = Shear Force at the point

Shear Force Diagram

Shear Force Diagram
15
Constant 30
10
slope 20
5
=> UDL 10
0 Zero slope
0 1 2 3 4 0
-5
-10
0 => No 1Load 2 3 4
-10
-20
-15
-30

• Change in bending moment between 2 points = Area of the shear force diagram
between the 2 points
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Summary

• For Concentrated Loads, change in shear at the point of application = Magnitude of

the Load.

Shear Force Diagram

30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4
-10
-20
-30

Change in magnitude
25 to -25 = 50kN =
Applied Load
Plotting Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams

20
Shear Force Diagram
10

0
kN 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Zero shear
-10

-20

-30

Bending Moment Diagram

-50
-40
-30
-20
kN -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 Maximum
10 Bending Moment
20
30
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Shapes of Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Beams under Point Loads only :

1. Shears are constant along sections between point loads.
2. The shear force diagram consists of a series of horizontal lines.
3. The bending moment varies linearly between point loads.
4. The bending moment diagram is composed of slope lines.
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Shapes of Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams

• Beams under Uniformly

Distributed Loads (UDL) only :
1. A uniformly distributed load
produces linearly varying shear
forces.
2. The shear force diagram consists
of a sloped line or a series of
sloped lines.
3. A UDL produces parabolically
varying moment.
4. The bending moment diagram
comprises 2nd order parabolic
curves.
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Shapes of Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagrams

• Beams under General Loading:

1. Section with No Load:

a) Shear force diagram is a horizontal straight
line
b) Moment Diagram is a sloping straight line

2. Section under UDL.

a) Shear Force Diagram is a sloping straight
line (1st order)
b) Bending moment diagram is a 2nd order
parabolic curve.
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Shapes of Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams

• Beams under General Loading:

3. Section under Point Load.

a) There is a jump in the shear force
diagram
b) There is a change in slope in the
bending moment diagram.
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Shapes of Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagrams

• Beams under General Loading:

4. Section under Linearly Varying Load.

a) Shear Force is a parabolic curve (2nd
degree)
b) Bending Moment is a cubic parabolic
curve (3rd degree).
 Relation between Applied Load,
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Shapes of Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagrams

• Beams under General Loading:

5. The Curve of the Bending Moment is 1

degree above the curve of the shear force
diagram
6. Maximum and Minimum Bending
Moments occur where the maximum shear
force Diagram passes through the X-axis
(i.e. at points of zero shear) This
characteristics is very using in finding
maximum and minimum bending moment.
 Sketching of Deflected Shape
The qualitative deflected shape (also called “elastic curve) of a beam is
simply an approximate and exaggerated sketch of the deformed beam due to
the given loading. The deflected shape is useful in understanding structural
behaviour.

Sketching the Deflected Shape of a Beam

• The deflected shape must be consistent with the support conditions :

1. At a roller support, the vertical deflection is zero but the beam may rotate
freely;
2. At a pin support, the vertical and horizontal deflections are zero but the
beam may rotate freely;
3. At a fixed support, the vertical and horizontal deflections are zero and
there is no rotation.
 Sketching of Deflected Shape
Sketching the Deflected Shape of a Beam

• The deflected shape must be consistent with the bending moment diagram:

1. Where the moment is positive, the deflected shape is concave upwards ( ͜ );

2. Where the moment is negative, the deflected shape is concave downwards ( ͡ ).

• The transition points between positive and negative moment regions are points of
zero moment. These points are called “point of inflection” or “point of
contraflexure”.

• The deflected shape must be a smooth curve except at internal hinges.

• Often it is possible to sketch the deflected shape of a structure first and then to
infer the shape of the bending moment diagram from the sketch.
 Sketching of Deflected Shape

Example 1
 Sketching of Deflected Shape

Example 2
 Principle of Superposition
The principle of superposition in structural
analysis states that the combined effect of
several loads acting simultaneously on a linear
elastic structure is equal to the algebraic sum
of the effects of each load acting individually.

Two conditions must be met for the principle

to be valid:

1. The structure is linear elastic which

implies that when the loads on a linear
elastic structure is increased x times, the
deflections also increase x times;

2. The deflections of the structure are small

that they do not affect significantly the
geometry of the structure.
Principle of Superposition