GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
The Cell and Biomolecules

St. Agatha, St. Anselm, St. Carlo,

St. Agatha, St. Anselm, St. Carlo,
St. Clare, and St. Peregrine
St. Clare, and St. Peregrine
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O God,
As we start this new day for new learnings,
we ask for Your guidance. Lead us all the
way. May You let us see through Your
eyes, listen through Your ears, and speak
with Your Mouth. Be with us as we explore
the world. Give us the heart to love and be
kind to one another. Please watch over all
our teachers, friends, and families.
Amen.
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L: St. __________,
R: Intercede for us

L: St. Joseph,
R: Pray for us
ATTENDANCE
ATTENDANCE
CLEANLINESS
CLEANLINESS
ORDERLINESS
ORDERLINESS
 SHS - STEM Specialized Subject
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
SHS - STEM Specialized Subject

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
The Cell and Biomolecules
first semester: first quarter

cell cycle: MITOSIS,

MEIOSIS, AND related

chromosomal diseases
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define meiosis and identify the key phases involved in its process
2. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis in terms of purpose,
process, and outcome.
3. Explain how meiosis ensures genetic diversity and stability of
species through sexual reproduction
4. Give importance to why crossing over and recombination happens
in meiosis
5. Solve for the number of chromosomes and chromatids based on
interphase, mitosis, and meiosis phases
 Recall:
What are the phases
What is cell cycle? Why is interphase
of mitosis?
What are the three important? How can
What happens after
main phases of the you differentiate the
mitosis?
cell cycle? steps in interphase?
 CYTOKINESIS

INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE

1 2 3 4 5
The chromatin
Duplication of The chromosomes The spindle fibers split Two new sets of
condenses, mitotic
nuclear DNA align in the middle apart the chromatids identical cells are
spindle assembles, and
takes place. of the dividing cell. to opposite poles of generated. The nucleus
the nucleus
the cell. starts to form around
disappears.
each new cell.
 What’s the difference?

MITOSIS?
MEIOSIS?
 Video Analysis
1. What is meiosis?
2. What are the
similarities and
differences between
mitosis and meiosis?
 CELL DIVISION
MEIOSIS
goal is to produce gametes or sex cells
with 23 chromosomes, which are 23
individual chromatids
parent cell divides into four daughter
cells with different genes
divided into two major division:
reductional division (meiosis I)
equational division (meiosis II)
each division has four phases SIMILAR
but not the same to mitosis (PMAT)
 MEIOSIS

GAMETOGENESIS
the production of gametes from haploid
precursor cells
spermatogenesis - production of four
(4) sperm cell or spermatozoa
oogenesis - production of one (1) egg
cell or ovum
fertilization - spermatozoa and ovum
unites to produce offspring with 46
chromosome)
somatic OR Body cells GAMETES (SEX CELLS)
has 46 chromosomes has 23 chromosomes
produced through mitosis produced through meiosis
 types of eukaryotic cell according to purpose
sex cells (gametes)
a reproductive cell of an
animal or plant
female gametes - oocyte
male gametes - spermatocyte
an example of a haploid
cell, in constrast with somatic
cells (body cells, such as skin
cells or even stomach cells)
 types of eukaryotic cell according to purpose
haploid cells
a cell that contains a single set of
chromosomes (23 chromosomes)
sex cells are haploid cells that are
produced after meiosis, such as
sperm and egg cells in animals, and
pollen and ovules in plants
-ploid is a suffix used in biology to
indicate the number of chromosome
sets in a cell or organism
chromosomes
thread-like structures located
inside the nucleus of animal and
plant cells
in diploid cells, made up of
homologous chromosomes
during S phase, made up of two
chromatids (sister chromatids)
allow DNA to be accurately
copied during these cell divisions
 MEIOSIS I
REDUCTIONAL division:
Reductional Division or Meiosis I is
where the chromosomes are reduced
from diploid (46 chromosomes) into
haploid (23 chromosomes)
1. Prophase I
2. Metaphase I
3. Anaphase I
4. Telophase I
 INTERPHASE
stage for cell growth
the phase of the cell in which most of
its life is spent on
46 chromosomes and 46 chromatids
into 46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids
due to DNA replication which forms
sister chromatids
G1 phase - organelles
S phase - DNA replicates
G2 phase - centrioles form
 MEIOSIS I

PROPHASE I
chromatin coils into chromosomes,
nuclear envelope disintegrates
two pairs of sister chromatids pair up
as tetrads or homologous
chromosomes
DNA in the homologous chromosomes
CROSSES over and RECOMBINE
46 chromosomes, but 92 chromatids
due to the DNA replication for
daughter cells
 homologous chromosomes
- also called as homologs, paired chromosomes which came from parent cells
- chromosome pairs, with one inherited from each parent, that have the same
genes in the same order but potentially different versions (alleles)
- alleles are one of two or more versions of a gene that exist at the same locus
location on a chromosome (gene = eye color, alleles = color blue/brown/green)
 sister chromatids
the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA
replication of a chromosome
both copies joined together by a common centromere
 karyotype
A karyotype is a picture of all of the
chromosomes from one cell of an
individual and it is organized into 23
pairs.
also refers to a laboratory-produced Human chromosomes showing homologs that
are not yet replicated (no sister chromatids)
image of a person’s chromosomes
isolated from an individual cell and
arranged in numerical order.
The purpose is to see how the
chromosomes look, if there are any
major extra or missing pieces, or if their
arrangement is abnormal Human chromosomes showing homologs which
have been replicated, with sister chromatids
 GENETIC DIVERSITY
Genetic diversity or genetic variation is the
essence of evolution. Without genetic
differences among individuals, "survival of
the fittest" would not be likely.
In meiosis, crossing over happens in
prophase I. When homologous chromosomes
connect, they combine with one another,
creating many more possibilities for genetic
variation.
 MEIOSIS I

METAPHASE I
tetrads line up along the
metaphase plate
independent assortment happens
(different genes independently
separate from one another when
reproductive cells develop)
chromosomes remain at the center
of the cell until the homologous
pairs are ready to move away from
each other.
 MEIOSIS I

ANAPHASE I
Homologs are pulled apart
Chromosomes are moved
towards the opposite poles
by the spindle fibers.
Each side has a total of 23
chromosomes and 46
chromatids
 MEIOSIS I

TELOPHASE I
Homologs reach opposite
poles of the cell
Cytoplasm starts to divide
Nucleus goes back, spindle
fibers disappear, and
chromatids into chromatins
Each part of the dividing
cell now has 23 chromosome
and 46 chromatids
 MEIOSIS I

CYTOKINESIS
Cytoplasm is divided to produce
two daughter cells)
Each daughter cell has 23
chromosomes that are sister
chromatids
The daughter cells are now
haploid, having 23 chromosomes
Both daughter cells will then
undergo meiosis II
 MEIOSIS II
equational division:
Equational Division or Meiosis II is
where the haploid cells from Meiosis
I divided further to produce a total
of four gametes or sex cells.
1. Prophase II
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase II
4. Telophase II
 MEIOSIS II

PROPHASE II
chromatin coils into
chromosomes, nuclear envelope
disintegrates
one pair of sister chromatids in
each daughter cell
no more recombination of DNA
23 chromosomes and 46
chromatids in each daughter cell
 MEIOSIS II

METAPHASE II
sister chromatids align at
the metaphase plate
sister chromatids attach to
the spindle fibers’
kinetochore in their
centromeres
prepares for the separation
of the sister chromatids
 MEIOSIS II
ANAPHASE II
Sister chromatids are
separated by the spindle
fibers
Chromatids are moved
towards the opposite
poles
Each side of two cell has
23 chromosome composed
of 23 chromatids
 MEIOSIS II
TELOPHASE II
Chromosomes reach
opposite poles
Cytoplasm starts to divide
Each of the nuclei now
has 23 chromosome and
23 chromatids before
dividing
number of chromosome is
n = 23
 MEIOSIS II
TELOPHASE II
Cytoplasm is divided to
produce two daughter
cells
Each daughter cell
having 23 chromosomes
The daughter cells
produced are used for
fertilization
 PRACTICE EXERCISE #1

CHROMOSOMES AND
CHROMATIDS
 Practice Exercise on Number of
Chromosomes and Chromatids
1. Given : 120 parent cells, each with 8 chromosomes
a. Number of daughter cells after mitosis
b. Number of daughter cells after meiosis
c. Number of chromosomes in each resulting
daughter cell after mitosis
d. Number of chromosomes in each resulting
daughter cell after meiosis