JUPEB

Biology
Syllabus
by Mahadumia

0705 969 3469

@mahadumia
BIO 001
Fundamentals

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BIO 001 Biology

1. Origin of Living Things

The Science of Biology: Definition of biology, Branches of
biology ,Importance of biology, The nature of science -
Scientific methods, Testing of hypothesis,Data collection and
analysis,Application of scientific methods in biological
experiments,Relationship between Biology &. Medicine,
Agriculture, etc.Brief history of organic molecules.

Origin of Organic Molecules: Brief history of organic molecules.

Origin of the First Cells : Brief history of the evolution of the

first cells.

The Earliest Cells(Living -Fossils): Relate the living cell to the

fossil.

Basic biostatistics : Definition of basic biostatistics Central

tendency measurement.

2. Living Things in Nature and

Biological Molecules
Diversity of Living Things :Different kingdoms and

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characteristics,Practical class- Field observation of diversity

of living things.

Biological Molecules :Carbohydrate, lipids, protein and nucleic

acids.

3. Cell Organisation, Structure and

Functions
Cell Theory, Cell Structure and function: Demonstration of cell
structure on microscopes.

Cell Organization, Forms in which Cells Exist : Biological

drawings of plant and animal cells.
Comparisons of plant and animal cells.

4. Cell Division, Principles of

Genetics, Variations and Heredity
Cell Divisions, Mitosis in Somatic Cells, Meiosis in Germ Cells,
Principles of Genetics,Variation and Heredity: Definition, Cell
cycle,Basic concepts in genetics: Chromosome, Gene, allele,
dominant, recessive, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Hybrid,

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genotype, phenotype etc.

Mendel's Laws of Inheritance:The nature of genes and

chromosomes Mendelian Genetics,Practical
class:Determination of inheritance using colored seeds e.g.
beads, grains, etc. Verifications of principles of Mendel's law
and its deviation.

Human Inheritance, Human Genetic Disorders e.g. sickle cell

anemia, albinism. Rhesus Factors, Polyploidy, Sex- linked
Traits; Application of Genetics in Agriculture, Medicine,
Criminology, etc : Cell division experiment using onion root.
Identification of stages of meiosis, Traits controlled by Multiple
alleles e.g. blood group, eye colour. Determination of
inheritance using coloured seeds e.g. beads, grains etc.
Verifications of principles of Mendel's laws.

5. Systematics, Taxonomy and

Nomenclature
Basis of Taxonomy Rules of Systematics Naming of Organisms
(Nomenclature) : Criteria for classification Taxonomy hierarchy
Binomial nomenclature: Genus & species. Practical
class:Classification and identification of organisms,

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BIO 001 Biology

Highlighting adaptive features and their uses.

6. Ecology
Basic Concepts in Ecology : Ecosystem, food chain, food web,
nutrient cycling, biogeochemical cycles.

Biological Associations and Interactions : Symbiosis,

Mutualism, Parasitism, Commensalism, Ammensalism &
Synergism.

Ecology Studies, Types of Habitats : Environmental

studies.Practical use of ecological equipment, Population
study in a specific habitat.

Ecology and Natural Selection : Environmental changes

Biological impacts of climate change.
7. Biological Methods and
Application
Rules of Biological Drawings: Standard drawing rules
governing: use of pencils, specimen proportions, magnification,
size of specimen drawing and labelling: Diagrams must be
according to length specification, Lines must not be woolly or

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BIO 001 Biology

broken. Drawings must carry appropriate titles at the correct

position,Labelling must be horizontal & parallel with ruled
guidelines,Drawing must not be artistic ie.no shading or
painting,Spellings must be correct and touched by labelling
lines.

8. Evolution
Geological Times, and Mega Geological Events, Evolutionary
Trends in Animals and Plants, Theories of Evolution- Lamarck
and Darwin Theories of Evolution. Evidence of evolution from
Anatomy, Embryology, Biochemistry : Definition of evolution,
Types of evolution, Application of Evolution to Plants &
Animals Taxonomy.

9. Enzymes
Properties of Enzymes, Mechanism of Enzyme Reaction,
Enzyme Inhibition & Enzyme Cofactors: Enzymes, Types of
enzymes & Factors affecting rate of enzyme action

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BIO 002
Microbiology

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BIO 002 Biology

1. History of the Discovery of

Micro-organisms
Spontaneous Generations Microorganisms as the Cause of
some Diseases :The theory of spontaneous generation of
organisms, Conflict over spontaneous generations, The golden
era of microbiology (1860- 1910), The germ theory of disease,
The discovery of viruses, microorganisms in the 20th
century.Practical class- introduction to basic microbial
laboratory equipment, principles of operation and drawings.

2. Types and Taxonomic Groupings

of Microorganisms
Seven Levels of Classification Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic
Cells: Bacteria- size, shapes, motility, unusual types, general
methods of bacterial classification.Fungi- yeast and mould-
size, shape, general fungal classification,Protozoa- specific
examples, motile and non- motile types, nutrition
types.Viruses- sizes, bacteriophages, viroid, prions,Algae-
sizes, types,diatoms, sea weeds, lichens, sexual and asexual
reproduction,Archaea- general features,origin and
evolution.Practical class- aseptic techniques in microbiology.

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BIO 002 Biology

3. Structures, Morphology and

Characteristics of Microorganisms
Morphology and Structures of Microbial Cells, Biochemical
Characterization Reproduction, Growth Types and
Phases:Structure of bacteria cells- capsule, flagella, pilli and
fimbriae, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm,Cell wall of
fungal cells, cytoplasm,Cultural characteristics of bacterial
growth-on solid and liquid media, forms of growth Cultural and
cellular characteristics of mould and yeast on solid and liquid
media, hyphal and mycelial types ,Biochemical
characterization of bacteria and fungi Viruses and their
structures Reproduction and microbial growth
phases.Practical class- Cultivation and identification of
bacteria from soil, water and decomposing food.

4. Microbial Ecology
Microbial Interactions with Animals, Plants and
Microbes:Predation, Competition, Synergism, Commensalism,
Infectious diseases, Immunity, Spoilage of food, Control of
microbial activities.

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BIO 002 Biology

5. Microbial Nucleic Acids in

Information Storage and Transfer
Genetic Materials, Mutation and Mutagenesis:Nature of DNA,
Nucleosides and nucleotides, Types of RNA, Enzymes in DNA
replication, Genetic code, Transcription and translation,
Transfer of genetic materials in prokaryotes, Spontaneous
mutation, induced mutation, expression of mutation.

6. Microorganisms and their

Application in Biotechnology
Biotechnological Application of Microorganism in Various
Fields:Biotechnological use of microorganisms in Food
industry, Environment, Pharmaceuticals, Medical and
Agricultural fields.

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BIO 003
Botany

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BIO 003 Biology

1. General Characteristics and

Diversity of Plants
Characteristics of Lower and Higher Plants groups:
Classification of major plant groups (Lower and Higher plants)
Divisions up to generic level Lower plants- algae, fungi,
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes

Morphology and Life Cycle of Lower and Higher Plants:

Morphological and life cycle of named example in each major
group considering the simplest and the complex in each group
of the lower plants.Economic and ecological importance of
plant groups. Practical class- classification and morphological
drawings of lower plants:Algae (Chlorella, Euglena /
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra) Fungi c.g. yeast, Rhizopus,
Mucor, Aspergylus, Penicillium, mushroom, Phytophthora,
Bryophytes e.g. Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria,Pteridophytes e.g.
Lycopodium, Seleginella, Nephrolepis, Higher plant
(Non-vascular and vascular plants), Spermatophytes e.g.
Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

Morphology of Eleusine indica and Morphology of Talinum

triangulare: Eleusine indica and Talinum triangulae treated
comparatively.

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2. Taxonomy of Lower and Higher

Plants
Plant Taxonomy and Systematics Taxonomy of Lower and
Higher Plants:Definition, Plant nomenclature, Plant
classification & the difference between Taxonomy and
Systematics.

3. Plant Conservation
Importance of Plant Conservation Measures in Plant
Conservation Climate change : Definition, concepts in plant
conservation, In- situ and ex-situ conservation.Advantages
and disadvantages of each: Biological control, Pest
management, Impact of climate change on plants.

4. Plant Tissues and Functions

Plant Tissues Anatomy & Functions:Emphasis on composition,
distribution, forms and functions of each tissues: Parenchyma,
Collenchyma, Schlerenchyma. Epidermal, Peridermal. Vascular
(cambium, phloem, xylem)

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BIO 003 Biology

5. Plant Morphology /Anatomy

Morphology of Plant Parts: Morphology of roots, stems, leaf
types and their modification due to functions

Anatomy of Plant Parts: Anatomy of monocot and dicot roots,

stems and leaves with emphasis on tissue arrangement in
relation to functions and environment.

Types of Root: Practical class- Roots-Adventitious and tap

root systems, modification and adaptations.Anatomical
observation and drawing of permanent temporary mount of
monocot and dicot roots (T.S and L.S).Locate, draw and label
different plant tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma ete).

Types of Stem: Stem:Aerial and underground stem,

modifications adaptations related to functions.Anatomical
observation and drawing of permanent temporary mount of
monocot and dicot stems (T.S and L.S).Locate, draw and label
different plant tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma etc).

Types of Leaves: Leaves-Simple and compound leaves,

arrangements, modifications to sux habitats.T.S of leaves of
both monocot and dicot plants.Locate, draw and label different

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BIO 003 Biology

plant tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma ete).

Types of Flowers: Flowers -L.S of dicot flowers e.g. regular and

uregular flowers, floral diagrams and formula

Types of Fruits:Fruits -L.S and T.S of various types of fruis

dehiscent, indehiscent and fleshy fruin should be observed
and drawn).

6. Nutrition in Plants
Nature and Types of Nutrition:Autotrophic (photosynthetic
and chemosynthetic), Dark and light reaction in
photosynthesis, Heterotrophic & Holozoic nutrition, Mineral
requirements of plants, their sources, roles and deficiency
symptoms.Composition of chemical fertilizers.Practical
class:Demonstration of etiolation. Measurement of
photosynthesis in leaf Growth experiments to show deficiency
symptoms Field study of deficiency symptoms in plants.

7. Transport System in Plants

Need for Transport System Water Relation: Mineral
requirements of plants.Transport in xylem,Transport in
phloem,Transport media in plant and materials to be

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transported.Practical class -Transpiration, osmosis. and food

transport in plants.

8. Respiration in Plants
Mechanism of Gaseous Exchange:Stomata apparatus,
Lenticels, Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

9. Plant reproduction
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction: Definition, Asexual
reproduction,Types of asexual-reproduction,Vegetative
propagation. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants,
Angiosperm flower and differences between monocots and
dicot flowers

10. Growth in Higher Plants and

growth Regulators
Plant growth, Roles and Interactions of Growth Regulators:
Growth in the roots and shoots Auxins. Gibberellins.
Cytokinins. Ascorbic acids. Ethvlene

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11. Crop improvement

Importance of GMC: Genetically Modified Crops (GMC)
Challenges of resistant plant species. Ethical implications of
genetic modifications

12. Economic and Ecological

Importance of Plants
Plants of Economic & Medical Importance: Economically
important food plants.Economically valuable medicinal plants&
Ornamental plants

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BIO 004
Zoology

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BIO 004 Biology

1. Diversity and General

Characteristics of Animals
What is Zoology?What are Animals?Scope and Areas in
Zoology Importance of Zoology: Definition, General
characteristics of animals, Diversity of lifestyles, habitats,
Categories of animals

2. Systematics (Taxonomy) of
Animals
Classification of Animals, Basis of Animal Classification, Levels
of Animal Organization,Phyla of Animals,Tissues and Organs in
Animals:Unicellular levels of organization- protozoa, Cellular
levels of organization- eumetazoa Multicellular levels of
organization- metazoan,Classification of invertebrates,Animals
without tissues,Animals with tissues,Animals exhibiting
bilateral symmetry (bilateria).Animals with body cavity
(coclomates).Segmented animals,Animals with jointed
appendages,Animals with backbone (vertebrates),Major and
minor phyla,Types of tissues and organ systems,Practical
class-Identification and classification of animal specimens in
the different phyla,Dissection of selected animals-
cockroaches, fish, frog, rat, etc.

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BIO 004 Biology

3. Evolution of Animals
History and Origin of Animals,Major Evolutionary Adaptation of
Animals: Adaptation of animals in water, Adaptation of animals
on land, Adaptation of animals in air.

4. Invertebrates
Phylum Protozoa,Phylum Porifera,Phylum
Cnidaria,(Coelenterata),Phylum,Platyhelminthes,Phylum
Nematoda,Phylum Annelida,Phylum Arthropoda,Phylum
Mollusca,Phylum,Echinodermata: Taxonomy, characteristics,
diversity, lifestyles.morphology and life cycle,providing named
representative examples in each order,Free living flat worms
Parasitic flat worms (trematodes and cestodes) of medical
and veterinary importance Emphasize on the body plan,Why
arthropods are successful.

5. Introduction to Chordates
Adaptation of Chordates to Water, Land and Air.
Protochordates, Class Chondrichthyes, Class Osteichthyes,
Class Amphibia, Class Reptilia, Class Aves, Class Mammalial:
Challenges and adaptations to living in the different habitats.
History and important adaptations, Diversity, classification,

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morphology and life cycle.providing, representative examples

from the different orders, History and important
adaptations.Rise and fall of dominant reptiles.Clearly state the
taxonomic features that warrant the grouping into classes.

6. Ecologic and Economic

Importance of Animals
Diverse Economic Importance of
Animals,Invertebrates,Vertebrates,Ecological Importance of
Animals :Benefits of animals to man,Economic importance of
arthropods

7. Physiological Processes
Nutrition in Animals: Types of nutrition in animals, Nutrition in
human, Types of dentition in animals, Alimentary system in
man, Digestion (diverse enzymes) and absorption,Practical
class- food test.

Respiration in Mammals: Characteristics of respiratory

surfaces, Lung as a respiratory organ, Breathing mechanism,
Human respiratory structure and function,Role of circulatory
system in respiration.

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Skeletal System and Muscles: Axial and appendicular

skeleton, Types of muscular movement, Control of muscle
contraction, Joints (types of joints) & Functions of skeleton.

Reproduction: Mammalian reproductive

organs-Spermatogenesis/oogenesis-Courtship/mating and
viviparity-Hormonal regulation in male and female
systems-Gonadal steroids and there control-The menstrual
cycle-Hormone of human pregnancy and birth Structure and
function of human female and male reproductive system.

Excretion: Morphology of the excretory system,

Osmoregulation, Structure and function of the nephron -
ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption and excretion. Also he
effects of weather on excretion.

Circulatory system: Human circulatory/transport system,

Blood as agent of transport,Components of blood,The
functions of blood and types of circulation.

Growth and Development: Principles of development- stages

in embryology.

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8. Transport of Substances across

Membranes
Diffusion, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Flaccidity, Haemolysis,
Crenation & Turgidity: Osmotic balance, Selective transport of
substances across membranes, Osmotic pressure, Turgor
pressure & Active transport, Practical class- Experiment
demonstrating diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis
9. Nervous System
Coordination and control: Nerve cells (Neuron and
reflex),Structure of neuron, Reflex arc, Central nervous system,
Peripheral nervous system, Sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous svstem

10. Sense Organ

Structures and functions of sense organs Chemoreception,
Mechanoreception and Photoreception: Structures and
functions of Human ears, eyes, nose, skin and tongues

11. Endocrine System

Mechanism of Hormonal Action: Types of hormones, Control of
Hormonal actions, Secreting glands, Functions of hormones

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