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Digital SAT May 2025 (U.S.) (A)

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Reading and Writing Module 1

The following text is from Lilliam Rivera's 2020 novel Never Look Back. The text describes the narrator
arriving at his father's apartment.

"Pops, I'm here!" I drop my bag and set my guitar case against a wall. I place my keys on the bowl
right next to the ceramic elephant Pops got me on one of his trips to SantoDomingo when I was a
little kid.

As used in the text, what does the word "drop" most nearly mean?

A) Forget about

B) Put down

C) Unbolt

D) Empty

The invertebrates Haywardozoon pactficum and Trophontera mangant have recently been discovered
inhabiting the clarion -Clapperton Zone (CCZ), an area of abyssal plain between Hawaii and Mexico
where mining is permitted. The number of other invertebrates that may inhabit the CCZ is currently
______ , as the area's biota is poorly sampled and the few samples that have been taken cannot be
presumed to be representative

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) infinitesimal

B) verifiable

C) tenuous

D) inestimable

Given that healthy genetic diversity supports honey bee population robustness --- a matter of public
interest given the bees' crucial role as pollinators of many crops, such as watermelon --- a study
revealing a ______ of diversity among Us honey bees raised concern, though it also noted the
potential to enhance the number of bees carrying several newly discovered genetic variants(e.g..A2-
829-4-USA).

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) paucity

B) redundancy

C) disparity

D) repository

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Maryam Hosseini and her team used aerial images of well-mapped areas of Boston to train a
computer program to identify sidewalks. When it was tested on images of Brooklyn, it ______
identified sidewalks in the vast majority of cases and even whether sidewalks were concrete or brick.
Hosseini believes the program will improve on this already-strong performance as it gets used more.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) clumsily

B) reliably

C) rarely

D) slowly

The Polynesian languages, a group of related languages originating on islands in the Pacific, typically
have _____ array of consonant sounds. For example, the Tokelauan language of the South Pacific has
eleven consonants, and 'Olelo Hawai'i, the language of the Native Hawaiian people, has eight.
Globally, however, the median number of consonants per language is over twenty-two.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) a musical

B) an unvarying

C) an exclusive

D) a modest

Movies that are part of larger franchises are often criticized for being predictable. Take, for instance,
Spider Man: Far From Home (2019), which is part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise, it's true
that this movie resembles earlier Marvel movies. But just because a movie has familiar elements
doesn't mean it can't also be worth watching. Critics generally agree that Spider Man, Far From Home
isn't the most exciting franchise movie, but franchise movies are rarely as stale as some people claim.
And some franchise movies, like Logan (2017), are wonderfully original.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) The text summarizes the plot of a franchise movie, then explains how the plot is continued in a
later movie in that franchise.

B) The text explains why some people enjoyed a particular franchise movie, then considers why
other people disliked it.

C) The text describes audiences" reactions to a movie that is part of a larger franchise, then
presents some critics' reactions to that movie.

D) The text discusses a common criticism of franchise movies, then argues that the criticism is
mostly undeserved.

The following text is from Julia Alvarez's 2000 novel In the Name of salomné. Salomé, a poet, is
hosting guests in the front parlor of her family home, and Ramona is her sister. A salon isa social
gathering for the exploration of intellectual ideas.

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It was evening when the two men got up to leave. Tia Ana had already come into the room several
times to see if these guests had departed yet. The front parlor had always been her special province,
as she used it for her little school. Now, every evening, it turned into Salomé's salon, as Ramona
called it, and it was never in order for its transformation back to a classroom the following morning.

Which choice best describes the function of the reference to the parlor as Tia Ana's "special
province"?

A) It reveals that Tia Ana feels as if Salomé has betrayed her trust by allowing guests into a space
she considers her own.

B) It indicates the joy that Tia Ana feels when she uses her classroom for varying purposes.

C) It characterizes the room as a place where Tia Ana can go to escape social pressures.

D) It introduces an idea that helps explain Tia Ana's apparent eagerness for Salomé's guests to
leave the space.

Text 1

Despite how the Indian dish madras differs from Mauritius's gato pima, both dishes are described as
a "curry." The word's history, however, is fraught. It's a term created by British and Portuguese
colonizers to refer to the myriad spiced sauces with ties to the Indian subcontinent. in 1973, chef
Madhur Jaffrey dismissed the term "curry" as inaccurate, and in 2021 blogger Nisha Vedi Pawar
suggested that people abandon the term both for its colonial origin and for its failure to grasp the
intricacies of India's cuisines.

Text 2

Growing up in India, chef Chintan Pandya didn't encounter the term "curry" often: his family didn't
cook curries, but some of his neighbors did. Although the blanket use of the term is rooted in
colonialism, Pandya calls some of his dishes curries. Having traveled throughout India as part of his
training, he came to appreciate the country's diverse cuisines and the diverse uses of the term "curry."

Text 1 and Text 2 present points of view about which topic?

A) The history about the peoples on the Indian subcontinent

B) The use of the term "curry"

C) The difference between madras and gato pima

D) The best method for studying a region's cuisine

Sandra Cisneros's English-language short story "Eyes of Zapata" occasionally includes words and
phrases from the Mexican dialect of Spanish. While the story doesn't translate the Spanish text into
English, the meaning can be inferred from the surrounding English text. Ana Castilo adopts a
comparable approach to Spanish in her English-language novel So Far from God. Both works thus
remain accessible to all readers of English, not just those who can also read Spanish.

What is the main topic of the text?

A) The difficulty of translating Sandra Cisneros's works into languages other than English

B) The commercial success of English-language literature around the world

C) The enduring popularity of Ana Castillo's works in Mexico

D) The use of non-English vocabulary in two English-language literary works

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10

In a large community science effort, biologist Grace Herzel and colleagues collaborated with
hundreds of students and other amateur science enthusiasts for more than three years to study how
butterfly color and weather conditions relate to butterfly behavior. They found that butterfly color
might influence behavior more than butterfly size does, and that butterflies tended to prefer orange
and red flowers on cloudy days and multicolor flowers on partly cloudy days.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Collaboration between professional scientists and members of the public is especially useful
when studying the behavior of butterflies and other flying insects.

B) A recent study suggested that butterflies' coloring seems to be less relevant to their behavior
than weather conditions.

C) Weather conditions and butterfly color seem to have less influence on butterfly behavior than
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the location where the butterflies are studied does.

D) A large study suggested that butterfly color and weather conditions might influence the
behavior of certain butterflies.
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Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (2010) and other films by Thai director Apichatpong
Weerasethakul are contributions to slow cinema, an art house genre whose contemplative pacing and
deprivileging of narrative are further exemplified by films such as Andrei Tarkovsky's Solar's (1972).
Apichatpong describes his films as sleep inducing, which might suggest that they bore their
audiences, but boredom does not necessarily cause sleep: in the absence of a goal to which one
attaches attention and interest, the tension of boredom can be anxiety inducing rather than soporific.
Thus, Apichatpong's description of his films is not self-deprecation, rather, his work invites sleep and
thereby strips the description of its negative connotation.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Audiences will fail to enjoy both Solaris and Uncle Boonmee who Can Recall His Past Lives if they
confuse sleepiness with boredom.

B) Slow-cinema films can relieve anxiety for those who embrace their languid pace but the films
increase anxiety for those experiencing boredom as a result of the lack of a cohesive narrative.

C) Solaris and many other slow cinema films often induce anxiety in their audiences due to their
measured pace, but films by Apichatpong do not, despite possessing other traits characteristic of
the genre.

D) It would be a misunderstanding to interpret Apichatpong's reflection on his work as a

12

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The Pueblo of laguna is the largest of the nineteen Pueblo tribal nations in New Mexico, covering
nearly 800 square miles. Most Pueblo tribal nations are much smaller. For example, the total area of
Pueblo of Sandia is 38,9 square miles, and the total area of Pueblo de Cochiti is ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 156.2 square miles.

B) 595.7 square miles.

C) 82.1 square miles.

D) 21.4 square miles.

13

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A student who is researching volcanoes in Ecuador notes that the country is home to different types
of volcanoes. For example, ______

Which choice most effectively uses information from the table to complete the example?

A) Chacana is a caldera volcano, and Fernandina is a stratovolcano.

B) Chimborazo is a caldera volcano, and Imbabura is a stratovolcano.

C) Imbabura is a compound volcano, and Chacana is a shield volcano.

D) Fernandina is a shield volcano, and Chinborazo is a stratovolcano.

14

Ants and aphids are known to be mutualistic: ants feed on the honeydew produced by aphids, while
aphids benefit from ants’ protection against predators. If aphid colonies --- which generally require
relatively stable surfaces, such as trees or other woody plants, to thrive --- are too small to produce
significant volumes of honeydew, however, ants will prey on aphids. Researcher Tae-Sung Kwon
examined ant and aphid abundance in two habitats in South Korea, one on the mainland and one on
Jeju Island. Though the habitats differed in some important respects, both were predominantly
grassland, which could help explain why Kwon observed ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) different ant and aphid species on the mainland compared to those on the island

B) a positive correlation between aphid diversity and abundance on both the mainland and the
island.

C) a negative correlation between ant and aphid abundance on both the mainland and the island.

D) diminished ant and aphid abundance on the mainland compared to that on the island.

15

British professional soccer team Manchester United Football club, whose home uniform color is
mainly red, won more than half its home matches between 1947 and 2003. This is a higher proportion
of home matches than Hui city Association football club, whose home uniform color is not red, won

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during the same period. According to a study by Martin J. Attrill and colleagues, the color red can
cause people to respond with fear and hesitation, which the researchers think helps explain
Manchester United's success. Nadav Goldschinlect and colleagues reanalyzed the published date
from this study, however, and found no evidence that red uniformed teams are more likely than other
teams to win, suggesting that Manchester United's performance at its home stadium ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) would probably have remained roughly the same if its players had not been wearing red
uniforms

B) was likely influenced by its opponents’ associations with the color red.

C) was directly tied to its players' general satisfaction with their uniform color.

D) may have influenced other teams to change their uniform colors.

16

London based Nigerian sculptor Sokari Douglas Camp creates art by cutting, bending, and wielding
recycled metal materials into new and thought provoking shapes. Her work --- which has been
featured in galleries around the world, such as the Potters Field Commission for Southwark Councill in
London and Skidmore College's Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery in New York --- often
references at least one of several ______ the environment, and Kalabari culture.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) themes; movement,

B) themes. Movement,

C) themes movement,

D) themes: movement.

17

Drummer Dennis Chambers's distinguished career includes many memorable achievements, such as
working on the Brecker Brothers' album Return of the Brecker Brother's. However, as house drummer
at Sugar Hill Records, a record label that was a pioneer of early hip hop ______ Chambers joined too
late to play drums on the label's classic song "Rapper's Delight."

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) music,

B) music;

C) music, which

D) music

18

Blaise Pascal's Pascaline device --- conceived, like Willlam Oughtred's earlier Circular Slide Rule, amid
the seventeenth century push to replace manual calculations with faster and more accurate machine-
based methods --- ______ among the first reproducible calculating machines:

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) being

B) were

C) was

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D) are

19

When a soil is classified using the International Union of soil sciences' system, its similarity to each of
the 32 soil reference groups --- defined by several criteria --- evaluated, one group at a time, until a
match is found. The comparisons are made in a specific order: thus, the criteria for lixisols (soils with
clay rich subsoil) are only applied if the soil doesn't match the criteria for ferralsols.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) have been

B) are

C) is

D) was

20

Enacted in l944, Iceland’s constitution, according to legal ______ contains one of the six constitutional
features that enhance judicial independence. Explicit provisions for judicial independence, Melton and
Ginsburg's research explains, are more likely to be found in constitutions enacted after 1985.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) researchers James Melton and Tom Ginsburg

B) researchers, James Melton and Tom Ginsburg

C) researchers James Melton and Tom Ginsburg,

D) researchers, James Melton and Tom Ginsburg,

21

Generally, sleek vehicles are more aerodynamic than bulkier ones. For example, the streamlined nose
of the T-38 Talon iet helps it glide through wind with relative ease. ______ a boxy semitruck encounters
more wind resistance, making it less aerodynamic.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) As a result,

B) Specifically,

C) In conclusion,

D) On the other hand,

22

Amruta Yelamanchil has worked at NASA's famed let Propulsion Laboratory (JPL.), one of the world's
leading facilities for robotic space exploration. ______ Yelamanchili worked as a data scientist on the
JPL's Mars 2020 Perseverance rover team, which improved upon the 2011 Curiosity rover design by
adding a coring drill to the robot that could collect rock samples for later analysis.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Specifically,

B) Conversely,

C) Finally,

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D) Nevertheless,

23

Two siblings from the same biological parents can inherit different physical traits. For instance, one
sibling might inherit thin lips, the other sibling, ______ might inherit full lips.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) by contrast,

B) for example,

C) with this in mind,

D) lastly,

24

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Soap forms as the result of a chemical reaction between fats and either sodium or potassium
hydroxide.

- One end of a soap molecule is hydrophobic (water repelling), and one end is hydrophilic (water
attracting).

- The hydrophobic ends of soap molecules adhere to hydrophobic surface contaminants, such as dirt
and oils.

- The soap molecules form circular structures (micelles) around contaminants.

- The hydrophilic ends of the molecules encase the micelles in water, lifting the micelles and
contaminants off surfaces.

The student wants to explain how soap removes a surface contaminant. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Surface contaminants like dirt and oils are hydrophobic, not hydrophilic --- meaning they repel
water rather than attract it.

B) Micelles are circular structures created when soap molecules attach themselves to dirt or oils.

C) To remove dirt from a surface, soap molecules form a circular structure, or micelle, around the
contaminant, next, the molecules encase the micelle in water, lifting it-and the dirt-off the surface.

D) Dirt, an example of a hydrophobic surface contaminant, can be removed from a surface by soap,
which forms as the result of a chemical reaction between fats and either sodium or potassium
hydroxide.

25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- E.M. Forster was an acclaimed writer

- He is best known for his novels.

- Forster's most famous novels include A Room with a View (1900) and Howards End (1910)

- His first published work of fiction was a short story called "Albergo Empedocles,"

- it was published in Temple Bar in 1903.

The student wants to provide a specific example of one of E. M. Forster's most famous works. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes lo accomplish this goal?

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ecomnexa Open

A) E.M. Forster was an acclaimed writer known for his novels

B) "Albergo Empedocles" was published before some of E.M. Forster's most famous novels.

C) The 1908 novel A Room with a View is one of E.M. Forster's most famous works.

D) E.M, Forster's first published work of fiction was a 1903 short story called "Albergo Empedocles,"

26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: