Culture - Ltn. Kultura ( to care or to cultivate) C.

Laws - formalized social norms

- Total way of life shared by members enacted by people and are enforced
of community formally by a spec political
- Influence food, clothing, belief, organization
mannerism, good or bad
- How we think or behave 3. VALUES - These are shared ideas about
desirable goals. They represent the
Kinds of culture standards we use to evaluate the desirability
1. Material culture - concrete, tangible of things. Each society has certain values that
things that can be sensed (subject of sets it apart and distinguishes it from other
anthropological study) societies.

2. Non material culture - intangible CULTURE

objects, abstract
- a person uses, follows, professes, or 4. KNOWLEDGE - This is what is learned or
strives to conform perceived as true. Through study or
investigation, a body of information or
VITAL / ELEMENTS ASPECTS OF NON- knowledge is accumulated.
MATERIAL CULTURE
TYPES
1. LANGUAGE - The essence of culture - Natural Knowledge
is the sharing of meaning among - technological Knowledge
members of society... Language - Supernatural Knowledge
embodies culture; it is the CARRIER
of CULTURE 5. RITUALS - Culturally pattern ways of
dealing with biological drives and anxiety
2. NORMS - (societal prescription, producing events
guidelines) These are shared rules of
conduct that specify what people 6. Beliefs - Shared Ideas held collectively by
ought to do or not to do. TYPES: people within a given culture

A. Folkways-are simply the customary, 7. SYMBOLS - Objects, gesture, sound, color

normal habitual ways a group does or design that represent something other than
things. (Ex: covering of mouth when itself ( ex: flag, kiss, sign of cross).
coughing, po and opo)
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
B. Mores - norms associated with fairly 1. Culture is learned and acquired.
strong ideas of right and wrong and - Learned through inculturation
carry a moral contonation ( does not or socialization ( formal ex:
tolerate violation of mores) ex: chruch or informal: social)
cannibalism, abuse 2. Culture is shared and transmitted.
- Punishment is ostracism 3. Culture is symbolic. - people give
meaning to it.
4. Culture is adaptive or dynamic.
Maladaptive or Maladaptation - culture that - Xenocentric ( baliktad mas oki ibang
could harm or kill people culture)

5. Culture is cumulative - retains a part 7. CULTURAL RELATIVISM - This is a

of culture and acquires new one. cultural concept or idea that is
6. Culture is ideational relative, that is, no culture in a society
7. Culture is integrative - there is is perfect, good or bad
tendency to fully appreciate parts of
culture and become integrated in their Cultural Appropriation
personality and behavior
• "the unacknowledged or inappropriate
MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc.
of one people or society by members of
1. IMITATION another and typically more dominant people
2. INDOCTRINATION /SUGGESTION - or society."
formal training
3. CONDITIONING - ni require gawin, • Also called cultural misappropriation, the
with punishment or reward adoption of the elements of another culture
(often a minority group) by members of the
Other: dominant culture.
1. Sub culture - ayaw i follow or i
assimilate si culture sa society - unequal exchange in that the
appropriators often uses these stolen
2. Culture shock - people go to other elements for monetary gain or
places and nakakita other different prestige, without regard for the
cultures. Negative reaction towards it. value, respect, or importance paid
to these images and traditions in the
3. Culture Lag - culture pattern is original culture.
outdated due to rapid changes - without permission. unauthorized use
of another culture's dance, dress,
4. Cultural universals - behavioral music, language, folklore, cuisine,
patterns common in all. traditional medicine, religious.

5. Cultural dualism - 2 cultures or more Why a problem?

being manifested in personality & 1. Oppression continues
character 2. Does Not give credit
3. Creates stereotypes
6. Cultural ETHNOCENTRISM - This is
the belief that one's culture is ● Cultural appreciation - baliktad tinatry
superior, right, and normal than alamin, gives importance to another's
other cultures The members of that culture.
society regard themselves as having - Pede mag turns to appropriation if
the best culture may inaappropriate or
unacknowledged practice.
Avoid? 3. The moral code of our own society has no
1. Examine own culture special status; it is merely one among many.
2. Listen first
3. Consider context share own culture 4. The moral code of a society determines
what is right within that society; that is, if
● Apotheosis - peak of human evolution the moral code of a society says that a
( kaya nasa exhibit si mga IP) certain action is right, then that action is right,
● Filipinos IP - dog eating Igorots at least within that society.
nilagay sa exhibit.
- Tapos Filipino Midgets 5. It is mere arrogance for us to try to judge
the conduct of other peoples.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- Started because of King Darius of ● No objective truth
Persia. Observed Callatians ( eating ● Right and wrong concept of opinion
dead ancestors) burning deads n which vary from each culture
Greeks
UNIVERSALISM - except walang absolute
● Cultural relativism - The practice of truth sa claim ng relativsim.
assessing a culture by its own - Meron tayo universal truth that should
standards, and not incomparison to be defended regardless of cultural
another culture differences.

● Ethnocentrism: The practice of

evaluating another culture according
to the standards of one's own culture (
thinking culture is superior).

- Since relative ang culture you can't

use your own culture as basis or the
best or worst culture.
- Ex: Eskimos sharing wives,
infamticide
- Lip plates, endocannibalism ( eat
bones of dead kins), neck rings

● Premises of Cultural Relativism

1. Different societies have different moral

codes.

2.There is no objective standard that can be

used to judge one societal code better than
another.