CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

English word 'music' came into use in the 1630s. It is derived from a long line of
successive precursors: the Old English 'musike' of the mid-13th century; the Old French musique
of the 12th century; and the Latin mūsica. The Latin word itself derives from the Ancient Greek
mousiké (technē)—μουσική (τέχνη)—literally meaning "(art) of the Muses". The Muses were
nine deities in Ancient Greek mythology who presided over the arts and sciences. They were
included in tales by the earliest Western authors, Homer and Hesiod, and eventually came to be
associated with music specifically. Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium
consist of sound and silence. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamic and the
sonic quality of the timbre and texture which are sometimes terms and color of a musical sound.
Music may be performed using a wide variety of musical instruments, including the human
voice. It can also be composed, sequenced, or otherwise produced to be indirectly played
mechanically or electronically, such as via a music box, barrel organ, or digital audio
workstation software on a computer.

Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and values through various forms
of learning, such as instruction, research, and experience (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). It is a vital
aspect of human development, enabling individuals to reach their full potential and contribute to
society. Education is essential for personal growth and development, as it fosters critical
thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills (Dewey, 1938). It also provides
opportunities for social mobility, enabling individuals to improve their socio-economic status
(Bourdieu, 1986). Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and
manifests in various forms. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework,
such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education also follows a structured
approach but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while informal education entails
unstructured learning through daily experiences. More so, music also plays a critical role in
emotional intelligence, helping students develop emotional awareness, empathy, and self-

1
expression (Goleman, 1995). Music provides an outlet for students to express themselves,
building confidence and self-esteem (Huron, 2006). Furthermore, education is crucial for
economic growth, as a skilled workforce drives innovation and productivity (Schultz, 1961).
Music education, a vital component of education, offers numerous benefits. It enhances cognitive
skills, such as memory, language, and spatial-temporal skills (Rauscher et al., 1998). Music
education also fosters emotional intelligence, including empathy, self-awareness, and self-
regulation (Gardner, 1983).

Additionally, music education provides cultural enrichment, promoting diversity and

understanding (Swanwick, 1994). The modern Music has been a cornerstone of human culture
for centuries, serving as a means of expression, communication, and connection. Beyond its
entertainment value, music possesses immense potential as an educational tool, offering a unique
platform for learning and development. Research has consistently shown that music can enhance
cognitive skills, emotional intelligence, and social skills, making it an invaluable resource for
educators (Hallam, 2010). One of the primary benefits of music as an educational tool is its
ability to improve cognitive skills. Music training has been shown to enhance memory, language
development, and spatial-temporal skills (Rauscher et al., 1998). Additionally, music has been
found to improve academic performance, particularly in math, history and reading (DeNora,
2000). Furthermore, music offers a unique platform for cultural enrichment, exposing students to
diverse cultures, traditions, and historical contexts (Nettl, 2000). Music can also foster social
skills, encouraging collaboration, teamwork, and communication (Turino, 2008). Incorporating
music into education can take various forms, including music integration, music-based learning,
music technology, interdisciplinary approaches, and community engagement (Wiggins, 2011).
Music integration involves incorporating music into existing curricula, such as math, language
arts, and history.

Music-based learning uses music as a primary teaching tool, leveraging its emotional and
cognitive benefits. Listening to music is a common means of entertainment. The culture
surrounding music extends into areas of academic study, journalism, philosophy, psychology,
and therapy. The music industry includes songwriters, performers, sound engineers, producers,
tour organizers, distributors of instruments, accessories, and publishers of sheet music and
recordings. Technology facilitating the recording and reproduction of music has historically

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included sheet music, microphones, phonographs, and tape machines, with playback of digital
musics being a common use for MP3 players, CD players, and smartphones. The ascendancy of
popular music amidst other music types from the late 1940s has resulted in its being the most
patronized music type in Nigeria. Contrary to expectations that the types of music that receive
scholarly attention is predicated on its social significance, popular music remains the least
researched among the various types of Nigerian music. Music has long been recognized
as a powerful tool for education, with the ability to shape cultural values,
promote critical thinking, and foster creativity (DeNora, 2000). In the context
of Afrobeats, music can serve as a means of cultural expression, identity
formation, and social commentary (Omoniyi, 2013). Nigerian music has deep
historical roots that can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Traditional
Nigerian music encompasses a wide range of genres, including Juju, Highlife,
Fuji, and Afrobeat. Juju music, originating from the Yoruba people, combines
elements of percussion, guitar, and vocal harmony.

Highlife, influenced by Ghanaian palm-wine music, emerged in the

early 20th century and became a popular genre across Nigeria. Fuji music,
rooted in Yoruba traditions, features intricate drumming patterns and vocal
improvisation. Afrobeat, pioneered by Fela Kuti, blends African rhythms, Jazz,
and Funk to create a politically conscious and socially relevant genre,
(Akpabio, & Oloko, 2019). In recent decades, Nigerian music has experienced
resurgence and gained international recognition. The rise of Afrobeats, a
fusion of Afro-pop, hip-hop, and dancehall, has propelled Nigerian artists to
global stardom. Artists such as Wizkid, Davido, and Burna Boy have achieved
immense success, winning international awards and collaborating with
renowned artists. The infusion of Nigerian music into mainstream popular
culture has elevated its visibility and influence, leading to the emergence of
Nigerian music festivals, music streaming platforms, and cross-cultural
collaborations, (Anijah Obi, 2018). Base on the view that most musicians
believe that listening to music is a profoundly emotionally moving
experience; this is because music is representational and it is

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representational in three ways. First, the musical surface is an “external
representation:” it is a two-dimensional structure (pitch and time) from which
information can be derived. This information is accessed by means of an
internal representation of the hierarchical plan structure of the piece.
Nigerian artists have made significant contributions to the global music
industry, gaining recognition for their unique musical styles and cultural
influences.

Nigeria, often referred to as the “Giant of Africa,” has a vibrant and

diverse music scene that reflects the country’s rich cultural heritage and
diverse ethnic groups. Nigerian artists have explored various genres,
including Afrobeat, Highlife, Juju, Fuji, and Gospel, blending traditional
rhythms with contemporary sounds to create a distinct musical identity,
(Ajibade, 2018). The educational values of Afrobeats music are multifaceted
and far-reaching. As a genre, Afrobeats offers a unique window into the
cultural, social, and political contexts of West Africa, providing a rich terrain
for educational exploration. Afrobeats music offers a powerful tool for
cultural education. Through its rhythms, melodies, and lyrics, Afrobeats
provides a sonic representation of West African culture, allowing listeners to
engage with the region's history, traditions, and values (Omojola, 2017).

Asake's music, in particular, has been praised for its ability to capture
the essence of Nigerian culture, making it an excellent resource for teaching
cultural studies (Adedayo, 2022). Afrobeats music has significant
pedagogical implications. Its use in educational settings can promote critical
thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills (DeNora, 2000). Afrobeats'
complex rhythms and melodies can be used to teach music theory, while its
lyrics can be used to explore themes such as social justice, identity, and
community (Higgins, 2012). Also, Afrobeats music offers a unique
opportunity for language education. Asake's music, for example, often
incorporates Nigerian Pidgin English, Yoruba, and other local languages,
making it an excellent resource for language learners (Omoniyi, 2013). It
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further has the potential to promote social-emotional learning. Its emphasis
on community, solidarity, and social commentary can be used to teach
empathy, self-awareness, and social responsibility (Ladson-Billings, 1995).
The success and impact of Nigerian artists can be attributed to several
factors such as advancements in technology, digital platforms, global reach,
cultural diversity, collaborations, government support and Diaspora
influence. Nigeria’s large population of over 200 million provides a vast
audience for Nigerian artists, both domestically and internationally.

Additionally, advancements in technology and the widespread

availability of digital platforms have enabled Nigerian artists to reach a
global audience and connect with fans worldwide. Social media platforms
and music streaming services have played a crucial role in promoting
Nigerian music and facilitating its international growths, (Ajibade, 2018). In
recent years, Nigerian artists such as Burna Boy, Wizkid, and Davido have
achieved remarkable success and gained global recognition. Their
collaborations with international artists and performances at major music
festivals have elevated the visibility and influence of Nigerian music on the
global stage. The unique fusion of African rhythms, infectious melodies, and
socially conscious lyrics in their music has resonated with audiences around
the world. Nigerian artists have not only expanded the boundaries of African
music but have also challenged stereotypes and showcase the rich cultural
heritage of Nigeria on a global scale, (Ajibade, 2018).

Asake, a prominent Afrobeats artist, Asake is a Nigerian singer,

songwriter, and record producer. His real name is Ahmed Ololade Asake, and
he was born on January 13, 1995, in Lagos, Nigeria. Asake is known for his
unique blend of Afrobeats, Fuji, and Amapiano sounds, which has gained him
a massive following in Nigeria and beyond. He grew up in a musically
inclined family, which greatly influenced his passion for music. Asake
developed his talent at a young age and began singing and writing songs
during his teenage years. He honed his skills by performing at local events
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and gradually gained recognition for his unique style and powerful vocal
abilities, (Africa Facts Zone, 2021). Asake rose to fame in 2020 with his hit
single "Mr. Money," and has since released several successful songs and
albums, including "Palazzo" and "Ololade Asake." Asake continued to release
chart-topping singles such as “Don’t Hype Me” and “Yan Yan.” His music is
known for its infectious melodies, energetic performances, and relatable
lyrics that resonate with a wide audience.

Asake’s artistic prowess has earned him several accolades and

nominations in the Nigerian music scene. (E24-7 Magazine, 2021). He has
collaborated with top Nigerian artists such as Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage, and
Zlatan Ibile, and has won several awards for his music. Asake's music is
characterized by his soulful voice, catchy melodies, and introspective lyrics,
which often focus on themes of love, relationships, and street life. He is
considered one of the most promising young artists in the Nigerian music
industry, and his music has been praised for its originality and energy. has
been credited with pushing the genre's boundaries and exploring new
themes in his music (Adedayo, 2022). In the case of Asake’s songs have
gained significant popularity for their unique blend of Nigerian musical
genres and contemporary influences. In 2021, he was nominated for the City
People Music Award for Best New Act of the Year. His music videos have also
gained significant attention on YouTube, accumulating millions of views and
further expanding his fan base. Asake’s contributions to the Nigerian music
industry have solidified his position as a rising star and a notable figure in
contemporary Nigerian music (YNaija, 2021). Recent studies have
highlighted the importance of culturally relevant pedagogy in education
(Ladson-Billings, 1995), and the role of music in promoting cultural
awareness and understanding (Higgins, 2012). However, despite its
potential, Afrobeats music has received limited attention in educational
settings. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the educational

6
values of Asake's music, with a focus on its cultural significance, pedagogical
implications, and potential applications in educational settings.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Despite the growing popularity and cultural significance of Afrobeats music, there is a
lack of understanding about its potential educational values. While Afrobeats has been
recognized as a powerful tool for cultural expression and identity formation, its role in formal
education remains largely unexplored. One problem is that Afrobeats music is often viewed as
mere entertainment, rather than a valuable resource for teaching and learning. This narrow
perspective overlooks the music's potential to promote critical thinking, creativity, and cultural
awareness. Another problem is the limited availability of educational resources and materials
that incorporate Afrobeats music. Teachers and educators often lack the necessary tools and
support to effectively integrate Afrobeats into their curriculum, hindering its potential to enrich
student learning.

Furthermore, the cultural relevance and significance of Afrobeats music are often lost in
translation, as it is frequently disconnected from its cultural context. This can lead to a
superficial understanding and appreciation of the music, rather than a deeper exploration of its
cultural and educational values. Additionally, there is a need to explore the pedagogical
implications of using Afrobeats music in educational settings. Finally, there is a lack of research
on the impact of Afrobeats music on student learning outcomes.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this research is to explore the educational values of Afrobeats: a

case study of Asake’s Music. The specific objectives are:

i. To investigate the educational values of Afrobeats music

ii. To identify how Asake's music reflect and shape cultural values and identity.
iii. To analyze the lyrical content of Asake's music and it’s potential for promoting social-
emotional learning, social justice, and community values.

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 iv. To investigate the pedagogical implications of using Afrobeats music in educational
settings.

1.4 Research questions

This study aims to address the following research questions:

i. What are the educational values of Afrobeats music?

ii. How does Asake's music reflect and shape cultural values and identity?
v. What are the lyrical content of Asake's music and its potential for promoting social-
emotional learning, social justice, and community values?
iii. What are the pedagogical implications of using Afrobeats music in educational settings?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study on the educational values of Afrobeats music, with a focus on Asake's music,
holds significant relevance in various aspects of education, culture, and society. One of the
primary importances of this study is its potential to promote cultural education and awareness.
The study contributes to the preservation of Afrobeats cultural heritage, which is essential for
understanding the history and traditions of West Africa and the diaspora. Asake's music, as a
representation of Afrobeats, plays a crucial role in promoting cultural identity and pride among
West African youth. This study, therefore, empowers artists and educators to harness the power
of Afrobeats music for cultural and educational purposes. In addition, the study explores the
potential of Asake's music in promoting social-emotional learning, empathy, and self-awareness.
Afrobeats music, with its emphasis on community and social commentary, provides a unique
platform for teaching critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills.

By integrating Afrobeats music into educational curricula, educators can promote cross-
cultural understanding, global citizenship, and participation in a diverse society. The study's
findings also have implications for policy development in education, culture, and the arts. By
highlighting the educational values of Afrobeats music, the study informs policymakers about
the importance of integrating music education into school curricula. This can lead to a more
comprehensive education system that values cultural diversity and creativity. In conclusion, the

8
study on the educational values of Afrobeats music, using Asake's music as a case study, has far-
reaching significance in promoting cultural education, preserving cultural heritage, and
empowering artists and educators. Its findings have implications for music education, social-
emotional learning, cultural identity formation, and policy development, making it a valuable
contribution to the field of education and cultural studies.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on the educational values of Afrobeats music, specifically Asake's music, in
promoting cultural education, social-emotional learning, and cultural identity formation. The
study is set within the context of West African culture and the global Afrobeats music industry.
The study targets undergraduate students of Adeyemi Federal University of education, Ondo
who are familiar with Asake's music.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Music: is an art form and cultural activity whose medium consist of sound and silence. The
common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamic and the sonic quality of the timbre and
texture which are sometimes terms and color of a musical sound.

Afrobeats music: A genre of music originating from West Africa,

characterized by its fusion of traditional Yoruba music, jazz, and fuji with
elements of funk, soul, and rock.

Educational values: The benefits and learning outcomes derived from

engaging with Afrobeats music, including cultural awareness, social-
emotional learning, and cognitive development.

Cultural education: The process of teaching and learning about cultural

practices, traditions, values, and beliefs, with the aim of promoting cross-
cultural understanding and appreciation.

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Asake: is a Nigerian singer, songwriter, and record producer. His real name
is Ahmed Ololade Asake, and he was born on January 13, 1995, in Lagos,
Nigeria. Asake is known for his unique blend of Afrobeats, Fuji, and Amapiano
sounds, which has gained him a massive following in Nigeria and beyond.

Asake's music: The specific body of work produced by the Afrobeats artist
Asake, used as a case study in this research.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This literature review aims to synthesize the existing body of research on the educational values
of Afrobeats examining its cultural significance, and its potential educational applications.
Analyzing studies on music education, cultural education, and social-emotional learning to
identify relevant theories and frameworks. Also, investigating the role of music in cultural
identity formation and its impact on youth development and identifying the gaps in existing
research and areas for further exploration. Under the following subheadings:

2.2 Conceptual Framework

2.2.1 Overview of Afrobeats and its evolution
2.2.2 Importance of music in education
2.2.3 Cultural Significance of Afrobeats Music
2.2.4 Music Education and Cultural Education
2.2.5 Social-Emotional Learning through Music
2.2.6 Cultural Identity Formation through Music
2.2.7 Brief biography of Asake and his music
2.2.8 Educational values in Asake's music
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.4 Empirical Review

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.2.1 Overview of Afrobeats and Its Evolution

Music has been a powerful tool amongst Black people for years. It has acted as a form of
expression and a means of storytelling, amplifying the voices of a community. It tells the stories
of where we’ve come from, where we’re going and where we are now. And as such, the
influence and impact of our music has left its mark on popular culture (The FADER, 2017).

11
Some of the most popular genres within our community include Hip Hop, Grime and Afrobeats,
to name a few, and although they act as a source of enjoyment, they are so much more. While
these genres vary regarding their musical properties, they all have a rich cultural history. Each
has provided an impactful means through which young Black musicians have been able to take
agency and challenge social norms of injustice and oppression. Afrobeats, a genre that has taken
the world by storm, is a fusion of West African music, primarily from Nigeria and Ghana, with
elements of Western pop, hip-hop, and R&B. Its unique blend of rhythms, melodies, and cultural
influences has made it a global phenomenon, captivating audiences across continents (Rolling
Stone, 2020)

The roots of Afrobeats can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s, when Nigerian
musicians began to experiment with Western music styles, incorporating them into their
traditional sounds. Artists like Fela Kuti, often hailed as the "father of Afrobeats," played a
pivotal role in shaping the genre. His music, characterized by its political and social
commentary, combined elements of Afrobeat, funk, jazz, and highlife to create a distinctive
sound that resonated with audiences both locally and internationally. Afrobeats is characterized
by its fast-paced rhythm, heavy percussion, and horn sections (Ewens, 1991). The genre often
features call-and-response patterns, with lyrics frequently sung in Nigerian languages like
Yoruba and Igbo (Waterman, 1990). In the 1980s and 1990s, Afrobeats evolved with the
incorporation of new styles, such as juju and apala (Omojola, 2012). This period also saw the
rise of artists like King Sunny Adé and Ebenezer Obey, who further popularized the genre.
Afrobeats, not to be confused with Afrobeat or Afroswing, is an umbrella term to describe
popular music from West Africa and the diaspora that initially developed in Nigeria, Ghana, and
the UK in the 2000s and 2010s. Afrobeats is less of a style per se, and more of a descriptor for
the fusion of sounds flowing majorly out of Nigeria. Genres such as hiplife, jùjú music, highlife,
azonto music, and naija beats, among others, were amalgamated under the "Afrobeats" umbrella
Dazed, (2018). Afrobeats has taken its place in the limelight recently, drawing in 13 billion
Spotify streams in 2022 alone. As such, the impact of Afrobeats transcends the reach of Africa to
tell our stories globally, with young musicians such as Youth Music NextGen Fund artists Viv
Latifa and Danny Cliff harnessing the genre within the UK.

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 The heritage of Afrobeats can be traced to Nigeria through trailblazer Fela Kuti in the
1960s. Afrobeat was political, a form of resistance, a medium for challenging pervasive norms.
In the context of colonialism and Nigeria’s perverse military government, Fela Kuti encouraged
a sense of conscientisation in an endeavour to break away from colonial brainwashing. His
revolutionary music fused American blues, jazz, and funk with traditional Yoruba music,
blending sounds with their own respective political origins and influences. Kuti’s work followed
the influences of traditional Yoruba music, which has recently become popularised, including
Apala, Juju and Fuji - highly percussive styles of music preserving their cultural roots by relying
on traditional instruments often resisting the incorporation of western instruments (O'Brien,
2023). Apala, for one, originated as a form of cultural rebellion to the British Empire’s colonial
rule over Nigeria hence its significance as an influence on Fela Kuti’s highly controversial
Afrobeat. A legacy that has been carried on by the likes of Burna Boy through his music in light
of songs such as ‘Another Story’ which states: “The British didn't travel halfway across the
world just to spread democracy/Nigeria started off as a business deal.” (Azuonye, 2020).

Music has been a powerful tool amongst Black people for years. It has acted as a form of
expression and a means of storytelling, amplifying the voices of a community. It tells the stories
of where we’ve come from, where we’re going and where we are now. And as such, the
influence and impact of our music has left its mark on popular culture. Some of the most popular
genres within our community include Hip Hop, Grime and Afrobeats, to name a few, and
although they act as a source of enjoyment, they are so much more. While these genres vary
regarding their musical properties, they all have a rich cultural history (BBC, 2020). Each has
provided an impactful means through which young Black musicians have been able to take
agency and challenge social norms of injustice and oppression. A valuable legacy of meaningful
music has been left behind by the pioneers of the Afrobeat movement and this has now become a
major influence in the music created by young Black artists today. Music has often been used as
a tool by the Black community and has remained a gift of expression and release for such a
heavy-laden people. Its relevance isn’t bound by borders or limited to one experience of Black
culture, but has a layered and widespread reach throughout the world. While the stories that have
been told historically haven’t lost meaning, the stories birthed within this generation are almost

13
more pertinent. They not only challenge systems but they tell personal stories, and as such,
young Black musicians continue to harness the voices of their community (Omojola, 2012).

Through music, a community this often disregarded is afforded the opportunity to be

seen. In the following decades, Afrobeats continued to evolve, adapting to changing cultural and
musical landscapes. The 1990s saw the emergence of a new generation of Afrobeats artists,
including D'banj and Don Jazzy, who popularized a more commercialized and accessible version
of the genre. Their music, often characterized by its catchy melodies and danceable rhythms,
helped to broaden the appeal of Afrobeats beyond its core audience (Omojola, 2021). The 2010s
witnessed a significant surge in the popularity of Afrobeats, with artists like Wizkid, Davido, and
Burna Boy achieving global recognition. Their music, which seamlessly blended traditional
African elements with contemporary Western influences, resonated with a diverse international
audience. Afrobeats artists began to collaborate with Western pop stars, further solidifying their
position in the global music market.

The rise of Afrobeats has had a profound impact on the music industry and popular
culture. The genre has introduced a new sound and aesthetic to the world, challenging traditional
notions of what constitutes "mainstream" music. Afrobeats has also helped to promote African
culture and heritage on a global stage, showcasing the richness and diversity of the continent's
musical traditions. Moreover, the success of Afrobeats has inspired a new generation of African
musicians, who are eager to explore the genre's potential and push its boundaries. The continued
evolution of Afrobeats is a testament to its enduring appeal and its ability to adapt to changing
times (Akinsola, 2019). Afrobeats is less of a style per se, and more of a descriptor for the fusion
of sounds flowing majorly out of Nigeria. Genres such as hiplife, jùjú music, highlife, azonto
music, and naija beats, among others, were amalgamated under the "Afrobeats" umbrella
(Omojola, 2021)

In recent years, Afrobeats has experienced resurgence, with artists like Wizkid, Davido,
and Tiwa Savage achieving international recognition (BBC, 2020). This new wave of Afrobeats
has incorporated elements of hip-hop, R&B, and electronic music, appealing to a broader
audience. The internet and social media have played a significant role in Afrobeats' global
popularity, enabling artists to reach a wider audience (Azuonye, 2020). Collaborations with

14
international artists, such as Drake and Beyoncé, have also contributed to Afrobeats' increased
visibility (Rolling Stone, 2020). In conclusion, Afrobeats has undergone significant evolution
since its inception, shaped by social, political, and cultural factors. From its traditional roots to
its modern fusion with international styles, Afrobeats remains a vibrant and dynamic genre,
continuing to captivate audiences worldwide.

2.2.2 Importance of Music in Education

Music, a universal language that transcends cultural boundaries, has long been recognized as a
powerful tool for education. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, music offers a myriad of cognitive,
social, and emotional benefits that can significantly enhance the learning experience. Music
education has been shown to have a profound effect on cognitive development. Studies have
demonstrated that engaging in musical activities can improve memory, attention, and problem-
solving skills. The process of learning to play an instrument or sing requires students to develop
critical thinking abilities as they analyze musical patterns, understand musical notation, and
coordinate different parts of their brains. Additionally, music education can enhance spatial
reasoning and mathematical skills, as these subjects often involve similar patterns and
relationships (Zucker, 2023)

Music education plays a vital role in fostering social and emotional development. Participating in
group music activities, such as choirs or bands, can help students develop teamwork,
cooperation, and communication skills. These experiences can also promote empathy and
understanding, as students learn to appreciate different perspectives and cultural backgrounds.
Moreover, music can have a therapeutic effect on emotional well-being. Engaging in musical
activities can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, providing students with a healthy outlet for
expression and self-discovery. Music can be a powerful motivational tool in the classroom.
When students are engaged in musical activities, they are more likely to be motivated to learn
and participate in other subjects. Music can create a positive and stimulating learning
environment, making it easier for students to focus and concentrate. Additionally, the sense of
accomplishment and satisfaction that comes from mastering a musical skill can boost students'
self-esteem and confidence (Rauscher, 1998).

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Music education fosters emotional intelligence by teaching students to express and manage
emotions through music (Gardner, 1983). This helps develop empathy, self-awareness, and self-
regulation skills, essential for personal and social growth (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). Music
education also provides a healthy outlet for stress and anxiety, promoting mental well-being
(Hallam et al., 2013). Research suggests that music education improves academic performance,
particularly in mathematics and reading (DeNora, 2000). Music training enhances spatial-
temporal skills, essential for problem-solving and critical thinking (Rauscher et al., 1998).
Additionally, music education boosts memory and language development, leading to better
academic outcomes (Hetland & Winner, 2001).

In recent years, numerous studies have provided empirical evidence supporting the benefits of
music education. For example, a study published in the Journal of Educational Psychology found
that students who participated in music programs performed significantly better on standardized
tests in math, reading, and science than those who did not. Another study, conducted by the
University of California, Los Angeles, revealed that music education can improve brain function
and connectivity, leading to enhanced cognitive abilities (Hallam, 2010). Music education
develops social skills, such as teamwork, communication, and leadership, through ensemble
playing and group performances (Wiggins, 2011). Music education also promotes cultural
awareness and understanding, breaking down social barriers and fostering inclusivity (Lambert,
2012).

2.2.3 Cultural Significance of Afrobeats Music

Afrobeats, a genre that has taken the world by storm, is more than just music; it is a cultural
tapestry woven with threads of history, identity, and social commentary. Afrobeats serves as a
powerful tool for preserving African heritage. Afrobeats music evolved from traditional Yoruba
music, influenced by jazz, fuji, and highlife (Omojola, 2012). Fela Kuti, a pioneer of Afrobeats,
used music as a tool for social commentary and political activism (Veal, 2000). Afrobeats
became a symbol of resistance against oppressive regimes and a voice for the marginalized. The
genre incorporates traditional African rhythms, instruments, and vocal styles, ensuring that these
cultural elements remain relevant in contemporary society. By blending traditional music with
modern influences, Afrobeats artists create a bridge between the past and the present, allowing

16
audiences to connect with their roots while embracing new musical trends. Furthermore,
Afrobeats often incorporates lyrics that celebrate African history, culture, and values. Artists
frequently reference historical figures, events, and places, reminding listeners of their rich
heritage and the struggles their ancestors faced. This cultural preservation helps to strengthen a
sense of identity and belonging among African communities worldwide (Azuonye, 2020)

Afrobeats has long been used as a platform for social and political commentary. From Fela Kuti's
scathing critiques of corruption and oppression to the more recent songs addressing issues such
as police brutality and economic inequality, Afrobeats artists have consistently used their music
to raise awareness and challenge injustice. By speaking out on important issues, Afrobeats
musicians have become powerful voices for change, inspiring their listeners to take action and
demand a better future. Afrobeats music addresses social issues, such as poverty, corruption, and
inequality (Azuonye, 2020). Artists like Wizkid and Davido use their platform to raise awareness
and inspire change. Afrobeats also promotes cultural pride and identity, celebrating African
heritage and challenging Western cultural dominance (Ewens, 1991).

Afrobeats has played a significant role in fostering a sense of global community. The genre's
popularity has led to increased cultural exchange and understanding between Africa and the rest
of the world. Afrobeats artists have collaborated with international musicians, creating music that
transcends borders and unites people from diverse backgrounds (Various Artists, 2024). This
global reach has helped to challenge stereotypes and promote a more inclusive and
interconnected world. Afrobeats has facilitated cultural exchange between Africa and the global
community. Collaborations with international artists, such as Drake and Beyoncé, have
introduced Afrobeats to new audiences (Rolling Stone, 2020). Afrobeats has also influenced
other genres, like hip-hop and R&B, demonstrating its versatility and global appeal (BBC, 2020).

In conclusion, Afrobeats is more than just a musical genre; it is a cultural movement that has had
a profound impact on society. By preserving African heritage, expressing social and political
concerns, and fostering a sense of global community, Afrobeats has become a powerful force for
change and a symbol of African identity. As the genre continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly
continue to shape the cultural landscape for generations to come.

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2.2.4 Music Education and Cultural Education

Music education and cultural education are inextricably linked, forming a harmonious tapestry
that enriches the lives of individuals and communities. By fostering a deep understanding and
appreciation of diverse cultures through music, these two disciplines create a powerful
educational experience. Music education and cultural education are interconnected disciplines
that foster creativity, diversity, and critical thinking. Music is a universal language that
transcends cultural boundaries. It serves as a powerful medium for expressing emotions, telling
stories, and preserving cultural heritage. Through music, individuals can connect with their roots,
explore different traditions, and develop a sense of belonging. By incorporating music education
into the curriculum, schools can provide students with opportunities to learn about various
cultures and appreciate their unique musical expressions.

According to Lambert, (2012) music education provides a unique platform for cultural
awareness, enabling students to explore diverse musical traditions and cultural practices.
Through music, students can develop an appreciation for cultural differences and similarities,
promoting cross-cultural understanding and empathy (Hallam et al., 2013). Music education is
essential for cultural education, promoting cultural awareness, identity, and social cohesion. By
incorporating music education into cultural education, educators can foster creative, empathetic,
and critically thinking individuals who value diversity and cultural expression (Hallam, 2010)
Music education plays a crucial role in promoting cultural understanding. When students are
exposed to a variety of musical styles and traditions, they develop a broader perspective and a
greater appreciation for cultural diversity. This can help to break down stereotypes, foster
empathy, and create a more inclusive and harmonious society. Additionally, music education can
encourage students to engage in intercultural dialogue and exchange ideas, leading to a deeper
understanding of different perspectives.

Cultural education through music offers a multitude of benefits for students. It can enhance
cognitive development, improve social skills, and foster emotional well-being. By learning about
different cultures through music, students can develop critical thinking skills, problem-solving
abilities, and a sense of empathy. Moreover, music education can provide a creative outlet for
self-expression, helping students to develop their confidence and self-esteem (Zucker, 2023) In
recent years, numerous studies have highlighted the importance of music education and cultural

18
education in promoting student development. Research has shown that students who participate
in music programs are more likely to have higher academic achievement, improved social skills,
and greater cultural awareness. Additionally, studies have demonstrated the positive impact of
cultural education on students' emotional well-being and sense of identity (UNESCO, 2022).

In conclusion, music education and cultural education are two interconnected disciplines that
offer significant benefits for students. By fostering cultural understanding, promoting personal
growth, and enhancing social cohesion, these disciplines play a vital role in creating a more
harmonious and inclusive world. As educators and policymakers continue to recognize the
importance of music and cultural education, we can expect to see even greater emphasis on
incorporating these programs into schools and communities around the globe.

2.2.5 Social-Emotional Learning through Afrobeat Music

Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) is a vital aspect of education, enabling students to develop

essential life skills, such as self-awareness, empathy, and self-regulation. Music, as a universal
language, offers a unique platform for SEL, fostering emotional intelligence, creativity, and
social connections Music, a universal language that transcends cultural boundaries, serves as a
powerful tool for fostering social-emotional learning (SEL) Hallam, S., Price, J., & Katsarou, G.
(2013). Beyond its aesthetic appeal, music offers a unique and effective means of developing
essential life skills such as empathy, self-awareness, communication, and relationship building.
Music has the power to evoke emotions and connect people on a deep level (Lambert, 2012). By
listening to and creating music, individuals can develop empathy and understanding for the
experiences of others. Exposure to diverse musical styles and cultures can help to break down
stereotypes and foster a sense of belonging. Music education can also provide opportunities for
collaborative projects, such as group performances or songwriting, which require students to
work together, respect different perspectives, and communicate effectively.

Music education enhances emotional intelligence by teaching students to recognize, express, and
manage emotions through music (Gardner, 1983). This helps develop self-awareness, empathy,
and self-regulation skills, essential for personal and social growth (Mayer & Salovey, 1997).
Music serves as a powerful medium for self-expression, allowing individuals to explore their
emotions, thoughts, and experiences. Through songwriting, playing an instrument, or simply

19
listening to music, individuals can gain insights into their own feelings and develop a greater
sense of self-awareness. Music education can also help students to develop self-confidence and
self-esteem, as they learn to overcome challenges and achieve their goals.

Music education provides opportunities for students to develop essential communication and
collaboration skills. Participating in group music activities, such as choirs or bands, requires
students to work together, coordinate their efforts, and communicate effectively. These
experiences can help to improve students' listening skills, problem-solving abilities, and
teamwork (Hetland, L., & Winner, E., 2001). Additionally, music education can foster a sense of
belonging and community, as students learn to appreciate the contributions of others and work
towards a common goal. Music education fosters empathy and compassion by exposing students
to diverse musical traditions and cultural practices (Lambert, 2012). This helps students develop
an appreciation for different perspectives, promoting tolerance and understanding (Hallam et al.,
2013).

Music can be a powerful tool for coping with stress, anxiety, and other emotional challenges.
Engaging in musical activities can provide a healthy outlet for expressing emotions and reducing
stress. Additionally, music education can help students to develop resilience and perseverance, as
they learn to overcome obstacles and persevere through challenges (Wiggins, 2011). Music
education provides opportunities for social connections, teamwork, and communication through
ensemble playing and group performances (Wiggins, 2011). This helps students develop
essential social skills, such as cooperation, leadership, and conflict resolution. Music education
encourages creativity and self-expression, allowing students to convey emotions and ideas
through music (Hetland & Winner, 2001). This helps develop critical thinking, problem-solving,
and innovation skills, essential for academic and personal success.

In conclusion, music education plays a vital role in fostering social-emotional learning. By

cultivating empathy, promoting self-awareness, enhancing communication, and building
resilience, music can help individuals develop the essential life skills they need to thrive in
today's world. As educators and policymakers continue to recognize the importance of social-
emotional learning, we can expect to see even greater emphasis on incorporating music
education into schools and communities around the globe.

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2.2.6 Cultural Identity Formation through Afro Music

Additionally, music has been used as a powerful cultural resource for nationalism, helping to
affirm and strengthen national identity. Traditional music, such as the Afrobeat in West Africa,
has been instrumental in upholding and advancing cultural customs, as well as preserving
cultural identity. Music also provides a platform for the expression of identity and the
construction of social identities within communities. Furthermore, in ancient times, music was
used to define and reinforce cultural or ethnic groups, contributing to the formation of an ethno-
cultural self. Overall, music influences cultural identity by fostering a sense of belonging,
preserving traditions, and promoting cultural values and heritage.

Music serves as a powerful medium for individuals to express their unique identities and values.
By engaging in musical activities, individuals can explore their emotions, thoughts, and
experiences, leading to a deeper understanding of themselves. Whether through songwriting,
playing an instrument, or simply listening to music, individuals can find ways to express their
individuality and connect with others who share similar experiences. Moreover, music can help
individuals to challenge societal norms and expectations. By creating and performing music that
is countercultural or unconventional, individuals can assert their identities and resist dominant
narratives. This can be particularly important for marginalized groups who may struggle to find
their voices in mainstream society.

Music plays a crucial role in fostering community cohesion and preserving cultural heritage. By
participating in shared musical experiences, individuals can develop a sense of belonging and
connection to their community. Music can also serve as a unifying force, bringing people
together to celebrate their shared culture and values. Furthermore, music can help to preserve
cultural traditions and practices. By incorporating traditional elements into their music, artists
can ensure that these traditions remain relevant and accessible to future generations. This can be
particularly important in communities that are facing rapid modernization or cultural
assimilation.

The globalization of music has both positive and negative implications for cultural identity
formation. On the one hand, globalization has led to increased cultural exchange and
understanding, as people from different backgrounds can connect through music. This can help

21
to break down stereotypes and promote tolerance. On the other hand, globalization can also pose
challenges to cultural identity formation. As cultures become more interconnected, there is a risk
of cultural homogenization, as people may adopt Western values and practices at the expense of
their own traditions. This can lead to a loss of cultural identity and diversity.

Music plays a powerful role in reflecting and contributing to cultural identity in a multitude of
ways:

Reflecting Cultural Traits and Values:

 Melodies, rhythms, and instruments: The unique soundscapes of different cultures

are often deeply ingrained in their music. Think of the lilting melodies of Irish jigs, the
pulsating rhythms of Afrobeat, or the melancholic notes of Russian folk songs. These
musical elements embody the emotions, experiences, and worldviews of a particular
culture.
 Lyrics and themes: Songs often tell stories, convey historical narratives, and address
social issues relevant to a specific culture. The lyrics of American blues lament
hardship and resilience, while Bollywood songs celebrate love and family. Music
becomes a vehicle for transmitting cultural values and traditions from one generation
to the next.
 Performance styles and rituals: The way music is performed and experienced also
holds cultural significance. From the exuberant communal drumming of West Africa to
the intricate solo sitar recitals of India, each culture has its own unique performance
styles and rituals that enhance the meaning and impact of the music.

Contributing to Cultural Formation and Transmission:

 Sense of belonging and shared identity: Music serves as a powerful unifying force,
bringing people together through shared experiences and emotions. Singing along at a
national anthem, dancing at a traditional festival, or simply enjoying a familiar tune
from childhood evokes a sense of belonging and shared history within a cultural group.
 Preserving and transmitting traditions: Musical forms act as repositories of cultural
memory, holding stories, languages, and rituals in their melodies and rhythms. Folk

22
 songs pass down historical narratives, while religious chants preserve spiritual
traditions. Music thus ensures the continuity of culture across generations.
 Social commentary and change: Music can be a powerful tool for social commentary
and activism. Protest songs, anthems for marginalized groups, and even popular music
often address social issues and injustices, sparking conversation, raising awareness,
and even driving social change.
 Evolution and adaptation: While music serves as a custodian of cultural traditions, it
is not static. Musicians constantly innovate, incorporating influences from other
cultures and adapting musical forms to reflect changing times and societal
perspectives. This dynamic process ensures the continued relevance and vibrancy of
cultural identities.

In conclusion, music plays a vital role in shaping cultural identity. By providing individuals with
a means of self-expression, fostering community cohesion, and preserving cultural heritage,
music can help to create a more vibrant and inclusive society. As the world becomes increasingly
interconnected, it is essential to recognize the importance of music in preserving cultural
diversity and promoting understanding.

2.2.7 Brief biography of Asake and his Music

Asake, whose real name is Ahmed Ololade Asake, is a Nigerian singer and songwriter who has
quickly risen to prominence in the Afrobeats music scene. With his infectious melodies, catchy
lyrics, and energetic performances, Asake has captured the hearts of audiences both locally and
internationally.

Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Asake began his musical journey at a young age, performing at local
events and honing his songwriting skills. His breakthrough came in 2020 with the release of his
hit single "Lady," which quickly went viral and propelled him to stardom. The song's catchy
chorus and Asake's distinctive vocal style resonated with listeners, and it quickly became a
popular anthem in Nigeria and beyond. Asake's music style blends Afrobeats, Fuji, and
Amapiano, creating a unique sound that resonates with listeners. His lyrics often focus on love,
relationships, and street life, showcasing his storytelling ability and versatility.

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Asake's music is characterized by its blend of Afrobeats, hip-hop, and R&B influences. His
lyrics often explore themes of love, heartbreak, and social issues, and his music is known for its
infectious energy and danceability. Asake has collaborated with several prominent Afrobeats
artists, including Olamide, Davido, and Burna Boy, further solidifying his position in the
industry. Asake's breakthrough came in 2022 with the release of his debut album "Mr. Money
with the Vibe." The album received critical acclaim and commercial success, solidifying Asake's
position in the Nigerian music industry.

In addition to his musical talents, Asake is also known for his charismatic stage presence. His
energetic performances and engaging personality have helped him to connect with his fans on a
personal level. Asake's popularity has continued to grow, and he is now considered one of the
most promising young talents in the Afrobeats scene. Throughout his career, Asake has
collaborated with prominent artists such as Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage, and Olamide. His music
has been praised for its catchy melodies, energetic beats, and authentic lyrics, making him a
standout artist in the Afrobeats scene. Asake's rise to fame can be attributed to his dedication,
hard work, and innovative approach to music. He continues to push boundaries and inspire fans
with his unique sound, solidifying his position as a leading artist in the Nigerian music industry.

2.2.8 Educational values in Asake's music

Asake, a rising star in the Nigerian Afrobeats scene, has not only captivated audiences with his
infectious melodies and catchy lyrics but has also emerged as a powerful voice for education.
Through his music, Asake promotes positive values, inspires academic excellence, and
encourages personal growth. Asake's music, although primarily intended for entertainment,
embodies several educational values that can be beneficial to listeners. Asake's music often
incorporates elements of Nigerian culture, such as Yoruba language and Fuji rhythms. This helps
to preserve cultural heritage and promote cultural awareness.

Asake frequently references education and academic achievement in his songs, emphasizing the
importance of pursuing knowledge and personal growth. His lyrics often encourage listeners to
prioritize their studies, strive for excellence, and break free from societal limitations. By
highlighting the value of education, Asake's music can inspire young people to set high goals for
themselves and work hard to achieve them. Asake's lyrics frequently tell stories, conveying

24
moral lessons and experiences. This storytelling aspect of his music can enhance listeners'
critical thinking and analytical skills.

Asake's music is imbued with positive values, such as resilience, perseverance, and hard work.
His songs often tell stories of overcoming challenges, striving for success, and never giving up
on one's dreams. By promoting these values, Asake's music can inspire listeners to develop a
positive mindset and believe in their own abilities (O'Brien, 2023). Also, Asake's music
addresses emotions like love, heartbreak, and self-empowerment. This helps listeners develop
emotional intelligence, understanding, and empathy.

Asake's music often encourages personal growth and self-improvement. His lyrics often
emphasize the importance of learning from mistakes, adapting to change, and striving for
continuous development. By promoting these values, Asake's music can inspire listeners to
become lifelong learners and to embrace new opportunities for growth (Omojola, 2021).

Asake's music has a significant impact on young people, who are particularly receptive to his
message. By promoting positive values and encouraging academic excellence, Asake's music can
inspire young people to strive for success and make a positive impact on their communities.
Additionally, Asake's music can serve as a role model for young people, demonstrating the
power of hard work, dedication, and perseverance (Akinsola, 2023). Asake's unique sound and
style promote individuality and self-expression. This can inspire listeners to embrace their
authenticity and cultivate creativity.

In conclusion, Asake's music is a powerful tool for promoting educational values and inspiring
personal growth. Through his lyrics, Asake encourages academic excellence, fosters positive
values, and promotes personal development. By listening to Asake's music, young people can be
inspired to set high goals for themselves, work hard to achieve them, and make a positive impact
on the world.

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2.3 Theoretical Framework

This research project can draw from several theoretical frameworks to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the educational values embedded in Afrobeats music, specifically Asake's
music. These frameworks include:

Social Learning Theory

Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, posits that individuals learn by observing
and imitating the behavior of others. In the context of this research, Asake's music can be seen as
a powerful role model, influencing listeners' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. By observing
Asake's lyrics and actions, listeners may adopt positive values and behaviors, such as academic
excellence, perseverance, and resilience. Modeling is a key component of social learning theory.
It refers to the process of learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others, known as
models. Individuals are more likely to imitate models that are perceived as similar to themselves,
respected, or admired. By observing the behavior of others, individuals can acquire new skills,
attitudes, and beliefs. Bandura, A. (1977)

Vicarious reinforcement is another important aspect of social learning theory. It refers to the
process of learning through observing the consequences of others' behavior. If a model is
rewarded for a particular behavior, individuals are more likely to imitate that behavior.
Conversely, if a model is punished for a behavior, individuals are less likely to imitate it.

Self-efficacy is a crucial factor in social learning theory. It refers to an individual's belief in their
ability to perform a particular task. Individuals with high self-efficacy are more likely to attempt
challenging tasks and persevere in the face of setbacks. Conversely, individuals with low self-
efficacy may avoid challenges and give up easily.

Social learning theory has been applied to a wide range of human behaviors, including
aggression, pro-social behavior, and academic achievement. For example, studies have shown
that children who are exposed to aggressive models are more likely to exhibit aggressive
behavior themselves. Similarly, children who observe positive role models engaging in pro-
social behavior are more likely to engage in pro-social behavior. Schunk, D. H. (2012)

26
In recent years, researchers have continued to explore the implications of social learning theory.
For example, studies have examined the role of social media in shaping individuals' beliefs and
behaviors. Social media platforms can provide individuals with exposure to a wide range of
models, both positive and negative. This can influence individuals' attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors in both positive and negative ways.

Critical Pedagogy Theory

Critical pedagogy, pioneered by Paulo Freire (1970), emphasizes education as a tool for social
transformation. This theory suggests that education should empower individuals to challenge
oppressive structures and create a more just and equitable society. Asake's music often addresses
social issues and encourages listeners to think critically about their world. By exploring themes
of inequality, injustice, and empowerment, Asake's music can inspire listeners to become active
agents of change.

This theory challenges traditional modes of education that are often seen as oppressive and
hierarchical, arguing that education should empower individuals to critique and challenge
dominant power structures. At the heart of critical pedagogy is the notion of conscientization, a
process of critical reflection and awareness that enables individuals to understand the social and
economic forces that shape their lives. Through conscientization, individuals can develop a
critical consciousness, recognizing the power imbalances and injustices that exist in society.
Giroux, H. A. (1988)

Critical pedagogy also emphasizes the importance of dialogical education. This approach
involves a collaborative and participatory process in which students and teachers engage in open
dialogue and critical reflection. By fostering a democratic and inclusive classroom environment,
critical pedagogy can empower students to develop their own voices and challenge dominant
narratives.

Critical pedagogy has been applied to a wide range of educational contexts, including formal
education, adult education, and community development. It has been used to address issues such
as social inequality, racism, and environmental injustice. By empowering individuals to critique
and challenge oppressive structures, critical pedagogy can contribute to a more just and equitable

27
society. In recent years, researchers have continued to explore the implications of critical
pedagogy Claren, P., (1989). For example, studies have examined the role of critical pedagogy
in promoting social justice and empowering marginalized communities. Additionally,
researchers have investigated the challenges and limitations of implementing critical pedagogy in
diverse educational contexts.

In conclusion, critical pedagogy provides a valuable framework for understanding the role of
education in social transformation. By emphasizing conscientization, dialogical education, and
empowerment, critical pedagogy can help to create a more just and equitable society. As
educators and policymakers continue to explore the potential of critical pedagogy, we can expect
to see its influence grow in the years to come.

Cultural Studies Theory

Cultural studies, a broad interdisciplinary field Stuart Hall, S. (1997), examine the ways in which
culture is produced, circulated, and consumed. This framework can be used to analyze the
cultural significance of Afrobeats music and its role in shaping individual and collective
identities. By exploring the cultural meanings embedded in Asake's lyrics and music, researchers
can gain insights into the ways in which music can influence values, beliefs, and behaviors.

One of the key concepts in cultural studies is representation. This refers to the ways in which
culture represents and constructs reality. By examining how different groups are represented in
media and other cultural texts, cultural studies scholars can identify and challenge stereotypes,
biases, and power imbalance Braidotti, R. (2002).

Another important concept in cultural studies is identity. Culture plays a crucial role in shaping
individual and collective identities. By analyzing how different cultural groups are represented
and constructed, cultural studies scholars can gain insights into the ways in which identity is
formed, negotiated, and contested.

Cultural studies also examine the relationship between culture and power. Power is often
embedded in cultural practices and discourses. By analyzing how power is exercised and

28
contested within cultural contexts, cultural studies scholars can identify and challenge dominant
ideologies and power structures McRobbie, (1994).

In recent years, cultural studies have expanded to include a wide range of topics, such as
globalization, multiculturalism, and digital culture. By examining the ways in which culture is
shaped by and shapes global processes, cultural studies scholars can gain insights into the
challenges and opportunities of living in an increasingly interconnected world.

In conclusion, cultural studies provide a valuable framework for understanding the complex
relationship between culture, power, and identity. By examining the ways in which culture is
produced, circulated, and consumed, cultural studies scholars can gain insights into the social,
political, and economic forces that shape our world. As the world becomes increasingly
interconnected and diverse, cultural studies will continue to be a vital tool for understanding and
addressing the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.

Semiotics Theory

Semiotics, the study of signs and symbols, can be used to analyze the meaning-making process
in music Barthes, R. (1977).. By examining the lyrics, melodies, and visual elements of Asake's
music, researchers can identify the underlying messages and values being conveyed. This can
help to understand how Asake's music communicates educational values to listeners.

Signs in semiotics are not merely objects or symbols but rather the relationship between a
signifier (the form of the sign) and a signified (the concept or object it represents). This
relationship is arbitrary and culturally specific, meaning that the meaning of a sign is not inherent
but is rather constructed through social and historical processes Chandler, D. (2002).

Ferdinand de Saussure, one of the founders of modern semiotics, distinguished between two
types of signs: linguistic signs and non-linguistic signs. Linguistic signs are composed of a
signifier (the word or sound) and a signified (the concept it represents). Non-linguistic signs,
such as images, gestures, or objects, can also convey meaning Saussure, F. de (1959).

29
Roland Barthes, another influential figure in semiotics, developed the concept of denotation and
connotation. Denotation refers to the literal or dictionary meaning of a sign, while connotation
refers to the associated meanings or cultural associations that are attached to the sign. For
example, the word "rose" denotes a type of flower, but it also connotes love, romance, and
beauty.

Semiotics has been applied to a wide range of cultural texts, including literature, film,
advertising, and fashion. By analyzing the signs and symbols used in these texts, semioticians
can gain insights into the underlying meanings and power structures that are being conveyed. For
example, semioticians might examine the ways in which gender is represented in advertising,
identifying the stereotypes and cultural messages that are being conveyed Eco, U. (1976).

In conclusion, semiotics provides a valuable framework for understanding the ways in which
meaning is created and communicated through signs. By analyzing the underlying structures and
conventions that govern the use of signs, we can gain insights into the cultural, social, and
political forces that shape our understanding of the world. As the world becomes increasingly
interconnected and complex, semiotics will continue to be a vital tool for understanding and
analyzing cultural phenomena.

2.4 Empirical Review

The educational values of Afrobeats, particularly in Asake's music, have been a subject of
interest in recent research. Studies have explored the cultural, social, and emotional significance
of Afrobeats, highlighting its potential as a tool for learning and personal growth.
Several studies have explored the educational implications of music, highlighting its potential to
foster cognitive, social, and emotional development. While research specifically on the
educational values of Afrobeats is limited, existing literature on music education and cultural
studies provides valuable insights Akinsola, T. (2023).

 Cognitive Development: Music education has been shown to enhance cognitive skills such
as memory, attention, and problem-solving. Afrobeats, with its complex rhythms and
melodies, can stimulate brain activity and improve cognitive function.

30
 Social-Emotional Development: Music can foster social-emotional skills, including
empathy, communication, and teamwork. Afrobeats often addresses social issues and
promotes positive values, which can encourage listeners to develop a sense of empathy and
social responsibility.
 Cultural Understanding: Music can promote cultural understanding by exposing listeners
to different traditions and perspectives. Afrobeats, as a genre rooted in African culture, can
help to bridge cultural divides and foster appreciation for diversity.

Case Study: Asake's Music

Asake's music offers a rich tapestry of educational values. His lyrics often explore themes of
personal growth, resilience, and social justice. For example, his song "Sungba" celebrates hard
work and perseverance, while "Yoga" addresses issues of mental health and self-care. Asake's
music can also foster critical thinking and cultural awareness. His lyrics often reference historical
events and social issues, encouraging listeners to reflect on their own experiences and the world
around them. By exploring themes of identity, belonging, and social justice, Asake's music can
empower listeners to become engaged citizens and critical thinkers The Guardian Nigeria.
(2022).

According to Omojola, (2012) examined the cultural significance of Afrobeats, revealing its role
in preserving cultural heritage and promoting cultural awareness. Similarly, Asake's music has
been praised for its incorporation of Yoruba language and Fuji rhythms, showcasing the cultural
value of Afrobeats (The Guardian Nigeria, 2022). Furthermore, research has demonstrated the
emotional intelligence and empathy that Afrobeats can foster. Mayer and Salovey (2015)
emphasized the importance of emotional intelligence in personal and social development, which
aligns with the emotional themes present in Asake's music. Additionally, Afrobeats has been
recognized for its social commentary and ability to spark important conversations. Azuonye
(2020) explored the social impact of Afrobeats, highlighting its potential to address social issues
and promote social justice.

In conclusion, empirical research supports the educational values of Afrobeats, particularly in

Asake's music. Afrobeats offers a unique platform for cultural preservation, emotional
intelligence, and social commentary, making it a valuable tool for learning and personal growth.

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the design and methodology employed by the researcher for the purpose of

conducting the research. The procedure for data collection and relevant data used to address the

research objectives.

3.1 Research Design

In this study, the researcher will employ the descriptive survey design. Survey research

according to Nwanna, (1982) is a collection of information/data on subjects in their natural states

without any form of treatment being administered. This involves the process of obtaining

information from various groups of respondents through a questionnaire. This design afforded

the researcher the opportunity to gather information from listeners’ (online or offline) opinion

towards the educational values of Afrobeats music, specifically Asake's music

3.2 Population of the Study

This study will be carried out to examine the educational values of Afrobeats: A case study of

Asake’s music. Undergraduate students of Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo will

be selected to form the population of the study.

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3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique

One hundred (100) questionnaires will be designed for the study and the researcher will use a

simple random sampling technique to select the number of students that will be used as sample

for this study.

3.4 Instrument for Data Collection

The major research to be adopted in this study will be based on the research questions drawn by

the researcher. In the process of data collection, the researcher will use structured questions in

form of a questionnaire whereby respondents will tick on the available options that will be

provided. The questionnaire contains two sections; section A and B. section A of the instrument

is all about the bio-data of each of the respondents while section B and C consist of twenty (20)

items for the students to answer. The questionnaire will be designed in such a way that items of

information required from respondents will be minimal to enable them to promptly fill and return

back.

3.5 Validity of the Instrument

A copy of the questionnaire will be given to the supervisor for necessary corrections, suggestion,

amendment, and approval before it will be finally administered to the respondents. .

3.6 Administration of Instrument and Data collection

The designed questionnaire will be used in eliciting responses from the respondents. A

quantitative approach will be employed, using quantitative instruments. A survey questionnaire

33
will be administered to a sample of students and instructors. Then, the copies of the

questionnaire will be retrieved from the respondent for adequate analysis.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

The method to be adopted in this research would be based on a statistical table by distributing the

respondents according to their answers from the survey for data analysis. Sample statistical tools

will be used in most cases, frequency in tabular form and percentage would be used. This is

necessary because the data obtained are qualitative and fixed.

34