Chapter 7: IP Addressing
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Chapter 7 Objectives
The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives Are
Covered in This Chapter:
• 1.8 Given a scenario, implement and configure the appropriate addressing schema
• • IPv6
• o Auto-configuration
• EUI 64
• o DHCP6
• o Link local
• o Address structure
• o Address compression
• o Tunneling 6to4, 4to6
• Teredo, miredo
• • IPv4
• o Address structure
• o Subnetting
• o APIPA
• o Classful A, B, C, D
• o Classless
• • Private vs public
• • NAT/PAT
• • MAC addressing
• • Multicast
• • Unicast
• • Broadcast
• • Broadcast domains vs collision domains
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Terminology
• Bit: A bit is one digit, either a 1 or a 0.
• Byte: A byte is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether
parity is used. For the rest of this chapter, always
assume a byte is 8 bits.
• Octet: An octet, made up of 8 bits, is just an
ordinary 8-bit binary number. In this chapter, the
terms byte and octet are completely
interchangeable.
• Network address: This is the designation used in
routing to send packets to a remote network—for
example, 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0.
• Broadcast address: The broadcast address is used
by applications and hosts to send information to all
hosts on a network.
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The Hierarchical IP
Addressing Scheme
• An IP address consists of 32 bits of
information. These bits are divided into four
sections, referred to as octets or bytes, and
four octets sum up to 32 bits (84=32).
• You can depict an IP address using one of
three methods:
– Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56
– Binary, as in
10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
– Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38
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Addressing
• The network address—also called the network
number—uniquely identifies each network. Every
machine on the same network shares that network
address as part of its IP address. In the IP address
172.16.30.56, for example, 172.16 is the network
address.
• The host address is assigned to, and uniquely
identifies, each machine on a network. This part of
the address must be unique because it identifies a
particular machine—an individual—as opposed to a
network, which is a group. This number can also be
referred to as a host address. So in the sample IP
address 172.16.30.56, the 30.56 is the host address.
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Class A, B, C
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Class A: Network Host Host Host
Class B: Network Network Host Host
Class C: Network Network Network Host
Class D: Multicast
Class E: Research
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Class A Addresses
• In a Class A network address, the first
byte is assigned to the network
address and the three remaining
bytes are used for the host addresses.
The Class A format is as follows:
network.host.host.host
10.0.0.0 network
10.0.0.1 – 10.255.255.254 – use
10.255.255.255 broadcast
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Class B Addresses
• In a Class B network address, the first 2
bytes are assigned to the network address
and the remaining 2 bytes are used for host
addresses. The format is as follows:
network.network.host.host
1000000 – 10111111
128 – 191
172.16.0.0 network
172.16.0.1 – 172.16.255.254 host
172.16.255.255 broadcast
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Class C Addresses
• The first 3 bytes of a Class C network address
are dedicated to the network portion of the
address, with only 1 measly byte remaining
for the host address. Here’s the format:
network.network.network.host
11000000 – 11011111
192 – 223
192.168.100.0 network
192.168.100.1 – 192.168.100.254
192.168.100.255 broadcast
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Reserved Address Space
10
Private Address Space
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APIPA
• Windows provides what is called Automatic Private
IP Addressing (APIPA).
• With APIPA, clients can automatically self-configure an
IP address and subnet mask, which is the minimum
information needed for hosts to communicate when a
DHCP server isn’t available.
• The IP address range for APIPA is 169.254.0.1 through
169.254.255.254. The client also configures itself with a
default class B subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
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Address Terms
• Layer 2 broadcasts: These are sent to all
hosts on a LAN.
• Broadcasts (Layer 3): These are sent to
all hosts on the network.
• Unicast: These are sent to a single
destination host.
• Multicast: These are packets sent from a
single source and transmitted to many
devices on different networks.
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IPv6
•People refer to IPv6 as “the next-generation Internet protocol,”
and it was originally created as the answer to IPv4’s inevitable,
looming address-exhaustion crisis.
•Though you’ve probably heard a thing or two about IPv6
already, it has been improved even further in the quest to bring
us the flexibility, efficiency, capability, and optimized functionality
that can truly meet our ever-increasing needs.
• The capacity of its predecessor, IPv4, pales in comparison—
and that’s the reason it will eventually fade into history
completely.
•The IPv6 header and address structure has been completely
overhauled, and many of the features that were basically just
afterthoughts and addendums in IPv4 are now included as full-
blown standards in IPv6.
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IPv6
You probably already read about the fact that at 128 bits an
IPv6 address is much larger than an IPv4 address. Let’s take
a look at an example:
Here’s an example of how this looks if you were not able to
resolve names and had to use an IPv6 address in your browser:
http://[2001:0db8:3c4d:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab]/default.html
When you use a web browser to make an HTTP connection to
an IPv6 device, you have to type the address into the browser
with brackets around the literal address. Because a colon is
already being used by the browser for specifying a port number.
So if you don’t enclose the address in brackets, the browser will
have no way to identify the information.
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IPv6 Shortened Expression
Again referring to our sample address on the page before, you
can remove the two blocks of zeros by replacing them with
double colons, like this:
2001:db8:3c4d:12::1234:56ab
Cool—you replaced the blocks of all zeros with double colons.
The rule you have to follow to get away with this is that you can
only replace one contiguous block of zeros in an address. So if
my address has four blocks of zeros and each of them is
separated, I don’t get to replace them all.
Check out this example:
2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab
And just know that you can’t do this:
2001::12::1234:56ab
Instead, this is the best that you can do:
2001::12:0:0:1234:56ab 16
Special Addresses
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 Equals ::. This is the equivalent of IPv4’s
0.0.0.0 and is typically the source address of a host when
you’re using stateful configuration (DHCP).
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 Equals ::1. The equivalent of 127.0.0.1 in
IPv4.
0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.100.1 This is how an IPv4 address
would be written in a mixed IPv6/IPv4 network
environment.
2000::/3 The global unicast address range.
FC00::/7 The unique local unicast range.
FE80::/10 The link-local unicast range.
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Special Addresses
(Cont)
FF00::/8 The multicast range.
3FFF:FFFF::/32 Reserved for examples and
documentation.
2001:0DB8::/32 Also reserved for examples and
documentation.
2002::/16 Used with 6to4, which is the transition system
—the structure that allows IPv6 packets to be transmitted
over an IPv4 network without the need to configure
explicit tunnels
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Stateless Autoconfiguration
(EUI-64)
Allows devices on an IPv6 network to address
themselves with a link-local unicast address and a global
unicast address
Process:
device first learns the network prefix information
from the router and then appends the device’s own
interface address
Device with MAC address 0060:d673:1987
MAC address is padded in the middle with FFFE
New EUI-64 address: 0260:d6FF:FE73:1987
Where did the 2 come from???
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Figure 7.3
Figure 7.4
Creating a 6 to 4 tunnel
Dual stack Dual stack
Router1 Router2
IPv4 network
IPv4: 192.168.30.1 IPv4: 192.168.40.1
IPv6: 2001:db8:1:1::1 IPv6: 2001:db8:2:2::1
IPv6 host IPv6 host
and network and network
IPv4 IPv6 Packet
IPv6 packet encapsulated in an IPv4 packet
Summary
• Summary
• Exam Essentials Section
• Written Labs
• Review Questions
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