School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Course Code: EIE101R01
Course Name: BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
(For I Year / I & II Semester)
LABORATORY RECORD NOTE BOOK
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is the bona-fide record of work done by
Mr./Ms.
with Reg. No. during his/her
semester in the Laboratory during the
academic year
Staff In-charge
Submitted for the University examination held on
Examiner – I Examiner – II
EIE101R01 Basic Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Table of contents
S.No Name of the experiment Marks Signature
1. V-I characteristics of PN junction diode
2. V-I characteristics of Zener diode
3. Half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier (center
tapped) using P-N junction diode
4. Biased Clippers using P-N junction diode
5. Zener diode as voltage regulator
6. Input and output characteristics of common emitter
configuration
7. Drain and transfer characteristics of JFET
8. Measurement of frequency and phase using CRO
Course Code: EIE101R01
Semester: I & II
Basic Electronics Engineering
(Common to all branches of Engineering)
List of Experiments
1. V-I characteristics of PN junction diode
2. V-I characteristics of Zener diode
3. Half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier (center tapped) using PN
junction diode
4. Biased Clippers using PN junction diode
5. Zener diode as voltage regulator
6. Input and output characteristics of common emitter configuration
7. Drain and transfer characteristics of JFET
8. Measurement of frequency and phase using CRO
Laboratory Learning Outcomes
Infer the characteristics of semiconductor devices and use them for different
applications.
Design a voltage regulator using Zener diode.
Make use of CRO to measure various electrical parameters
Course Learning Outcomes
To analyze the characteristics curves of analog electronic components through
experiments
To measure and analyze input and output characteristics of transistor configurations
Expt: 01: Date:
V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE
Aim:
i) To plot the V-I characteristics of PN Junction diode
ii) To find the cut-in voltage of the PN Junction diode
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment required Quantity
1. Diode (1N4001, OA79) 1
2. Resistor (1kΩ) 1
3. Breadboard 1
4. DC Regulated Power Supply (0 – 30) V 1
5. Ammeter (0 – 100) mA 1
6. Ammeter (0 – 1) mA 1
7. Voltmeter (0 –1) V 1
8. Voltmeter (0 – 30) V 1
9. Connecting wires 1
Circuit diagram:
Forward Characteristics:
(0 - 100 mA)
1 k
_
+ A
1KΩ +
+ 1N4001 D
RPS V (0 - 1 V)
(0 - 30 V)
_ _
Reverse Characteristics:
Model graph:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram
2. For PN Junction diode, vary the voltage in the range of 0.1 V and note down the
voltmeter and the corresponding ammeter readings.
3. Plot the graph, with the voltage in the X axis and current in the Y axis. This gives the
forward characteristics of the diode.
4. For reverse bias, vary the voltage in the range of 1 V and note down the voltmeter and
the corresponding ammeter readings.
5. Plot the graph, with the voltage in the X axis and current in the Y axis. This gives the
reverse characteristics of the diode.
6. Calculate the cut-in voltage or knee voltage of the diode from the graph. (Cut-in voltage
is the voltage from where the current starts flowing and diode is said to conduct. This
represents the diode in the forward region.)
Tabulation:
Forward characteristics
Forward voltage VF (V) Forward current IF (mA)
Reverse characteristics
Reverse voltage VR(V) Reverse current IR (µA)
Result:
Expt: 02: Date:
V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE
Aim:
i) To plot the V-I characteristics of the Zener diode
ii) To find the breakdown voltage of Zener diode
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment required Quantity
1. Zener diode (With different ratings) 1
2. Resistor (1kΩ) 1
3. Bread board 1
4. DC Regulated Power Supply (0 – 30) V 1
5. Ammeter (0 – 100) mA 1
6. Ammeter (0 – 1) mA 1
7. Voltmeter (0 –1) V 1
8. Voltmeter (0 – 30) V 1
9. Connecting wires
Circuit diagram:
Forward Characteristics:
1 k (0 - 100 mA)
+ A _
R A +
+ V (0 - 1 V)
RPS _
(0 - 30 V) K _
Reverse Characteristics:
Model graph:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram
2. For Zener diode, vary the voltage in the range of 0.1 V and note down the voltmeter
and the corresponding ammeter readings.
3. Plot the graph, with the voltage in the X axis and current in the Y axis. This gives the
forward characteristics of the diode.
4. For reverse bias, vary the voltage in the range of 1 V and note down the voltmeter and
the corresponding ammeter readings.
5. Plot the graph, with the voltage in the X axis and current in the Y axis. This gives the
reverse characteristics of the diode.
6. Calculate the zener breakdown voltage of the zener diode from the graph. (Zener
breakdown is the voltage at which the voltage across the zener diode remains constant
and the current rises sharply under the reverse bias condition).
Tabulation:
Forward characteristics
Forward voltage VF (V) Forward current IF (mA)
Reverse characteristics
Reverse voltage VR (V) Reverse current IR (µA)
Result:
Expt: 03: Date:
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER (CENTER TAPPED) USING PN
JUNCTION DIODE
Aim:
i) To construct a Half wave rectifier circuit and draw the input-output waveform
ii) To construct a Full wave rectifier circuit and draw the input-output waveform
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment required Quantity
1. Diode (1N4001) 2
2. Resistor (1 kΩ) 1
3. Transformer with center tap (15-0-15) V 1
4. Bread board 1
5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 1
6. Connecting wires
Circuit diagram:
Half wave rectifier:
Full wave rectifier:
Model graph:
Half wave rectifier:
Full wave rectifier:
Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram for the half wave rectifier.
2. Give the input from the ac mains to the primary of the transformer.
3. Note down the Input and output from the CRO and draw the input and output
waveforms.
4. Repeat the same procedure for full wave rectifier.
Tabulation:
Half wave rectifier
Wave No of Time/division Total time No of Volts/division Total
form divisions (ms) (ms) divisions in (V) Voltage
in X axis Y axis (V)
Input
Output
Full wave rectifier
Wave No of Time/division Total time No of Volts/division Total
form divisions (ms) (ms) divisions in (V) Voltage
in X axis Y axis (V)
Input
Output
Result:
Expt: 04: Date:
BIASED CLIPPER USING PN JUNCTION DIODE
Aim:
To construct a Clipper circuit and draw the input-output waveform
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment required Quantity
1. Diode (1N4001) 1
2. Resistor (1 kΩ) 1
3. Bread board 1
4. DC Regulated Power Supply (0 – 30) V 1
5. Audio Frequency Oscillator (AFO) 1
6. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 1
7. Connecting wires
Circuit diagram:
Negative biased Clipper:
1 k
+
R
VIN 1N4001 D
V
OUT
Vref
Positive biased Clipper:
1 k
+
R
1N4001 D
VIN Vref VOUT
_
Model graph:
Negative biased Clipper:
Positive biased Clipper:
Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram for the clipper circuit.
2. Give a sine wave input of any amplitude and frequency using audio frequency
oscillator (AFO).
3. Set any reference voltage using DC power supply.
4. Note the Input and output in the CRO and draw the waveforms.
Tabulation:
Wave No of Time/division Total No of Volts/division Total Voltage
form divisions (ms) time divisions in (V) (V)
in X axis (ms) Y axis
Above zero Above zero
Input axis: axis:
Below zero Below zero
axis: axis:
Above zero Above zero
Output axis: axis:
Below zero Below zero
axis: axis:
Wave No of Time/division Total No of Volts/division Total Voltage
form divisions (ms) time divisions in (V) (V)
in X axis (ms) Y axis
Above zero Above zero
Input axis: axis:
Below zero Below zero
axis: axis:
Above zero Above zero
Output axis: axis:
Below zero Below zero
axis: axis:
Result:
Expt: 05: Date:
ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Aim:
To construct a Zener diode as voltage regulator and plot the line regulation and Load
regulation characteristics.
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment required Quantity
1. Resistor (220 Ω or 470 Ω and 2.2 kΩ) 1
2. Zener Diode (5 V,9 V,1/2 W) 1
3. Voltmeter (0-30) V 1
4. Ammeter (0-10) mA 1
5. Multimeter 1
6. Breadboard 1
7. Regulated Power Supply (RPS) 1
8. Connecting wires
Circuit diagram:
Rs = 220Ω (0-10) mA
RPS +
IZ +
VS VZ V (0 - 30 V) RL VL
(0 -30 V) _ _ 2.2 k
_
Model graph:
Procedure:
Line regulation
1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as per the diagram
2. Give the dc input ( VS) using RPS
3. Tabulate the output voltage VL for different values of input voltage VS for a particular
value of load resistance RL
4. Plot the graph with input voltage VS along X axis and output voltage VL along Y axis
Load regulation
1. Wire the circuit in the breadboard as per the diagram
2. Give the dc input (VS) using RPS
3. Tabulate the output voltage VL for different values of load resistance RL and load
current IL for a particular value of input voltage V S
4. Plot the graph with load resistor RL along X axis and output voltage VL along Y axis
Tabulation:
Line regulation:
RL = Ω
Input voltage VS (V) Output voltage VL(V)
Load regulation:
VS = V
Load resistor RL(Ω) Output voltage VL(V) Line Current IL (mA)
Result:
Expt: 06: Date:
INPUT AND OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON EMITTER CONFIGURATION
Aim:
To construct a Common Emitter (CE) circuit and plot its input and output
characteristics
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment required Quantity
1. Transistor (CL 100) 1
2. Resistor (1 kΩ & 100 kΩ) 1
3. Voltmeter (0-30) V 1
4. Voltmeter (0-1) V 1
5. Ammeter (0-100) mA 1
6. Ammeter (0-1) mA 1
7. Bread board 1
8. DC Regulated Power Supply (0 – 30) V 2
9. Connecting wires
Base diagram:
Specifications of CL100 (from datasheet):
1. Collector current (IC) 1A
2. DC current gain hFE (min) 40
3. Power Dissipation @ Ta = 250C 800 mW
4. Base emitter On voltage ( VBE (on) ) for IC = 150mA and VCE = 1 V 0.9 V
5. Collector emitter saturation voltage ( VCE(sat) ) for IC = 150mA and IB = 15 mA 0.6 V
6. Collector Emitter Voltage VCER 50 V
Circuit diagram:
IC RC
_
A +
RS IB C 1k
_ ( 0 - 50) mA +
+ A
B CL 100
( 0 - 1)mA +
+ 100k VCE VCC
E
V
VBB + ( 0 - 30)V
V ( 0 - 30)V
_
( 0 - 30)V BE V _
_ ( 0 - 1)V _
Model graph:
Input characteristics:
Output characteristics:
Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. To plot the input characteristics, keep V CE constant, vary the input VBB in steps of 0.1 V
and note down the voltmeter reading (VBE) and the corresponding ammeter reading (IC).
Repeat the same for different values of V CE.
3. Plot the graph by taking Base Emitter voltage (VBE) in the X axis and Base current (IB) in
the Y axis. This gives the input characteristics curve of the transistor. Plot for different
values of Collector Emitter voltage (V CE)
4. To plot the output characteristics, keep I B constant, vary VCC in steps of 1 V and note
down the voltmeter reading (V CE) and the corresponding the ammeter reading (I C).
Repeat the same for different values of I B.
5. Plot the graph by taking Collector Emitter voltage (VCE) in the X axis and Collector current
(IC) in the Y axis. This gives the output characteristics curve of the transistor. Plot for
different values of Base current (I B)
Tabulation:
Input characteristics
VCE1= V VCE2 = V
Base Emitter voltage Base current Base Emitter voltage Base current
VBE(V) IB (µA) VBE(V) IB (µA)
Output characteristics
IB1 = mA IB2 = mA
Collector Emitter Collector current Collector Emitter Collector current
voltage VCE(V) IC (mA) voltage VCE(V) IC (mA)
Result:
Expt: 07: Date:
DRAIN AND TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF JFET
Aim:
To construct a JFET circuit and plot its Drain and Transfer characteristics.
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment required Quantity
1. JFET (BFW10/BFW11) 1
2. Resistor (100 kΩ and 1 kΩ) 1
3. Voltmeter (0-5) V 1
4. Voltmeter (0-30) V 1
5. Ammeter (0-100) mA 1
6. Bread board 1
7. DC Regulated Power Supply (0 – 30) V 2
8. Connecting wires
Base diagram of JFET:
Top View
Bottom View
Specifications of BFW10/BFW11 (from datasheet):
1 Drain to Source Voltage (VDS) 30 V
.
2 Gate to Source voltage (open drain) (-VGSO) - 30 V
.
3 Drain to Gate Voltage (Open source) (VDGO) 30 V
.
4 Maximum drain current (IDSS) for VDS=15 V and VGS = 0 V 20 mA
.
5 Total Power Dissipation (Ptot) at Tamb = 250C 250 mW
.
Circuit diagram:
_ 560
A +
G
D
( 0 - 100)mA
BFW10 +
S + VDD
_ _ ( 0 - 30)V
_
VGG V VDS
VGS
( 0 - 30)V V _ ( 0 - 30)V
+ ( 0 - 5)V
+
Model graph:
Drain characteristics:
Transfer characteristics
Procedure:
Drain Characteristics:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. To plot the drain characteristics, keep V GS constant, vary VDD in steps of 1 V and note
down the voltmeter reading (V DS) and the corresponding ammeter reading (ID). Repeat
the same for different values of VGS.
3. Plot the graph by taking Drain Source voltage (VDS) in the X axis and Drain current (ID) in
the Y axis. This gives the drain characteristics curve of the JFET. Plot for different values
of Gate Source voltage (VGS)
Transfer Characteristics:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. To plot the transfer characteristics, keep VDS constant, vary VGG in steps of 1 V and note
down the voltmeter reading (VGS) and the corresponding the ammeter reading (ID).
Repeat the same for different values of V DS.
3. Plot the graph by taking Gate Source voltage (VGS) in the X axis and Drain current (ID) in
the Y axis. This gives the transfer characteristics curve of the JFET. Plot for different
values of Drain Source voltage (VDS).
Tabulation:
Drain characteristics
VGS1= V VGS2 = V
Drain to source voltage Drain current Drain to source voltage Drain current
VDS(V) ID (mA) VDS(V) ID (mA)
Transfer characteristics
VDS1= V VDS2 = V
Gate to source Drain current Gate to source voltage Drain current
voltage VGS(V) ID (mA) VGS(V) ID (mA)
Result:
Expt: 08: Date:
MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND PHASE ANGLE USING CRO
Aim:
i. To measure the unknown frequency of the given sinusoidal signal using Lissajous
pattern
ii. To measure the phase difference between two sinusoidal signals
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment required Quantity
1. Resistor (1 kΩ) 1
2. Capacitor (0.1 µF) 1
3. Audio Frequency Oscillator (AFO) 2
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 1
5. Breadboard 1
6. Connecting wires
Circuit diagram:
Frequency measurement
CRO
X Y
AFO 1 AFO 2
Gnd Gnd
Formula:
fv Numberof loops touching the xaxis
fh Numberof loops touching the yaxis
fv frequency of the signal applied to vertical deflection plates
fh frequency of the signal applied to horizontal deflection plates
Phase measurement
a
From the diagram sin1 b where a - Minor axis and b – Major axis
Theoretical value tan12fRC
or
T 360
Theoretical value where ‘T’ is the total time (360 0) of the input signal and ∆T is
T
the time difference.
Formula for patterns at various quadrants
Quadrant Formulas
a
II and IV quadrants 1800 sin1
b
I and III quadrant sin1
b
Procedure:
Frequency measurement
1. Connect two Audio Frequency Oscillators (AFO) to the X and Y channel of the CRO
(Cathode Ray Oscilloscope).
2. Set the known frequency in one AFO and then tune the other AFO frequency to get the
Lissajous pattern
3. Record the readings and the pattern obtained
Phase measurement
1. Give the circuit connections as per the diagram and apply a sine wave input.
2. Note the diameter of the major and minor axis
3. Calculate the phase angle theoretically and practically and compare them.
Tabulation:
Frequency measurement
S. No Known Lissajous Number of Number of Frequency Unknown
Frequency (Hz) Pattern loops loops fv Frequency
touching touching Ratio (Hz)
fh
the X-axis the Y-axis
Phase measurement
Theoretical Value Practical Value
Phase Angle Major Axis Minor Axis Phase Angle
R (kΩ) C (μF) θ = tan-1 (2πfRC) (b) (a) θ = sin-1(a / b)
Result:
