Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant

Trees of Koraput District of Odisha

Kakoli Banerjee, Gopal Raj Khemendu, Rakesh Paul

and Abhijit Mitra

Abstract A survey was conducted during 2015 in major terrestrial trees of Koraput
with the aim to evaluate the biomass and stored carbon in the species. The order of
biomass and stored carbon varied as per the sequence Mangifera indica > Pongamia
glabra > Tamarindus indica > Eugenia jambolana > Shorea robusta > Artocarpus
heterophyllus > Bombax malbaricum > Santalum album > Anacardium occiden-
tale. Correlation coefficient conducted between DBH and tree biomass and stored
carbon indicates significantly positive interrelationship between the variables.
However, in case of interrelationship between DBH and height, the same trend was
observed except in species Anacardium sp., Bombax sp., and Tamarindus sp. The
overall result signifies that greater biomass of trees serves as potential reservoir of
carbon and may be used to off-set the carbon dioxide concentration at local level.

Keywords Koraput
Diameter at breast height (DBH)
Biomass

Stored carbon (C)

Introduction

Forest ecosystems can be said to be the net sources or sinks of CO2, depending on
dominant biological or physical factors, including: (1) state of the soil and vege-
tation (i.e., the system undisturbed, disturbed or recovering?); (2) management
practices at the site level; (3) environmental conditions (e.g., climatic, edaphic, fire,
pests, etc.); and (4) atmospheric deposition of pollutants and other compounds,
some of which (e.g., CO2 and nitrogen) can serve as nutrients (Kauppi et al. 1992;

K. Banerjee (&)
G.R. Khemendu
R. Paul

Department of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources,
Central University of Orissa, Landiguda, Koraput 764020, Odisha, India
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Mitra
Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road,
Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 235

V.P. Singh et al. (eds.), Energy and Environment, Water Science
and Technology Library 80, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5798-4_22
236 K. Banerjee et al.

Cropper and Gholz 1993). It has been reported by Winjum et al. (1992) that there
are three broad classes of forest management actions that could influence carbon
conservation and sequestration in forest ecosystems: (1) decreasing deforestation
and forest degradation; (2) establishing additional areas of forest; and (3) imple-
mentation of practices which stimulate CO2 fixation by existing forest or agro-forest
systems. About 80% of the world’s potential for increasing carbon storage in forests
(estimated at 60–87 Pg carbon from now up to 2050) lies in developing countries
(Brown 1995). The forest woodland contains more carbon than all other categories
collectively, but the proportion of total carbon in this class has progressively
declined throughout the century from 73% in 1880 to 63% in 1980 (Richards and
Flint 1993). While as, in India, a national level estimate of carbon storage con-
ducted by Kishwan et al. (2009) estimated the role of India’s forests from 1995 to
2005 toward carbon (C) sink using secondary data of growing stock from different
sources and reported that from 1995 to 2005, carbon in biomass of Indian forests
have increased from 2692.474 to 2865.739 mt registering an annual increment of
173.265 mt of carbon during a decade. Sathaye and Ravindranath reported in 2001
on Climate Change that about 36.9 million hectare degraded forestland with carbon
mitigation potential of 74.75 t carbon/ha is available for regeneration. Moreover,
India with carbon abatement cost in the forestry sector can be the basis of attracting
global environment facility (GEF) funded projects.
The gases with special optical properties that are responsible for climate
warming include carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapors (H2O), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), stratospheric ozone (O3), carbon
monoxide (CO), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s). Among all these greenhouse
gases, CO2 plays a lead role as it contributes to 50% of the total greenhouse effect
(Bhardwaj and Panwar 2003). Though fundamental to life on earth, concentration
of atmospheric CO2 has increased from a preindustrial level of 280 to 390 ppm and
is increasing at a rate of 1.5 µL year−1 giving rise to an alarming situation (Lee and
Dobson 1996). Anthropogenic activities, including combustion of fossil fuels
and land use change, contribute carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the global
carbon (C) cycle. Current annual CO2 emissions are estimated at 7.5 ± 1.5 peta-
grams (Pg = g  1015) as C (Sundquist 1993). The atmospheric CO2 reservoir is
increasing by 3.4 ± 0.2 Pg annually (Tans et al. 1990). The world’s oceans are
believed to be a net sink of 2.0 ± 0.8 PgC annually, leaving the terrestrial bio-
sphere as a sink up to 4 PgC annually (Tans et al. 1990; Sundquist 1993). Human
activities (like expansion of mining areas, clearing of the forest areas for human
settlement, industrialization, and urbanization) are also responsible for making
changes in carbon stocks in these pools by changing the land use pattern of any area
(Negi and Chauhan 2002). They have caused a significant release of CO2 to the
atmosphere from the terrestrial biota and soils, soil being a major source of
atmospheric CO2.
Terrestrial ecosystems of the northern hemisphere have been identified as
potential carbon sink (Tans et al. 1990; Kauppi et al. 1992; Sedjo 1992), although
some tropical forests are also accumulating significant amounts of carbon (Brown
et al. 1992). However, the precise role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global
Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput … 237

carbon cycle still remains uncertain. It is to be noted here that the challenges of
climate change can be effectively overcome by the storage of carbon in terrestrial
carbon sinks, viz., plants, plant products, and soils for longer periods of time.
Forestry can play a major role towards increasing the global carbon sequestration if
the world’s forest could be managed properly with due importance to afforestation
and reforestation and carbon management in existing forests (Bala et al. 2003;
McKinley et al. 2011). Forest transition also contributes to carbon sequestration
besides conserving biodiversity and improving local and regional environment (Xu
et al. 2007). On this background, this first-order analysis aims to estimate the
biomass and carbon storage potential in dominant trees of Koraput district of
Odisha which is noted for its deciduous variety of trees at a location of approxi-
mately 853.44 m from the mean sea level (MSL).

Materials and Methods

Study Area

Koraput has a population of 13,05,492 (2008) spread in an area of 8,807 km2, and
is situated in the southern part of Odisha State (18° 13′ and 19° 10′ North latitude
and 82° 5′ and 83° 13′ East longitude) with a total geographical area of 8,807 km2
accounting 5.38% of Odisha state. Around 21% (1879.53 km2) of the total area is
covered with forest (Sahu et al. 2003; DES 2007). Physiographically it is con-
tiguous to the main land of Eastern Ghat high land zone and South-Eastern Ghat
zone. It is bounded in the east by Rayagada district (a portion) of Orissa and
Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, Bastar district of Chhattisgarh in the West,
Nabarangpur district of Orissa in the north and Malkangiri district of Orissa and
Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh in the South. The general topography of
the area is of broken mountains intercepted by large riverbeds and watercourses.
The altitude varies from 500 m near western side to 1600 m on the eastern side
with mountain peaks and ridges. Deomali (1672 m) is the highest mountainous
peak of Orissa found in this district. Sandy and clay type soil predominate the entire
district. The climate of the major portion of the district is influenced by its varied
elevation. The minimum and maximum temperatures are 13 and 42 °C in the month
of December and May, respectively. Humidity is generally high especially in the
monsoon and post-monsoon months. It receives about 1500 mm rainfall annually
(Dash 1994). Major portion of the annual rainfall during southwest monsoon occurs
between July and September. The forest vegetation of Koraput is broadly divided
into three categories viz. semi evergreen, moist deciduous, and bushy type (Das and
Misra 2000). Five stations were selected at random and five quadrants each of
25 m  25 m were selected in each station to study the biomass and carbon of the
tree species (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
238 K. Banerjee et al.

Table 1 Study site with description

S. Station Coordinates Description
No. name
1 Tarlaguda 18° 44′ 38.2″N It is a social forest near Damanjodi town plant are
82° 54′ 54.7″E protected by the local villagers. It is partially prone to
pollution as it near the NALCO industry
2 Marchimaal 18° 44′ 07.3″N The forest almost 5 km away from Damanjodi town
82° 54′ 36.2″E and also protected by the local villager. Two stone
mining stations are present near the site
3 Doliambo 18° 39′ 24.4″N The station is away from Semiliguda town, also near to
82° 52′ 45.5″E a mining industry. A sal plantation forest is present
beside the patch of forest
4 Amtiguda 18° 47′ 02″N Present near the Koraput town, and the plants are
82° 44′ 57″E protected by the local people since the past 60–
70 years due to their religious belief and social
benefits
5 Sukriguda 18° 48′ 51.2″N A natural forest nearly 10 km away from the Koraput
82° 40′ 07.4″E town and away from the pollution of the road vehicles.
Present adjacent to village Sukriguda, present opposite
to a Eucalyptus plantation

Sampling and Analysis

We selected 09 dominant tree species in the area based on the relative density and
abundance of the trees. The trees were mostly from social forestry which is wild and
>20 cm diameter was taken into consideration. The age of the trees were >30 years.
The study was undertaken in October to December 2015 (post-monsoon season).
Above ground biomass (AGB) estimation: The biomass of above ground structures
(stems, branches, and leaves) was estimated as per the standard procedure (Mitra
et al. 2011). Above ground carbon (AGC) estimation: The fresh samples of stem,
branch, and leaf were collected for each species and oven dried at 70 °C. Direct
estimation of percent carbon for each species were carried out by Vario MACRO
elementar make CHN analyzer, after grinding and random mixing the oven dried
stems, branches and leaves separately (Mitra et al. 2011).

Results and Discussion

A total of 09 species has been documented from the study site (Table 2). The
relative densities of the trees at the five selected stations are given in Fig. 2. From
the abundance chart, it is clearly seen that Mangifera sp. holds the major share
followed by Pongamia sp., Eugenia sp. and Shorea sp.
Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput … 239

Fig. 1 Map showing the location of sampling stations

Above Ground Biomass (AGB)

Biomass data is a basic requirement for the estimation of carbon density and storage
and can be acquired in different ways but field measured data is the most basic,
direct, and authentic (Wang et al. 1999; Fang et al. 2001). At the individual plant
level, photosynthesis is dependent on ambient CO2 concentration, light, tempera-
ture, and other factors (Mooney et al. 1991; Cropper and Gholz 1993). Strain and
Table 2 Taxonomic identification of species with their AGB and AGC values in the study area
240

S. No. Systematic position Species Stations

1 Anacardium occidentale 1 2 3 4 5
Kingdom-plantae order-Myrtales AGB 80.64 ± 1.15 – 110.24 ± 0.83 – 554.56 ± 0.64
family-Anacardiaceae genus-Anacardium species- (kg/ha)
occidentale
AGC 38.30 ± 0.54 – 52.36 ± 0.39 – 263.42 ± 0.30
(47.5%)

2 Artocarpus heterophyllus AGB 2577.44 ± 4.08 6717.44 ± 9.78 10495.84 ± 12.28 3439.04 ± 9.63 4614.72 ± 4.59
Kingdom-planate order-Rosale family-Moraceae (kg/ha)
genus-Artocarpus species-heterophyllus AGC 1244.9 ± 1.97 3244.52 ± 4.72 5069.49 ± 5.93 1661.06 ± 4.65 2228.91 ± 2.22
(48.3%)

3 Mangifera indica AGB/ha) 22289.44 ± 4.52 181003.70 ± 5.68 1131.20 ± 3.86 16314.88 ± 6.30 6798.08 ± 3.76
Kingdom-plantae order-Sapindles AGC 10654.35 ± 2.16 86519.76 ± 2.71 540.71 ± 1.84 7798.51 ± 3.01 3249.48 ± 1.80
family-Anacardiaceae genus-Mangifera species- (47.8%)
indica

(continued)
K. Banerjee et al.
Table 2 (continued)
S. No. Systematic position Species Stations
4 Bombax malabaricum AGB 5127.52 ± 3.29 3612 ± 3.05 – 5088.16 ± 2.88 13736.80 ± 5.46
Kingdom-plantae order-Malvales (kg/ha)
family-Bombacaceae genus-Bombax species- AGC 2420.19 ± 1.55 1704.86 ± 1.44 – 2401.61 ± 1.36 6483.77 ± 2.58
malabaricum (47.2%)

5 Pongamia glabra AGB – 11592.48 ± 4.42 – 53872.64 ± 4.63 16211.84 ± 4.77

Kingdom-plantae order-Fables family-Fabaceae (kg/ha)
genus-Pongamia species-glabra AGC – 5552.8 ± 2.12 – 25804.99 ± 2.22 7765.47 ± 2.28
(47.9%)

6 Tamarindus indica AGB 9056.8 ± 12.48 14989.12 ± 8.51 – 25102.24 ± 7.03 9159.52 ± 5.75
Kingdom-plantae order-Fables family-Fabaceae (kg/ha)
genus-Tamarindus species-indica AGC 4383.49 ± 6.04 7254.73 ± 4.12 – 12149.48 ± 3.41 4433.21 ± 2.78
(48.4%)
Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput …

(continued)
241
Table 2 (continued)
242

S. No. Systematic position Species Stations

7 Eugenia jambolana AGB 17765.92 ± 3.68 7675.36 ± 5.22 2998.56 ± 10.57 23735.36 ± 6.84 4968.96 ± 4.82
Kingdom-plantae order-Myrtales Family-Myrtaceae (kg/ha)
genus-Eugenia species-jambolana AGC 8740.83 ± 1.81 3776.28 ± 2.57 1475.29 ± 5.20 11677.8 ± 3.36 2444.73 ± 2.37
(49.2%)

8 Shorea robusta AGB – – 563.84 ± 6.51 23809.44 ± 11.03 28790.1 ± 8.26

Kingdom-plantae order-Malvales (kg/ha)
family-Dipterocarpaceae genus-Shorea species- AGC – – 279.1 ± 3.22 11785.67 ± 5.46 14251.1 ± 4.09
robusta (49.5%)

9 Santalum album AGB – – 522.08 ± 5.80 281.92 ± 7.01 282.56 ± 4.59

Kingdom-plantae order-antalales (kg/ha)
family-Santalaceae genus-Santalum species-album AGC – – 253.73 ± 2.82 137.01 ± 3.40 137.32 ± 2.23
(48.6%)
K. Banerjee et al.
Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput … 243

StaƟon-1 StaƟon-2
0.00 0.00 Anacardium occidentale 0.00 0.00
0.00 Anacardium occidentale
Artocarpus heterophyllus Artocarpus heterophyllus
11.11 8.33 8.33
22.22 Mangifera indica 8.33 Mangifera indica
Bombax malbaricum Bombax malbaricum
22.22
16.67
11.11 Pongamia glabra Pongamia glabra
50.00
11.11 Tamarindus indica 8.33 Tamarindus indica
0.00 22.22
Eugenia jambolana
Eugenia jambolana
Shorea robusta
Shorea robusta

StaƟon-3 StaƟon-4
Anacardium occidentale 0.00 Anacardium occidentale

7.14
Artocarpus heterophyllus Artocarpus heterophyllus
7.69 7.69
21.43 7.14 Mangifera indica Mangifera indica
15.38
Bombax malbaricum 23.08 Bombax malbaricum
21.43 Pongamia glabra Pongamia glabra
7.69
14.29
0.00 Tamarindus indica Tamarindus indica
7.69
Eugenia jambolana Eugenia jambolana
0.00 7.69 23.08
28.57 Shorea robusta Shorea robusta

0.00
Santalum album Santalum album

StaƟon-5
Anacardium occidentale Anacardium occidentale
7.69% 6.15% Artocarpus heterophyllus Artocarpus heterophyllus
5.88 11.76
9.23 % Mangifera indica,
12.31% Mangifera indica
17.65 5.88
Bombax malbaricum Bombax malbaricum
Pongamia glabra 11.76 Pongamia glabra
13.85% 23.08% 5.88
Tamarindus indica Tamarindus indica
7.69% Eugenia jambolana 11.76 11.76
Eugenia jambolana
7.69%
12.31% Shorea robusta 17.65 Shorea robusta
Santalum album Santalum album

Fig. 2 Relative density of the trees at the selected stations and abundance of tree species
considering all the stations

Thomas (1992) reviewed the literature on plant response to elevated CO2 and
concluded: (1) if other resources are present at required levels, CO2 enrichment will
increase photosynthesis and plant growth; (2) plants limited by resource deficien-
cies (e.g., nitrogen or phosphorus) will respond slightly or not at all to CO2
enrichment; (3) CO2 reduces transpiration and improves plant water status, due to
increasing photosynthesis and decreased water loss; and (4) CO2 and global
warming may affect species differentially and will result in ecosystem flora and
fauna change. The potential of individual trees to act as a carbon sink may be highly
dependent on response to soil nutrition and environmental stress rather than to
atmospheric CO2 concentration (Norby et al. 1992). Forest ecosystem carbon
244 K. Banerjee et al.

AGB and AGC in kg/ha

Fig. 3 Species-wise
variation in AGB and AGC
values in the study area

AGB (kg/ha)
AGC (%)

Nameof species

balances appear to be sensitive to annual differences in climate and possibly CO2

enrichment (Mooney et al. 1991; Cropper and Gholz 1993).
This study shows that AGB values in all the stations follow the trend of Mangifera
indica > Pongamia glabra > Tamarindus indica > Eugenia jambolana > Shorea
robusta > Artocarpus heterophyllus > Bombax malbaricum > Santalum album >
Anacardium occidentale (Fig. 3). The relatively more value of AGB in the Mangifera
sp. may be the suitability of the environment in course of time and an increased pH of
the ambient soil. The AGB ranged from 80.64 ± 1.15 kg/ha (in A. occidentale) at
station 1 to 181,003.70 ± 5.68 kg/ha (in M. indica) at station 2 considering minimum
and maximum values of AGB respectively during the study period. The total biomass
in each station varied as Station 2 (225590.1 kg/ha) > Station 4 (151643.68 kg/ha) >
Station 5 (85117.14 kg/ha) > Station 1 (56897.76 kg/ha) > Station 3 (15821.76
kg/ha). The highly acidic soil may be one of the reasons behind the low AGB of the
species at stations 3 due to the presence of the mining industry.

Above Ground Carbon (AGC)

In terrestrial system, carbon is retained in live biomass, decomposing organic matter

and soil that play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Carbon is exchanged
between these systems and the atmosphere through photosynthesis, respiration,
decomposition, and combustion. Adoption of carbon sequestration measures in the
forests and soil can considerably reduce the rise in atmospheric CO2 level (Rai and
Sharma 2003). In order to sustain the amount of carbon in the soil, the identified
ecological factors should be enhanced through the application of good forest and
land management practices, such as creation of vegetal buffer zones around farm-
lands, zero-tillage practice, mulching, retaining of forest slash and crop residues,
fertilizer application, elongation of fallow periods, crop rotation, and tree planting
initiatives in degraded areas among others. Through these healthy practices, forest
vegetation can be maintained; thereby increasing the carbon stock of forest soil by
reducing direct loss to the atmosphere (Offiong and Iwara 2012). A study carried
out on carbon sequestration and carbon sink by Gera et al. 2002 in community
projected forests of Sambalpur forest division, Orissa, India showed that
Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput … 245

1.53–3.01 tons of carbon is being sequestered per ha per year, with only protection,
which can be enhanced through proper implementation of the management pre-
scriptions. The study also suggested that Joint Forest Management in India could be
effectively utilized for carbon sequestration so as to mitigate climate change.
In this study, the stored carbon in the tree is found to increase with the growth of
species (documented in the present study in terms of biomass). The AGC values
ranged from 38.30 ± 0.54 kg/ha (in A. occidentale) to 86,519.76 ± 2.71 kg/ha (in
M. indica) during the study period considering the minimum and maximum values
of AGC. The percentage of carbon in the selected species ranged from 47.2% (in B.
malbaricum) to 49.5% (in S. robusta) during the post-monsoon season (Table 2).
The station wise variation in AGC is shown in Fig. 4. Considering the overall
accumulation pattern of carbon in each station, we can conclude that Station 2
AGB and AGC in kg/ha

AGB and AGC in kg/ha

AGB AGB

AGC AGC

Species name Species name

Station 1 Station 2
AGB and AGC in kh/ha

AGB and AGC in kg/ha

AGB AGB
AGC AGC

Species name Species name

Station 3 Station 4
AGB and AGC in kg/ha

AGB
AGC

Species name
Station 5

Fig. 4 Variation in AGB and AGC values in the selected species at the sampling stations
246 K. Banerjee et al.

Table 3 Inter-relationship (r-value) between DBH, height, biomass and carbon of selected tree
species
Species DBH  height DBH  biomass Biomass  carbon
Anacardium occidentale −0.63, p <0.01 0.90, p <0.01 0.90, p <0.01
Artocarpus heterophyllus 0.52, p <0.05 0.94, p <0.01 0.94, p <0.01
Mangifera indica 0.90, p <0.01 0.92, p <0.01 0.92, p <0.01
Bombax malabaricum −0.17, IS* 0.83, p <0.01 0.83, p <0.83
Pongamia glabra 0.83, p <0.01 0.95, p <0.01 0.94, p <0.01
Tamarindus indica 0.13, IS* 0.86, p <0.01 0.86, p <0.01
Eugenia jambolana 0.91, p <0.01 0.95, p <0.01 0.95, p <0.01
Shorea robusta 0.95, p <0.01 0.96, p <0.01 0.96, p <0.01
Santalum album 0.63, p <0.01 0.96, p <0.01 0.95, p <0.01
*IS means insignificant

(108052.95 kg/ha) > Station 4 (73416.13 kg/ha) > Station 5 (41257.41 kg/ha) >
Station 1 (27482.06 kg/ha) > Station 3 (7670.68 kg/ha) respectively.
We deviated from the standard norm of expressing the carbon content in tons
ha−1, because this value is the product of number of trees of a particular species and
their respective volumes, which depend on human choice during plantation process
and growth (in terms of biomass), where management is also a vital component
(Zaman et al. 2014). Correlation coefficient conducted between DBH and tree
biomass and stored carbon indicates significantly positive interrelationship between
the two variables (Table 3). However, in case of interrelationship between DBH
and height the same trend was observed except in species Anacardium sp., Bombax
sp., and Tamarindus sp. The overall result signifies that greater biomass of trees
serves as potential reservoir of carbon and may be used to mitigate the carbon
dioxide concentration at local level.
A comparison of carbon sequestration rates and total carbon stock pile in
degraded and nondegraded sites of Oak and Pine forest of Kumaun Central
Himalaya was made by Jina et al. (2008). The study confirms that the sequestration
of CO2 in nondegraded forests is significantly greater than the degraded forests. The
study further suggests that community forests should be encouraged because of
their significance of becoming the sink for increased CO2 worldwide. This is also at
par with our study which is the social forests and purely conserved by the local
people. Plant species which are less vulnerable to climate change have a greater
potential of carbon sequestration. This view is supported by Negi and Chauhan
(2002), who studied the greenhouse gas mitigation potential by Sal (S. robusta
Gaertn F.) forests in Doon valley, Uttaranchal, India. Sal, a less vulnerable species
to climate change provides a positive response to climate change shown by its
increased productivity, and thus has the capability to sequester greater amounts of
carbon. Davey et al. (2006) conducted a study on popular trees and came to the
conclusion that these trees are well suited to elevated levels of CO2 and can be
grown for long term storage of carbon in wood.
Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput … 247

Koraput although is a small city sustains two major industries of Hindustan

Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and National Aluminium Company (NALCO) within
its vicinity. Though the area is less populated for now but the two major industries
can be a probable cause in increase of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Such studies at the local level aim to prepare a stand and state level carbon budget
for the state and to describe the temporal carbon dynamics of these forests. This fact
is also supported by Pande (2003) who did a similar survey in the natural forests of
Madhya Pradesh, India. The study reveals that open canopy forests have a great
potential for sequestrating more and more carbon.

Conclusions

In today’s world, there is an utmost need of developing a data bank on potential

forests as a sink of carbon. There is no doubt that awareness has already developed
on adverse impact of greenhouse gas emission and the consequent climate change.
At the dawn of third millennium, greenhouse gases are widely accepted by inter-
national scientific community as one of the potential threats to the existence of
human kind coupled with extinction of other flora and fauna. Sequestration and
conservation of carbon in forest and agro-ecosystems can be achieved at relatively
low initial cost (NAS 1991; Dixon et al. 1993). The implementation of such
practices can lead to a positive rate of financial return as far as the concept of carbon
credit is concerned.

Acknowledgements The authors duly acknowledge NRSC Hyderabad for their financial assis-
tance for carrying out the research work. The authors also acknowledge the constant support of
HOD and Departmental staff for their constant support.

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