Cardiovascular
system
Make up the network that delivers oxygen to body tissues
It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Cardio Vascular
1. Transport of nutrients
2. Supply of oxygen and hormones to cells throughout the body
3. Removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes)
Heart Musculo tendinous organ
Made up of cardiomyocytes
Conical and hollow 300 g
10 cm long and 300 g weight
Pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins
Between the lungs, Located just behind and slightly left of the
breastbone (b/w lungs)
Basic anatomy of heart Protective covering
Surrounding the heart is a fibrous sac called pericardium
• The pericardium is a tough and layered sac. When the heart beats, it slides easily within it.
• Normally, 2 to 3 tablespoons of clear, yellow pericardial fluid are between the sac's two layers.
• That fluid helps the heart move easier within the sac. (reduces friction)
The Heart: Chambers
• Right and left side act as
separate pumps
• Four chambers
– Atria
• Receiving chambers
– Right atrium
– Left atrium
– Ventricles
• Discharging chambers
– Right ventricle
– Left ventricle
The Heart: Valves
• Allows blood to flow in only one direction
through the heart
• The mitral valve and tricuspid valve, which
control blood flow from the atria to the
ventricles.
• The aortic valve and pulmonary valve, which
control blood flow out of the ventricles
Blood circulation - route
Superior vena cava Capillaries of
head and forelimbs
Pulmonary Pulmonary
artery artery
Capillaries Aorta Capillaries
of right lung of left lung
Pulmonary Pulmonary vein
vein
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and hind limbs
Types of circulation
1. Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood between
heart and lungs
2. Systemic circulation
The flow of blood between
heart and cells of the body
Heart doesn’t get energized by the blood it collects and pumps
3. Coronary circulation is the circulation of
blood in the blood vessels that supply the
heart muscle
Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart
muscle
Cardiac conduction system
Cardiac muscle: Contractility, Conductivity
Rhythmicity
Impulses created and transmitted
Action Potential is generated by muscle
itself not by nerve
Nerves supplying the heart can only modify
the rate of Action Potential
If you cut all the nerves, the heart will
continue to beat (SA node action)
Sympathetic nerve - increases impulse rate
Para-sympathetic - decreases impulse rate
Cardiac cycle
The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle called the cardiac cycle
The contraction or pumping phase is called systole
The relaxation or filling phase is called diastole
72 beats / minute (0.8 sec/beat)
2 Atrial systole and ventricular
diastole Refractory period
1 Atrial and
ventricular diastole
0.1
sec
0.3 sec
0.4
sec
3 Ventricular systole and atrial
diastole
They're the sound of someone's heart doing its job
Cardiac math
• The heart rate, also
called the pulse, is the
number of beats per
minute
• The stroke volume is the
amount of blood
pumped in a single
contraction
Emotions control your heart rate
Heart rate can be affected by a number of conditions – including exercise, age,
disease, temperature and emotional state
60-100 beats/min normal
Heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system and decreased by
parasympathetic stimulation (vagus nerve)
Heart rate can also be increased hormonally via the action of adrenaline /
epinephrine
There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in our body
• A blood vessel’s cavity is called the central lumen
• The epithelial layer that lines blood vessels is called the endothelium
• The endothelium is smooth and minimizes resistance
• Comprises of Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
• The largest artery is the aorta, oxygenated blood from left ventricle
Structure of vasculature changes in response to different needs
Blood vessels - comparison
Velocity of blood flow is slowest in the capillary
beds, as a result of the high resistance and large
total cross-sectional area
Blood flow in capillaries is necessarily slow for
exchange of materials
Blood Fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other
waste products.
Heart diseases
Disorders of blood vessels
Valve defect in veins Fat accumulation Abnormal dilatation (Aneurysm)
Thrombus (Blood clot in blood vessel)
Heart problems – Blood Pressure
Pressure of your blood on the walls of your arteries as
your heart pumps it around your body
Engineered Instruments to diagnose
Sphygmomanometer
P – Contraction of atria
QRS – Contraction of ventricles
T – Relaxation of ventricles
1 2 3 4
SA node AV
(pacemaker) node Bundle Purkinje
branches Heart fibers
apex
ECG
Biomimic - Engineered Systems for Cardiovascular System
Extra corporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO)
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Treating damaged heart tissue using
biopolymers (Natural/Synthetic)
Stem cells are grown in biopolymer
based scaffold and implanted in
vivo
Regeneration of myocardium
Artificial valves
A prosthetic heart valve is surgically implanted to replace a heart valve that has become
damaged due to heart valve disease
Porcine or human Titanium and carbon
Total Artificial Heart (TAH)
Total artificial heart (TAH) is a pump that is surgically installed to provide circulation and replace heart
ventricles that are diseased or damaged
The ventricles pump blood out of the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body
Machines outside the body control the implanted pumps, helping blood flow to and from the heart
TAH use a portable control device that fits in a shoulder bag or backpack and weighs about 14 pounds
It can be recharged at home or in a car
Oil Pump of Vehicles
Oil pump is like the Heart of any vehicle or engine.
As heart pumps blood in all body organs of our body in the same way oil pump pumps
engine oil to all components of your motorcycle.
If it is not operating properly, the fuel / oil will not be adequately delivered to all points of
the engine nor will it be returned.
The pump must have a proper pressure and volume to lubricate and cool the engines as
required.
A weak or defective oil pump can leak to over-heating of engine and it can seize
anytime.
There are many reasons for a decrease in pump performance.
