JHS
Learning Strand 3
Mathematical and Problem Solving Skills
POLYNOMIALS
Accreditation and Equivalency (A&E) Program Module
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JHS
Learning Strand 3
Mathematical and Problem Solving Skills
POLYNOMIALS
Accreditation and Equivalency (A&E) Program Module
Learning Strand 3: Junior High School
Alternative Learning System
Polynomials
First Edition, 2023
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Sara Z. Duterte-Carpio
Undersecretary: Gina O. Gonong
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Henry P. Ilagan
Editors: Helen Acedo, Marilyn B. Soriano, Joey Abergos,
Reviewers: Janssen Louel C. Dabuet, Alfred Lanas,
Antonio Palma Gil, Rainelda Blanco, Albert B. Mutia
and Ronald R. Cabigon
Illustrators: Alberto J. Tiangco, Anna Katherine Doroja
Management Team:
Bureau of Alternative Education (BAE)
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Regional Office NCR
Schools Division of Valenzuela City
ii
User’s Guide
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About? module.
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If you get all the answers correct (100%), you
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Analyze lesson. This aims to help you discover and
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to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
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Review lessons covered in every module.
iii
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Learned?
of mastery in achieving the given learning
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This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.
Glossary This portion gives information about the
meanings of the specialized words used in the
module.
Reference This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.
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Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it.
iv
Table of Contents
What Is This Module About? ........................................................................ 1
Let’s See What You Already Know ................................................................ 1
What Will You Learn from This Module? ...................................................... 3
Lesson 1 ...................................................................................................... 4
Let’s Do This................................................................................................ 4
Let’s Study and Analyze ............................................................................... 5
Let’s Try This ............................................................................................... 6
Let’s See What You Have Learned ................................................................ 7
Lesson 2 ...................................................................................................... 8
Let’s Do This................................................................................................ 8
Let’s Study and Analyze ............................................................................... 9
Let’s Try This ............................................................................................. 11
What Have You Learned? ........................................................................... 13
Answer Key................................................................................................ 16
Glossary .................................................................................................... 17
References ................................................................................................. 18
v
What Is This Module About?
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master addition and subtraction of polynomials. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are
now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
● Lesson 1 – Classifying polynomials according to degree and number of
terms (LS3MP-PA-PSE-JHS-22) and
● Lesson 2- Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials (LS3MP-PA-PSE-
JHS-23).
Let’s See What You Already Know
Directions: Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following expressions is a monomial?
A. x 4
B. 2𝑦 + 5
C. mn + m + n + 3
D. x 6 + y + 4
2. In the polynomial x 3 + 4x 2 + 5, how many terms are there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
3. In terms of degree, what kind of polynomial is x 3 + 4x 2 + 5?
A. Quadratic
B. Quartic
C. Linear
D. Cubic
1
4. What is the classification of the polynomial 4x 2 + 5 according to the number
of terms?
A. Monomial
B. Binomial
C. Trinomial
D. Multinomial
5. Simplify: 4x 2 + 5 + 7x 2 – 9
A. 16x 2 – 9
B. 11x 2 + 5
C. 11x 2 + 4
D. 11x 2 – 4
6. Classify the polynomial 4x 2 + 5y + 8 according to a number of terms.
A. Multinomial
B. Trinomial
C. Binomial
D. Monomial
7. How many variables does the polynomial 4x 2 + 5y + 8 have?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
8. In 4x 2 , what is 4?
A. Leading term
B. Constant term
C. Literal coefficient
D. Numerical coefficient
9. Simplify 8x 3 + 9y + 8 – 2x 2 + 5y + 3
A. 6x 3 + 14y + 11
B. 8x 3 – 2x 2 + 14y + 11
C. 8x 3 – 2x 2 + 14y + 5
D. 8x 3 + 2x 2 + 14y +11
10. Classify 4x 2 + 5y + 8 according to degree.
A. Cubic
B. Linear
C. Quartic
D. Quadratic
2
11. In the expression 𝑥 + y + z + 5, which one is the constant?
A. x
B. y
C. z
D. 5
12. What kind of polynomial according to degree is the result of (3x 2 + 5)2 ?
A. Cubic
B. Linear
C. Quartic
D. Quadratic
13. Simplify 5x 2 + 7y 2 + 2 – 4x 2 – 5y – 8.
A. x 2 – 5y – 6
B. 5x 2 + 12y 2 – 6
C. x 2 + 7y 2 – 5y – 6
D. 5x 2 + 7y 2 – 5y – 6
14. Which pair of expressions can be combined?
A. 3x 2 y and ─9x 2 y
B. 2x 2 y and 6x 3 y
C. – 4x 3 y and 5x 3 y 2
D. 8x 3 y and − xy 3
15. All statements are correct EXCEPT…
A. A polynomial function consists of either zero or the sum of a finite
number of non-zero terms.
B. A polynomial function consists of a constant multiplied by variable/s
raised to an integer.
C. A polynomial function consists of either zero or the sum of a infinite
number of non-zero terms.
D. A polynomial function involves only non-negative integer powers or
only positive integer exponents of a variable in an equation.
What Will You Learn from This Module?
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. classify polynomials according to degree and number of terms (LS3MP-PA-
PSE-JHS-22) and
2. add and subtract polynomials (LS3MP-PA-PSE-JHS-23).
3
Lesson
Classifying Polynomials
1
There are many kinds of polynomials, and they are classified according to
degree and number of terms.
Let’s Do This
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Write the degree of the following terms of a polynomial. The first one is
done for you.
Note: To get the degree of a term, add the exponents of the variables.
Term Degree
x2y 2+1=3
1) 8𝑥 7
2) 7abc
3) 9𝑚6 𝑛2
4) 𝑥 3 𝑦 2z
5) 5m
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Write the number of terms of each polynomial. The first one is done for
you. (Note: Terms are separated by + or ─ sign.)
Polynomial Number of terms
4x3 + 5 2
1. 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 − 3
2. 2𝑛3
3. 4m3 + 5
4. 2x 3 – x + y – 3
5. 8𝑎3 + 6𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏 ─7
4
Let’s Study and Analyze
The terms of a polynomial are separated by a plus (+) or a minus
(─) sign. The polynomial below has 4 terms.
Term Variable
separators 𝟒𝒙𝟕 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝒛 + 𝟓 Exponents are
nonnegative.
DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL
The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of its variables. Thus, the
degree of 4x7y is 8 (i.e., 7 +1). The degree of a polynomial is the degree of the term
with the highest degree.
KINDS OF POLYNOMIAL ACCORDING TO DEGREE
1) LINEAR is a polynomial of the first degree.
Examples: x + 2, 5y
2) QUADRATIC is a polynomial of the second degree.
Examples: 4x2 + 5, xy – 2
3) CUBIC is a polynomial of the third degree
Examples: 4x3 + 5, 4xy2 + 5y – 2
4) QUARTIC is a polynomial of the fourth degree
Examples: −x4 + 5xy, 9xy3 − 7y −2
5
5) n-th degree polynomial is a polynomial of the n-th degree (usually used
for polynomials with a degree of 5 or more)
Examples:
8th degree polynomial: 4x7y + 3x3y3 – 5,
9th degree polynomial: 6x5y4 – 2x2y3 + 5xy2 – y
The degree of a polynomial is
the highest degree from
among its terms.
KINDS OF POLYNOMIAL ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF TERMS
1) MONOMIAL is a polynomial that has only one (1) term.
Examples: 2𝑥, −3𝑦
2) BINOMIAL is a polynomial that has two (2) terms.
Examples: 4𝑥 3 + 5, 2𝑦 − 3
3) TRINOMIAL is a polynomial that has three (3) terms.
Examples: 7𝑥 4 − 𝑥𝑦 − 1, 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 − 3
4) MULTINOMIAL is a polynomial that has more than one term. (usually
used for polynomials with 4 or more terms).
Examples: 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 7, 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦3
Let’s Try This
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Classify according to the number of terms. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1) 5x + 2y – 3
2) 2y – 9
3) 2xy – x + y – 3
4) – 2y + 3
5) 6y
6
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Classify according to degree. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1) 5x + 2y – 3
2) 24x 3 y – 9
3) 2x 3 – x + y – 3
4) – 4x 5 y + 3
5) 6 x2 + y
Let’s See What You Have Learned
Directions: Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1) Which of the following is a monomial?
A. 3cd
B. m + 4
C. – 7xy – 13
D. 2x 3 y + x + y + 3
2) The expression 12x 3 – x – 3 is classified according to the number of terms as
A. monomial
B. binomial
C. trinomial
D. multinomial
3) What is the degree of the expression 2x 5 y – xy + y – 3?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
4) Classify the expression 7x 4 y according to degree.
A. 5th degree
B. 6th degree
C. Quartic
D. Cubic
5) The expression 2x 6 – x + 8y – 23 is classified according to the number of terms
as
A. monomial
B. binomial
C. trinomial
D. multinomial
7
Lesson
Addition and Subtraction of
2 Polynomials
One way of simplifying polynomials is by adding and subtracting similar
terms. See how it is done.
Let’s Do This
Rules for addition of signed numbers
1. To add like signed numbers, add the absolute values of the addends, then
prefix the common sign.
2. To add unlike signed numbers, subtract the absolute values of the addends,
then prefix the sign of the integer with the higher absolute value.
Rules for subtraction of signed numbers
1. Change the sign of the subtrahend.
2. Proceed to addition of signed numbers.
Absolute value is a term used to indicate the distance of a point or number
from the origin of a number line.
Examples
Addition
1. 8 + (-3) = 5
2. (-6) + (-7) = -13
Subtraction
1. 6 ─ (─3) = 6 + 3
=9
2. ─7 ─ 8 = ─7 + (─8)
= ─ 15
8
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Add the following signed numbers.Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1) 12 + (─ 5) =___
2) ─7 + (─9) =___
3) ─ 10 + 6 =___
4) (─6 + 4)xy =___
5) (2 + 9)m =___
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Find the difference. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1) 8 ─ (─3) =___
2) 4 ─ 9 =___
3) ─7 ─ 5 =___
4) (6 ─11)mn =___
5) (─8 ─ 5)x 6 =___
Let’s Study and Analyze
Similar terms are terms having the same variables and exponents. They
differ only in the numerical coefficient.
Similar terms can be added or subtracted by just adding/subtracting the
numerical coefficients and copying the common literal coefficient. When
adding/subtracting polynomials, follow the rules for addition/subtraction of signed
numbers.
9
Illustrative examples:
1) 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3
Add and subtract the numerical coefficients and copy the literal
coefficient.
3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 = (3 + 4 − 1)𝑥 3
= 6𝑥 3
2) 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 7𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2
Group the similar terms and proceed to addition of polynomials.
5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 7𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 = (5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦) + (7𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )
= (5 + 3)𝑥 2 𝑦 + (7 + 2)𝑥𝑦 2
= 8𝑥 2 𝑦 + 9𝑥𝑦 2
3) (11𝑎𝑏 2 − 6𝑎2 𝑏 − 8) − (7𝑎𝑏 2 + 9𝑎2 𝑏 − 1)
Change the sign of the subtrahend.
7𝑎𝑏 2 + 9𝑎2 𝑏 − 1 → −7𝑎𝑏 2 − 9𝑎2 𝑏 + 1
Add the result to the minuend.
Note: Align the similar terms vertically
11𝑎𝑏 2 − 6𝑎2 𝑏 − 8
+ −7𝑎𝑏 2 − 9𝑎2 𝑏 + 1
4𝑎𝑏 2 − 15𝑎2 𝑏 − 7
COEFFICIENTS
In the term 4𝑥 7 𝑦, 4 is the numerical coefficient and 𝑥 7 𝑦 is the literal
coefficient.
10
Let’s Try This
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Add the following polynomials. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
1) (– 5xy + x) + (8xy – 9x)
2) (7x 3 – xy) + (4x 3 + 2xy)
3) (2x 2 – x) + (– 3x 2 – 3x)
4) (9x + 2y – 3) + (5x – 8y + 3)
5) (5x + 2y – 3) + (xy + 2y + 9)
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Find the difference. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1) (– 5ab + 2a) – (28ab – 9a)
2) (7a3 – ab) – (2a3 + 2ab)
3) (2a2 – a) – (– 3a2 – 5a)
4) (7a + 2b – 3) – (– 5a – 8b + 3)
5) (5a + 2b – 3) – (ab + 2b + 9)
Let’s See What You Have Learned
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer. Write the letter
of your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1) Simplify the expression 5x 3 y – 6xy + y – 3 – 2x 3 y – xy
A. 7x 3 y – 6xy + y – 3
B. 3x 3 y – 7xy + y – 3
C. 3x 3 y – 6xy + y – 3
D. 3x 3 y – 7xy – y – 3
2) Which pair of expressions can be combined?
A. 28x 3 and ─9x 3
B. 12x 2 y and 6x 3 y
C. – 4x 3 y and 7y 2
D. 18x 3 y and −5 xy 3
11
3) Simplify: 7xy 3 + y – 5 – xy 3 – 2x + 8
A. 7xy 3 – 2x + y +3
B. 7xy 3 + 2x + y +3
C. 6xy 3 – 2x + y +3
D. 6xy 3 + 2x + y +3
4) Find the difference: 18x 4 y – (– 7x 4 y )
A. 11x 8 y 2
B. 25x 8 y 2
C. 11x 4 y
D. 25x 4 y
5) Find the sum of 7xy 3 + ( −13xy 3 ) + 5xy 3.
A. 𝑥y 3
B. ─xy 3
C. xy 2
D. ─xy 2
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Solve the following problems. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1) The length of a certain rectangle is (3w – 5) units while its width is (w + 2)
units. What is the perimeter of the rectangle?
3w – 5
w+2
2) Allan has (m + 6) pieces of marble. While Bryan and Curt have (3m + 5) and
(5m – 3) pieces of marble respectively. How many marbles do they have
altogether?
12
Let’s Remember and Review
1. Polynomials are made up of terms that are separated by a plus (+) or a minus
(─). Polynomials are classified according to degree and number of terms.
A. Kinds of Polynomials According to Degree:
a) linear c) cubic e) n-th degree
b) quadratic d) quartic
B. Kinds of Polynomials According to Number of Terms:
a) monomial c) trinomial
b) binomial d) multinomial
2. A constant term is a term that contains only a number.
3. Similar terms are terms having the same variables and exponents. They differ
only in the numerical coefficient.
4. Similar terms can be added or subtracted by adding/subtracting the
numerical coefficients and copying the literal coefficient applying the rules in
addition/subtraction of signed numbers.
What Have You Learned?
Directions: Write the letter corresponding to the correct answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Which of the following is a binomial?
A. xy + 5x +2y + 2
B. 3𝑚
C. – 7y – 3
D. 24x 3 y + 9x ─ 9
2. Which statement is true about the terms of a polynomial?
A. All terms contain variables.
B. The maximum number is 5.
C. The terms are separated by a plus (+) or a minus (─) sign.
D. The maximum number of variables in a term is 3.
13
3. The expression 2x 3 – x + y – 3 is classified according to the number of terms
as ______________.
A. monomial
B. binomial
C. trinomial
D. multinomial
4. What is the degree of the expression 2x 3 y – xy + y – 3?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
5. Simplify the expression 8x 3 y – 6xy + y – 3 – 2x 3 y – xy – 8.
A. 10x 3 y – 6xy + y – 11
B. 6x 3 y – 7xy + y – 11
C. 6x 3 y – 6xy + y – 11
D. 6x 3 y – 7xy – y – 11
6. Classify the expression 8x 3 y according to a degree.
A. 5th degree
B. 6th degree
C. Cubic
D. Quartic
7. What is the simplified form of the given expression?
9x 3 y + 7xy + y – 3 – x 3 y – xy + 3x + 8
A. 8x 3 y + 7xy + 3x + y + 8
B. 8x 3 y – 6xy + 3x + y + 5
C. 8x 3 y + 7xy + 3x + y + 8
D. 8x 3 y + 6xy + 3x + y + 5
8. What is the classification of the expression x 2 y + 7xy + 3x + y + 8 according
to degree?
A. 5th degree
B. 6th degree
C. Cubic
D. Quartic
9. Which pair of expressions can be combined?
A. 8x 3 y and ─9x 3 y
B. 2x 2 y and 6x 3 y
C. – 4x 3 y and 8x 3 y 2
D. 8x 3 y and − xy 3
14
10. What is the classification according to the number of terms of the result
when 4x + 6 is squared?
A. Monomial
B. Binomial
C. Trinomial
D. Multinomial
11. What is the degree of the polynomial 7y – 3?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
12. Simplify: 9x 3 𝑦 3 + 7xy 3 + y – 5 – 7x 3 y 3 – xy 3 – 2x + 8
A. 2x 3 𝑦 3 + 7xy 3 – 2x + y +3
B. 2x 3 𝑦 3 + 6xy 3 – 2x + y +3
C. 9x 3 𝑦 3 + 7xy 3 – 2x + y +3
D. 2x 3 𝑦 3 + 7xy 3 + 2x + y +3
13. Find the difference: 8x 4 y – (– 9x 4 y )
A. 17x 8 y 2
B. – x 8 y 2
C. ─x 4 y
D. 17x 4 y
14. Find the sum: 7xy 3 + ( −3xy 3 ) + 5xy 3 .
A. 8xy 3
B. 9xy 3
C. 12xy 3
D. 15xy 3
15. Classify the polynomial 2xy 3 according to a degree.
A. 5th degree
B. 6th degree
C. Quartic
D. Cubic
15
16
Let’s See What You Already Know
1. A 11. D
2. C 12. C
3. D 13.C
4. B 14. A
5. D 15. C
6. B
LESSON 2 7. C
LET’S DO IT 8. D
9. B
A. B. 10. D
1) 7 1) 11
LESSON 1
2) ─16 2) ─5
Let’s do this
3) ─4 3) ─12
Activity 1 Activity 2
4)─2xy 4) ─5mn 1) 7 1) 3
5) 11m 5) ─13x 6 2) 3 2) 1
3) 8 3) 2
4) 6 4) 4
LET’S TRY THIS 5) 1 5) 5
A B
1) 3xy─8x 1) ─33ab + 11a
2) 11x 3 + xy 2) 5a3 ─ 3ab
3) ─x 2 ─4x 3) 5a2 + 4a LET’S TRY THIS
4) 14x ─ 6y 4) 12a + 10b -6 Activity 1 Activity 2
5) xy + 5x + 4y + 6 5) ─ab + 5a ─ 12
1) Trinomial 1) Linear
LET’S SEE WHAT I HAVE LEARNED 2) Binomial 2) Quartic
A. B.
3) Multinomial 3) Cubic
1) B 1. 8W ─6
2) A 2. 9m + 8 4) Binomial 4) 6th degree
3) C 5) Monomial 5) Quadratic
4) D
5) B
Let’s See What Have You Learned?
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED
1. A
1) C 6) D 11) A 2. C
2) C 7) D 12) B 3. C
3) D 8) C 13) D 4. A
4) A 9) A 14) B 5. D
5) B 10) C 15) C
Answer Key
Glossary
• Binomial is a polynomial with two terms.
• Constant is a value that is fixed.
• Constant term is a term that contains only a number.
• Cubic is a polynomial of the 3rd degree.
• Linear is a polynomial of the 1st degree.
• Literal coefficient is the part that contains variable/s in a term.
• Numerical coefficient is a fixed number that is multiplied by a variable.
• Monomial is a polynomial with one term.
• Multinomial is a polynomial with more than one term. The term is usually
used for polynomial with four or more terms.
• Polynomial is an expression with terms made of constants or coefficients,
variables, and nonnegative exponents.
• Similar terms are terms with the same literal coefficients.
• Quadratic is a polynomial of the 2nd degree.
• Quartic is a polynomial of the 4th degree
• Trinomial is a polynomial with three terms.
• Variable is a quantity that can be changed and is not fixed. It is usually
represented by a letter of the alphabet.
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References
Awal, T. D. (2023), Math 7- Q2, Self Learning Module, Polynomials, Department of
Education, Schools Division of Benguet, CAR, Philippines.
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