A master’s guide to

Enclosed Space Entry

 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Investigations into enclosed space-related casualties show that most

are caused by poor training and knowledge of the correct entry
procedures, or a disregard for them.

It is therefore vital that all seafarers are aware of the danger of enclosed
spaces and learn the correct entry procedures, whether or not it is a
requirement of their role on board. Seafarers must understand that no
enclosed space should be entered without following proper precautions,
even in an emergency.

This guide is intended to assist seafarers to enter enclosed spaces

safely. It may highlight shortfalls in individual company procedures in
equipment, training and onboard practices.

We would like to thank Chris Spencer for his work on this publication.

The images in this publication were produced with the kind

assistance of the officers and crew of the Miss Benedetta.
The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Contents

1 Example incidents 2 8 Additional precautions where the atmosphere

2 What is an enclosed space? 5 is known or suspected to be unsafe 18
3 IMO/SOLAS regulations 6 9 Hazards relating to ship types and cargo 19
3.1 Drill regulations 6 9.1 Dangerous goods in packaged form 19
3.2 Portable instruments regulations 7 9.2 Liquid bulk 20
4 Safety Management Systems (SMS) 8 9.3 Solid bulk 20
5 Enclosed space hazards 9 9.4 Use of nitrogen as an inert gas 20
5.1 Hazardous atmosphere 9 9.5 Oxygen-depleting cargoes and
5.2 Physical or configuration hazard 12 materials20
5.3 Changing and hazardous conditions 12 9.6 Fumigation20
5.4 Engulfment hazard 12 10 Managing shoreside personnel 21
6 Risk assessment 13 11 Training, drills and rescue 22
7 Entry procedures 14 12 Appropriate equipment 23
7.1 Authorisation for entry 14 13 References 24
7.2 General precautions 15 14 Appendix25
7.3 Ventilation 15 15 ConclusionIBC
7.4 Testing the atmosphere 15
7.5 Precautions during entry 16
7.6 Responsibilities 17

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 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Example incidents

Examples of incidents are Poor rescue plan and incorrect use Not recognising the dangers of an
unfortunately numerous. of rescue equipment enclosed space
Three experienced seamen died An experienced seaman died after he
Incident reports are available
inside a chain locker. Two were entered an almost empty ballast tank
from multiple sources, overcome while tying off an anchor to carry out a quick inspection to
including: The Standard Club’s chain to prevent it from rattling in the confirm the water level. The tank’s
safety bulletins, flag state spurling pipe. The third was a crew manhole cover was removed and the
accident reports, industry member attempting to rescue his seaman was instructed to confirm
safety journals and two colleagues. Despite entering the the amount of water in the tank. It
chain locker wearing an Emergency was not intended that the seaman
publications, and company
Escape Breathing Device (EEBD), he enter the tank, so no entry permit
accident and near miss reports. removed its hood after being was issued. When the seaman was
The examples here illustrate constrained by the device. All three found to be missing, an experienced
the different ways in which a men died from lack of oxygen inside motorman was sent into the
seafarer can put himself the chain locker caused by the cofferdam to check on him. He found
and others in danger in an ongoing corrosion of its steel the seaman lying at the bottom of the
structure and anchor chain. empty tank and raised the alarm. The
enclosed space.
motorman re-entered the tank but
Migration of oxygen-deficient air to collapsed as he tried to recover his
an adjacent space colleague. The ship’s emergency
Two seamen collapsed in a store response team provided air to both
room. The chief officer entered the seafarers using breathing apparatus
store to try to rescue the men but and the motorman recovered. The
was forced to leave when he became seaman never regained
short of breath and his vision was consciousness. He had been
affected. The two seamen had been asphyxiated in the oxygen-depleted
asphyxiated. The store was adjacent atmosphere of the tank, which had
to the ship’s forward cargo hold not been inspected for several years
containing steel turnings. To allow for and was heavily corroded.
the drainage of sea water and the
removal of cargo residue, a section of
the vent trunking on either side of the
cargo ventilation fan motor, located
in the store, had been cut. This
allowed a path for air from the
self-heating cargo to enter the store.
When tested later, the air in the cargo
hold was found to contain only 6%
oxygen and, as a result, the
storeroom’s atmosphere was oxygen
deficient.

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The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Poor rescue training

Three engineers died in the tunnel
space whilst the ship was in port. An
engineer and a fitter went to overhaul
a storm valve. The line was isolated
and the valve slackened off for
removal. Poisonous gas was trapped
in the pipeline and entered the
enclosed tunnel space. Both seamen
collapsed. Sometime later another
engineer went to look for his two
colleagues and also collapsed on
entering the space. Later, a search
team wearing breathing apparatus
found that all three engineers had
died from suffocation.

Inexperience and not following Carbon monoxide migration Fumigation incidents

procedures A port state inspector boarded a A general cargo ship was discharging
A junior officer and a bosun died on a totally enclosed free-fall lifeboat a cargo of grain after a two-week
tanker after the junior officer was stowed aft of the accommodation/ voyage. It became apparent that the
asked to check whether there was engine housing. On entry, his fumigant was still active; the
any oil cargo remaining in a cargo personal gas meter alarmed. fumigant retainers that had been
tank. The junior officer took the task Investigation confirmed carbon removed from the holds were still
literally and went into the tank monoxide had collected in the smoking. Cargo operations were
through its access lid to check how lifeboat. This was caused by the immediately stopped, all the crew
empty it was. When the junior officer funnel exhaust being blown into the were evacuated, a 50-metre cordon
did not return, the chief officer asked lifeboat due to the prevailing wind was placed around the ship and
the bosun to check where he was. conditions during the voyage. nearby houses were evacuated. The
The bosun saw the tank lid open and crew and stevedores exposed to the
the junior officer lying at the bottom Oxygen-deficient atmosphere even phosphine gas were hospitalised for
of the tank near the access ladder. after correct testing observation. The fumigant retainers
The bosun went into the tank to try An inspection was being carried out were neutralised in water. It took five
to assist the junior officer. Both men on a container ship’s deep ballast days before the ship’s holds were
died from asphyxiation in the tanks, which had been ventilated and considered safe.
oxygen-depleted atmosphere. tested before entry. However, when
inspecting a smaller box-like A general cargo ship was loaded with
Extreme heat structure within the tank, which was grains and fumigated at the load port
During a repair period, a shoreside part of the ship’s construction, the by applying aluminium phosphide
technician fainted and fatally fell off a inspector’s personal gas meter pellets. During the short voyage, a
hold ladder whilst climbing out of a alarmed, showing a lack of oxygen. crewman was found deceased in his
hold in extreme heat. He had worked The poor atmosphere within the cabin adjacent to the aft bulkhead of
long hours and was suffering from space may not have been detected the hold. On investigation at the next
dehydration. previously due to the construction port, high concentrations of
and layout of the space. phosphine gas (generated by the
fumigation pellets) were found in the

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 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Example incidents continued

seaman’s cabin. It is thought that the Natural ventilation insufficient Risk assessments had been carried
toxic gas migrated into the cabin, but A multipurpose general cargo ship out by the ship, but no consideration
initially no obvious leakage path was was discharging a cargo of bulk had been given to using a safety
found, even after applying a smoke semi-coke (a product derived from harness despite the extreme waxy
test. After descaling the area where coal). With the knowledge of the nature of the cargo. The shore
the cabin and hold joined, some ‘pin’ ship’s staff, three stevedores entered supervisor gave two of the shore
holes were found in the steel work. All the hold through the enclosed hold workers a short talk on the task, but
indications are that the seaman died ladder access trunking to carry out no safety briefing. The ship’s officers
of phosphine poisoning. sweeping operations with a bulldozer gave no safety input.
– a normal and routine operation. As
Not recognising the dangers of an they entered the hold access The atmosphere of the cargo tank
enclosed space, poor emergency trunking, the oxygen-deficient was tested for oxygen levels, but the
rescue training and equipment atmosphere overcame the three equipment used to test for other
Three deck crew died in a cargo hold stevedores. The alarm was raised gases only reached halfway down the
of sawn timber whilst alongside the shortly afterwards by another tank. The casualty was lifted from the
berth. Two crewmen were engaged in stevedore and a rescue party entered tank by the local emergency services,
removing tarpaulins from the timber the hold. The three crewmen were which declined the use of the ship’s
stow whilst the ship was discharging taken out of the hold unconscious recovery equipment because of its
cargo from the hatch cover. They and were later certified dead in weight and lack of portability, ie they
both entered the forward hold, also hospital. It was found that the oxygen deemed the safety equipment unfit
containing sawn timber, through the content within the hold access for purpose.
hold access hatch. A short while later, trunking was less than 10%, despite
the chief officer saw the hatch access the hold being open and naturally The post-mortem toxicology report
cover open and went down the hold. ventilated for over 15 hours. identified that the casualty had
Another crewman saw the chief prescription and illegal drugs in his
officer lying at the bottom of the hold Incomplete atmosphere testing, blood, which would have caused
and raised the alarm. The remaining person not fit for entry severe impairment. Risk of falling
crew and two stevedores who On a chemical tanker, a three-man would have been exacerbated by his
attempted to rescue the stricken team of shore workers entered a physical condition.
crewmen also nearly succumbed due cargo tank to sweep the residues of a
to the incorrect use of rescue cargo of stearin (a derivative of crude These cases highlight some
equipment. The shoreside rescue palm oil) into the cargo pump suction common issues that cause
services took oxygen readings and well, to maximise the cargo incidents, including:
found that the open access hatch discharge. On leaving the tank, one of • poor training
gave a normal atmosphere reading the workers was fatally injured after • failure to follow proper
(20.9% oxygen). However, at main falling from the ladder in the tank. procedures for enclosed
deck level within the access hatch, it space entry
was 10% oxygen, and between deck • failure to recognise the danger
level and the bottom of the hold, it of an enclosed space
was 5% to 6% oxygen. • tendency to trust physical
senses and forego testing
or checks
• attempts to save a co-worker
leading to short cuts and failure
to follow procedures
• failure to manage safely any
shore workers on board.

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The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

What is an enclosed space?

An enclosed space means a Limited openings for entry and exit

space that has any of the Enclosed spaces are not always
easily apparent and some have
following characteristics:
ordinary openings for entry and exit.
• limited openings for entry Spaces such as paint and chemical
and exit lockers, CO2 rooms and battery
• inadequate ventilation lockers can be entered through
• not designed for continuous weathertight or shipboard doors.
worker occupancy. These spaces should still be
considered dangerous.
The atmosphere in any enclosed
Inadequate ventilation
space may be oxygen deficient or
Air in an enclosed space may not be
oxygen enriched and/or contain
able to flow freely. The atmosphere
flammable and/or toxic gases or
outside the enclosed space may be
vapours. Such unsafe atmospheres
quite different from that within: toxic
create a risk of death or serious injury.
gases or poorly oxygenated
atmosphere can be trapped in
Some enclosed spaces may not be pockets within the space, such as
immediately obvious. Examples of within the bottom of a forepeak tank,
enclosed spaces are: even if the space has been ventilated
• cargo spaces (holds, tanks, and tested.
containers), cargo pump and
compressor rooms
An enclosed space may initially be
• double-bottom tanks: ballast, fresh
considered safe, but if adjacent to an
water, fuel and lubricating oil tanks,
unsafe space, it can soon become
duct keels
unsafe if migration of hazardous
• engine room spaces: boilers,
vapour occurs. Vapour and liquid
pressure vessels, sewage tanks,
migration can occur through cracked
crankcases, scavenge air receivers,
welds, damaged steel bulkheads or
thruster spaces, generator spaces
venting, poorly fitting blanks or
• under-deck spaces: cofferdams,
valves in pipelines.
void spaces, inter-barrier spaces,
chain lockers
Spaces not designed for continuous
• deck spaces: paint and chemical
worker occupancy
lockers, battery lockers, hollow
Most enclosed spaces are not
spaces such as masts, gas bottle
designed for people to work in on a
storage spaces, CO2 rooms
continuous basis. These can include
• spaces affected by fire, chemical
certain store rooms and cargo
spills or gas release.
spaces, where occasional entry is
required for survey, inspection, repair
and maintenance.

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 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

IMO/SOLAS regulations

SOLAS provides the obligations in respect to enclosed space entry:

SOLAS Chapter III Regulation 19. 3.6.2. Emergency training and drills. In force from 1 January 2015. This follows
recommendations made in IMO Resolution A.1050(27) ‘Revised recommendations for entering enclosed spaces
aboard ships’. These should be fully incorporated into the company Safety Management System. Unfortunately,
the IMO Resolution A.1050(27) objectives are solely ‘to encourage the adoption of safety procedures aimed at
preventing casualties to ships’ personnel entering enclosed spaces where there may be an oxygen-deficient,
oxygen-enriched, flammable and/or toxic atmosphere’. This resolution is not sufficiently broad, as there are also
other hazards facing those entering an enclosed space.

SOLAS Chapter XI 1, Regulation 7. Atmosphere testing instrument for enclosed spaces. In force from 1 July
2016. This follows the recommendations in IMO MSC.1/Circ 1477 ‘Guidelines to facilitate the selection of portable
atmosphere testing instruments for enclosed spaces’.

The main legislation is the ISM Enclosed space entry and rescue
Code, which requires all known drills must be planned and
conducted taking account of the
risks on board ships to be
recommendations in IMO Resolution
identified and taken account of. A.1050(27). This resolution lays out
Enclosed spaces are known guidelines and advice for enclosed
risks. space entry.

The IMO has produced two major Drills must include the following:
recommendations, which are now • Checking and use of personal
mandatory for all ships, to counter protective equipment
‘the continued loss of life resulting • Checking and use of
from personnel entering shipboard communication equipment and
spaces in which the atmosphere is procedures
oxygen depleted, oxygen enriched, • Checking and use of instruments
toxic or flammable’. for measuring the atmosphere
• Checking and use of rescue
Drill regulations equipment and procedures
Enclosed space drills have been • Instructions in first aid and
mandatory since 1 January 2015 resuscitation techniques
(SOLAS Chapter III Regulation 19. 3.6).

Crew members with enclosed space

entry and rescue responsibilities must
participate in corresponding safety
drills at least once every two months.

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The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Every crew member should be IMO MSC. 1/ Circ.1477 issued in June The instrument must:
instructed about the risks associated 2014 contains the ‘Guidelines to • be capable of remote sampling
with entering an enclosed space and facilitate the selection of portable • perform a ‘self-test’ to check the
the applicable onboard procedures. atmosphere testing instruments for instrument is fully operational
This instruction should be given at enclosed spaces’ as required by SOLAS • show clearly which gas is being
regular intervals as with the Chapter XI-1, Regulation 7. These measured
requirements for fire-fighting and guidelines are to be read in • be readable in all lighting conditions
life-saving drills. Enclosed space conjunction with the SOLAS • alarm at an appropriate danger
entry drills should be recorded in the requirement for enclosed space entry. level as determined by the flag
ship’s log book. state
The IMO caveat should be noted that • operate in all temperatures
IMO Resolution A.1050(27) should be ‘given a ship’s specific characteristics expected
incorporated within the company and operations, additional • be easily carried
Safety Management System. atmospheric hazards in enclosed • be protected from dust and water
spaces may be present that may not ingress
Portable instruments regulations be detected by the instruments • have a minimum ten-hour
SOLAS Chapter XI-1, Regulation 7 – recommended’. It is the company’s/ battery life
which came into force on 1 July 2016 ship’s responsibility to assess which • be intrinsically safe
– requires ships to carry an additional instruments are required. • have an instruction manual
appropriate portable atmosphere including calibration instructions.
testing instrument, or instruments Atmosphere testing instruments
capable of measuring concentrations These should be capable of
of oxygen, flammable gases or measuring and displaying
vapours, hydrogen sulphide and concentrations of:
carbon monoxide. • oxygen
• flammable gases or vapours (% of
Lower Flammability Limit – LFL)
Note: These requirements are in • carbon monoxide
addition to and separate from the • hydrogen sulphide.
requirement for a person
entering an enclosed space to
carry a personal gas meter.

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 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Safety Management System (SMS)

The company SMS must provide
instructions and procedures to
ensure the safe operation of the ship
and the protection of the
environment. This requires
establishing procedures, plans and
instructions including checklists as
appropriate for key shipboard
operations. Entering an enclosed
space is a key shipboard operation.

The company should provide:

• procedures for entering enclosed
spaces, including instructions,
advice and checklists
• instructions for training, including
the use of atmospheric testing
instruments
• training for competent and
responsible persons in the
recognition, evaluation,
measurement, control and
elimination of the hazards within
enclosed spaces
• training for crew members in
enclosed space safety, including
familiarisation with onboard
procedures for recognising,
evaluating and controlling the
hazards of enclosed space entry
• an audit programme verifying that
established enclosed space
procedures are being followed.

The company Safety Management

System should ensure that a risk
assessment is conducted ‘to identify
all enclosed spaces on board ship’.
This assessment should be
periodically revisited to ensure its
continued validity.

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The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Enclosed space hazards

There are four main hazards: Oxygen depleted or oxygen enriched Oxygen depleted
1. Hazardous atmosphere Lack of correct level of oxygen is one There are several reasons why the
2. Physical or configuration of the most dangerous factors in oxygen level can decrease below the
enclosed spaces. level for which it is safe. All should be
hazard considered.
3. Changing and hazardous
The acceptable range of oxygen (O2)
conditions within an enclosed space is between Consumption
4. Engulfment hazard. 19.5% and 23.5%. Normal air Oxygen consumption is caused by:
contains 20.9% oxygen. • fire
1. Hazardous atmosphere • hot work: welding/cutting
Hazardous atmospheres may include A person can survive for only three • breathing
the following: minutes without oxygen. • chemical reactions (oxidisation of
• oxygen depleted or oxygen enriched chemicals or metals)
• presence of toxic gases, vapours Oxygen enriched • paint drying
or liquids When the oxygen level is above • biological reaction (decomposing
• flammable atmosphere 23.5%, this is considered an oxygen- organic matter, eg in sewage tanks).
• presence of considerable dust enriched atmosphere and can cause
• temperature extremes flammable materials to burn violently Displacement
• absence of proper ventilation. when ignited. Gases produced within the space
may displace or lower the oxygen
Pure O2 should never be used for content. This can be caused by:
ventilation, as it may result in an • use of cleaning agents, adhesives,
oxygen-enriched atmosphere. paint or other chemicals
• carbon monoxide (CO) and other
gases from engine exhausts, from
using generators for burning/
welding or from diesel-driven
pumps within the space. Exhaust
gases in faulty exhaust lines passing
The health effects caused by the wrong level of oxygen are listed in the through the space will have a similar
table below. effect
% Oxygen content Effect • people using oxygen and producing
carbon dioxide in poorly ventilated
>23.5 Disorientation, breathing/vision difficulties. spaces
19.5 Absolute minimum O2 level. • bio-decomposition, eg production
of hydrogen sulphide and methane
15–19 Impaired co-ordination, decreased ability to work in sewage systems
effectively. • inert gases entering the space
10–14 Respiration increases, poor judgement, lips become blue. (fire-fighting CO2/nitrogen). Inert
exhaust gases are also used to
8–10 Mental failure, fainting, nausea, vomiting, reduce the risk of explosion on
unconsciousness. certain tankers. These spaces
6–8 Eight minutes of exposure is fatal, up to four minutes of should be safely assessed before
exposure means recovery is possible. entry. Inert gas pipelines should
always be checked to ensure that
4–6 Coma within 40 seconds, death within three minutes. they are safely isolated.

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 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Enclosed space hazards continued

Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure Exposure to a 2ppm to 5ppm hydrogen Flammable atmosphere
Carbon monoxide is a colourless, sulphide atmosphere can cause Two conditions make an atmosphere
odourless gas which is slightly lighter nausea and eyes to tear. An exposure flammable: oxygen content and a
than air and is known as ‘the silent of over 20ppm causes headaches, flammable gas, vapour or dust (in a
killer’. It is usually formed by the dizziness and poor memory. A 100ppm particular concentration and particle
incomplete combustion of carbon exposure for 15 minutes will cause size). If these concentrations of
products, such as fuel oil producing altered breathing and drowsiness, and oxygen and flammable gas are
harmful exhaust gases or self- following an increase in the severity sufficient and there is a source of
heating coal cargoes. Even very small of symptoms, death will occur within ignition, an explosion can occur.
quantities of CO are dangerous. 48 hours. A 100ppm to 150ppm
exposure will result in paralysis and The lowest concentration or
Exposure to a 100ppm carbon a 500ppm exposure will cause death percentage of a flammable vapour in
monoxide atmosphere for 20 minutes in 30 minutes. air that makes it capable of igniting in
may not affect an average healthy the presence of an ignition source is
person; however, an exposure for over Toxic atmospheres known as the Lower Flammability
two hours may produce headaches. These atmospheres are caused by the Limit (LFL), usually expressed in
An exposure of 400ppm can be life presence of toxic or flammable gases volume %, at a given temperature
threatening within two to three hours. or liquids. This may stem from: and pressure.
A 1,000ppm exposure can render a • a product stored in an enclosed
person unconscious within an hour space, eg leaking gas cylinders, Certain governments have
and be life threatening. (These are paint or chemicals. Safety data prescribed Occupational Exposure
approximations and will vary from sheets should always be consulted Limits (OEL) for various hazardous
person to person and the prevailing • toxic gases migrating from substances. These are set to help
conditions.) adjacent spaces, such as cargo protect the health of workers and will
holds through poor venting provide guidance for manufacturers
Whilst working in an enclosed systems in setting the alarm activations.
space, if the O2 level has dropped to • work performed in the space
the minimum level of 19.5% producing toxic gases, eg exhaust
because of carbon monoxide (CO) gases, welding
ingress, death can occur within a • toxic gases migrating from poorly
few minutes, even if the CO level is maintained or damaged pipelines
only 1.4%. or valves
• toxic gases or liquids leaking from
adjacent cargo spaces or even
Hydrogen sulphide exposure inter-barrier void spaces.
Hydrogen sulphide is a colourless gas Accumulated residues can build up
with a distinctive smell of rotten through undetected cracks in the
eggs. It is heavier than air, very steel work or welds between the
poisonous, flammable, corrosive and spaces, eg bulk carrier holds, fore
soluble in water. It is found in naturally and aft hopper voids
occurring hydrocarbon gas, crude • hydrogen gas produced from an
petroleum and sewage. Sewage electrolytic reaction within lead
systems and pipelines should be risk acid batteries, displacing oxygen
assessed if passing through an and sometimes causing a
enclosed space or being worked on. potentially highly explosive
atmosphere.

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The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

The table below shows approximate Presence of significant dust Fluid intake should equal fluid loss.
gas alarm concentrations for some A high concentration of dust in an On average, about one litre of water
common gases (note these may vary enclosed space is hazardous to health each hour may be required to
depending on manufacturer and and can cause breathing difficulties replace the fluid loss. Plenty of
national standards). and eye damage. It can also hamper drinking water should be available on
visibility. Toxic dust can be harmful site and personnel should be
Alarm concentration %
or parts per million
even in small concentrations. encouraged to drink water every 15
Gas (ppm) Significant dust can occur when to 20 minutes. Alcoholic drinks
Oxygen <19.5% cleaning holds after cargoes of grain, should never be consumed, as
coal, cement or breaking up cement alcohol dehydrates the body.
Oxygen >23%
boxes. Dust from certain materials
Methane 5% such as asbestos have considerable Heat stroke symptoms are hot, dry
Propane 2% toxic hazards. Asbestos can be found skin, increased heartbeat, decreased
CO (carbon in pipeline jointing. blood pressure, headache, lethargy,
monoxide) 30ppm confusion and eventually
The use of machinery and powered unconsciousness. Working in an
tools may require special precautions, enclosed space in extreme heat can
CO2 (carbon dioxide) 5ppm
such as dust extraction vents. dangerously affect personnel when
H2S (hydrogen working aloft, climbing ladders or
sulphide) 10ppm Personnel should let dust settle or working on floors with openings that
Cl (chlorine) 0.5ppm ventilate until the dust is gone before have no safety rails. Working within
NO2 (nitrogen entering. an enclosed space in extreme heat
dioxide) 3ppm should be carefully monitored and
Temperature extremes working times should be restricted.
NH3 (ammonia) 25ppm
Temperature extremes (either hot or
cold) may present a hazard to Cold temperature
Flammable gas detection personnel working or entering an At very cold temperatures, the most
instruments are designed to alarm enclosed space. This hazard should be serious concern is the risk of
before gases/vapours reach an considered when entering an enclosed hypothermia or dangerously low
explosive concentration. space and the risks must be assessed. body temperature. Warning signs of
Temperature extremes can reduce a hypothermia include nausea, fatigue,
Example sources of ignition: person’s situational awareness. dizziness, irritability and loss of
• Smoking co-ordination. Sufferers may
• Welding or cutting operations Heat experience pain in their extremities
• Electrical lighting A person’s core body temperature is (for example hands, feet and ears)
• Non-intrinsically safe and/or poorly 37°C. A person working in a very hot and severe shivering. Safety
maintained electrical equipment, environment loses body water and measures include correct warm work
eg sparking electric tools salt through sweat. Heat stroke is clothing, frequent breaks taken in
• Electrostatic caused by high temperatures and not warm areas and consuming hot
drinking sufficient water. High drinks. Working within an enclosed
temperatures will cause an increase space in extreme cold, especially if
in sweating, which leads to also in wet conditions, should be
dehydration, which in turn leads to carefully monitored and working time
reduced sweating, allowing the core appropriately restricted.
body temperature to rise. Water and
salt intake should replace that lost
through sweat to avoid dehydration.

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 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Enclosed space hazards continued

2. Physical or configuration hazard 3. Changing and hazardous These risks can be mitigated by
The physical configuration of the conditions thorough and constant
enclosed space can present hazards Changing conditions within an communication with all parties and
which are determined by the enclosed space such as water ingress, departments, for example, safety
structure of the space, the apparatus oxygen-depleting work (burning, meetings, pre work and tool box talks,
and the equipment connected to it. welding), ventilation failure and tags for equipment, safety signage
This will include the pipelines and vapours from paint or cleaning and permits to work.
ventilation trunking running into and materials must be monitored.
through the space, lack of lighting, 4. Engulfment hazard
location of ladders, absence of Sometimes working within an enclosed Engulfment can occur when a person
railings and the presence of openings space can coincide with other activities entering an enclosed space is
in floors. Many of these present trip being carried out elsewhere on board. drowned, suffocated or trapped by
and fall hazards. Strengthening frame Potentially hazardous changes to falling material. Loose, granular
work and box structures within the conditions within the enclosed space material stored in holds or tanks, such
space may create areas where air caused by external factors are also as grain, can overcome and suffocate
exchange does not occur effectively crucial but less easily managed. These a person. The loose material can crust
when ventilated or sitting water has may be caused by the inadvertent or bridge over and crumble under the
not been completely pumped out. actions of other ship or shore staff, weight of a person.
work in adjacent or connected spaces,
Personnel should understand the cargo work, pumping ballast or fuel Measures must be taken ahead of
layout of the enclosed space before transfer and hot work, as well as entering tanks to secure relevant
entering. A risk assessment should communications of work being carried pipelines to prevent fluids (such as
include the physical configuration of out in the enclosed space, for example, cargo, fuel oil, ballast or sea water)
the space and reference to the ship’s when there are shift or watch changes. being inadvertently pumped or
plans before entering. gravitated into the space or tank
whilst people are inside. Risk
assessments should include good
communication with other
departments and the use of safety/
lock-out tags to ensure pumps and
valves are not operated. There is a
real risk of drowning within a tank
from the accidental operation of a
valve or pump system.

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The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Risk assessment

The company Safety The procedures to be followed for If the assessment is that there is a
Management System should testing the atmosphere will depend risk to health or life, then additional
upon whether the preliminary precautions are necessary and these
ensure that a risk assessment is
assessment shows that: are outlined later in this document on
conducted ‘to identify all 1. There is minimal risk to the health page 18.
enclosed spaces on board ship’. and life of personnel entering the
This assessment should be space. The company should provide clear
periodically revisited to ensure 2. There is no immediate risk to guidelines and training on how risk
its continued validity. health or life but a risk could arise assessments are conducted. It is not
during the work in the space. within the scope of this document to
3. A risk to health and life is identified. provide such guidance.
IMO Resolution A.1050(27)
recommends that a competent
If the preliminary assessment
person should always make an initial
indicates minimal risk to life or health
assessment of any potential hazards
or a potential that risk may arise
in the space being entered. These
during the work being carried out,
hazards should include those
then the following precautions for
highlighted above.
entry into an enclosed space should
be followed.

13
 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Entry procedures

Everyone has the right to

refuse to enter a space they
consider unsafe. No one should
enter an enclosed space if there
is any doubt that the correct
entry procedures have been
followed, even in an emergency.

No one should be allowed to enter

an enclosed space if they are not
physically fit or are suffering from an
ailment or other issue that impairs
their physical or mental ability.

Authorisation for entry

No person should enter an enclosed
space without the express
authorisation of the master or a
nominated responsible person.

Entry into an enclosed space must be

a planned process requiring proper
precautions. An entry permit/permit
to work system or a similar
alternative must be used. All crew
should be aware of this system.

The person responsible for carrying

out the work should not issue the
permit but should countersign the
entry permit. When the work is
completed, the responsible person
should cancel the permit.

An example of an ‘Enclosed Space

Entry Permit’ is attached as an
appendix to IMO Resolution
A.1050(27) and a copy is at the end of
this document. It is only an example
and companies should amend the
entry permit to be applicable for each
ship and their risk assessments.

14
The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

General precautions Only trained personnel should be Ventilation should be stopped for the
All enclosed space access doors, engaged in the duties associated with period when atmosphere testing is
hatches or manholes should be enclosed space entry. Ships’ crews carried out and should be resumed
secured against inadvertent entry. It with first aid and rescue duties should after testing for the full duration of
is recommended that all enclosed be drilled in enclosed space the entry. Due to the configuration of
spaces are highlighted as being emergencies. As a minimum, training the space, some areas of the
hazardous and requiring an entry should include: enclosed space may still have an
permit before entering. This can be • hazards likely to be faced during an unsafe atmosphere, so personnel
done using signs and warning notices. enclosed space entry should always enter with a personal
• recognition of the signs of adverse oxygen/gas meter as applicable.
An enclosed space that has its access health effects caused by exposure
door/hatch opened to allow for to the potential hazards No space should be entered until it
ventilation should be protected to • knowledge of personal protective has been properly ventilated and
prevent access, using barriers, equipment required for entry – all atmosphere tested.
warning signs or personnel stationed equipment must be in a good
at the entrance. working condition and checked Testing the atmosphere
before entry. The atmosphere testing equipment
The master or the responsible person must:
should determine that it is safe to Ventilation • have manufacturer’s operating
enter an enclosed space by ensuring Before any enclosed space is entered, instructions available
the following: it should be properly ventilated by • be kept in a known, safe location, in
• Potential hazards have been opening as many access points as good order and properly calibrated
identified, isolated and made safe. possible. Ventilation should be • be serviced in accordance with
• The space has been properly continuous, effective and manufacturer’s recommendations
ventilated to remove toxic or commensurate with the size, • have calibration and service
flammable gases. configuration and location of the records maintained
• The atmosphere has been tested space. • have the suitable capability to
with properly calibrated and measure levels of oxygen,
appropriate instruments to assess Natural ventilation may be flammable vapours, carbon
that the atmosphere within the acceptable in some circumstances, monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and
space is safe. eg where a small space opens up toxic gases appropriate for the
• The space is secured for entry and directly to fresh air. However, most ship’s trade.
proper illumination is available. enclosed spaces will require
• A suitable communication system mechanical ventilation. Some spaces Personal gas meters are not
is available for all parties. will be fitted with fixed ventilation appropriate for carrying out the
• A person is stationed at the systems, such as holds and pump atmosphere testing.
entrance to the space. houses. Alternatively, a large-
• Rescue and resuscitation diameter ventilation hose in good
equipment is available at the condition can be attached to a fan
entrance to the space. and lowered into the enclosed space.
• Personnel are properly clothed and The air intake of the hose should be
equipped, including an appropriate placed in an area that will draw in
personal atmosphere meter if fresh air only.
entering the space.
• A permit has been issued to
authorise entry.

15
 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Entry procedures continued

Testing of the atmosphere should be If these conditions cannot be met, Persons entering enclosed spaces
carried out with calibrated equipment additional ventilation should be should be provided with calibrated
by persons trained in the use of the applied to the space and retesting and tested multi-gas detectors that
equipment. Manufacturer’s should be conducted after a suitable monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon
instructions should always be interval. Gas testing should only be monoxide and other gases as
followed. The space should be tested carried out with ventilation to the appropriate.
before any person enters it and at enclosed space stopped.
regular intervals until the work is Ventilation should continue during
completed. Ideally, the atmosphere The preliminary risk assessment the period that the space is occupied
of the space should be tested at should consider the possibility of and during temporary breaks. Before
different levels to obtain a toxic gases and if it is determined that re-entry after a break, the
representative sample of the there is potential for the presence of atmosphere should be retested. In
atmosphere. Depending on the toxic gases and vapours, testing the event of failure of the ventilation
configuration of the space, this may should be carried out using system, personnel in the space
be impossible without entering it at appropriate fixed or portable gas or should leave immediately.
some level. The use of flexible hoses vapour detection equipment. The
or fixed sampling lines may assist in readings obtained by this equipment Managing change during entry
reaching remote areas within the should be below the Occupational Care should be taken to monitor and
enclosed space. Due consideration Exposure Limits (OEL) for the toxic respond to changing conditions
should be given to the duration of the gases or vapours given in accepted during the work. Changing conditions
sampling to ensure the full length of national or international standards. include an increase in ambient
the sampling line has been flushed temperature, the use of oxygen-fuel
with the atmosphere gases of the The configuration of the internal torches, mobile plant work activities
space to be measured. structure of the space, cargo and in the enclosed or adjacent space
cargo residues and tank coatings may that could produce vapours, work
For entry purposes, steady readings allow oxygen-deficient areas to exist, breaks, changes in ventilation, or if
of all the following should be so due consideration must be given the ship is ballasted or trimmed
obtained: to testing in these areas. during the work.
• 21% oxygen by volume by oxygen
content meter The testing for flammability or In the event of an emergency,
• not more than 1% of Lower oxygen content does not measure for under no circumstances should
Flammable Limit (LFL) on a toxicity, or vice versa. the attending crew enter the
combustible gas indicator if there is space before help has arrived and
potential for flammable gases or Precautions during entry the situation has been evaluated
vapours The atmosphere should be tested to ensure the safety of those
• not more than 50% of the frequently whilst the space is occupied entering the space. Only properly
Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) and persons should be instructed to trained and equipped personnel
of any toxic vapours and gases. leave the space should there be should perform rescue operations
deterioration in the conditions. in enclosed spaces.

16
The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Responsibilities Responsible person’s responsibility Attendant’s responsibility

Personal responsibility A responsible person is a person The attendant should not leave their
Every person has a responsibility to authorised to permit entry into an post for any reason while personnel
know the correct procedures for enclosed space and having the are in the space, unless relieved by
entering an enclosed space. A person appropriate knowledge of the another qualified attendant. Their
entering an enclosed space is procedures complied with on board duties are to:
responsible for: to ensure that the space is safe for • raise the alarm and summon
• not entering alone entry. The responsible person assistance in an emergency or
• only entering if fit and well completing the enclosed space entry as needed
• obtaining a valid enclosed space permit should have visited the entry • maintain communication with
entry permit before entering point and be satisfied that the those who have entered the space,
• ensuring that the space has been hazards have been identified and the the responsible person and the
adequately ventilated, isolated, necessary safety precautions taken, bridge and engine room as directed
emptied or otherwise made safe particularly ventilation and • monitor and assist those who have
for entry atmosphere testing. It is this person’s entered the space to ensure their
• immediately exiting a space when responsibility to: safety
advised to do so • ensure good communication exists • monitor conditions in the space as
• being familiar with the work in hand between all parties directed
and following the safety rules/ • ensure a risk assessment and • control access to the enclosed
procedures that apply enclosed space entry permit have space and prevent unauthorised
• using the appropriate PPE. been properly completed access
• oversee atmosphere testing and • keep records of enclosed space
determine whether entry work, such as air test results, and a
conditions are acceptable log of personnel entry and exit
• ensure that all personnel are aware times
of the hazards associated with the • monitor factors that could affect
space the space and warn those in the
• authorise and oversee entry space of any changes to conditions.
operations and ensure that all
hazards are securely isolated
• support the attendant’s authority
in controlling access to an enclosed
space
• ensure that rescue personnel and
equipment are available before
entry
• verify that all personnel have exited
safely before closing the space
• verify that the entry permit is closed
out after the operation ceases.

17
 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Additional precautions where the atmosphere is known

or suspected to be unsafe
All enclosed spaces that have not Persons entering enclosed spaces
been tested should be considered should be provided with calibrated Note: Air-purifying respirators (or
unsafe. If the atmosphere in an and tested multi-gas detectors that gas masks) should not be used as
enclosed space is suspected or monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon they do not provide a supply of
known to be unsafe, the space should monoxide and other gases as clean air from a source
only be entered when no practical appropriate for the ship and expected independent of the atmosphere
alternative exists. Entry should only hazards. within the space. These should
be made for further testing, essential never be used as a substitute for
operation, safety of life or safety of Rescue harnesses should be worn a breathing apparatus.
ship. The number of persons entering and, unless impractical, lifelines
the space should be the minimum should be used.
compatible with the work to be
performed. Suitable breathing Appropriate protective clothing
apparatus (eg of the air-line or should be worn, particularly where
self-contained type) should always be there is any risk of toxic substances
worn and only personnel trained in its or chemicals meeting the skin or
use should be allowed to enter the eyes. Additional emergency rescue
space. Additional risk assessments provisions should be considered.
may be required. In an emergency, an
attempt to rescue a collapsed person
within an enclosed space should only
be made as part of a rescue team and
using a self-contained breathing
apparatus.

18
The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Hazards relating to ship types and cargo

Every company Safety Management

System must address the risks that
arise on its ship type and trade. A
significant percentage of enclosed
space incidents are related to cargo
hazards and these are noted only in
general terms in this guide.

Dangerous goods in packaged form

The atmosphere of any space
containing dangerous goods may put
at risk the health or life of any person
entering it. Dangers may include
flammable, toxic or corrosive gases
or vapours that displace oxygen, as
well as residues on packages and
spilled material.

Hold spaces are in themselves

dangerous and the same hazards may
be present in spaces adjacent to the
cargo spaces. Even if there is no
evidence or suspicion that a leakage
of a dangerous substance has
occurred, enclosed space
precautions should be followed when
entering a cargo space. Dangerous
goods may still be present due, for
example, to undeclared or
misdeclared dangerous cargo.

Personnel required to deal with

spillages or to remove defective or
damaged packages should be
appropriately trained and wear
suitable breathing apparatus and
appropriate protective clothing.

19
 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Hazards relating to ship types and cargo continued

Liquid bulk Oxygen-depleting cargoes and • fish, fishmeal and fish scrap
The tanker industry has produced materials • guano
extensive advice, in the form of Some cargoes cause oxygen • sulphidic ores and ore concentrates
specialist international safety guides, depletion due to the inherent form of • charcoal, coal, lignite and coal
to operators and crews of ships the cargo, for example, self-heating, products
engaged in the bulk carriage of oil, oxidation of metals and ores, or • direct reduced iron (DRI)
chemicals and liquefied gases. The decomposition of vegetable oils, fish • dry ice
information in these on enclosed oils, animal fats, grain and other • metal wastes and chips, iron swarf,
space entry supplements the general organic materials or their residues. steel and other turnings, borings,
recommendations in this guide and The materials listed below are known drillings, shavings, filings and
should be used as the basis for to cause oxygen depletion; however, cuttings
preparing entry plans. the list is not exhaustive. Oxygen • scrap metal
depletion may be caused by materials
Solid bulk of vegetable or animal origin, by Fumigation
On ships carrying solid bulk cargoes, flammable or spontaneously When a ship is fumigated, extremely
dangerous atmospheres may combustible materials, or by hazardous chemicals are used in the
develop in cargo spaces and adjacent materials with a high metal content, process. These are not only toxic but
spaces. The dangers may include including, but not limited to: some are flammable in certain
flammability, toxicity, oxygen • grain, grain products and residues conditions. The decomposition of the
depletion or self-heating, as from grain processing (such as fumigants will vary due to several
identified in the shipper’s declaration. bran, crushed grain, crushed malt factors, including the temperature
For additional information, reference or meal), hops, malt husks and and moisture conditions, and voyage
should be made to the International spent malt length. Therefore, residual fumigants
Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) • oil seeds as well as products and may still be present.
Code. residues from oil seeds (such as
seed expellers, seed cake, oil cake Company Safety Management
Use of nitrogen as an inert gas and meal) Systems should include information
Nitrogen is a colourless and • copra on the dangers of fumigation and
odourless gas that, when used as an • wood in such forms as packaged refer to the IMO recommendations.
inert gas, causes oxygen deficiency in timber, round wood, logs, pulp Spaces adjacent to fumigated spaces
enclosed spaces, at exhaust wood, prop woods, woodchips, should be treated as if fumigated.
openings on deck during purging of wood shavings, wood pellets and Spaces that have been fumigated
tanks and void spaces, and in cargo sawdust should be properly ventilated and a
holds. One deep breath of 100% • jute, hemp, flax, sisal, kapok, cotton gas-free certificate should be issued.
nitrogen gas is fatal. and other vegetable fibres (such as This will only be issued when tests
esparto grass/Spanish grass, hay, show that all residual fumigants have
straw), empty bags, cotton waste, been dispersed from the cargo space
animal fibres, animal and vegetable and the adjacent spaces.
fabric, wool waste and rags

20
The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Managing shoreside personnel

Shoreside workers are susceptible The Safety Management System

to the dangers presented by entry should address managing
into an enclosed space on board a subcontracted workers, technicians,
ship. It should be assumed that welders, shore cleaning staff and
these workers are ignorant of stevedores engaged to work on the
the shipboard enclosed space ship. Such staff must always be
procedures and may require some managed to work safely and comply
shipboard familiarisation. Any with the enclosed entry and working
hazardous action seen being carried permits/procedures laid down by the
out by a shore worker should be company. At times this may be
stopped immediately. challenging and, during occasions
such as drydocking, agreements
must be made as to who is
responsible for the safety procedures
of the shore personnel.

21
 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Training, drills and rescue

Safety culture Training Additional training should cover the

Company and onboard safety culture Appropriate personnel should be issues raised in this guide, including:
is paramount to ensure crew remain trained in the use of all the equipment • what to do if a colleague is seen to
safe. A safety culture can be used for enclosed space entry, collapse in an enclosed space
promoted through: including the use, maintenance/ • the responsibilities of those
• proper and meaningful ship safety servicing and calibration of entering an enclosed space
familiarisation for new crew atmosphere testing equipment and • the process of risk assessments
members rescue equipment. This can be • the use of entry and work permits
• tool box talks included in the enclosed space drills. • the use and procedures for
• adherence to procedures such as atmosphere testing
entry and work permits Those personnel using the • the hazards of enclosed spaces
• supplying safety barriers such as atmosphere testing equipment • the circumstances and activities
signs indicating dangers must be: leading to dangerous atmospheres
• use and supply of correct personal • trained and able to use it correctly • the management of shoreside
protective equipment (PPE) • able to calibrate the equipment contractors.
• safety meetings • knowledgeable in the equipment’s
• engagement of all crew in safety limitations Properly conducted drills and
issues and hazard reporting • knowledgeable of the applicable training are imperative to impart
• promoting safety through bulletins, acceptable gas/vapour levels being knowledge to seafarers.
safety notices and using training tested.
materials such as videos.
Drills Rescue
As part of the initial ship Enclosed space drills have been If a rescue alarm is raised, no one
familiarisation, new-joining crew mandatory since 1 January 2015. should enter the enclosed space to
members, regardless of their attempt a rescue without taking the
experience, should be advised of the: proper precautions. Many multiple
• enclosed space entry procedure Drills should be as realistic as fatalities have occurred when
• dangers that an enclosed space possible. It is useful to have a human- well-intentioned crew have
can present sized training dummy available so attempted a rescue without following
• precautions necessary to enter an that crew can practice moving a the correct procedures.
enclosed space. casualty through an enclosed space,
while wearing breathing apparatus.
Assessments of how the drill has
been performed will enhance the
reaction time in an emergency.
Drills should include:
• realistic scenarios using a
prearranged emergency plan
• training of crew and emergency
teams to include the correct entry
procedures to be followed, use of
PPE, operation and understanding
of all the gear, including breathing
apparatus, and communication
equipment for enclosed spaces

22
The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Appropriate equipment

The appropriate safety and rescue An EEBD (emergency escape

equipment for entering an enclosed breathing device) should never be
space may vary depending upon the used in lieu of a SCBA set. They can
space, ship type and work involved. only be used as an escape device.
As a minimum, it will usually include:
• SCBA (self-contained breathing Appropriate personal protection
apparatus) with a spare cylinder equipment (PPE), including a
• life line and rescue harnesses personal gas meter, should be worn
• lighting, including torches by all personnel entering the
• stretcher enclosed space.
• means of raising stretcher, ie tripod
type arrangement
• communication equipment
• appropriate atmosphere testing
equipment and personal gas
meters.

23
 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

References

• IMO Resolution A.1050(27) ‘Revised • SOLAS Chapter III Regulation 19.

recommendations for entering 3.6.2. Emergency training and drills
enclosed spaces aboard ships’ • SOLAS Chapter XI – 1 Regulation 7.
• IMO MSC.1/Circ. 1477. ‘Guidelines Atmosphere testing instrument for
to facilitate the selection of enclosed spaces
portable atmosphere testing • Maritime and Coastguard Agency
instruments for enclosed spaces as (MCA) Code of Safe Working
required by SOLAS regulation XI – Practices for Seamen (COSWP),
1/7 Ch 4 (Emergency Drills and
• IMO MSC.350(92). Amendments to Procedures) and Ch 15 (Entering
the International Convention for Dangerous (Enclosed) Spaces).
the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
1974

24
The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Appendix
A 27/Res.1050
Page 10

APPENDIX

EXAMPLE OF AN ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT

This permit relates to entry into any enclosed space and should be completed by the
master or responsible person and by any persons entering the space, eg competent
person and attendant.

GENERAL
Location/name of enclosed space

Reason for entry .................................................................................................................

This permit is valid from: hrs Date ...............
to: hrs Date ...............
(See Note 1)

SECTION 1 – PRE-ENTRY PREPARATION

(To be checked by the master or nominated responsible person)

Yes No

 Has the space been thoroughly ventilated by mechanical means? ............ ............

 Has the space been segregated by blanking off or

isolating all connecting pipelines or valves and electrical
power/equipment? ............ ............

 Has the space been cleaned where necessary? ............ ............

 Has the space been tested and found safe for entry? (See note 2) ............ ............

 Pre-entry atmosphere test readings:

- oxygen ................... % vol (21%)* By:

- hydrocarbon ......... % LFL (less than 1%)

- toxic gases ............. ppm (less than 50% OEL of the specific gas) Time:
(See note 3)

 Have arrangements been made for frequent atmosphere checks to

be made while the space is occupied and after work breaks? ............ ............

 Have arrangements been made for the space to be continuously

ventilated throughout the period of occupation and during work breaks?............ ............

 Are access and illumination adequate? ............ ............

*
Note that national requirements may determine the safe atmosphere range.

I:\ASSEMBLY\27\RES\1050.doc

25
 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Appendix continued
A 27/Res.1050
Page 11

Yes No

 Is rescue and resuscitation equipment available for immediate use

by the entrance to the space? " "

 Has an attendant been designated to be in constant

attendance at the entrance to the space? " "

 Has the officer of the watch (bridge, engine-room, cargo control

room) been advised of the planned entry? " "

 Has a system of communication between all parties been tested

and emergency signals agreed? " "

 Are emergency and evacuation procedures established and

understood by all personnel involved with the enclosed space entry? " "

 Is all equipment used in good working condition and inspected prior

to entry? " "

 Are personnel properly clothed and equipped? " "

SECTION 2 – PRE-ENTRY CHECKS

(To be checked by each person entering the space)

Yes No

 I have received instructions or permission from the master or

nominated responsible person to enter the enclosed space " "

 Section 1 of this permit has been satisfactorily completed by the

master or nominated responsible person " "

 I have agreed and understand the communication procedures " "

 I have agreed upon a reporting interval of .............. minutes " "

 Emergency and evacuation procedures have been agreed and are

understood " "

 I am aware that the space must be vacated immediately in the event

of ventilation failure or if atmosphere tests show a change from
agreed safe criteria " "

I:\ASSEMBLY\27\RES\1050.doc

26
The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

A 27/Res.1050
Page 12

SECTION 3 – BREATHING APPARATUS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT

(To be checked jointly by the master or nominated responsible
person and the person who is to enter the space)

Yes No
 Those entering the space are familiar with any breathing
apparatus to be used ............ ............

 The breathing apparatus has been tested as follows:

- gauge and capacity of air supply ............ ............

- low pressure audible alarm if fitted ............ ............
- face mask – under positive pressure and not leaking ............ ............

 The means of communication has been tested and emergency

signals agreed ............ ............

 All personnel entering the space have been provided with

rescue harnesses and, where practicable, lifelines ............ ............

Signed upon completion of sections 1, 2 and 3 by:

Master or nominated responsible person ................... Date .................. Time

Attendant .................................................................... Date .................. Time

Person entering the space .......................................... Date .................. Time

SECTION 4 – PERSONNEL ENTRY

(To be completed by the responsible person supervising entry)

Names ..........................................

Time in ......................................... Time out .............................

SECTION 5 – COMPLETION OF JOB

(To be completed by the responsible person supervising entry)

 Job completed Date Time ...................... ......................

• Space secured against entry Date Time ........................................

• The officer of the watch has been

duly informed Date Time............................ .................

Signed upon completion of sections 4 and 5 by:

Responsible person supervising entry .................... Date ................... Time ...............

THIS PERMIT IS RENDERED INVALID SHOULD VENTILATION OF THE SPACE STOP

OR IF ANY OF THE CONDITIONS NOTED IN THE CHECKLIST CHANGE

I:\ASSEMBLY\27\RES\1050.doc

27
 The Standard Club | A master’s guide to Enclosed Space Entry

Appendix continued
A 27/Res.1050
Page 13

Notes:

1 The permit should contain a clear indication as to its maximum period of validity.

2 In order to obtain a representative cross-section of the space's atmosphere, samples

should be taken from several levels and through as many openings as possible.
Ventilation should be stopped for about 10 minutes before the pre-entry atmosphere
tests are taken.

3 Tests for specific toxic contaminants, such as benzene or hydrogen sulphide, should
be undertaken depending on the nature of the previous contents of the space.

___________

I:\ASSEMBLY\27\RES\1050.doc

28
Failure to observe and understand simple enclosed
space entry procedures can lead to persons being
unexpectedly overcome when entering enclosed
spaces. Observance of the principles and
procedures outlined will form a reliable basis in
reducing the risks for enclosed space entry.

This Masters Guide is published on behalf of Disclaimer

The Standard Club Ltd by the managers’ London agents: The purpose of this publication is to provide a source of
Charles Taylor & Co. Limited, information which is additional to that available to the
Standard House, maritime industry from regulatory, advisory, and
12–13 Essex Street, consultative organisations. Whilst care is taken to ensure
London, WC2R 3AA, UK the accuracy of any information made available, no
Registered in England No. 2561548 warranty of accuracy is given and users of that
information are to be responsible for satisfying
Telephone: +44 20 3320 8888 themselves that the information is relevant and suitable
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Website: www.standard-club.com liable to any person whatsoever for any loss or damage
whensoever or howsoever arising out of or in connection
Please send any comments to the editor, with the supply (including negligent supply) or use of
Yves Vandenborn information. Members should contact the club for
specific advice on particular matters.
E: [email protected]
T: +65 6506 2852 Version 2, August 2017
The Standard Club’s loss prevention programme
focuses on best practices to prevent those claims that
are avoidable. These usually result from crew error,
poor crew training or not following proper procedures.
In its continuing commitment to safety at sea and the
prevention of accidents, casualties and pollution, the
club issues a variety of publications on safety-related
subjects. The Master’s Guide series looks at key areas
that cause incidents and gives members practical
guidance to avoid them.

www.ctplc.com www.standard-club.com
 E

4 ALBERT EMBANKMENT
LONDON SE1 7SR
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7735 7611 Fax: +44 (0)20 7587 3210

MSC.1/Circ.1401
9 June 2011

GUIDELINES ON TANK ENTRY FOR TANKERS USING NITROGEN

AS AN INERTING MEDIUM

1 The Maritime Safety Committee at its eighty-ninth session (11 to 20 May 2011),
having considered the proposal by the Sub-Committee on Bulk Liquids and Gases, at its
fifteenth session, approved the Guidelines on tank entry for tankers using nitrogen as an
inerting medium, set out in the annex.

2 Member Governments are invited to bring the annexed Guidelines to the attention of
shipowners, ship operators and seafarers, urging them to apply these Guidelines, as
appropriate, to all tankers using nitrogen as an inerting medium.

***

I:\CIRC\MSC\01\1401.doc
 MSC.1/Circ.1401
Annex, page 1

ANNEX

GUIDELINES ON TANK ENTRY FOR TANKERS

USING NITROGEN AS AN INERTING MEDIUM

1 PURPOSE

The purpose of these Guidelines is to describe the procedures and minimum precautions,
which are to be followed when personnel intend to enter a tank, in order to reduce the risk of
asphyxiation after inerting the tanks by nitrogen. These Guidelines should be used in
conjunction with the Revised Recommendations for entering enclosed spaces aboard ships.*

2 USE OF NITROGEN

2.1 Nitrogen is a colourless and odourless gas that can cause oxygen deficiency in
confined spaces, and at exhaust openings on deck, during purging of tanks and void spaces.

2.2 Nitrogen (N2) is classified as a simple asphyxiate, meaning that it will displace
oxygen in high concentrations and create an oxygen deficient (< 21%) atmosphere without
any significant physiological effects. Breathing is stimulated and controlled by carbon dioxide
(CO2) present in the lungs. As the CO2 level increases, the brain sends a message to
increase respiration. When the CO2 level drops, the rate of respiration will also decrease in
order to maintain the proper balance.

2.3 Everyone should understand that one deep breath of 100% N2 will be fatal.

100% N2 will displace CO2 and O2 completely and, in the absence of a CO2 signal to the
brain, the stimulus to breathe no longer exists.

3 PRE-PLANNING

3.1 Prior to entering a tank, all persons who are to be involved in the task should meet to:

.1 define the purpose of entering the tank;

.2 identify the steps to be taken to achieve the purpose;

.3 develop a plan of action; and

.4 assign responsibilities.

3.2 The meeting should address:

.1 scheduling of manpower – may include the following:

.1 authorization: the master will be ultimately responsible for

authorizing tank entry. An officer should be designated as the
responsible person with sufficient knowledge of the procedures to
be established and complied with on board, in order for ensuring
that the correct procedures are observed;

*
The Revised Recommendations for entering enclosed spaces aboard ships (DSC 15/18, annex 6) are
expected to be adopted at the twenty-seventh session of the Assembly.

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.2 the person undertaking the testing of the atmosphere should be

trained in the use of the equipment. Only properly calibrated
equipment should be used and the manufacturers' instructions
should be strictly followed;

.3 attendant means a person who is suitably trained within the safety

management system, maintains a watch over those entering the
tank, maintains communications with those inside the tank and
initiates the emergency procedures in the event of an incident
occurring; and

.4 tank rescue team are any members of the crew trained in the use
of rescue and resuscitation equipment;

.2 tank washing;

.3 gas freeing;

.4 testing of the tank atmosphere;

.5 identifying and minimizing physical hazards;

.6 listing equipment needed, i.e. safety, fire fighting, communication, tools,

escape and rescue;

.7 advising personnel who will enter the space of the hazards associated with
the operation;

.8 maintaining safe conditions in the tank; and

.9 reviewing emergency procedures for rescue and fire fighting – may include
the following:

.1 the person in charge of the rescue party should not enter the tank,
but should coordinate the rescue operation from the tank access;

.2 in the event that a casualty must be removed from the tank,

sufficient persons must be on deck and available to effect proper
use of the rescue equipment;

.3 sufficient persons should be assigned to the tank rescue team.

They should be familiar with the tank arrangement and trained in
the use of the equipment and able to deliver first aid; and

.4 the decision to remove an injured person from the space must be

based on the relative danger of his location and extent of his
injuries, versus the danger of increasing his injuries by movement
prior to effecting first aid.

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4 INITIAL PREPARATION

4.1 Marking of cargo tanks

4.1.1 Tanks should be clearly marked to make it clear to all which are safe for entry and
which must not be entered. Any tank where crew are working should be clearly marked as
such.

4.1.2 Warning signs should also be posted at the gangway, and at other locations as
deemed necessary by the master, when nitrogen is being produced on board or received
from shore.

4.2 After a tank has been cleaned and ventilated, the following steps should be taken:

4.2.1 Ensure that the tank to be entered has been segregated from all other spaces which
contain or may contain a non-gas free atmosphere. All common line valves should be lashed
in the closed position and labelled.

4.2.2 Check that all cargo pipes in the tank being entered have been flushed and drained.

4.2.3 In addition to the safety equipment used for tank entry, rescue and resuscitation and
fire-fighting equipment should be available, inspected and in proper working order. This may
include the following:

.1 equipment to be immediately available on deck:

.1 rescue hoist equipment to enable an injured person to be removed

from the tank;

.2 self-contained breathing apparatus;

.3 oxygen meter;

.4 gas meter; and

.5 toxic gas detector;

.2 equipment to be carried on board and readily available:

.1 stretchers;

.2 resuscitator;

.3 first-aid kit;

.4 fire hose with spray nozzle; and

.5 dry chemical and foam fire extinguishers;

.3 equipment for each member of the tank entry party: flashlight and
protective clothing; and

.4 equipment to be carried by at least one member of the tank entry team:

intrinsically safe two-way portable radiotelephone apparatus.

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4.2.4 The attendant should stand by the tank entrance while people are in the tank.
In addition, sufficient people to form a rescue team should be identified, readily available and
should not be involved in the tank entry.

4.2.5 Establish a means of communication and emergency signals between the persons
on deck and the persons in the tank. Ensure everybody understands these signals before
tank entry and ensure that intrinsically safe two-way portable radiotelephone apparatus is
available for the use of the attendant at the tank entrance.

5 TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE TANK

5.1 After a tank has been cleaned, ventilated and prepared for entry, it should be tested
for oxygen content, and finally, as appropriate, for toxic gases at various levels from top to
bottom.

5.2 The atmosphere can only be accepted as suitable for entry when all the relevant
hazards have been identified and removed.

5.3 Appropriate testing of the atmosphere of a tank should be carried out with properly
calibrated equipment by persons trained in the use of the equipment. The manufacturers'
instructions should be strictly followed. Testing of the tank should be carried out before any
person enters the tank, and at regular intervals thereafter until all work is completed. Where
appropriate, the testing of the tank should be carried out at as many different levels as is
necessary to obtain a representative sample of the atmosphere in the tank. In some cases, it
may be difficult to test the atmosphere throughout the tank without entering the tank and this
should be taken into account when assessing the risk to personnel entering the tank. The
use of flexible hoses or fixed sampling lines which reach remote areas within the tank, may
allow for safe testing without having to enter the tank.

5.4 All ventilation must be stopped prior to and during the atmosphere tests and
resumed prior to any person entering the tank.

5.5 Criteria for Tank Entry

5.5.1 For entry purposes, steady readings of all the following should be obtained:

.1 21% oxygen by volume by oxygen content meter*;

.2 not more than 1% of lower flammable limit (LFL) on a suitably sensitive

combustible gas indicator, where the preliminary assessment has
determined that there is potential for flammable gases or vapours; and

.3 not more than 50% of the occupational exposure limit (OEL) of any toxic
vapours and gases.**

5.5.2 A responsible person should ensure that all measuring instruments in use have
been properly calibrated and are maintained in accordance with the respective
manufacturer's instructions.

*
National requirements may determine the safe atmosphere range.
**
It should be noted that the term Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) includes the Permissible Exposure
Limit (PEL), Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) and Threshold Limit Value (TLV) or any other
internationally recognized terms.

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5.5.3 If these conditions cannot be met, additional ventilation should be applied to the tank
and re-testing should be conducted after a suitable interval.

6 ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS FOR ENTRY INTO A TANK WHERE THE ATMOSPHERE IS KNOWN
OR SUSPECTED TO BE UNSAFE

6.1 Tanks that have not been tested should be considered unsafe for persons to enter.

6.2 If the atmosphere in a tank is suspected or known to be unsafe, the tank should only
be entered in the event of an emergency. The number of persons entering the tank should
be the minimum compatible with the task to be performed.

6.3 Suitable breathing apparatus, e.g., of the air-line or self-contained type, should
always be worn, and only personnel trained in its use should be allowed to enter the space.
Air-purifying respirators should not be used.

6.4 Persons entering tanks should be provided with calibrated and tested personal
multi-gas detectors that monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon monoxide and other gases, as
appropriate. Rescue harnesses should be worn and, unless impractical, lifelines should be
used. Appropriate protective clothing should be worn particularly where there is any risk of
toxic substances or chemicals coming into contact with the skin or eyes of those entering the
tank.

7 FINAL PREPARATION

The responsible person should ensure that:

.1 all personnel involved understand the emergency procedures;

.2 each person entering the tank is wearing the appropriate protective clothing
and has the correct personal safety equipment;

.3 all personnel involved understand the task to be undertaken; and

.4 the equipment stated in paragraph 4.2.3 is readily available.

8 TANK ENTRY PERMIT

8.1 The relevant sections of the Tank Entry Permit (see appendix) should be filled in
upon completion of preparations for tank entry. Entry permits may be made for multiple tank
entries, however tanks which are not immediately entered should be re-tested and a new
permit issued. At no time should a permit be granted for entry into more than six tanks.

8.2 The validity of an entry permit should not exceed 8 hours.

9 TANK ENTRY

After the tank entry requirements have been met, the tank may be entered by the work party.
While persons are working in the space, safe working conditions must be maintained.
Particular attention should be given to the following:

.1 the responsible person should ensure that the atmosphere is continuously

monitored and order the evacuation of the space if the safe limits are
exceeded, or if there is any doubt about it, at any stage of the operation;

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.2 ventilation must be provided during the entire period of the operation.

Where necessary, portable ducting should be provided to ensure a good
supply of air to the actual working area inside the space;

.3 the responsible person should ensure that all identified risk mitigation
measures are being enforced;

.4 the attendant should be in continuous attendance at the entrance to the

tank;

.5 the responsible person should be aware of the location of every person in

the tank at all times. The work party should stay together whenever
possible;
.6 safety harnesses should be worn at all times when working in tanks;

.7 rescue equipment should be rigged and ready for use throughout the
operation and persons assigned to the rescue party should be readily
available; and

.8 access openings should be kept open and clear for emergency exit at all
times.

10 LEAVING THE TANK

10.1 If the tank is vacated for any reason, such as for a meal break, ventilation should
continue during the break and the atmosphere of the tank should be re-tested and the
provisions of paragraph 7 should be observed.

10.2 When finally leaving the tank, the responsible person should ensure that all persons
in the work party are accounted for and that all tools and equipment have been removed
from the tank.

***

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APPENDIX

EXAMPLE OF AN ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT*

This permit relates to entry into any enclosed space and should be completed by the master
or responsible person.

GENERAL
Location/name of enclosed space
Reason for entry ..................................................................................................................
This permit is valid from: hrs Date .........................
to: hrs Date .........................
(See note 1)

SECTION 1 – PRE-ENTRY PREPARATION

(To be checked by the master or nominated responsible person)
Yes No
 Has the space been thoroughly ventilated by mechanical means? " "
 Has the space been segregated by blanking off or
isolating all connecting pipelines or valves and electrical
power/equipment? " "
 Has the space been cleaned where necessary? " "
 Has the space been tested and found safe for entry? (See note 2) " "
 Pre-entry atmosphere test readings:
- oxygen ................... % vol (21%)** By:
- hydrocarbon ........... % LFL (less than 1%)
- toxic gases ............. ppm (less than 50% OEL of the specific gas) Time:
(See note 3)

 Have arrangements been made for frequent atmosphere checks to

be made while the space is occupied and after work breaks? " "
 Have arrangements been made for the space to be continuously
ventilated throughout the period of occupation and during work breaks? " "
 Are access and illumination adequate? " "
 Is rescue and resuscitation equipment available for immediate use
by the entrance to the space? " "
 Has an attendant been designated to be in constant attendance
at the entrance to the space? " "
 Has the officer of the watch (bridge, engine-room, cargo control
room) been advised of the planned entry? " "
 Has a system of communication between all parties been tested
and emergency signals agreed? " "
 Are emergency and evacuation procedures established and
understood by all personnel involved with the enclosed space entry? " "
 Is all equipment used in good working condition and inspected prior " "
to entry?
 Are personnel properly clothed and equipped? " "

*
It should be noted that this is a generic entry permit that may be used for all enclosed spaces on board all ships.
**
Note that National requirements may determine the safe atmosphere range.

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SECTION 2 – PRE-ENTRY CHECKS

(To be checked by each person entering the space)
Yes No
 I have received instructions or permission from the master or
nominated responsible person to enter the enclosed space " "

 Section 1 of this permit has been satisfactorily completed by the

master or nominated responsible person " "

 I have agreed and understand the communication procedures " "

 I have agreed upon a reporting interval of ............. minutes " "

 Emergency and evacuation procedures have been agreed and are

understood " "

 I am aware that the space must be vacated immediately in

the event of ventilation failure or if atmosphere tests show
a change from agreed safe criteria " "

SECTION 3 – BREATHING APPARATUS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT

(To be checked jointly by the master or nominated responsible
person and the person who is to enter the space) Yes No

 Those entering the space are familiar with any breathing

apparatus to be used " "

 The breathing apparatus has been tested as follows:

- gauge and capacity of air supply
- low pressure audible alarm if fitted
- face mask – under positive pressure and not leaking

 The means of communication has been tested and emergency

signals agreed " "

 All personnel entering the space have been provided with

rescue harnesses and, where practicable, lifelines " "

Signed upon completion of sections 1, 2 and 3 by:

Master or nominated responsible person ................... Date .................. Time ...............

Attendant .................................................................... Date .................. Time................

Person entering the space .......................................... Date .................. Time................

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SECTION 4 – PERSONNEL ENTRY

(To be completed by the responsible person supervising entry)

Names

Time in Time out

SECTION 5 – COMPLETION OF JOB

(To be completed by the responsible person supervising entry)

 Job completed: Date ....................... .... Time ......................

• Space secured against entry Date ............................ Time .....................

• The officer of the watch has been
duly informed Date ............................ Time .....................

Signed upon completion of sections 4 and 5 by:

Responsible person supervising entry: ................... Date ................... Time ...............

THIS PERMIT IS RENDERED INVALID SHOULD VENTILATION OF THE SPACE STOP

OR IF ANY OF THE CONDITIONS NOTED IN THE CHECKLIST CHANGE

Notes:

1 The permit should contain a clear indication as to its maximum period of

validity.

2 In order to obtain a representative cross-section of the space's atmosphere,

samples should be taken from several levels and through as many
openings as possible. Ventilation should be stopped for about 10 minutes
before the pre-entry atmosphere tests are taken.

3 Tests for specific toxic contaminants, such as benzene or hydrogen

sulphide, should be undertaken depending on the nature of the previous
contents of the space.

___________

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ASSEMBLY A 27/Res.1050
27th session 20 December 2011
Agenda item 9 Original: ENGLISH

Resolution A.1050(27)

Adopted on 30 November 2011

(Agenda item 9)

REVISED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENTERING ENCLOSED

SPACES ABOARD SHIPS

THE ASSEMBLY,

RECALLING Article 15(j) of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization

regarding the functions of the Assembly in relation to regulations and guidelines concerning
maritime safety,

RECALLING ALSO its adoption, by resolution A.864(20), of the Recommendations for

entering enclosed spaces aboard ships, incorporating therein recommendations for entering
cargo spaces, tanks, pump-rooms, fuel tanks, cofferdams, duct keels, ballast tanks and
similar enclosed spaces,

BEING CONCERNED about the continued loss of life resulting from personnel entering
shipboard spaces in which the atmosphere is oxygen-depleted, oxygen-enriched, toxic or
flammable,

BEING AWARE of the work undertaken in this regard by the International Labour
Organization, Governments and segments of the private sector,

HAVING CONSIDERED the recommendation made by the Maritime Safety Committee at its
eighty-ninth session,

1. ADOPTS the Revised Recommendations for entering enclosed spaces aboard

ships, as set out in the Annex to the present resolution;

2. INVITES Governments to bring the annexed revised recommendations to the

attention of shipowners, ship operators and seafarers, urging them to apply them, as
appropriate, to all ships;

3. REQUESTS the Maritime Safety Committee to keep the revised recommendations

under review and amend them as necessary;

4. REVOKES resolution A.864(20).

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Annex

REVISED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENTERING

ENCLOSED SPACES ABOARD SHIPS

PREAMBLE

The objective of these recommendations is to encourage the adoption of safety procedures

aimed at preventing casualties to ships' personnel entering enclosed spaces where there
may be an oxygen-deficient, oxygen-enriched, flammable and/or toxic atmosphere.

Investigations into the circumstances of casualties that have occurred have shown that
accidents on board ships are in most cases caused by an insufficient knowledge of,
or disregard for, the need to take precautions rather than a lack of guidance.

The following practical recommendations apply to all types of ships and provide guidance to
ship operators and seafarers. It should be noted that on ships where entry into enclosed
spaces may be infrequent, for example, on certain passenger ships or small general cargo
ships, the dangers may be less apparent, and accordingly there may be a need for increased
vigilance.

The recommendations are intended to complement national laws or regulations, accepted

standards or particular procedures which may exist for specific trades, ships or types of
shipping operations.

It may be impracticable to apply some recommendations to particular situations. In such

cases, every endeavour should be made to observe the intent of the recommendations, and
attention should be paid to the risks that may be involved.

1 INTRODUCTION

The atmosphere in any enclosed space may be oxygen-deficient or oxygen-enriched and/or

contain flammable and/or toxic gases or vapours. Such unsafe atmospheres could also
subsequently occur in a space previously found to be safe. Unsafe atmospheres may also
be present in spaces adjacent to those spaces where a hazard is known to be present.

2 DEFINITIONS

2.1 Enclosed space means a space which has any of the following characteristics:

.1 limited openings for entry and exit;

.2 inadequate ventilation; and

.3 is not designed for continuous worker occupancy,

and includes, but is not limited to, cargo spaces, double bottoms, fuel tanks, ballast tanks,
cargo pump-rooms, cargo compressor rooms, cofferdams, chain lockers, void spaces,
duct keels, inter-barrier spaces, boilers, engine crankcases, engine scavenge air receivers,
sewage tanks, and adjacent connected spaces. This list is not exhaustive and a list should
be produced on a ship-by-ship basis to identify enclosed spaces.

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2.2 Adjacent connected space means a normally unventilated space which is not used
for cargo but which may share the same atmospheric characteristics with the enclosed space
such as, but not limited to, a cargo space accessway.

2.3 Competent person means a person with sufficient theoretical knowledge and
practical experience to make an informed assessment of the likelihood of a dangerous
atmosphere being present or subsequently arising in the space.

2.4 Responsible person means a person authorized to permit entry into an enclosed
space and having sufficient knowledge of the procedures to be established and complied
with on board, in order to ensure that the space is safe for entry.

2.5 Attendant means a person who is suitably trained within the safety management
system, maintains a watch over those entering the enclosed space, maintains
communications with those inside the space and initiates the emergency procedures in the
event of an incident occurring.

3 SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR ENTRY INTO ENCLOSED SPACES

3.1 The safety strategy to be adopted in order to prevent accidents on entry to enclosed
spaces should be approached in a comprehensive manner by the company.

3.2 The company should ensure that the procedures for entering enclosed spaces are
included among the key shipboard operations concerning the safety of the personnel and the
ship, in accordance with paragraph 7 of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code.

3.3 The company should elaborate a procedural implementation scheme which provides
for training in the use of atmospheric testing equipment in such spaces and a schedule of
regular onboard drills for crews.

3.3.1 Competent and responsible persons should be trained in enclosed space hazard
recognition, evaluation, measurement, control and elimination, using standards acceptable to
the Administration.

3.3.2 Crew members should be trained, as appropriate, in enclosed space safety,

including familiarization with onboard procedures for recognizing, evaluating and controlling
hazards associated with entry into enclosed spaces.

3.4 Internal audits by the company and external audits by the Administration of the
ship's safety management system should verify that the established procedures are complied
with in practice and are consistent with the safety strategy referred to in paragraph 3.1.

4 ASSESSMENT OF RISK

4.1 The company should ensure that a risk assessment is conducted to identify all
enclosed spaces on board the ship. This risk assessment should be periodically revisited to
ensure its continued validity.

4.2 In order to ensure safety, a competent person should always make a preliminary
assessment of any potential hazards in the space to be entered, taking into account previous
cargo carried, ventilation of the space, coating of the space and other relevant factors.
The competent person's preliminary assessment should determine the potential for the
presence of an oxygen-deficient, oxygen-enriched, flammable or toxic atmosphere.
The competent person should bear in mind that the ventilation procedures for an adjacent

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connected space may be different from the procedures for the ventilation of the enclosed
space itself.

4.3 The procedures to be followed for testing the atmosphere in the space and for entry
should be decided on the basis of the preliminary assessment. These will depend on
whether the preliminary assessment shows that:

.1 there is minimal risk to the health or life of personnel entering the space; or

.2 there is no immediate risk to health or life but a risk could arise during the
course of work in the space; or

.3 a risk to health or life is identified.

4.4 Where the preliminary assessment indicates minimal risk to health or life or potential
for a risk to arise during the course of work in the space, the precautions described in
sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 should be followed, as appropriate.

4.5 Where the preliminary assessment identifies a risk to life or health, if entry is to be
made, the additional precautions specified in section 9 should also be followed.

4.6 Throughout the assessment process, there should be an assumption that the space
to be entered is considered to be hazardous until positively proved to be safe for entry.

5 AUTHORIZATION OF ENTRY

5.1 No person should open or enter an enclosed space unless authorized by the master
or the nominated responsible person and unless the appropriate safety procedures laid down
for the particular ship have been followed.

5.2 Entry into enclosed spaces should be planned and the use of an entry permit
system, which may include the use of a checklist, is recommended. An Enclosed Space
Entry Permit should be issued by the master or the nominated responsible person, and
completed by the personnel who enter the space prior to entry. An example of the Enclosed
Space Entry Permit is provided in the appendix.

6 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

6.1 Entry doors or hatches leading to enclosed spaces should at all times be secured
against entry, when entry is not required.

6.2 A door or hatch cover which is opened to provide natural ventilation of an enclosed
space may, wrongly, be taken to be an indication of a safe atmosphere and therefore, an
attendant may be stationed at the entrance or the use of a mechanical barrier, such as a
rope or chain positioned across the opening with an attached warning sign, could prevent
such accidental entry.

6.3 The master or the responsible person should determine that it is safe to enter an
enclosed space by ensuring that:

.1 potential hazards have been identified in the assessment and as far as

possible isolated or made safe;

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.2 the space has been thoroughly ventilated by natural or mechanical means

to remove any toxic or flammable gases and to ensure an adequate level of
oxygen throughout the space;

.3 the atmosphere of the space has been tested as appropriate with properly
calibrated instruments to ascertain acceptable levels of oxygen and
acceptable levels of flammable or toxic vapours;

.4 the space has been secured for entry and properly illuminated;

.5 a suitable system of communication between all parties for use during entry
has been agreed and tested;

.6 an attendant has been instructed to remain at the entrance to the space

whilst it is occupied;

.7 rescue and resuscitation equipment has been positioned ready for use at
the entrance to the space and rescue arrangements have been agreed;

.8 personnel are properly clothed and equipped for the entry and subsequent
tasks; and

.9 a permit has been issued, authorizing entry.

The precautions in subparagraphs .6 and .7 may not apply to every situation described in this
section. The person authorizing entry should determine whether an attendant and the
positioning of rescue equipment at the entrance to the space are necessary.

6.4 Only trained personnel should be assigned the duties of entering, functioning as
attendants or functioning as members of rescue teams. Ships' crews with rescue and first
aid duties should be drilled periodically in rescue and first aid procedures. Training should
include as a minimum:

.1 identification of the hazards likely to be faced during entry into enclosed

spaces;

.2 recognition of the signs of adverse health effects caused by exposure to

hazards during entry; and

.3 knowledge of personal protective equipment required for entry.

6.5 All equipment used in connection with entry should be in good working condition and
inspected prior to use.

7 TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE

7.1 Appropriate testing of the atmosphere of a space should be carried out with properly
calibrated equipment by persons trained in the use of the equipment. The manufacturers'
instructions should be strictly followed. Testing of the space should be carried out before any
person enters the space and at regular intervals thereafter until all work is completed. Where
appropriate, the testing of the space should be carried out at as many different levels as is
necessary to obtain a representative sample of the atmosphere in the space. In some cases
it may be difficult to test the atmosphere throughout the enclosed space without entering the
space (e.g. the bottom landing of a stairway) and this should be taken into account when

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assessing the risk to personnel entering the space. The use of flexible hoses or fixed
sampling lines, which reach remote areas within the enclosed space, may allow for safe
testing without having to enter the space.

7.2 For entry purposes, steady readings of all of the following should be obtained:

.1 21% oxygen by volume by oxygen content meter;

Note: National requirements may determine the safe atmosphere range.

.2 not more than 1% of lower flammable limit (LFL) on a suitably sensitive

combustible gas indicator, where the preliminary assessment has
determined that there is potential for flammable gases or vapours; and

.3 not more than 50% of the occupational exposure limit (OEL)* of any toxic
vapours and gases.

If these conditions cannot be met, additional ventilation should be applied to the space and
re-testing should be conducted after a suitable interval.

7.3 Any gas testing should be carried out with ventilation to the enclosed space
stopped, and after conditions have stabilized, in order to obtain accurate readings.

7.4 Where the preliminary assessment has determined that there is potential for the
presence of toxic gases and vapours, appropriate testing should be carried out, using fixed
or portable gas or vapour detection equipment. The readings obtained by this equipment
should be below the occupational exposure limits for the toxic gases or vapours given in
accepted national or international standards, in accordance with paragraph 7.2. It should be
noted that testing for flammability or oxygen content does not provide a suitable means of
measuring for toxicity, nor vice versa.

7.5 It should be emphasized that the internal structure of the space, cargo, cargo
residues and tank coatings may also present situations where oxygen-deficient areas may
exist, and should always be suspected, even when an enclosed space has been
satisfactorily tested as being suitable for entry. This is particularly the case for spaces where
the path of the supply and outlet ventilation is obstructed by structural members or cargo.

8 PRECAUTIONS DURING ENTRY

8.1 The atmosphere should be tested frequently whilst the space is occupied and
persons should be instructed to leave the space should there be a deterioration in the
conditions.

8.2 Persons entering enclosed spaces should be provided with calibrated and tested
multi-gas detectors that monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon monoxide and other gases as
appropriate.

8.3 Ventilation should continue during the period that the space is occupied and during
temporary breaks. Before re-entry after a break, the atmosphere should be re-tested. In the
event of failure of the ventilation system, any persons in the space should leave immediately.

*
It should be noted that the term Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) includes the Permissible Exposure
Limit (PEL), Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) and Threshold Limit Value (TLV) or any other
internationally recognized terms.

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8.4 Particular care should be exhibited when working on pipelines and valves within the
space. If conditions change during the work, increased frequency of testing of the
atmosphere should be performed. Changing conditions that may occur include increasing
ambient temperatures, the use of oxygen-fuel torches, mobile plant, work activities in the
enclosed space that could evolve vapours, work breaks, or if the ship is ballasted or trimmed
during the work.

8.5 In the event of an emergency, under no circumstances should the attending crew
member enter the space before help has arrived and the situation has been evaluated to
ensure the safety of those entering the space to undertake rescue operations. Only properly
trained and equipped personnel should perform rescue operations in enclosed spaces.

9 ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS FOR ENTRY INTO A SPACE WHERE THE

ATMOSPHERE IS KNOWN OR SUSPECTED TO BE UNSAFE

9.1 Spaces that have not been tested should be considered unsafe for persons to enter.
If the atmosphere in an enclosed space is suspected or known to be unsafe, the space
should only be entered when no practical alternative exists. Entry should only be made for
further testing, essential operation, safety of life or safety of a ship. The number of persons
entering the space should be the minimum compatible with the work to be performed.

9.2 Suitable breathing apparatus, e.g. of the air-line or self-contained type, should
always be worn, and only personnel trained in its use should be allowed to enter the space.
Air-purifying respirators should not be used as they do not provide a supply of clean air from
a source independent of the atmosphere within the space.

9.3 Persons entering enclosed spaces should be provided with calibrated and tested
multi-gas detectors that monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon monoxide and other gases as
appropriate.

9.4 Rescue harnesses should be worn and, unless impractical, lifelines should be used.

9.5 Appropriate protective clothing should be worn, particularly where there is any risk of
toxic substances or chemicals coming into contact with the skin or eyes of those entering the
space.

9.6 The advice in paragraph 8.5 concerning emergency rescue operations is particularly
relevant in this context.

10 HAZARDS RELATED TO SPECIFIC TYPES OF SHIPS OR CARGO

10.1 Dangerous goods in packaged form

10.1.1 The atmosphere of any space containing dangerous goods may put at risk the
health or life of any person entering it. Dangers may include flammable, toxic or corrosive
gases or vapours that displace oxygen, residues on packages and spilled material.
The same hazards may be present in spaces adjacent to the cargo spaces. Information on
the hazards of specific substances is contained in the International Maritime Dangerous
Goods (IMDG) Code, the Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods
(EMS) and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)*. If there is evidence or suspicion that

*
Refer to the Recommendations for material safety data sheets (MSDS) for MARPOL Annex I oil cargo and
oil fuel (resolution MSC.286(86)).

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leakage of dangerous substances has occurred, the precautions specified in section 9 should
be followed.

10.1.2 Personnel required to deal with spillages or to remove defective or damaged

packages should be appropriately trained and wear suitable breathing apparatus and
appropriate protective clothing.

10.2 Liquid bulk

The tanker industry has produced extensive advice to operators and crews of ships engaged
in the bulk carriage of oil, chemicals and liquefied gases, in the form of specialist
international safety guides. Information in the guides on enclosed space entry amplifies
these recommendations and should be used as the basis for preparing entry plans.

10.3 Solid bulk

On ships carrying solid bulk cargoes, dangerous atmospheres may develop in cargo spaces
and adjacent spaces. The dangers may include flammability, toxicity, oxygen depletion or
self-heating, as identified in the shipper's declaration. For additional information, reference
should be made to the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code.

10.4 Use of Nitrogen as an inert gas*

Nitrogen is a colourless and odourless gas that, when used as an inert gas, causes oxygen
deficiency in enclosed spaces and at exhaust openings on deck during purging of tanks
and void spaces and use in cargo holds. It should be noted that one deep breath
of 100% nitrogen gas will be fatal.

10.5 Oxygen-depleting cargoes and materials

A prominent risk with such cargoes is oxygen depletion due to the inherent form of the cargo,
for example, self-heating, oxidation of metals and ores or decomposition of vegetable oils,
fish oils, animal fats, grain and other organic materials or their residues. The materials listed
below are known to be capable of causing oxygen depletion. However, the list is not
exhaustive. Oxygen depletion may also be caused by other materials of vegetable or animal
origin, by flammable or spontaneously combustible materials and by materials with a high
metal content, including, but not limited to:

.1 grain, grain products and residues from grain processing (such as bran,
crushed grain, crushed malt or meal), hops, malt husks and spent malt;

.2 oilseeds as well as products and residues from oilseeds (such as seed

expellers, seed cake, oil cake and meal);

.3 copra;

.4 wood in such forms as packaged timber, round wood, logs, pulpwood,

props (pit props and other propwood), woodchips, woodshavings, wood
pellets and sawdust;

*
Refer to the Guidelines on tank entry for tankers using nitrogen as an inerting medium (MSC.1/Circ.1401).

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.5 jute, hemp, flax, sisal, kapok, cotton and other vegetable fibres (such as
esparto grass/Spanish grass, hay, straw, bhusa), empty bags, cotton
waste, animal fibres, animal and vegetable fabric, wool waste and rags;

.6 fish, fishmeal and fishscrap;

.7 guano;

.8 sulphidic ores and ore concentrates;

.9 charcoal, coal, lignite and coal products;

.10 direct reduced iron (DRI);

.11 dry ice;

.12 metal wastes and chips, iron swarf, steel and other turnings, borings,
drillings, shavings, filings and cuttings; and

.13 scrap metal.

10.6 Fumigation

When a ship is fumigated, the detailed recommendations contained in the Recommendations

on the safe use of pesticides in ships (MSC.1/Circ.1358) should be followed. Spaces
adjacent to fumigated spaces should be treated as if fumigated.

11 CONCLUSION

Failure to observe simple procedures can lead to persons being unexpectedly overcome
when entering enclosed spaces. Observance of the principles and procedures outlined
above will form a reliable basis for assessing risks in such spaces and for taking necessary
precautions.

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APPENDIX

EXAMPLE OF AN ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT

This permit relates to entry into any enclosed space and should be completed by the master
or responsible person and by any persons entering the space, e.g. competent person and
attendant.

GENERAL
Location/name of enclosed space

Reason for entry .................................................................................................................

This permit is valid from: hrs Date ...............
to: hrs Date ...............
(See Note 1)

SECTION 1 – PRE-ENTRY PREPARATION

(To be checked by the master or nominated responsible person)

Yes No

 Has the space been thoroughly ventilated by mechanical means? ............ ............

 Has the space been segregated by blanking off or

isolating all connecting pipelines or valves and electrical
power/equipment? ............ ............

 Has the space been cleaned where necessary? ............ ............

 Has the space been tested and found safe for entry? (See note 2) ............ ............

 Pre-entry atmosphere test readings:

- oxygen ................... % vol (21%)* By:

- hydrocarbon ......... % LFL (less than 1%)

- toxic gases ............. ppm (less than 50% OEL of the specific gas) Time:
(See note 3)

 Have arrangements been made for frequent atmosphere checks to

be made while the space is occupied and after work breaks? ............ ............

 Have arrangements been made for the space to be continuously

ventilated throughout the period of occupation and during work breaks?............ ............

 Are access and illumination adequate? ............ ............

*
Note that national requirements may determine the safe atmosphere range.

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Yes No

 Is rescue and resuscitation equipment available for immediate use

by the entrance to the space? " "

 Has an attendant been designated to be in constant

attendance at the entrance to the space? " "

 Has the officer of the watch (bridge, engine-room, cargo control

room) been advised of the planned entry? " "

 Has a system of communication between all parties been tested

and emergency signals agreed? " "

 Are emergency and evacuation procedures established and

understood by all personnel involved with the enclosed space entry? " "

 Is all equipment used in good working condition and inspected prior

to entry? " "

 Are personnel properly clothed and equipped? " "

SECTION 2 – PRE-ENTRY CHECKS

(To be checked by each person entering the space)

Yes No

 I have received instructions or permission from the master or

nominated responsible person to enter the enclosed space " "

 Section 1 of this permit has been satisfactorily completed by the

master or nominated responsible person " "

 I have agreed and understand the communication procedures " "

 I have agreed upon a reporting interval of .............. minutes " "

 Emergency and evacuation procedures have been agreed and are

understood " "

 I am aware that the space must be vacated immediately in the event

of ventilation failure or if atmosphere tests show a change from
agreed safe criteria " "

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SECTION 3 – BREATHING APPARATUS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT

(To be checked jointly by the master or nominated responsible
person and the person who is to enter the space)

Yes No
 Those entering the space are familiar with any breathing
apparatus to be used ............ ............

 The breathing apparatus has been tested as follows:

- gauge and capacity of air supply ............ ............

- low pressure audible alarm if fitted ............ ............
- face mask – under positive pressure and not leaking ............ ............

 The means of communication has been tested and emergency

signals agreed ............ ............

 All personnel entering the space have been provided with

rescue harnesses and, where practicable, lifelines ............ ............

Signed upon completion of sections 1, 2 and 3 by:

Master or nominated responsible person ................... Date .................. Time

Attendant .................................................................... Date .................. Time

Person entering the space .......................................... Date .................. Time

SECTION 4 – PERSONNEL ENTRY

(To be completed by the responsible person supervising entry)

Names ..........................................

Time in ......................................... Time out .............................

SECTION 5 – COMPLETION OF JOB

(To be completed by the responsible person supervising entry)

 Job completed Date Time ...................... ......................

• Space secured against entry Date Time ........................................

• The officer of the watch has been

duly informed Date Time............................ .................

Signed upon completion of sections 4 and 5 by:

Responsible person supervising entry .................... Date ................... Time ...............

THIS PERMIT IS RENDERED INVALID SHOULD VENTILATION OF THE SPACE STOP

OR IF ANY OF THE CONDITIONS NOTED IN THE CHECKLIST CHANGE

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Notes:

1 The permit should contain a clear indication as to its maximum period of validity.

2 In order to obtain a representative cross-section of the space's atmosphere, samples

should be taken from several levels and through as many openings as possible.
Ventilation should be stopped for about 10 minutes before the pre-entry atmosphere
tests are taken.

3 Tests for specific toxic contaminants, such as benzene or hydrogen sulphide, should
be undertaken depending on the nature of the previous contents of the space.

___________

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 E

4 ALBERT EMBANKMENT
LONDON SE1 7SR
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7735 7611 Fax: +44 (0)20 7587 3210

MSC.1/Circ.1477
9 June 2014

GUIDELINES TO FACILITATE THE SELECTION OF PORTABLE ATMOSPHERE

TESTING INSTRUMENTS FOR ENCLOSED SPACES AS REQUIRED BY
SOLAS REGULATION XI-1/7

1 The Maritime Safety Committee, at its ninety-third session (14 to 23 May 2014), having
considered the proposal by the Sub-Committee on Dangerous Goods, Solid Cargoes and
Containers, at its eighteenth session (16 to 20 September 2013), approved the Guidelines to
facilitate the selection of portable atmosphere testing instruments for enclosed spaces as required
by SOLAS regulation XI-1/7, as set out in the annex.

2 The Guidelines are intended to be read in conjunction with new

SOLAS regulation XI-1/7 (Atmosphere testing instruments for enclosed spaces) upon its
entry into force and the Revised recommendations for entering enclosed spaces aboard
ships (resolution A.1050(27)).

3 Member Governments are invited to bring the annexed Guidelines to the attention of
all parties concerned.

***

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Annex, page 1

ANNEX

GUIDELINES TO FACILITATE THE SELECTION OF PORTABLE ATMOSPHERE

TESTING INSTRUMENTS FOR ENCLOSED SPACES AS REQUIRED BY
SOLAS REGULATION XI-1/7

Introduction

1 These Guidelines are to facilitate the selection of a portable atmosphere testing

instrument for enclosed spaces as required by SOLAS regulation XI-1/7. They are intended
to be read in conjunction with this SOLAS regulation and the Revised recommendations for
entering enclosed spaces aboard ships (resolution A.1050(27)). They are not intended to
constitute a performance standard for such equipment.

2 It should be noted that, given a ship's specific characteristics and operations,

additional atmospheric hazards in enclosed spaces may be present that may not be detected
by the instrument recommended to be selected by these Guidelines, and in such cases,
if known, additional appropriate instruments should be carried.

General

3 These Guidelines refer to the instrument that is used to test the atmosphere in an
enclosed space before entry and at appropriate intervals thereafter until all work is
completed. They do not refer to a personal gas detector that is intended to be carried by an
individual whilst inside the enclosed space.

4 The instrument should be capable of remote sampling and detection for all gases
that it is designed for, without interference from the atmosphere or other characteristics of the
intervening space.

5 Upon activation, the instrument should perform a "self-test" which indicates that the
instrument is functioning correctly.

6 Training requirements should be considered when selecting the instrument. Any

atmosphere testing should be performed by trained personnel.

Gases and vapours to be measured

7 The instrument should be capable of measuring and displaying concentrations of:

.1 oxygen;

.2 flammable gases or vapours (% of LFL);

.3 carbon monoxide; and

.4 hydrogen sulphide,

8 The instrument should clearly and unambiguously show which gas or vapour it is
measuring (noting that the display may be switchable or menu accessible).

9 If the instrument is fitted with an alarm function, it should activate at the appropriate
level as determined by the flag State Administration.

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Annex, page 2

Use of the instrument for atmosphere testing of enclosed spaces on board ships

10 The instrument should be suitably protected, having due regard for the environment
and temperatures in which it is expected to operate.

11 The instrument should be capable of being easily carried.

12 The instrument should be suitably protected from the ingress of dust and water.

13 The minimum battery life of the instrument (with fresh batteries of recommended
type) should be 10 hours.

14 The instrument should be intrinsically safe.

15 The instrument display should be readable in all lighting conditions.

Calibration

16 The manufacturers' instructions should have clearly defined calibration requirements.

17 If the instrument is fitted with an alarm or shutdown function that activates if the
manufacture's calibration interval is exceeded, this should not stop the instrument from
functioning during actual use and the unit should not restart once the alarm or function has
been activated.

Instruction manual

18 The instrument should be provided with a manual that describes its features and
alarms and explains how to calibrate, operate and maintain it. The information in this manual
should be available in the working language of the ship.

___________

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