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SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

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History (Modern History)

av
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Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

ga
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Index
CHAPTER 1 3
SOURCES OF MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
CHAPTER 2 4
MAJOR APPROACHES TO HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA 4
CHAPTER 3 5
INDIA ON THE EVE OF BRITISH CONQUEST: MID-18TH CENTURY INDIA
CHAPTER 4 20
BRITISH EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION IN INDIA (1767-1818)
CHAPTER-5 27
POPULAR UPRISINGS UP TO 1857
CHAPTER-6 42
REVOLT OF 1857
CHAPTER-7 46
DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN PRESS
CHAPTER: 8 52
POPULAR UPRISINGS AFTER 1857 (1857-1947)
CHAPTER: 9 57
SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS OF 19TH CENTURY
CHAPTER: 10 69
BEGINNING OF MODERN NATIONALISM IN INDIA
CHAPTER: 12 71
RISE OF MILITANT NATIONALISM
CHAPTER: 13 78
FIRST PHASE OF REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES (1907-1917)
CHAPTER: 14 83
FIRST WORLD WAR AND NATIONALIST RESPONSE
CHAPTER: 15 86
MAHATMA GANDHI: EMERGENCE AND IDEOLOGY
CHAPTER: 16 91
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT AANDOLAN
CHAPTER: 16 94
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT AANDOLAN

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 17 97
SWARAJISTS AND CONSTRUCTIVE WORK (1922-29)
CHAPTER: 18 99
EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES: SOCIALISTIC IDEAS AND TRADE UNIONISM
CHAPTER: 19 102
SIMON COMMISSION AND SIMON BOYCOTT MOVEMENT (1927-29)
CHAPTER: 20 106
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT AND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES
CHAPTER: 21 113
DEBATES ON FUTURE STRATEGY AFTER CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
CHAPTER: 22 116
NATIONALIST RESPONSE IN THE WAKE OF SECOND WORLD WAR
CHAPTER: 23 118
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT, DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN & THE INA
CHAPTER: 24 123
POST-WAR NATIONAL SCENARIO
CHAPTER: 25: 126
INDEPENDENCE WITH PARTITION
CHAPTER: 26 128
CONSTITUTIONAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER: 27 132
EVOLUTION OF CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER 1
SOURCES OF MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
1. Archives: It refers to a collection of historical records and documents which are usually primary
source documents.
 Archival Material consists of public, private and foreign repositories.
 Public Archives of the Government of India, state government, presidencies, judicial records.
 Private archives papers and documents of individuals and notable families
 Foreign repositories Indian office records in London, Record Office (Lahore), etc.
2. Biographies and Memoirs Accounts of travelers, traders, missionaries and civil servants during
the 18th-19th centuries as well as memoirs written by Indian leaders during independence

om
movement.
3. Newspapers and Journals- Both India and abroad.

l.c
4. Creative literature: Examples include novels of Bankim Chandra Chatterji such as Anandmath
(1882) noted for its powerful lyric ‘Vande Mataram’ and depiction of Sanyasi revolt (1760s) +
Icharam Suryaram Desai novel ‘Hind Ane Britannia’ was one of the earliest Indian novels with
ai
political overtones.
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5. Others Oral tradition, creative literature and paintings.

07

*******
03
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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER 2
MAJOR APPROACHES TO HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA

 Colonial approach: Influenced by colonial ideology of domination. They focus on criticism of

indigenous society and praising western culture. E.g. James Mill, Vincent Smith, etc.
 Nationalist Approach: as a response to and in confrontation with the colonial approach.
Historians such as RG Pradhan, AC Mazumdar, Tara Chand etc.
 Marxist Approach: Focus on primary contradiction between the interests of the colonial
masters and the native subjects; notices inner contradictions between the different contradictions
with the Indian society. Example: Rajni Palme Dutt and AR Desai.
 Subaltern Approach:Entire tradition has an elitist bias and thus says that the role of common
masses has been neglected. Example: Ranajit Guha.
 Communalist Approach: Muslims and Hindu are fundamentally hostile groups with
antagonistic interests
 Cambridge School: Indian nationalism as a product of conflicts among the Indian nationalists
themselves for getting benefits from colonial rulers. Indian nationalist leaders inspired by the
greed of power and material benefits
 Liberal and Neo-liberal interpretations: Economic exploitation of the colonies was not
beneficial to the Brits as it delayed the development of the ‘new’ industries in Britain.
 Feminist Historiography: Focuses on areas that analyse colonial structures which affected
women’s lives; focuses on women’s vulnerability due to denial of ownership of productive
resources.

*******

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER 3
INDIA ON THE EVE OF BRITISH CONQUEST:
MID-18th CENTURY INDIA

1. Introduction: The mid-18th century is often depicted as a dark age or an age of chaos sandwiched
between two empires i.e, the Mughals and the British.
2. Decline of Mughal Empire
 The reign of Aurangzeb (1558-1707) proved to signify the beginning of the end of Mughal
rule in India.
 By 1739, Delhi had been invaded by Nadir Shah, by 1761 (when Abdali invaded) the Mughals
had been replaced by Marathas as defenders of India and by 1765 the Mughal Emperor had been
reduced to a pensioner of British.
 Challenges before Mughals
o External
 1738-39: Nadir Shah, Persian emperor invaded India (Lahore, Kabul, Karnal). Took
away Kohinoor diamond, Peacock throne, 70 crore rupees.
 1748-67: Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Durrani empire, invaded India. Took over the
Mughal kings, appointed officers and left in 1759.
 1761: Abdali came back and took revenge on the Marathas ->Third Battle of Panipat,
where Abdali defeated Marathas.
o Internal Challenge- Weak rulers after Aurangzeb
 Bahadur Shah I (1709-1712): Pacifist policy with Marathas (allowed prince Shahu to
go back to Maharastra), Rajputs (peace with Rajput chiefs), Jats and Bundelas (peace
with Churaman and Bundela chief Chhatrasal) and Sikhs (gave Guru Gobind singh a
high mansab; however later defeated Banda Bahadur at Lohgarh when they raised a
revolt). Called as Shah-i-Bekhabar by Khafi Khan.
 Jalandar Shah (1712-1713): With the help of Zulfikar khan introduced Ijarah system->
Government established contact with revenue farmers and middlemen who paid govt
a fixed amount while they were free to extract whatever they could from the peasants. He
also abolished Jaziya; various parties at Mughal court emerged (Turanis, Iranis, Afghans
and Hindustanis).
 Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719): Policy of religious tolerance by abolishing Jaziya and
pilgrimage tax; farmans to British known as Farman of 1717-> Granted British EIC
trading privileges including exemption from custom duties for its trade with Bengal.
 Muhammad Shah (1719-48): Title of ‘Rangeela’ due to his luxurious lifestyle. With the
help of Nizam-ul-mulk killed Sayyid Brothers. Nizam-ul-Mulk founded independent
state of Hyderabad (1724), Murshid Quli khan in Bengal (1717) and Saadat Khan in
Awadh (1722). Marathas began their northern expansion and in 1737 Baji Rao raided
Delhi. In 1739, Nadir shah defeated Mughals in Battle of Karnal.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2013] [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021]
 Battle of Karnal (1739): Nadir shah inflicted crushing defeat on Mughal army, took
possession of Royal treasury, peacock throne and Kohinoor diamond and annexed
areas west of Indus into Persian empire.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Alamgir II (1754-1758): Abdali invaded India and Battle of Plassey was fought during
his reign.
 Shah Alam II (1759-1806): Third battle of Panipat (1761) and Battle of Buxar (1764)
fought during his reign. Diwani rights were given to British; came to be known as
‘fugitive Mughal Emperor’.
 Akbar II (1806-37): He gave title of Raja to Ram Mohan Roy. Stopped minting coins
with Mughal ruler name on it.
 Bahadur Shah II (1837-1857): Revolt of 1857 had made futile attempt to declare him as
Emperor of India; captured by English and sent to Rangoon.
 Causes of Decline of Mughals
o Internal: Aurangzeb’s misguided policies (religious intolerance antagonized Rajputs,
Sikhs, Jats and Marathas; Deccan ulcer), weak successors, nature of Mughal state (police

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state-confined to maintenance of law and order and collection of revenue), degeneration of
Mughal nobility (mansabdari system became hereditary, closed cooperation of nobles),
Shifting allegiance of the zamindars (trying to own and control land for themselves),

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jagirdari crisis, Economic and administrative problem (Kingdom became too large to be
administered centrally) and Rise of regional aspirations [Chauth- 1/4th of gross revenue to
ai
be paid to Maratha by alien states Sardeshmukhi- additional 10% tax on chauth].
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o External: Rise of Marathas, Invasions of Irani and Durrani kingdoms and advent of
European powers.
3. Rise of Autonomous States
07

 Successor States: Broke away from the empire, did not challenge the sovereignty of the
Mughals. Examples include Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad.
03

 Independent Kingdoms: Due to destabilization of Mughal control over the provinces. Examples
include Mysore, Kerala, Rajput.
ar

 New States: Rebelled against the Mughals. Examples include Marathas, Sikhs, Jats.
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4. Survey of Regional Kingdoms

Kingdoms Nawabs Important Information
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 In 1713, Chin Qilich Khan was made Viceroy of

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the Deccan by Emperor Farrukhsiyar and given

the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk.
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 In 1720, he assisted Mohammed Shah in killing the

Hyderabad Nizam Ul Mulk Sayyid brothers.
ga

(1724) (Kilich Khan)  Kilich khan defeated and killed Mubariz khan in the
Battle of Shakr-Kheda (1724).
 In 1724, he founded independent state of
Hyderabad in the Deccan. He founded the Asaf Jah
dynasty.
Carnatic Nawab  In 1740, Marathas invaded Carnatic and killed
(Early 18 th Saadatullah Nawab Dost Ali.
century) (1710-32)
Murshid Quli Khan  In 1717, he became the first to hold the two offices
Bengal (1717)
(1717-27) of Nizam and Diwan of Bengal simultaneously.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 He shifted the capital from Dhaka to

Murshidabad
 He replaced Mughal jagirdari system with the
system of revenue farming or ijara or malzamini
system.
 Rise of new elite classes (Eg: House of Jagat
Seths).
 He killed Sarfaraz Khan in the Battle of Gheria
and became the Nawab.
Alivardi Khan
 Payment of annual tribute to the emperor
(1740-56)
stopped.
 Paid chauth and ceded Orissa to the Marathas.
 Defeated by EIC in Battle of Plassey (1757).
Siraj ud-daulah
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005]
(1756-57)

 He subdued the rebellious zamindars of Awadh and

was given the title of Burhan-ul-Mulk by the
Saadat Khan
emperor.
(1722-39)
 He was taken prisoner by Nadir Shah in the Battle
of Karnal (1739).
Safdar Jung  Popularly came to be known as Nawab Wazirs.
Awadh (1722) (1739-54)
 He joined Abdali against Marathas in Third
Shuja-ud-Daula
Battle of Panipat (1761).
(1754-57)
 Defeated by EIC in Battle of Buxar (1764).
Asaf-ud-Daula  Shifted capital from Faizabad to Lucknow.
(1775-97)  Constructed Bara Imambara.
 Founded city of Jaipur; erected observatories at
Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi and Mathura.
Raja Sawai  He drew up set of tables called Zij
Rajputs Jai Singh Muhammadshahi.
(1699-1743)  He tried to reduce lavish expenditure by Rajputs on
their daughter’s weddings which had given rise to
practice of female infanticide.
 In 18th century, it was ruled by Wodeyar king
Chikkakrishnaraja.
 Foundation of mysore power laid by Hyder Ali,
Hyder Ali later consolidated by Tipu Sultan.
Mysore
(1761-82)  In 1761, Hyder overthrew Nanjaraja and establish
his authority over Mysore state.
 Estd control over zamindars and conquered Bidnur,
Sunda, Sera, Canara and Malabar.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Faced Maratha raids in 1764, 1766 and 1771.

 Inflicted defeat on the English near Madras in 1769.
 Inducted French experts and established modern
arsenal at Dindigul. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
 Assumed title of Padshah in 1787 and issued coins
in his name without any reference to Mughal
emperor.
 Inserted his own name in Khutba (Friday sermons
at mosque).
 Sought a sanad (royal order) from Ottoman
Khalif to legitimize his rule.
 Even raised a French corps, efforts made to build a
Tipu Sultan
modern navy after 1796.
(1782-99)
 Sent emissaries to France, Turkey, Iran to develop
foreign trade. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]
 Believed to planted a ‘Tree of Liberty’ at
Seringapatnam and became member of Jacobin
club.
 Administration: Mir Asaf cutchehri (revenue
department), Mirancutchehri (military dept), Malik-
ut-Tujjarcutchehri (commerce dept).
 Martanda Varma established an independent state of
Kerala with Travancore as his capital; expanded
kingdom from Kanyakumari to Cochin. Organized his
Kerala
army along western model.
 Rama Varma: Made Trivandrum the capital of
scholarship and art.
 Foundation for Jat state of Bharatpur in Rajasthan
was laid by Churaman and Badan singh.
 Under Suraj Mal, state included territories from
Jats Ganga to Chambal in the south and included
Subahs of Agra, Mathura, Meerut and Aligarh.
 Suraj Mal known as ‘Plato of Jat tribe and as Jat
Ulysses for his intellect and clear vision.
 Guru Gobind Singh: Transformed Sikhs into
military force by establishing Khalsa in 1699.
 Banda Bahadur- leader, killed in 1708.
 Later, the kingdom was divided into 12 misls or
Sikhs
confederacies.
 Ranjit Singh- most efficient. Signed the Treaty of
Amritsar.
 Ranjit Singh was born on 13 November, 1780 in the

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

home of Maha Singh, the chief of Shukerchakia

Misl. When he was only 12 years old, his father Maha
Singh died. A council of regency governed
administration from 1792 to 1797 which included his
mother, mother-in-Law and Diwan Lakhpat Rai. He
assumed the powers directly in 1797. Ranjit Singh
annexed Lahore (1799), Amritsar (1805) and Faridkot,
Maler, Kotla and Ambala (1808). [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2007]
 Ranjit Singh set up the Adalat-i-Ala at Lahore i.e. his
capital which heard appeals from the district and
provincial courts. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021]
 On 25th April 1809, the treaty of Amritsar took

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place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and British.
The terms of the treaty prevented Singh from any
further territorial expansion south of the Sutlej but

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on the other hand, as Cunningham said, Ranjit
Singh occupied authority to spread kingdom in the
ai
West. He annexed Multan (1818), Kashmir (1819)
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and Peshawar (1834). [U.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004]

 Under the Peshwas. Regions under their rule

07

included Gujarat and Malwa. Lost the Third Battle

of Panipat to Ahmad Shah Abdali.
03

 Supported Shahu against Tara Bai in Maratha civil

war.
ar

 Peshwa domination→Maratha state transformed

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into an empire.
 In 1719, he helped Sayyid Brothers remove
to

Peshwa Balaji Farrukhsiyar from Mughal throne.

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Marathas Vishwanath  Mughal sanad of 1719/Magna carta of Maratha

Afghans at (1713-20) dominion- Marathas allowed to collect chauth and
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Farrukhabad sardeshmukhi from the entire Deccan and

and Rohilkhand Karnataka.
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 In return, Marathas to place at Emperor’s disposal a

contingent of 15,000 troops and pay annual tribute
of 10 lakhs to emperor -> Maratha king became
sardeshmukh of entire Deccan and Karnataka.
 Laid foundation of Maratha confederacy- System of
watans and saranjams (grants of land).
 He preached the ideal of 'Hindu pad-padshahi'.
Peshwa Baji Rao I
 Known as Fighting Peshwa.
(1720-40)
 In 1733, he defeated the Sidis of Janjira Island.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Raja Ram executed the Sangola Agreement during

his regin→ transferred the supreme power from the
Chhatrapati to the Peshwa.
Peshwa Balaji
 Marathas were defeated by Abdali in the Third
Bajirao/Nana Sahib
Battle of Panipat (1761).
(1740-61)
 Maratha army had a contingent of European style
infantry and artillery commanded by Ibrahim Khan
Gardi.
 Maratha Resurrection with the help of his able
Peshwa Madhav
minister Nana Phadnavis.
Rao I
 In 1771, the Marathas re-installed Emperor Shah
(1761-72)
Alam II to Delhi.
Peshwa  He was deposed by Nana Phadnis and 11 other
Raghunath Rao administrators→ 'the Baarbhai Conspiracy'.
(1773-74)
Peshwa Sawai  Taking advantage of the weakening of central
authority, the big Maratha sardars carved out semi-
Madhav Rao or
independent states: Holkar (Indore), Scindia
Madhav Rao 2
(Gwalior), Gaekwad (Baroda) and Bhonsle
(1774-95)
(Nagpur).
 British divided the warring sardars and defeated them
in separate battles in the Second Maratha War (1803-
Peshwa 05) and Third Maratha War (1817-18).
Balaji Rao 2  Seat of Peshwa was extinguished, while Maratha
(1796-18) states allowed to exist as subsidiary states.
 In 1818 Peshwa was dethroned by the EIC and
pensioned off.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015
 Muhammad Khan Bangash established his
control over Farrukhabad during reign of Farrukh
siyar.
 Daud and his son Ali Muhammad Khan carved
out an independent principality for themselves.
 Both Rohillas and the Bangash helped Ahmed Shah
Abdali during third battle of panipat and
accentuated decline of Mughals.

5. Socio-Economic conditions
 Self-sufficient and self-governing village community
 Agriculture: Stagnant and technologically backward, compensated by very hard labor by the
peasants.
 Condition of Indian Industry: India was self-sufficient in iron, ship building was developing
industry; important manufacturing centres included Patna, Chanderi, Burhanpur etc.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Trade
o Favorable balance of trade- self-sufficient in food grain production and handicrafts; 17th
century saw Indian cotton textiles emerge as most important Asian importto west,
displacing spices.
o Exports were more than imports; trade was balanced by import of silver and gold.
o Items of Import
 From Persian Gulf- pearls, silk, wool, dates, dry fruits and rose water.
 Arabia- coffee, gold, drugs and honey.
 China- tea, sugar, porcelain and silk
 Tibet- gold, musk and woolen cloth
 Indonesia- Spices, perfume, sugar
 Africa-ivory and drugs
 Europe- woolen cloth, metals, paper
o Items of Export: Cotton textiles, raw silk, silk fabrics, hardware, indigo, saltpeter, opium,
rice, wheat, sugar, pepper, spices, precious stones and drugs.
 Education: Elementary education imparted through pathshalas and maktabs. Elementary
education among Hindus and Muslims was quite widespread. Chatuspathis or Tols among
Hindus, and madarsahs among Muslims were institutes of higher learning. Absence of the study
of science, technology and geography was a general feature.
 Women: Upper-class lived-in homes, while the ones of lower class worked on the fields.
Purdah, sati, polygamy, child marriage existed. Dowry was widespread in Bengal and
Rajputanas. Slave trade spread across India after the advent of the Europeans.
 Art and Architecture:
o Asaf-ud-Daula, in 1784, built Bada Imambara at Lucknow.
o Sawai Jai Singh built the Pink City of Jaipur and five astronomical observatories (Delhi,
Jaipur, Mathura, Benares, Ujjain).
o Painting schools of Kangra and Rajputana came into existence.
o Prominent Urdu poets were Mir, Sauda, Nazir and Mirza Ghalib.
o Regional languages developed. Tamil language was enriched by sitar poetry.
o In Sindhi literature, Shah Abdul Latif composed Risalo, a collection of poems.
6. Arrival of Europeans in India (15th century onwards)
 Portuguese in India
o First ones to arrive on India; reasons for arrival are both economic (for spices; destroy
monopoly of Arabs and Italians over trade with East) and religious. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2007,U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
o Prince Henry the Navigator keen to circumvent Muslim-dominated route for Red sea;
however, died before his dream fulfilled.
o Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)->Portugal and Spain divided non-Christian world by an
imaginary line in Atlantic. Portugal could claim and occupy everything to east of the line
while Spain could claim everything to the west.
o Bartholomew Diaz (1487)->reached southernmost tip of Africa; first known European to
reach Indian ocean from the Atlantic.

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Page. 12
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o Vasco-da-gama (First Portuguese India Armada, 1498): Piloted by Gujarati named Abdul
Majid; sailed from Cape of Good Hope, reached Calicut; first European to reach India by
sea; Hindu ruler of Calicut Zamorin had no apprehensions to Europeans intentions. [U.P.
Lower Sub. (Pre) 2013]
o Vascodagama (Fourth Portuguese Armada, 1502): In 1503, the 1st Portuguese factory was
set up at Cochin; [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010] In 1505, 2nd factory was set up at Cannanore.
Portuguese trading points on land are called Feitorias- unfortified trading outposts which
also served as bases for naval fleet called armadas.
o Gradually, under the pretext of protecting factories and their trading activities, Portuguese
got permission to fortify these centres.
o Portuguese Governors
 Francisco De Almeida (1505-09): 1st Portuguese viceroy of India; adopted ‘Blue
water policy’ aimed at establishing naval supremacy of Portuguese in Indian ocean;

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constructed Fort Anjediva; In 1508, he defeated joint Muslim naval force (Gujarat
Sultanate and Mameluk Egyptian fleet) in Battle of Diu.

l.c
 Blue water poliy/Cartaze system-> captains of all ships sailing to a destination not
reserved by Portuguese were obliged to buy passes from Viceroy of Goa. In absence,
ai
ships could be seized by Portuguese.
 Alfonso De Albuqerque (1509-1515): Real founder of Portuguese power in India; set up
gm

his headquarter at Cochin; abolished sati in regions under his control; bolstered
Portuguese stranglehold by introducing permit system for other ships; acquired Goa from
07

the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510; introduced new crops like tobacco and cashew nut or better
plantation varieties of coconut; Encouraged Portuguese men to wed Indian women.[U.P.
Lower Sub. (Pre) 2003]
03

 Nino de Cunha (1529-1538): In 1530 he transferred the government head office from
Cochin to Goa; Bahadur Shah of Gujarat during conflict with Humayun secured help
ar

from Portuguese by ceding them to them in 1534 the island of Bassein with its
dependencies and revenues.
m

o Administration:Head is viceroy (term 3 years) with his secretary (later, council). 2ndVedor
to

da Fazenda (responsible for revenue+ cargoes+ dispatching fleets). The fortress from Africa
to China were under captains assisted by ‘factors’.
av

o West: 60 miles of Goa coast, 4 ports: Mumbai, Daman, Diu, parts of GJ.
o South: forts and trading posts- Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin, Calicut.
ur

o Established military posts and settlements on the east coast of San Thome (in Chennai) and
ga

Nagapatnam (in Andhra).

o Religious Policy: Intolerant towards Muslims. Initially, tolerant towards Hindus (later
intolerant after Inquisition of Goa). Good impression in Akbar’s court. Akbar asked for 2
priests.1st mission= Rodolfo Aquaviva and Antonio Monserrate; 2nd mission; 3rd= Jerome
Xavier and Emanuel Pinheiro.
o Loss of Favour with the Mughals:
 1608:Captain Hawkins reached Suratand brought King James I letter to Jahangir
requesting to do business in India. Despite Portuguese resistance, Hawkins reached
Mughal court and got appointed as mansabadar of 400 at Rs 30k salary.
 1611:Portuguese were angry. Mughals + Portuguese truce happened. Portugueses
topped English ships fromentering Surat. Abaffled Hawkins left Mughal court.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 1613:Portuguese captured Mughalship, imprisoned Muslims, plundered cargoes.

Jahangir ordered Muqarrab Khan to get compensation
 During Shah Jahan, Portuguese lost all favours: Capture of Hooghly:
 Context: Based on 1579 imperial Farman, P settled on Hooghly bank near
Satgaon in Bengal. Over the years, the trade migrated from Satgaon to Hooghly.
They monopolised manufacturing of salt, built custom house, etc.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre)
2004]
o DeclineofPortuguesebythe18thcentury
 Emergence of powerful dynasties in Egypt, Persiaand NIndia; Therise of the
Marathas as immediate neighbours - captured Salsette + Basseinin1739
 Religious policies-> Activities of Jesuits gave rise to political fears; policy of
conversion to Christianity made Hindus also resentful.
 Discovery of Brazil diverted colonizing activities of Portugal to West.
 Union of two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal in 1580-81, dragging smaller kingdom
into Spain’s wars with England and Holland→ affected Portuguese monopoly of
trade in India.
o Significance of Portuguese
 Marked emergence of naval power; Portuguese ships carried cannon.
 Propagated Christianity in Malabar and Konkan coast.
 Missionaries undertook research on Indian history and culture. Fa Heras has made deep
study on Indus valley civilization.
 Printing press came to India; Bible printed in kannada and Malayalam.
 Military innovation: Body armour, matchlock men, guns/ cannons in ships; system
of drilling groups of infantries on the Spanish model to
counterDutchpressure;heavymulti-deckedships,useofcastledprow, stern to repel/
launch boarding parties, skill at organization- creation of royal arsenals and
dockyards and maintenance of regular system of pilots and mapping and pitting state
forces against private merchant shipping.
 Introduced New crops: Potato, sweet potato, tobacco, corn, lady’s finger, chilly, pineapple,
papaya, sapota, leechi, orange, black pepper, groundnuts, cashews, almonds etc.
 The Dutch: The Dutch came to India for trade. They were innovative people in business and
shipping techniques. They had designed fluitship which was lighter and required a smaller crew,
thus reducing its operating costs.
o Cornelius de Houtman (1596): First Dutch traveler to reach India.
o 1602: Many trading companies merged into East India Company of the Netherlands-
empowered to carry on war, conclude treaties, possess territories and fortify.
o Dutch East India Company (1602): Dutch parliament gave it a charter empowering it to
make war and peace with other states, acquire territories and build fortresses. Credit of first
making ‘Indian cloth’ as an item of export goes to Dutch.
o Dutch Factories
 In 1605, first Dutch factory was established at Masulipatnam in Andhra.
 In 1606, second factory at Petapuli (Nizampatnam).
 In 1610, Dutch signed a treaty with king of Chandragiri and established their HQ at
Pulicat. They minted their gold coins called pagodas.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 They soon established trading depots at Surat, Broach, Cambay and Ahmedabad in
Gujarat, Cochin in kerala, Nagapatam in Madras, Masulipatnam in Andhra, Chinsura and
Peepli in Bengal, Mahe on Malabar coast, Agra in Uttar Pradesh and Patna in
Bihar.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
 Dutch factories also established at Kasimbazaar, Karaikal, Balasore, Baranagore and
Golconda.
 In 1690, Dutch headquarters were transferred from Pulicat to Nagapattinam.
 Head of Dutch factories were called factors who were classified as traders and Dutch
model of trade was based on Cartel or cooperative system.
 Indigo manufacturing in Yamuna valley and Central India, textile and silk from
Bengal, Gujarat, Coromandel, saltpeter from Bihar, and opium and rice from Ganga
valley.
o Anglo-Dutch rivalry
 1623- Amboyna Massacre in Indonesia->Dutch killed ten Englishmen and nine
Japanese → Dutch began to restrict themselves to Malayan archipelago and English to
India.
 1667- Compromise- Dutch got Indonesia and English got India
 1759- Dutch were defeated by English in Battle of Bedara (Bengal).
 The English
 The Levant Company had got a charter for trading with India by land routes. British Queen
Elizabeth granted a charter to the English company trading to the East Indies permitting by
sea route on 31 December, 1600. This company extended its trade with the merger of a new
company in 1709 as the new name of “United Company of Merchants of England trading to
the East Indies” which was later known as “East India Company”.[U.P.P.S.C. (R.I.) 2014]
o 1600- Royal charter by Queen Elizabeth to company, giving it exclusive privilege of trading
east of Cape of Good Hope for 15 years.
o 1608- Captain Hawkins was sent as a representative of the English Company to the Court of
Jahangir to obtain permission to open a factory at Surat; came in a ship named ‘Hector’ and
obtained permission to open factories on the west coast. [U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010][U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2011]
o 1611- The English opened their factory at Masulipatnam. They defeated the Portuguese in
the Battle of Swally Hole near Surat.
o 1612- Captain Thomas Best defeated the Portuguese in sea off Surat.
o 1615- Sir Thomas Roe was sent by King James I as an ambassador to the court of Jahangir;
obtained royal farman permitting the British to trade and establish factories in all parts of the
Mughal Empire.
o 1632- Company’s position was improved by Golden Farman issued by Sultan of Golconda-
permitted trading freely from ports of Golconda on annual payments of 500 pagodas.
o 1639- Francis Day obtained Madras on lease from the Raja of Chandragiri. English set
up a factory and built a small fort around it called Fort StGeorge.
o 1651- First English factory in Bengal was set up at Hugli upon receiving permissionfrom
Sultan Shuja, the Subahdar of Bengal.
o 1658- All establishments of the English Company in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa andCoromandel
Coast were brought under the control of Fort St. George.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o 1690- Job Charnock established a factory at Sutanuti which was fortified in 1696 –
called Fort William.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
o 1696- Sutanuti factory was fortified and called Fort William.
o 1698- The English Company obtained from Subahdar of Bengal Azim-Us-Shan,the
zamindari of the villages of Sutanuti, Kalikata and Gobindapur.
o 1717- Farrukhsiyar granted the English Company valuable trading privileges under the
Farman of 1717 described as the Magna Carta of the Company.
 In Bengal, company’s imports and exports are exempted from additional custom duties
excepting annual payments of 3,000 rupees.
 Exception from payment of all dues at Surat in lieu of one-time settlement of Rs.10,000.
 Company allowed to rent more territory around Calcutta.
 Company allowed to use their own currency (minted at Bombay) throughout India.

om
 Company permitted to issue dastaks for transportation of goods.
 In Hyderabad, company retained its existing privilege of freedom from duties in trade and
had to pay prevailing rent only for Madras.

l.c
 Company’s servants were also permitted to trade but were not covered under this farman
ai
and were required to pay same taxes as Indian merchants.
 The Danes (From Denmark)
gm

o Danish East India company was established in 1616.

o They had set up trading outposts in 1620 at Tranquebar near Tanjore, Tamil Nadu. [U.P.
07

R.O./ A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]

o 1755- Founded a colony called Frederick nagore near Serampore in Bengal.
03

o 1777- Danish company went bankrupt and Serampore was transferred to the Danish crown.
o 1845- Denmark ceded Serampore to Britain, ending nearly 150 years of Danish presence in
ar

Bengal.
 The French
m

o French were the last of the European colonial powers to set foot in India.
to

o French Trading Company (1664): Colbert formed the Companie des Indes
Orientales.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2003]
av

o Compagnie des Indes Orientales was granted 50-year monopoly on French trade in Indian
and Pacific Oceans; concession in perpetuity for Madagascar and any other territory it could
ur

conquer.
o The French trading company (under the governorship of Colbert) was granted a license by
ga

King Louis IV to trade with India and the East Indies. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014, U.P. Lower
Sub. (Pre) 2013]
o Factories of French
 In 1667, the first French factory was set up at Surat with Francis Caron as its Director
General
 In 1669, a factory was set up at Masulipatnam.
 In 1673, received a village as grant from the King of Bijapur Sher Khan Lodhi and
founded it as Pondicherry. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
 In 1674, the French received a site near Calcutta from the ruler of Bengal where they
built the town of Chandernagore (1690-92).

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Page. 16
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 In 1693, the Dutch snatched Pondicherry but it was restored to the French under the
Treatyof Reswick (1697).
 The French also acquired control over Islands of Mauritius and Reunion in the Indian
Ocean.
 Between 1697 and 1739, the French further consolidated their position by adding several
bases including Mahe, Karaikal, Balasore and Kasimbazar.
o French-Dutch war: Dutch captured Pondicherry in1693 + 1697: Treaty of Ryswick
restored Pondicherry to French but held on to it for 2 more years + Pondicherry again
prospered but then War of Spanish Succession broke out in Europe and theyhad to
abandon Surat, Masulipatnam, Bantam.
o Re-organization of the French Company: In 1720, the French company was reorganized
as ‘Perpetual Company of the Indies’–strengthened.
o 1720-1742: Able governors Lenoirand Dumas.
o Carnatic Wars
 First Carnatic War (1740-48)
 Immediate context: War of Austrian Succession in Europe in which England and
France had joined opposite camps.
 Main battles: Battle of St. Thomas
 Extension of Anglo-French rivalry in Europe; English seized French ships, French
seized Madras.
 The war has ended with the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle. Britishers got back Madras.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
 Second Carnatic War (1749-54)
 Immediate context: Succession disputes at Carnatic and Hyderabad.
 Main battles: Battle of Ambur and Arcot.
 French suffered heavy financial losses.
 Treaty of Pondicherry: No future interference in states’ disputes. It undermined
French power in South India vis-à-vis English.
 Third Carnatic War (1758-63)
 Immediate context: Reason was the Seven Years war in Europe (1756-63).
 Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 was the final blow to the French and they got defeated
by the British. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
 Ended by Treaty of Paris (1763), French were allowed to use Indian settlements for
commercial purposes only and fortification of settlements were banned. [U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2016]
 Why the English Succeeded Against Other European Powers? Structure and Nature of the Trading
Companies + Naval Superiority + Industrial Revolution + Military Skill and Discipline +
Stable Government + Lesser zeal for religion + Use of Debt market.[U.P.R.O. / A.R.O. (Pre)
(Re-Exam) 2016]
 Reasons for defeat of French against British: Continental ambitions of France + Difference in
organization of two companies + Responsibility of Dupleix + Impact of British success in
Bengal + Absence of permanent naval presence.

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Page. 17
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

7. Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India

 Bengal on the eve of British Conquest
o Bengal was the most fertile and the richest province of the Mughal Empire and included
present day Bangladesh and states of Bihar and Odisha.
o Exports from Bengal to Europe consisted of saltpeter, rice, indigo, pepper, sugar, silk, cotton
textile, handicraft.
o 60%of British importsfromAsiaconsisted of goods fromBengal
o EIC Factories at Balasore, Hooghly, Kasimbazar, Patna, Dacca
o 1690s: Foundation of Calcutta by EIC
 Battle of Plassey: It was fought in 1757 in the Plassey (or Palashi) region of West Bengal, on
the east of Bhagirathi River.
o British led by Robert Clive, came up against the forces of Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last
independent Nawab of Bengal, and his French allies.
o After Fort William's surrender, on June 20, 175, Siraj confined 146 British prisoners in a
small dungeon in Calcutta - ‘Black Hole Tragedy’.
o A strong force under Robert Clive was sent from Madras to overthrow nawab and strengthen
the British position in Bengal.
o Treaty of Alinagar (1757): As per treaty, Nawab had to restore to the English their former
privileges of trade, grant permission to fortify Calcutta and even pay compensation amount
for losses suffered by the English.
o Course of War
 Clive’s army was confronted by the nawab’s army at Plassey (Palashi) along with the
French soldiers on their side.
 Secret alliance of the British with the conspirators strengthened the British foothold in the
battle.
 Moreover, Mir Jafar, with around one-third of the Bengali army, did not join the battle
and contributed to Nawab's defeat.
 Under compelling circumstances, the Nawab tried to escape with his army but was killed
by Miran, the son of Mir Jafar.
 After the Battle of Plassey, Clive proclaimed Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal and
placed him on the throne of Murshidabad.
o Consequences
 Mir Jafar was proclaimed as Nawab of Bengal.
 Robert Clive was confirmed as Governor of Bengal. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
 Company was granted undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
 Company received the zamindari of 24 paraganas near Calcutta.
 Mir Jafar paid out a sum of Rs. 50 lakhs as gift or bribe to company’s officials.
 All the French settlements in Bengal were surrendered to the English.
o Mir Jafar (1757- Oct 1760): He soon began to repent the deal he had struck and in order to
shed off the British yoke, Jafar began intriguing with the Dutch against the British. Clive
thwarted this design by defeating Dutch in Battle of Bedra (1759).
o Mir Kasim (1760-63)
 He shifted the capital from Murshidabad to Munger in Bihar. [U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2003]

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Page. 18
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 He sought to modernize his army along European lines and preparations were made for
the manufacture of guns at Monghyr.
 The misuse of Company’s dastaks for private trade was a perpetual cause of tension
between English company and the Nawab.
 Mir Kasim and the Treaty of 1760
 Irritated Mir Jafar did not pay English and conspires with Dutch at Chinsura but
Dutch were defeated by English in1759→English annoyed.
 Mir Kasim to cede Burdwan, Midnapore,ChittagongtoCompany.
 Company to get half share of chuman trade in Sylhet.
 Mir Kasim to give 5 lakhs to finance companies war effortsinSouth India.
 It was agreed that Mir Kasims enemies were companies’ enemies and his friends,
the Company’s friends.

om
 Battle of Buxar (1764)
o It was fought between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, led

l.c
by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1763 and
then Mir Jafar [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]; Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh; and the
ai
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
o Course of War: In October 1764, in a final attempt to oust the British from Bengal, the
gm

combined armies of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II came together to
fight against the former. The armies of Nawabs and the Mughal emperor were decisively
defeated by the British forces under Major Hector Munro at Buxar.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
07

o Result: The battle resulted in the Treaty of Allahabad, 1765 in which the Mughal Emperor
surrendered sovereignty of Bengal to the British.
03

o Significance: Considered as the most decisive battle. Not only the Nawab of Bengal but
also the Mughal Emperor of India was defeated by the British; made the British contenders
ar

for supremacy over the whole country. [U.P.P.C.S.(Pre) 2003,U.P. U.D.A./ L.D.A. (Pre) 2002]
m

[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016][U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]

o Post war: Mir Jafar was reinstated as the Nawab of Bengal in 1763 + He agreed to hand over
to

the districts of Midnapore, Burdwan and Chittagong to the British for the maintenance of
their army + The British were also permitted duty-free trade in Bengal, except for a duty of
av

2% on salt.
o Treaty of Allahabad, 1765: In 1765, two Treaties were concluded by Robert Clive at
ur

Allahabad with Nawab Shuja-ud-Daulah and Emperor Shah Alam II.

ga

o Robert Clive was the Governor of India twice from 1757- 1760 and then 1765-1767.
[U.P. P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004] He forced Nawab of ‘Oudh’ Shujaudaulah to sign the
Treaty of Allahabad. He established ‘’Predatory State” in Bengal successfully. Indeed, he
was a statesman in the mask of a soldier. William Pitt stated that he was “heaven-born
general.” [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
 First treaty with the Nawab of Awadh:
 Allahabad and Kara were surrendered by the Nawab to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam
II.
 As the party of Treaty of Allahabad in 1765 (after battle of Buxar) the Allahabad Fort
was garrisoned by British East India Company troops. Eventually it was ceded by Saadat
Ali Khan in 1797 to company. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021]

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Page. 19
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 A sum of Rs 50 lakh was paid to the Company as war indemnity.

 Balwant Singh, the Zamindar of Banaras, was given full possession of his estate.
 Under the second treaty with Shah Alam II:
 Emperor was asked to reside at Allahabad under the Company’s protection.
 The Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa were granted to the East India Company in
lieu of an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2006 ,U.P. Lower
Sub. (Pre) 2003] [U.P. P.S.C. (GIC) 2010]
 An amount of Rs 53 lakh was to be given by the Mughal Emperor to the Company in
return for nizamat functions (military defence, police, and administration of justice)
of the said provinces.
Dual System of Government 1765-72
Company Nawab
Diwani Nizamat Responsible for
Meaning Collecting revenue
Police and Judicial functions peace/order but
Source Mughal Emperor’s From Bengal subedar dependent for funds/
farmans forces from the company.
Exercise by Diwan Company nominated deputy subedar

*******

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Page. 20
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER 4
BRITISH EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION IN INDIA (1767-1818)

1. Introduction: After the conquest of Bengal, the process of British expansion and consolidation
ensued through conquests and elimination of rivals in various parts of the subcontinent.
2. Expansion under various Governor Generals
 Expansion under Warren Hastings: First Anglo-Maratha war (1775-82) and Second Mysore
war (1780-84).[U.P.R.O. / A.R.O. (Pre) (Re-Exam) 2016]
 Expansion under Cornwallis: Third Mysore war (1790-92) [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
 Expansion under Lord Wellesley: Fourth Mysore war (1799) and Second Anglo-Maratha war
(1803-05). [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
 Expansion under Lord Hastings: Third Anglo Maratha war (1817-18).[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A.
(Mains) 2010]
3. Mysore’s resistance to the company
 Wodeyar/Mysore dynasty
o After Battle of Talikota (1565), many small kingdoms emerged from remnants of
vijayanagara empire.
o In 1612, Wodeyars emerged in the region of Mysore. ChikkaKrishnaraja Wodeyar II ruled
from 1734 to 1766.
o In second half of 18th century, Mysore emerged as a formidable power under leadership of
Haidar Ali and Tipu sultan.
o Hyder and Tipu’s control over rich trade of Malabar coast was seen as threat to English
company’s trade.
o Haidar Ali took help of French to set up an arms factory at Dindigul and introduced western
methods of training for his army.
 Anglo-Mysore wars (1767-99): The rise of Mysore under Hyder Ali was viewed as a threat by
neighbouring states – Marathas, Nawab of Carnatic and Nizam of Hyderabad.
 First Anglo-Mysore war (1767-69)
o Immediate context: Provided by the rivalry over Northern Circars. It led to a tripartite
treaty between Marathas, the Nizam and the English against Hyder Ali.
o Began with the attack on Mysore by the allies in 1766. Soon, Hyder persuaded the Nizam
and the Marathas to join hands with him against the English and finally forced the Madras
Council to sign peace on his terms.
o He fought bravely and captured Mangalore in 1768 and reached Madras in 1769 where English in
helplessness had to sign the “Treaty of Madras’ in April 1769 on the conditions of Haider Ali.
o It ended with the Treaty of Madras in 1769→ provided for exchange of prisoners and
mutual restitution of conquests. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
o Haider Ali was promised the help of English in case he was attacked by any other power.
 Second Anglo Mysore war (1780-84)
o Immediate context: Capture of Mahe by the English.
o In this war, the Marathas and the Nizam sided with the English.
o Main battle fought -Battle of Port-Novo (1781) in which Hyder suffered defeat.
o Ended with the Treaty of Mangalore-> each party gave back territories it had taken from the
other.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Third Anglo Mysore war (1790-92)

o Immediate context-provided by Tipu's attack on Travancore.
o In this war too, the Marathas and the Nizam sided with the English.
o It ended with the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792).
o Tipu Sultan lost. He surrendered half of his territory to theCompany and its allies. The
Company acquired Baramahal, Dindigul andMalabar. While the Marathas got the regions
surrounding Tungabhadra and its tributaries and Nizam acquired the areas from Krishna to
beyond the Pennar. War damage of Rs. 3 crores were taken from Tipu.
 Fourth Anglo Mysore war (1799)
o Immediate context: Provided by Napoleon's plans to invade India andTipu's consequent
negotiations with the French.
o Main battle fought- Battle of Seringapatam

om
o Result: Tipu was killed during the defence of the city. Mysore lost its
independence.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]

l.c
4. Anglo-Maratha wars (1775-1818)
 First Anglo-Maratha war (1775-82)
ai
o Causes: Treaty of Surat 1775 was signed between Raghunath Rao and the British East India
Company (EIC). British EIC agreed to support the claim of Raghunathrao over
gm

Peshwaship.In return, Raghunathrao conceded Salsette and Bassein to the English.

o Immediate context: Sawai Madhav Rao succeeded as Peshwa, which gravely frustrated
07

Raghunath Rao and he now tried to capture power with British help.
o Began with the Treaty of Surat (Raghunath Rao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein
03

to English along with a portion of revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts) and ended
with the Treaty of Salbai in 1782.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]
ar

o Main battles fought -Battles of Adas, Talegaon and Sipri.

o Treaty of Salbai: It ended the First Anglo-Maratha War, restored the status, and established
m

peace between the two parties for 20 years.

 The East India Company preserved Salsette and Broach.
to

 It also took a promise from the Marathas that they will retake their possessions in the
av

Deccan from Hyder Ali.

 Marathas also promised that they will not give any territories to the French.
ur

 Raghunathrao was to receive a pension every year.

 All territories taken by the British after the Treaty of Purandhar were surrendered back to
ga

the Marathas.
 The English accepted Madhavrao II as the Peshwa.
 Second Anglo Maratha war (1803-05)
o Immediate context: In 1801, Peshwa Baji Rao II killed Holkar's brotherVithoji Rao Holkar.
When Holkar launched a counter attack, Peshwa fled,took refuge in Bassein and approached
Wellesley for help.
o Began with the Treaty of Bassein and ended with the Treaty of Rajpur ghat.
o Main battles fought- Battles of Assaye, Argaon, Delhi, Laswari and Ding.
o Result-the English had an edge over the Marathas. Separate treaties weresigned with Scindia,
Bhonsle and Holkar by the Company which tore apartthe Maratha confederacy.

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Page. 22
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o Treaty of Bassein (1802): Under the treaty, the Peshwa agreed:[U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]
 To cede to the company territories yielding an income of Rs.26 lakh
 To surrender the city of Surat
 To give up all claims for Chauth on the Nizam’s dominions
 To accept company’s arbitration in all differences between him and Nizam or the
Gaekwad
 Not to keep in his employment Europeans of any nation at war with the English
 To subject his relations with other states to the control of the English.
 Third Anglo-Maratha war (1817-19)
o Immediate Context -The War began as a campaign against the Pindaris, the irregular
Maratha forces.
o Began with the Treaty of Poona with Peshwa; Treaty of Gwalior with Sindhia and ended
with the Treaty of Mandsaur with Holkar.
o Main battles fought-Battles of Khadki, Sitabaldi, Mehidpur, Koregaon andAshti.
o Result-Maratha forces were decisively defeated. Peshwa's territories wereannexed by the
British. The House of the Peshwa was extinguished.
5. Anglo-Nepal war (1814-16) (Lord Hastings) [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 In 1768, the Gorkhas wrested the control of Kathmandu from the successors of Ranjit Malla of
Bhatgaon.
 In their attempt to expand beyond the mountains, they were checked by the Chinese in the north.
They pushed towards frontiers of Bengal and Awadh, coming in contact and clash with the
English in India.
 1801: EIC annexed Gorakhpur- EIC and Nepal sharing boundary together; conflict started due to
Gorkha’s capture of Butwal and Sheoraj.
 The war ended with Treaty of Sagauli in 1816->British gained the districts of Garhwal and
Kumaon and a resident was placed at Kathmandu + north-west frontier of company was pushed
up to mountains as English gained entire area of Sutlej hills comprising hill stations of Simla,
Mussorie, Ranikhet, Landour and Nainital + Nepal also withdrew from Sikkim.
 Part of Sikkim including Darjeeling, was annexed by british in 1835 but independent Sikkim also existed
along with British Sikkim till 1890.
 Sikkim was a small capital between Nepal & Bhutan. Lord Dalhousie annexed part of Sikkim in
1849, on the pretext that Sikkim king has misbehaved with two English doctors.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020] [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016]
 Nepal maintained neutrality during the revolt of 1857- British enlisted a large number of
Gorkhas as mercenaries in their army. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
6. First Burma war (Lord Amherst; 1824-26)
 Burma occupied Arakan and Manipur-> threat to Assam+ Brahmaputra Valley-> friction along
ill-defined border between Bengal and Burma
 War: British occupied Rangoon.
 Ended with the Treaty of Yandabo (1826).
 Result-The English regained control over Assam, Manipur and and occupied Arakan and
Tenasserim region (Tavoy and Mergui).
 Treaty of Yandabo provided that Government of Burma:

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o Pay rupees 1 crore as war compensation;

o Cede its coastal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim;
o Abandon claims on Assam, Cachar and Jaintia;
o Recognize Manipur as an independent state;
o Negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain;
o Accept a British resident at Ava and posting Burmese envoy at Calcutta.
7. Second Burma war (Lord Dalhousie; 1852-53)
 It was the result of British commercial need and imperialist policy of Lord Dalhousie.
 Immediate Context-Two British captains were heavily fined by theBurmese government.
Dalhousie decided to attack Burma on the pretextof restoring the dignity of the English.
 Result-The English annexed Rangoon and Pegu (or Lower Burma).
8. Third Burma war (Lord Dufferin; 1885)
 It took place when the English attacked Burma on the pretext that king Thibaw Min was
intriguing with the French in Vietnam to weaken English control over Asia.
 The British has annexed Upper Burma. Burma lost its independence.
9. First Afghan war (Lord Auckland; 1839-42) [U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2013]
 The apprehension of Russia invasion on India and the attempt of the British to check it on the
border of Afghanistan was the primary cause of the first Anglo-Afghan War.
 Immediate context: Failure of Burnes Mission.
 A tripartite treaty was signed between the English, Shah Shuja and Ranjit singh. Following the
treaty, combined forces of three parties known as ‘army of Indus’ launched an attack on Kabul.
 Result: Afghan invasion was a failure. The English who were forced to retreat, Shah Shuja was
killed and Dost Mohammad re-establish his authority in Kabul.
10. Second Afghan war (Lord Lytton; 1878-80)
 Result of war:Amir Yakub Khan agreed to station a permanent British resident at Kabul and
conduct his foreign policy with advice of theGovernment of India.
 Afghanistan was created as a buffer state betweenBritish Indian and Russian Empire.
 Ended with the Treaty of Gandamak (1879): It provided that the Amir conduct his foreign
policy with advice of GOI; permanent British resident stationed at Kabul and GOI give Amir all
support against foreign aggression and an annual subsidy.
11. Conquest of Sindh (Lord Ellenborough; 1843) [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
 Causes: To counter Russian threat, Sindh was seen as a necessary prelude to annexation of
Afghanistan + regain English prestige which had suffered during First Afghan war.
 Finally annexed in 1843 after Battles of Miani and Dabo led by Sir Charles Napier.
 Result: English emerged victorious. Sindh was annexed and was later made part of British
India’s Bombay presidency in 1847.
12. Conquest of Punjab (1849)
 Maharaja Ranjit Singh had failed to establish a stable sikh state in Punjab and his death was
followed by political instability.
 War of succession ensued amongst many sons of Ranjit singh; Dalipsingh was proclaimed king
under guardianship of Rani Jindan.
 Treaty of Amritsar: It checked ambitions of Ranjit singh to extend his rule over entire Sikh
nation by accepting river Sutlej as the boundary line for his dominions and the company’s.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 1838- Ranjit singh was compelled by political compulsions to sign Tripartite treaty with the
English.
13. First Anglo-Sikh war (Lord Hardinge; 1845-46)
 Main battles: Battles of Mudki, Ferozeshah, Baddoval, Aliwal and the Battle of Sabbraon.
 After the defeat of Sikhs, British occupied Lahore and forced Sikhs to sign Treaty of Lahore.
 Ended with the Treaty of Lahore->Maharaja gave up all territories lying to the south of River
Satluj + Sikhs had to pay Rs1.5 crores as war indemnity + Sir Henry Lawrence became the
British resident at Lahore.
 Result-Sikh lost territories to the south of the River Satluj.
 Sir Henry Lawrence became the British Resident at Lahore.
 Treaty of Bhairowal (1846): Rani Jindan was removed as regent and a council of regency for
Punjab was set up. The council consisted of 8 Sikh sardars presided over by English resident

om
Henry Lawrence.
14. Second Sikh war (Lord Dalhousie; 1848-49)

l.c
 The defeat in first Anglo-Sikh war and provisions of treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal were
humiliating for Sikhs. Inhuman treatment meted out to Rani Jindan and reduced pension to mere
ai
Rs. 48,000 per annum added to resentment of Sikhs.
 Immediate context:Revolt of Multan Governor Mulraj.
gm

 Main battles: Battles of Ramnagar, Chillianwala andGujrat.

 Battle of Gujrat was decisive. Sikh army was defeated and it surrendered before the English led
07

by Charles Napier.
 Result: Dalhousie annexed Punjab. Maharaja Dalip Singh was pensioned and sent to England
03

for education. He died in Paris (France) on 23 October, 1893. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
 Lord Dalhousie appointed a set of triumvirs (Board of Three) to manage affairs in Punjab after its
ar

annexation on 29 March, 1849 in which Henry Lawrence was named as President; John Lawrence
and Charles Grenville Mansel included as members of the council. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
m

15. Annexation of Awadh (Lord Dalhousie; 1856)

 Although Wajid Ali Shah was a capable ruler, the British residents gave exaggerated reports
to

about his incompetence to the company authorities.

av

 In 1854 James Outram was appointed as British Resident of Awadh in place of Sleeman. He termed the
administration of Awadh as corrupt and the condition of public deplorable. Outram’s report was the base
of Awadh’s merger in February, 1856. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
ur

 This gave the East India Company a Casus Belli (cause for war in Latin) to conquer Awadh.
ga

 On 7th February 1856, Lord Dalhousie ordered to depose Wajid Ali Shah on the account of
alleged internal misrule.
 Awadh was annexed in 1856 on the pretext of maladministration based on Outram's report.
16. Anglo-Tibetan relations
 Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
o Tibet would pay an indemnity of Rs. 75 lakh at the rate of one lakh rupees per annum.
o As a security of payment, Indian govt would occupy Chumbi valley for 75 years.
o Tibet would respect frontier of Sikkim.
o Trade marts would be opened at Yatung, Gyantse and Gartok.
o Tibet would not grant any concession for railways, roads etc. to any foreign state but give
Great Britain some control over foreign affairs of Tibet.

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Page. 25
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

17. Extension of British paramountcy through administrative policy

 The policy of ‘Security Cell” is related to Warren Hastings and Wellesley. Warren Hastings
fought with Mysore and Marathas to achieve status equivalent to other Indian states. During
this time the company tried to form buffer state (also known as Ring Fence) with an aim to
protect its state from Afghans and Marathas. Thus, they agreed to protect Awadh on the
condition that the Nawab of Oudh will bear the expenses. The main aim of Wellesley was to
enforce Indian states to rely on his army power.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2006]
 Policy of Ring Fence
o Warren Hastings established it which entailed protecting their neighbors' frontiers in order to
protect their own lands.
o Warren Hastings was prosecuted from 1788 to 1795 for impeachment for unjust and arbitrary
functions, but British parliament dropped all the charges against him after considering his service.
It was said that Warren Hastings had done all this for the benefit of the empire.
[U.P. P.S.C. (GIC) 2010 ,U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
o The East India Company's struggle against the Marathas and the Kingdom of Mysore
mirrored this.
o The main threat came from Marathas and Afghan invaders (the Company agreed to organise
Awadh's defence in order to ensure Bengal's security).
o Wellesley's subsidiary alliance policy was an extension of the ring fence policy, which
sought to reduce states' reliance on the British government in India.
 Subsidiary Alliance
o It was used by Lord Wellesley from 1798-1805 to build an empire in India [French
Governor-General Marquis Dupleix was the first person to utilize it].[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
o Aim: prevent French revival (Context: Napoleon threat) + expand EIC influence.
o Features
 Under the system, theruler of the Allied Indian State was required to approve the
permanent stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for
its maintenance under the subsidiary alliance plan.
 Indian king had to disband his own military forces and accept British forces in his area.
 If he did not pay, a section of his land would be taken away from him and given to the
British.
 In exchange, the British promised to defend the Indian state from any foreign attack or
internal uprising.
 Any other foreign country could not form an alliance with the Indian state.
 Without British sanction, there were no political ties within Indian states.
 A British resident was also stationed at the court.
o Various stages
 1st stage: English pledged to provide a fixed army to the native rulers in exchange for a
fixed sum of money.
 2nd stage:English committed to keeping a permanent military force to assist their ally
in exchange for a set annual sum of money.
 3rd stage:English pledged to maintain not only a fixed subsidiary force to assist their
partner in exchange for a certain annual sum of money, but also to keep the force within
the ally's borders.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 4th stage:English promised to keep a permanent and fixed subsidiary force within the
territory of their ally in its fourth and final form, which was instituted by Lord
Wellesley. However, instead of receiving money, they were granted permanent access to
a portion of the ally's territory.
o States which accepted Alliance: Nizam of Hyderabad (1789, 1800), Mysore (1799),
Tanjore (1799), Awadh (1801), Peshwa (1801), Bhonsle (1803), Sindhia (1804), Jodhpur,
Jaipur, Macheri, Bundi, Bharatpur (1818), Holkars (1818- last)[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 Doctrine of Lapse
o It was an annexation policy followed widely by Lord Dalhousie from 1848 to
1856.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
o Any princely state under the direct or indirect control of EIC where the ruler did not have a
legal male heir would be annexed by the company.
o No adopted heir would be eligible for acquiring the throne, but would only be eligible to
inherit the prince’s personal assets and properties.
o In 1824, the princely state of Kittur was seized by the British East India Company under the
implementation of the Doctrine of Lapse well before the Governance of the Lord Dalhousie.
o Annexed states: Satara (1848) [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016], Jhansi and Nagpur (1854), Jaitpur
(Bundelkhand), Smabalpur(1849), Baghat (MP); Awadh annexed in 1856 on ground of mis-
governance [U.P.B.E.O. (Pre) 2019] [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
 John Lawrence and Policy of Masterly Inactivity: Do not interfere till peace not disturbed and
other powers not involved. Sher Ali won the successorship fight without interference.
 Lytton and the Policy of Proud reserve: It was aimed at having scientific frontiers and
safeguarding ‘spheres of influence’.
*******

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Page. 27
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER-5
POPULAR UPRISINGS UP TO 1857
Introduction:
The establishment of British rule had a far more devastating impact on the lives of various sections of
people, forcing them to rise in revolt against colonial rule. As per Bipan Chandra, people’s resistance
took place in form of Civil rebellions, tribal uprisings and peasant movements.

Causes of Pre-1857 uprisings

 Exploitative policies: Colonial land revenue settlements, heavy burden of new taxes, eviction of peasants
from their lands, encroachments on tribal lands and exploitation in rural society.


om
Growth of Intermediary revenue collectors, tenants and money-lenders.
 De-Industrialization: Promotion of British manufactured goods, heavy duties on Indian industries,
especially export duties leading to devastation of Indian handloom.

l.c
Impact on rulers and zamindars: Several Rajas and Nawabs lost their principalities owing to the
Company’s policy of expansion. Their rights are taken over by colonial state and they were forced
ai
to sell their rights due to inability to pay higher revenues.
gm

 Impact on tribals: Colonial administration ended the relative isolation of tribals and brought them
within ambit of colonial economy and exploitation.
 Character of British: The foreign character of the British rulers, who always remained alien to this
07

land and their contemptuous treatment of native people hurt their pride.
Major Civil Uprisings and Peasant Movements
03

Context and
Name of Time Place of the Important
Significance
ar

the Revolt Period Revolt Leaders

of the Revolt
m

 Plunder by EIC and

1770 famine.
to

 1770 famine→
av

sanyasis started the

revolt, joined by
ur

small zamindars, Manju Shah,

1763-1800 rural poor, disbanded Musa Shah,
ga

[U.P.P.C. soldiers. Bhawani

Sanyasi-Fakir
S. (Pre) Bengal  Significance: Equal Pathak,
rebellion
2017] participation by Hindus Debi
and Muslims. Chaudhurani
 Bankim Chandra
Chhaterjee’s
Anandmath is based
on this revolt.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2017]

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Page. 28
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]

 Subdued by Warren
Hastings
 EIC got Midnapore
in1760. This led to
the introduction of
new revenue system
in 1772→zamindars
dispossessed in
1800s.
 By the 1800s, the
zamindars of
Dhalbhum,
Manbhum, Raipur,
Rebellionin Panchet, Jhatibuni,
Damodar Singh,
Midnapore and 1766-67 Bengal Karnagarh, and
Jagannath Dhal
Dhalbhum Bagri, who lived in
Jungle Mahals of the
west and north-west
Midnapore, had lost
their zamindaries.
 In cases of dispute
between the ryots and
the English revenue
collecting authorities,
the zamindars of
Midnapore sided with
the ryots.
 Moamarias are low-
caste peasant who
follow the teachings
of Aniruddhadeva.
 Their revolts
weakened Ahoms-
Ruler shad to seek
Assam and British help from
Revolt of
1769-99 parts of Krishnanarayan
Moamarias external aggressions.
Bangladesh
 Moamarias made
Bhatipur their HQs.
 Rangpur and Jorhat
were the most
affected region.
 Despite of Ahom
kingdom survived the

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Page. 29
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

uprising, it was
devastated by a
Burmese invasion
and eventually fell
under British
authority.
 In order to pay for the
war against the
Marathas and Mysore,
Warren Hastings
devised a scheme to
employ English
officers as ijaradars
(revenue farmers) in
Awadh.
 In 1781, the
zamindars and
In Gorakhpur, farmers revolted
Basti and 1781 against the oppressive
Bahraich taxes, and within
weeks, all of
Hannay's
subordinates were
either slain or
besieged by
zamindari guerrilla
troops.
 Hannay was
dismissed and his
izara forcibly
removed.
 Cause: Annexation
of Raja’s estate by
British.
 1758 treaty between
English and
Gajapatiraju of Vizieram Rauze
RevoltofRajaof Northern Vizianagaram to oust
1794 (Chinna
Vizianagaram Circars French from Northern Vijayaramaraju)
Circars → they
succeeded but EIC
went back on its
promise and
demandedRs.3 lakhs
and asked to disband

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Page. 30
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

troops → rebellion
 With fall of
Seringapatnam,
Dhundiawagh got
released and organized
forces consisting of
anti-British elements
and carved out a small
Revoltof Dhundia territory for himself.
1799-1800 Karnataka Dhundia Wagh
in Bednur  Defeat by English in
1799→ refuge in
Maratha region→

om
instigated
disappointed princes
to fight against

l.c
English.
 Wellesley subdued.
ai
 The British had
gm

adopted a revenue
policy that adversely
affected the interests
07

of the peasants.
 Pazhassi revolted
03

against the mistaken

revenue policy of the
ar

British. He stopped
all collection of
m

revenue in Kottayam.

to

The British tried to

Kerala Varmaaka
Revolt of Kerala subjugate him→Raja
av

Kerala
Varma Pazhassi 1797-1805 Kerala took refuge in the
Simham/Pycheraj
Raja jungles of Wayanad a
ur

 His supporters
assembled in small
ga

groups, erected
barriers and cut off
British
communications→
British forced to have
truce.
 By the agreement, the
Company agreed to
withdraw all troops
from Wayanad and to

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Page. 31
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

cancel the agreement

with Kurumbanadu
Raja.
 Nawab Wazir Ali
Khan, with EIC help,
ascended throne but
then relations became
sour→replaced by
uncle Saadat Ali
Khan II and Wazir
Khanon pension.
 In January 1799,
Wazir khan
assassinated George
Frederick Cherry;
Civil Rebellion of Wazir Ali's soldiers
1799 Wazir Ali Khan
Awadh also killed two other
Europeans and
assaulted the Benares
Magistrate.
 The entire episode
became known as
“Massacre of
Benares”.
 Wazir Ali was able to
raise a force of many
thousand soldiers, but
General Erskine was
able to beat them.
 Over revenue
payment → Strikara
Bhanj refused to pay
Uprisingsin Odisha Strikara Bhanj;
1800, revenues in 1797→
Ganjamand (Northern Dhanajaya Bhanj;
1935-37 joined by Jlani Deo
Gumsur Circars) Doora Bisayi
of Vijayanagar and
Jagannath Deo of
Pratapgiri
 The Complex
agrarian land lordism
Uprisingin and the exploitative
1800-02 Jharkhand Bhukhan Singh
Palamau feudal system →
Bhukan Singh rose in
rebellion
Revolt of
1795-1805 Tamil Nadu  Main centres:
Kattabomman
Poligars/

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Palayakkarargal Tinneveli, Nayakan;

Ramanathapuram, Oomathurai
Sivaganga, Sivagiri,
Madurai, North Arcot
 1781:Nawab of Arcot
gave control of
Tinnevelli and Carnatic
to EIC→ which
resulted into Poligars
revolt.
 1st Revolt (1795-9):
Over taxation;
Kattabomman
Nayakan led the
insurrection →
defeated→fled but
betrayed by Ettapan
(Raja of Pudukottai).
 2nd Revolt (1801-
5):More violent;
imprisoned poligars
escaped; joined
‘Marudus’ rebellion of
Marathu Pandian
suppressed in 1801
 Jats fortified
themselves in
Bhiwani and made a
Uprisingin
1809 Haryana strong resistance.
Bhiwani
 A brigade of all arms
was required to
suppress the revolt.
 Heavy demand for
subsidy, high handed
attitude of the British
resident.
Revoltof Diwan Diwan of state,
Velu Thampi
1808-09 Travancore  Consequences: Velu Velu Thampi
Thampi was hanged
publicly after death to
instill fear among the
people.
Madhya  2nd Anglo-Mysore Lakshman Dawa
Disturbances in
1808-12 Pradesh and War: Bundelkhand (Killadar of
Bundelkhand
Uttar captured by EIC→ Ajaygarh Fort),

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Pradesh multiple resistance Darya Singh

from Bundela (killadar of
chiefs→ suppressed. Kalanjar), Gopal
 The British had to Singh
adopt a policy of
binding down the
hereditary chieftains
of Bundel khand by
series of contractual
obligations-
Ikarnamahs.
 West Ganjam district Narayan Deo,
Parlakimendi 1813-34 Odisha

om
Gajapathi
 The British meddled in
the Kutch's internal

l.c
feuds→ prompted Raja
Bharmal II to gather
ai
Kutch Rebellion 1816-32 Gujarat Arab and African Rao Bharmal
gm

forces in 1819 with the

goal of driving the
British out of his
07

realm.
 Immediate cause of
03

upsurge was
imposition of police
ar

tax.
Uttar Mufti Mohd.
Risingin Bareilly 1816  Issue became
m

Pradesh Aiwaz;
religious when Mufti
to

Muhammad Aiwaz
gave petition to
av

magistrate in 1816.
 The Paiks were the
ur

traditional landed
militia who had
ga

hereditary land Bakshi

tenures in exchange Jagabandhu
for their military duty Bidyadhar,
Paika Rebellion 1817 Odisha and policing tasks. Mukunda
 Bakshi Jagabandhu Devaand
Bidyadhar was the Binabandhu
military commander Santra
of the Raja of
Khurda's army.
 The Company took

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Page. 34
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

away Jagabandhu's
ancestral estate of
Killa Rorang in 1814,
leaving him destitute.
 The entry of a group
of Khonds from
Gumsur into Khurda
territory in March
1817 lit the fuse.
 It was successful in
obtaining huge
remissions of arrears,
reductions in
assessments, a
moratorium on the
sale of defaulters'
properties at will, a
new settlement on
permanent tenures,
and other liberal
governance adjuncts.
 Dayaram, an
Aligarhtalukdar had
one of the strongest
forts in India-a
‘second Bharatpur’
Uprisings in
1817
Aligarh and  EIC had concluded Dayaram,
Hathras Agra settlement of Hathras Bhagwant Singh
estate with Dayaram
→ Dayaram could
not pay arrears
British attacked and
won.
 Causes: Imposition
of company’s rule
and company’s Waghera chiefs of
Waghera Rising 1818-20 Baroda (GJ)
support to exactions Okha Mandal
by the Gaekwad of
Baroda.
1828  Causes: Ahom
Gomdhar
[U.P.P.C. tribesmen opposed
Konwar,
Ahom Revolt S. (Pre) Assam continued occupation
Maharaja
2018] of Assam by the
Purandhar Singh
British.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Led by Gomdhar
Konwar
 Consequences: Part
of kingdom was
restored to the
Assamese king.
 In 1838, the British
deposed the ruler of
Sawantwadi for his
failure to maintain
law and order in the Phond Savant,
North state, and appointed a Subana Nikam,
Revolt of
1844-59 Konkan European Political Daji Lakshman,
Savantavadi
Coast superintendent to Har
administer the state. Savant Dingnekar
 The discontented
rulers fled to Goa and
planned revolt against
the British.
 Islamic revivalist
movement founded
by Syed Ahmed of
Rai Bareilly who was
inspired by teachings
of Abdul Wahab of
Saudi Arabia and
BR, Bengal, Shah Waliullah of Syed Ahmed of
Wahabi
1830-61 NWFP, Delhi. Rai
Movement
Punjab  Syed Ahmed Bareilly
denounced Western
influence on Islam
and called for a
restoration to genuine
Islam and society as
it was in the Arabia
of the Prophet's day.
 Initially a religious
purification
Punjab movement (abolish
Bhagat Jawahar
caste system, no
[U.P. P.C.S. Mal; Ram Singh
Kuka Movement 1840-72 discrimination within
(Pre) 2010] (Found Namdhari
Sikhs, discourage
sect)
alcohol, meat, drugs;
permit intermarriage,
widow remarriage,

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Page. 36
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

women out of
seclusion).
 After British took
Punjab, the
movement got
transformed from a
religious purification
campaign to a
political campaign.
 Kukas wanted to
remove British and
restore Sikh rule over

om
Punjab.
 Concepts of
Swadeshi and non-

l.c cooperation was

propagated by the
ai
Kukas.

gm

In 1872, Ram Singh

was deported to
Rangoon.
07

 Salt duty was raised

from fifty paise to
03

one rupee by British

government.
Surat Salt Gujarat
ar

Agitation
1844-48  Consequences:
Government was
m

compelled to roll
to

back the raise in salt

duty.
av

 Causes:
Administrative
ur

Kolhapur and reorganization in

Savantvadi Kolhapur and
ga

revolts 1844 disbanding of the

Gadkaris, a hereditary
military class which
garrisoned Maratha
forts.

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Page. 37
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Tribal Revolts
 British expansion of lands.
Pahariyas 1778 Rajmahal Hills  British were forced to usher Raja
in peace by declaring their Jagannath
territory as damni-kol area.
 It erupted in response to the
jungle zamindars increased
earnings.
 The East India Company's
tax and administrative
policies and police Sham
1766-72; restrictions rendered the Ganjan,
Chuar Midnapore
1795-1816 practise of employing local Durjan
paiks obsolete, since they Singh
were eventually replaced
by professional police.
 In 1799, the British
violently repressed the
insurrection
 Large-scale transfers of
1813 land from Kol headmen to
[U.P. Ranchi, Singhbhu, outsiders like Hindu, Sikh
Kol Budhho
R.O./A.R.O. Hazirabagh, and Muslim farmers.
Mutiny Bhagat
2017] Palamau, Manbhum  The Kols were especially
irritated by British judicial
policies.
 Raja of Parahat organized
Ho tribes to revolt against
the occupation of
Singhbhum. The revolt
continued till 1827 when
Hoand
1820-37 Ho tribals were forced to BirsaMund
Munda Jharkhand succumb in 1827. a
uprising  In 1899-1900, Mundas in
the region south of Ranchi
rose under Birsa Munda.
 Ulgulan was one of the
significant tribal uprisings.
Raj Mahal Hills  The landlords exploited the
1855-56 Santhals ruthlessly,
(Bihar)
Santhal [U.P.P.C.S. charging excessive interest Sindhuand
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
uprising (Pre) 2019] rates; they were stripped of Kanhu
2017]
their land and forced to
work as bonded labourers.

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Page. 38
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Against zamindars and

money lenders; later anti-
British.
 The British brutally
quashed the insurrection,
killing around 20000
Santhals, including the two
leaders.
 Chakra Bisnoi, a youthful
raja, led the Khonds, who
were supported by the
Ghumsar, Kalahandi, and
other tribes, in their
opposition to the abolition
Khond Chakra
1837-56 Andhra Pradesh of human sacrifice,
uprising Bisnoi
increased taxes, and the
arrival of zamindars into
their territories.
 The insurrection came to an
end with Chakra Bisnoi’s
disappearance.
 Naikada Revolt took place
under Roop Singh and Joria
Madhya Pradesh
Naikada 1860s Bhagat.
and Gujarat
 Against British and caste
Hindus
 By Kharwas against the
Kharwar 1870s Bihar revenue settlement
activities.
 The Khond is a native clan
of India dominatingly
living in Orissa and the
Srikakulam and
Visakhapatnam regions of
Khonda Daburregion of Andhra Pradesh. Korra
1900
Doras Vishakapatnam  The clan extended from Mallaya
Bengal to Tamil Nadu
covering focal regions.
They are the biggest
ancestral gatherings of
Orissa.

Koya
1803,  Their grievances included Tomma
East Godavariin
1840-62, police and moneylender Sora,
Revolts Andhra Pradesh
1879-80 persecution, new Raja

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Page. 39
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

restrictions, and rejection Anantayyar

of their traditional rights to
forest regions.
 They rose against company
control due to starvation,
Khandesh, Dhar, economic suffering, and
Bhil 1817- Malwa, Western misgovernment. Govind
Revolts 19,1913 Ghats, South  To quell the insurrection, Guru
Rajasthan. the British utilised both
force and conciliatory
measures.
1829,1839,  They opposed the

om
1844-48 Western Ghats imposition of Company's
Koli [U.P. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) control, which resulted in
risings R.O./A.R.O. 2015] widespread unemployment
2017]
l.c
and the removal of their
fortifications.
ai
 They had not accepted
gm

British control or the Chittur

British system of Singh
Ramosi 1822-9, administration. Umaji Naik
07

Western Ghats
Risings 1839-41  They emerged in 1822 Bapu
under Chittur Singh and Trimbakji
03

devastated the land around Sawant

Satara.
ar

 After having occupied the

m

hilly region between the

Garo and Jaintia Hills, the
to

East India Company

desired to construct a road
av

connecting the
Brahmaputra Valley with
ur

Sylhet.
Khasis,
ga

 A considerable number of
Garoto Jaintai, Garos,
Khasi 1829-33 outsiders, including
Sylhet Khamptis,
Englishmen, Bengalis, and
Singhphos
plains labourers, were
imported to these regions
for this purpose.
 The movement grew into a
widespread revolution
against British
administration in the
region.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 The British political agent

was killed in an
insurrection in 1839.
Singhphos
1830-31, Assam-  In 1843, Chief Nirang Nirang
1843 Burmaborder Phidu organized a rebellion Phidu
that resulted in an attack on
the British garrison and the
deaths of numerous troops.
Bastar  Against new feudal and
1910 Jagdalpur
Revolt forest levies
 It was a tribal movement
started by Jatra Bhagat and
Turia Bhagat in Chota
Nagpur Plateau.
 Tana Bhagats opposed the
1914
taxes imposed on them by Jatra
Tana [U.P.P.C.S. the British. Bhagat,
Bhagat (Spl) (Pre) Jharkhand
2008]  They opposed the Balram
Movement
zamindars, Banias and also Bhagat
the missionaries.
 Tana Bhagats are followers
of Mahatma Gandhi, and
believe in Ahimsa (Non-
violence).
 The tribal movement was
fought against British as a
protest to the 1882 Madras
Forest Act in
1916,1922-
Visakhapatnam.
24
[U.P.R.O./A  As per the Act, tribal Alluri
Rampa Ramparegion, people were restricted on Sitarama
.R.O. (Pre)
Revolt Andhra Pradesh the free movement in the
(Re-Exam) Raju
2016] forest areas and prevented
them from engaging in
their traditional Podu
(shifting) cultivation and
use of the forest for
firewood and toddy.
 Led by one Radhakrishna
Dandasena.
Savara  The colonial administration Radhakrish
Rebellion 1856-57 Odisha saw links between this na
movement and Chakra Dandasena
Bisoi, who could never be
arrested.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Important Sepoy Mutinies

 The Bengal Sepoy Mutiny of 1764.

 The Vellore Mutiny of 1806; when the sepoys revolted against interference in their social and
religious traditions and raised a banner of revolt, unfurling the flag of the monarch of
Mysore.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006[
 The sepoys of the 47th Native Infantry Unit mutiny in 1824.
 The insurrection of the Grenadier Company in Assam in 1825.
 The mutiny of an Indian regiment at Sholapur in 1838.
 Mutinies in the 34th Native Infantry (N.I), 22nd Native Infantry (N.I), 66th Native Infantry
(N.I), and 37th Native Infantry (N.I) in 1844, 1849, 1850, and 1852, respectively.

Nature of Pre-1857 Uprisings

 Aimed to overthrow immediate oppressors: Zamindars, money lenders and the colonial
British.
 Popular character: Rebellions drew their legitimacy from the people, allowing public
meetings, planning and attack.
 Socio-political consciousness: Rebels targets were the political sources of their oppression
such as landlords, revenue contractors or even the British rule itself.
 Local leadership: These movements threw up leaders who themselves belonged to the
immediate context of the movements.
Limitations of Pre-1857 Uprisings: Localised and isolated; traditional outlook; failed to achieve their
goal of overthrowing foreign rule; semi-feudal leadership; rebellions are centuries old in form and
ideological content.

******

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Page. 42
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER-6
REVOLT OF 1857
Introduction:
The revolt was not a sudden occurrence but the culmination of a century long tradition of popular
resistance to company’s rule. The simmering discontent burst in the form of violent storm in 1857 which
shook British empire in India to its very foundations.

Causes of the revolt

 Economic causes: Exploitative land revenue settlement→peasant indebtedness to moneylender,
summary evictions, discriminatory tariffs against Indian products, destruction of Indian trade,
handicraft, absence of industrialization, alienation of upper and middle classes.

om
 British government followed different land revenue systems in different parts of India. These
systems were: Permanent settlement, Ryotwari & Mahalwari.

l.c
 Permanent settlement was introduced in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha & Varanasi of U.P. Under this system
19% area of entire British India was included. The Permanent Settlement (1793 AD) introduced by
ai
Lord Cornwallis and also known as Permanent Settlement of Bengal was an agreement between East
India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from the land. It is also known as Ist-
gm

e-Marari, Jagirdari, Maalguzari, Bishvedari etc. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]

 Ryotwari (approx. 51% area) system was in Madras, some parts of Mumbai, Eastern Bengal,
07

Assam, Kurg. Ryotwari System was the second system of collection of land revenue after
Permanent Settlement. Thomas Munro and Captain Reed who were the founder of this system
03

first introduced it in Baramahal district (Tamilnadu). After that, this system was introduced in
Madras, Eastern Bengal, Assam, Coorgh and some areas of Bombay. In Ryotwari System, the
ar

ownership rights were transferred to the peasants. British government collected taxes directly
from the peasants. 51% of British occupied Indian area was included in this system. The high
m

rate of taxes and strictness during collection became a significant cause of struggle between
money lenders and peasants. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2000], [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008] [U.P.P.C.S.
to

(Mains) 2016]
av

 Mahalwari (30% area) system was in U.P, Central Province, Punjab.

 Political causes: Greedy policy of aggrandisement, annexation of the princely states, Policies
ur

like 'Effective control', 'Subsidiary alliance', and 'Doctrine of lapse' created suspicion in the
minds of the people; abolition of regal titles; alien rule of the British and absentee sovereignty
ga

ship→ rule of foreigners from distant land.

 Administrative causes: Exclusion of Indians from administrative posts. Rampant corruption in
the company's administration.
 Socio-Religious causes: Social legislations like Satiabolition act, 1829, Widow re-marriage act,
1856, etc. Missionary activities; racial overtones; taxing mosque and temple lands; Religious
disabilities act (1856)->change of religion did not debar son from inheriting his father property.
 Outside Events: 1st Afghan war (1838-42), Punjab wars (18545-49)- British suffered losses.
 Immediate Causes: Mixing of bone dust in atta (flour), introduction of Enfield rifle. Greased
wrapping paper of cartridge of new rifle to be bitten off before loading and grease was reportedly
made of beef and pig fat.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Long history of revolts: Bengal (1764), Vellore (1806), Barrackpore (1825), Afghan wars (1838-
42).
 Discontent among sepoys: Restrictions on wearing caste and sectarian marks; rumours of
proselytizing activities of chaplains; no foreign service allowance (Bhatta) when serving in Sindh or
in Punjab; Indian sepoy was paid 1/3rd the salary of a European sepoy; In 1854, Post office act (Lord
Dalhousie) was passed which withdrew the free-postage privilege of the sepoys.

Beginning of the revolt

 The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut, 58 kilometers from Delhi, and quickly spread
across a large territory, encompassing Punjab in the north and the Narmada in the south, as
well Bihar in the east and Rajputana in the west.
 In February 1857, the 19th Native Infantry at Berhampore (West Bengal), which refused to
use the newly imported Enfield rifle and mutinied, was dissolved.
 Mangal Pandey, a young sepoy in the 34th Native Infantry, went a step further and shot at his
unit's sergeant major at Barrackpore. [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2010] [U.P.P.S.C. (R.I.) 2014]
 Lieutenant General Sir John Bennet Hearsey was commanding officer during the revolt of 1857
in Barrackpore. [U.P.P.S.C. (R.I.) 2014]
 3rd native cavalry- On May 9, 85 of them were dismissed and sentenced to 10 years
imprisonment.

Spread of the revolt

 Began at Meerut on May 10, 1857 - Punjab in north and Narmada in south to Bihar in east and
Rajputana in west. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008]
 Hindu-Muslim unity: Bahadur Shah as symbolic head; Hindu and Muslim sepoys respected
each other’s religious sentiments.
 Awadh, Rohilkhand, Doab, Bundelkhand, Central India, Bihar, East Punjab.
 Civilians joined - peasantry, artisans, shopkeepers, day labourers, zamindars, priests, civil
servants
 Peasants and petty zamindars attacked money lenders and Zamindars.
 Methods used: Attacked government buildings, destroyed bridges over rivers and dug up
metalled roads, targeted Delhi Bank.
 Several storm centres emerged in north India covering present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar,
which included Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi and Arrah.
 Ramachandra Pandurang, known as Tatya Tope, was an able leader of the great uprising of
1857. He was a personal adherent of Nana Saheb of Kanpur. He progressed with the Gwalior
contingent after the British reoccupation of Kanpur and forced General Windham to retreat from
Kanpur. Later on, he came to the rescue of Rani Laxmi Bai. However, he was defeated by
General Napier‘s troops and was executed by the British Government at Shivpuri on 18th April
1859. [U.P. Lower Sub. (Spl) (Pre) 2008]
 Diwan Maniram Dutta was an Assamese nobleman who started a revolt in 1857 with the
announcement of last King’s Grandson Kandpeshwar Singh as king in Assam. Later Maniram
was hanged by British for conspiring against them. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007] [U.P. R.O./
A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]

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Page. 44
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Leaders British
Lt. Willoughby, John
Delhi General Bakht Khan
Nicholson, Lt. Hudson
Kanpur Nana Saheb SirHugh Wheeler, Sir Colin Campbell
Henry Lawrence, Brigadier Inglis, Henry
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Havelock, James Outram, Sir Colin Campbell
[U.P.P.C.S. (Re.
Lucknow Sir Henery Lawrence, Major Havelock, and
Exam) (Pre) 2015]
General Neil died in Lucknow while protecting
English residency. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
Bareilly Khan Bahadur Sir Colin Camphel
Bihar Kunwar Singh William Taylor
Faizabad MaulviAhmadullah
Jhansi Rani Laxmibai Sir Huge Rose
Baghpat Shah Mal
Maulavi Likayat Ali

[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) Colonel Oncell

Allahabad and
2015] Lord Canning made Allahabad the emergency
Benaras
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) headquarters in 1857. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005]
2018]

Suppression of the revolt

 After a lengthy and bloody battle, the British finally took Delhi on September 20, 1857, and the
uprising was eventually put down.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
 The siege's commander, John Nicholson, was severely wounded and died as a result of his
injuries.
 Bahadur Shah was apprehended and imprisoned.
 British control over India was largely restored by the end of 1859.

Consequences of 1857 revolt

 Change of Power: British government was forced to pass GOI act, 1858 and assumed direct
responsibility for the administration AND ENDED EIC’s rule.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
 Queen Victoria’s manifesto was read out in a durbar held by Lord Canning at Allahabad on
November 1, 1858 who became the first Viceroy of India. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
 Princes and landlords rewarded and befriended: Princes who remained loyal to British
during the revolt were rewarded (included Gwalior, Rampur, Patiala and Jind). In 1861, a special
order of knighthood ‘the star of India’ was instituted and its recipients were rulers of Bhopal,
Baroda, Gwalior, Patiala and Rampur.
 Era of annexations and expansions ended and British promised to respect the dignity and
rights of the native princes. Doctrine of Lapse was abolished. [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004]
 Hostility towards Higher education

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Page. 45
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Policy of social intervention was abandoned by colonial government.

 Divide and rule: Sowed seeds of communalism in India and disrupted the national movement.
 Racial discrimination: British rule was justified by philosophy of ‘Whiteman’s burden’- the
burden of civilizing the non-whites.
 Changes in military policy: The number of European soldiers was increased; In Bengal army,
ratio was fixed at 1:2; In Bombay and Madras armies, ratio was fixed at 1:3 or 2:5 + Soldiers
from Awadh, Bihar and Central India were declared as non-martial while Punjabis, Gorkhas and
Pathans were declared as martial and recruited in large numbers + Caste and communal divisions
were introduced in each regiment; Army amalgamation scheme (1861)→ moved company’s
European troops to services of crown.
 Equal protection under law to all Indians, old Indian rights, customs would be given due regard
while framing law.

om
Role of women in 1857 revolt:

l.c
Rani Lakshmi Bhai, Moti Bhai, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Sursi and women like Ashgari Begum, Asha
Devi, and Bhagavati Devi resisted the British attempts to exploit in their local areas for which they
ai
welcomed death.
gm

Reasons for failure:

No All India participation (Eastern, Southern and western parts remained unaffected); limited
07

participation (Big zamindars acted as 'break waters to storm', moneylenders, educated Indians, Gorkha
and Sikh regiment helped British, many rulers not participated-Sindhia of Gwalior, Holkar of Indore,
03

Maharaja of Kashmir etc); Poor arms and equipment; less communication; lack of unified programme
and ideology; superiority of British resources.
 V. D. Savarkar stated in his book “The Indian War of Independence of 1857” that it was a well-
ar

planned revolt against British. He called the revolt as the first war of Independence. [U.P.P.C.S.
m

(Mains) 2015]
 Asbab-e-Bhaghawat-e-Hind, written by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was published in 1859 in which the
to

cause of the revolt of 1857 had been discussed. [U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2009]
av

 The official historian of Indian Freedom struggle was S. N. Sen whose book titled “1857” was
published in 1957. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2010]
ur

 Dr. R. C. Mazumdar, the eminent historian, stated in his book “The Sepoy Mutiny and the rebellion
of 1857” that “the so called first national war of independence of 1857 was neither first, nor
ga

national, nor a war of independence”.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]

*****

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER-7
DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN PRESS
Introduction:
The Press as is known today was introduced in India by the British when in 1674 Bhimji Parak (chief
broker of English company at Surat) took keen interest in technology, and procured a printer from
England and set up printing press at Bombay.

Important Newspapers/Journals
 Bengal Gazette/Calcutta General Advertiser (1780): Started by James Augustus Hickey
(Father of Indian Press) + First newspaper in India and also First English language
newspaper in India + Seized in 1872 because of its outspoken criticism of government.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains)2004]
 Bengal Journal: Founded in 1785 by William Duane and Thomas Jones.
 Calcutta Chronicle: Founded by Daniel Stuart and Joseph Cooper; also set up Chronicle
printing press.
 Madras Courier: First newspaper to be established in the Madras Presidency, British India + It
first appeared in the English language on 12 October 1785 started by Richard Johnston.
 Bombay Herald: The Bombay Herald was first printed in 1790 Bombay, by William Ashburner.
 Digdarshan (First vernacular newspaper) and Samachar Darpan started by Serampore
Missionaries.
 The Friend of India: The Statesman was established in 1875 by Robert Knight as an
outgrowth of an earlier paper, The Friend of India (founded 1817).
 Bengal Gazette (1818): It was the first Indian-owned newspaper started by reformist
Gangadhar Bhattacharya.
 Hindu and Swadesamitran under G Subramaniya Aiyar.
 Ramakrishna Pillai was the editor of ‘Swadesh Vahini’ or ‘Swadeshabhimani.’[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005]
 Voice of India under Dadabai Naoroji.
 Amrit Bazar Patrika under Sisirkumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh.[U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2017]
 Som Prakash: Founded by Dwaraknath Vidyabhusan in 1828.
 The Bengalee: By Girish Chandra Ghosh and Surendranath Banerjee in 1862.[U.P.
R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2017]
 Indian Mirror under NN Sen.
 Kesari (in Marathi) and Maharatta (in England) under Balgangadhar Tilak.[U.P. P.C.S.
(Spl) (Mains) 2004 U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2001]
 Sudharak under Gopal Krishna Gokhale [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
 Hindustan and Advocate under GP Verma.
 Tribune: The Tribune is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded by SardarDyal
Singh Majithia on February 2, 1881, in Lahore.
 Indu Prakash: Indu Prakash was an Anglo - Marathi periodical published from Bombay in the late
1800s and early 1900s + Established by Vishnu Parshuram Pandit in 1862, it was published as a
weekly bi-lingual periodical and often contained articles supporting the Indian freedom movement
and criticism of the British colonial rule. It was latter merge in Lokmanya.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Bangawasi’, ‘Kaal’, and ‘Kesari’ were the popular magazines of the revolutionary period which
criticized Congress for its liberal policies. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
 ‘Sandhya,’ ‘Yugantar’ and ‘Kaal’ were the newspapers which advocated revolutionary actions
during the period of Indian freedom struggle.[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008]
 Indian Opinion was a journal published by Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa in 1903.
Mansukh Lal was the first editor of this paper who was the Secretary of Natal Congress. This
journal was published in Gujarati, Tamil, Hindi and English.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
 Motilal Nehru started the English journal, ‘Independent’ demanding self-rule for
India.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012][U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 ‘Qaumi Awaz’ newspaper was started by Jawaharlal Nehru and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai in 1945
from Lucknow. Its publication was stopped in 1997.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013]
 Dainik Aaj was founded by Shiv Prasad Gupta, The Leader was founded by Madan Mohan
Malviya, The National Herald was founded by Jawahar Lal Nehru and The Pioneer was founded
by George Allen. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010] [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004],[U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2002]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 Bharat Mitra in Hindi, Rastra Mata in Marathi ,Prajamitra in Gujarati, Nayak in Bengali were
some other important newspapers. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013],[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]

Important Acts Governing Press in British India

 Censorship of Press Act (1799)
o Enacted by Governor-General Richard Wellesley to prevent the French from publishing
anything critical of the British.
o It subjected all newspapers to government scrutiny prior to publication.
o Later expanded in 1807 to include all types of press publications, including newspapers,
magazines, books, and pamphlets.
o Publications on Sunday was prohibited.
o Prescribed punishment for breach of rules was immediate deportation.
o Rules were relaxed in 1818 by Lord Hastings.
 Licensing Regulations (1823)
o Governor-General John Adams introduced the Licensing Regulation Ordinance.
o Introduced licensing of Press (compulsory pre-publication licensing) for the first time;
constituted First press ordinance.
o It required a previous license for printing for all matters, except commercial matter.
o It made operating a press without a licence a criminal offence.
o The ban was primarily aimed at Indian-language newspapers or those edited by Indians.
o With exception of Calcutta Journal, no English newspaper was deprived of license in
1823.
o The government also had the authority to revoke the license.
o This prompted Raja Ram Mohan Roy to discontinue publication of his Persian journal
'Mirat-ul-akhbar,' which he began in 1822.
o Licensing later abolished by Metcalf’s Act of 1835.

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 History (Modern History)
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 Regulations of 1825 (By Lord Amherst): It prohibited the servants of the company from
having any connection with the press.
 Press act of 1835 (By Lord Metcalfe)
o Charles Metcalfe had a liberal attitude toward Indian Press and he repealed the 1823
regulations.
o This act, therefore, is called the ‘Metcalfe Act’ and Metcalfe is known as the ‘Liberator of
the Indian Press’.
o It required a printer/publisher to give precise account of premises of a publication and
cease functioning.
 Licensing act of 1857
o Governor General Canning enacted the Licensing Act of 1857 to impose stricter
restrictions on the press. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013,U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]

om
o This act-imposed licensing restrictions as well as the right to halt the publication and
distribution of any book, newspaper, or printed matter owned by the government.
o It was applicable to all papers, Indian and Anglo-India.

l.c
Indian Penal Code of 1860 (Lord Canning): It contains offences like defamation and obscenity
ai
which writers and publishers must avoid.
 Press and Registration of Books act, 1867 (By Lord Lawrence)
gm

o Lord Lawrence passed the act, oldest surviving Press regulations in India.
o The act was to impose regulations but no restrictions on the press.
07

o The name of the printer, publisher, and place of publication were now required to be
included in the print media, and a copy was required to be submitted to the government.
03

o Within one month of publication of a book, a copy had to be supplied free of charge to the
local government.
ar

 Vernacular Press Act, 1878 (By Lord Lytton)

o Called as Gagging act; it excluded English language newspapers.
m

o The district magistrate had the authority to order the printer and publisher of any
to

vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond with the government promising not to cause
disaffection against the government or antipathy between people.
av

o The printer and publisher could also be required to deposit security, which could be seized
if the offences reoccurred.
ur

o The magistrate's decision was final, and there could be no appeal in a court of law.
ga

o A vernacular newspaper could obtain an exemption from the Act's application by

submitting proof to a government censor.
o Item powered government for the first time to issue search warrants and enter newspaper
premises even without court orders.
o Som Prakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash, and Samachar were charged under the
VPA.
o Incidentally, to avoid the VPA, the Amrita Bazar Patrika morphed overnight into an
English newspaper.
o Later, the pre-censorship clause was repealed, and a press commissioner was appointed to
provide the press with authentic and accurate news.
o Ripon eventually repealed it in 1882.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908 (By Lord Minto): It empowered magistrates
to seize a press where a newspaper containing matter which incited murder or any other act of
violence was printed.
 Indian Press Act, 1910
o It empowered district magistrates to ask for a deposit of security from the presses and
where it deemed fit, to forfeit it.
o Authorize searches and to declare newspaper copies and presses forfeited by the
government.
o Further enhanced under Defence of India regulations 1914.
o Printer of newspaper was required to submit two copies of each issue to local governments
free of charge.
 Indian Press (Emergency Powers) act 1931 (By Lord Willington)
o It gave wide-ranging powers to provincial governments to suppress Civil Disobedience
movement propaganda.
o It imposed on Press an obligation to furnish security at call of executive.
o Surendranath Banerjea became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned in 1883.
Newspaper/Journal Place Year Founder/Editor
Bengal Gazette Calcutta 1780 James Augustus Hickey (Irish)
(or Calcutta General
Advertiser)
Madras Courier Madras 1785 Richard Johnson (owner); Hugh Boyd
(first editor)
India Gazette/Calcutta Calcutta 1780 Bernard Messink
General Advertiser
Bombay Herald Bombay 1789 William Ashburner (editor)
(First paper from
Bombay)
Indian Herald Madras 1795 Started by R. Williams and published
by Humphreys.
Bengal Hurkaru (English Calcutta 1795 Hugh Boyd
weekly, later daily)
Calcutta Journal (English Calcutta 1818 James Silk Buckingham
bi-weekly)
Digdarshan (first Bengali Calcutta 1818 Serampur missionaries (William
monthly and Calcutta Carcy, Joshua Marshman and William
first vernacular Ward)
newspaper)
Samachar Darpan Serampore 1818 Baptist Missionary Society (Joshua
(Bengali weekly) (Bengal) Marshman)

Sambad Kaumudi Calcutta 1821 Raja Ram Mohan Roy

(Bengali weekly)
Mirat-ul-Akhbar (first Calcutta 1822 Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Persian journal, a weekly)

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Samachar Chandrika 1822 Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyaya.

(orthodox Calcutta
Hindu newspaper of the
Dharma Sabha)
Jam-i- Calcutta 1822 Harhihar Dutta (Editor)
i-Jahan-Numah
(first paper inUrdu)
Amrit Bazaar Patrika Jessore district 1868 Sisirkumarghosh and Motilal Ghosh
(Oldest Indian owned
English daily)
National paper Calcutta 1865 Debendranath Tagore
Indian Mirror (English Calcutta 1862 Debendranath Tagore
weekly of Calcutta
Brahmosamaj)
[U.P. P.C.S. (Mains)
2007]
The Bengalee Calcutta 1862 Girish Chandra Ghosh, bought by
Surendranath Banerjee in 1879
Bangadoota (weekly in Calcutta 1822 Raja Ram Mohan Roy
English, Hindu, Persian
and Bengali)
Bombay Samachar Bombay 1822 Fardunjee Marzban
Udant Mart and (first Calcutta 1826 Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla
Hindi language
newspaper)
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2016]
Rast Goftar Calcutta 1851 Dadabhai Naoroji
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008]
Hindu Patriot Calcutta 1853 Girish Chandra Ghosh
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) Hindu Patriot’ was the first newspaper
2006] published by Indians in English.
Madras Mail Calcutta 1868 -
Bangadarshana Calcutta 1873 Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
BandiJivan Bengal - Sachindranath Sanyal
Kranti Maharashtra 1927 SS Mirajkar, KN Joglekar, SV Ghate
Kudi Arasu Tamil Nadu 1910 EV RamaswamyNaicker
Bahishkrit Bharat 1927 BR Ambedkar
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2004]
Bombay chronicle Bombay 1913 Pherozshah Mehta
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004
U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2002]
Yugantar Bengal 1906 Barindra Kumar Ghosh
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2017]

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Vital Vidhvansak 1888 Gopal Baba Walangkar

Paridasak - 1886 Bipin Chandra pal
Voice of India Bombay 1883 Dadabhai Naoroji
The Hindu (started as a Madras 1878 GS Aiyar, Viraraghavachari and
weekly) Subbarao Pandit

Outside India-
Name of News paper Written by Place
Bande Mataram Madam Bhikaji Cama Paris
Gadar (first issue in Urdu) Lala Hardayal San Francisco, a weekly journal
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
Indian Sociologist Shyamji Krishna Varma London

om
Talwar Virendranath Berlin
Chattopadhyaya

****** l.c
ai
gm
07
03
ar
m
to
av
ur
ga

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER: 8
POPULAR UPRISINGS AFTER 1857 (1857-1947)
1. Introduction: The Anti-British Sentiments Continued To Simmer Among The Peasants, Tribals,
And Artisans Even After The Suppression Of Revolt Of 1857 Due To Worst Forms Of Colonial
Exploitation.
2. Indigo Revolt/Nilbidroh (Bengal, 1859-60)
 Indigo Cultivation In Bengal Started In 1777 → Frenchman Named Louis Bonnaud Introduced
It To The Indian Subcontinent.
 Indigo Planting Became Profitable With Increasing Demand For Blue Dye In Europe
 Cause: European Planters Forced The Peasants To Grow Indigo At A Loss, In Place Of Food
Grains Necessary For Their Survival; Offered Loans Known As Dadon, At High Interest Rates.
 Planters Paid Only 2. 5% Of Market Price; Growing Indigo Was Not Profitable For Farmers.
 First Started From The Villages Of Gobindpur (Nadia District).
 The Indigo Farmers Refused To Sow Indigo→First General Strike In The History Of Indian
Peasantry.
 The Events Covered In The Contemporary Newspaper Bengalee And Dinbandhu Mitra
Depicted It In Nil Darpan; Harish Chandra Mukherjee (Editor Of Hindoo Patriot) Published
Regular Reports. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]
 Zamindars Supported The Planters In The Revolt; Complete Unity Of Hindu And Muslim
Peasants.
 29 Planters Appointed As Honorary Magistrates→ ‘Je Rakhak Se Bhakak’ (One Who Protects
Us Is The One Who Devours Us→ Generated Resentment Among Peasants.
 Leaders: Bishnucharan Biswas And Digambar Biswas.
 Consequences: Indigo Commission 1860 Was Appointed; Planters Unleashed Reign Of Terror
By Lathiyals (Armed Retainers) And Legal Manipulation.
3. Mappila (Moplah) Uprising (1921)[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007]
 The Trigger Came From Ncm Launched By The Congress In 1920 Along With The Khilafat
Agitation.
 Causes: Moplah Peasants Rose Against Oppression Of Jenmi Landlords Backed By The
British Administration.
 Given A Communal Color By British As Moplahswere Muslims, While The Landlords Were
Hindus.
 Tenants’ Grievances Were Related To The Security Of Tenure, High Rents, Renewal Fees
And Other Unfair Exactions Of the Landlords.
 British Appointed High Caste Hindus In Positions Of Authority To Get Their Support.
 Rebels Also Attacked Various Symbols And Institutions Of the Colonial State, Such As
Telegraph Lines, Train Stations, Courts And Post Offices.
 Leaders: Ali Musliyar, Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, Sithikoyathangal, M.P. Narayana
Menon, Chembrasery Thangal, K. Moideenkutti Haji, Kappad Krishnan Nair, Konnara
Thangal, Pandiyatt Narayanan Nambeesan, And Mozhikunnath Brahmadathan
Nambudiripad.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Wagon Tragedy: 67 Moplah Prisoners Were Killed When They Were Being Transported In A
Closed Freight Wagon From Tirur To The Central Prison In Podanur Due To Suffocation.
4. Pabna Revolt (Eastern Bengal, 1873-75)
 Causes: Pabna Peasants Rose Against The Malpractices Of Zamindars To Enhance Rent
Beyond Legal Limits And To Destroy The Tenant's Newly Acquired Occupancy Right.
 Opposed By Pro-Landlord Newspaper Amrit Bazaar Patrika
 Aim: 'Ryots Of the Queen Of England And Of Her Only'.
 Peasants Prevented From Acquiring Occupancy Right Under Act X Of 1859.
 Struggle Was Mainly Legal Resistance And Little Violence.
 Ishan Chandra Roy Was The Leader Of the Uprising.
 Special Features: Formation Of Agrarian Leagues, Legal Resistance (Drum Beats, Blasts From
Conch-Shells And Night Shouts), Neither Against Zamindari System Nor Anti-Colonial
(Goal Limited To Redressal Of Immediate Grievances), Peasants Did Not Defy British
Authority.
 Supporters: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rc Duttand Indian Association (Led By Surendranath
Banerjee, Anand Mohan Bose And Dwarkanath Ganguli).
 Led By: Keshab Chandra Sen, Ishan Chandra Roy And Sambhunath Pal.
 Consequences: Bengal Tenancy Act 1885 Was Passed.
5. Deccan Riots (1875)
 Exploitative Moneyl Enders→ Marwaris Or Gujratis; Conditions Worsened Due To Crash In
Cotton Prices After End Of American Civil War; Government Raised Land Revenue By 50% In
1867.
 Social Boycott Movement Organized By Ryots Against Outsider Money Lenders.
 Supported By Poorna Sarvajanik Sabha Led By Justice Ranade.
 Special Features: Absence Of Anti-Colonial Consciousness, Support Of Nationalist
Intelligentsia (Poona Sarvajaniksabha).
 In 1879, Vasudeo Balwant Phadke Launched A Violent Campaign Against Colonial Rule,
Aiming To Drive Them Out And Establish An Indian Republic.
 Debt Bonds Were Seized; Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act Was Passed In 1879->
Restrictions On Alienation Of Land Of Peasants And Arrest For Failure To Pay Debts.
6. Koya Rebellion (1879-80)
 Causes: Tribal Grievances Such As Erosion Of Forest Rights, Exploitation By Money Lenders
Etc.
 It Occurred In Eastern Godavari District Of Andhra Pradesh And Some Regions Of Malkangiri
(Koraput District, Odisha).
 Led By: Tomma Dora (King Of Malkangiri).
 After Tomma Sora's Death, Raja Anantayyar Organized Another Revolt In 1886.
7. Munda Rebellion (Chota Nagpur, 1874-1901)
 Munda System of Common Land Holdings Had Been Destroyed By The Intrusion Of Jagirdars,
Revenue Farmers And Merchant Money Lenders.
 It Had Connection With Christianity In Its Early Phase→Accepted Christianity With Belief That
German Missionaries Would Help Them Against Exploitation Of Zamindars.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Uprising Was Known As 'Ulgulan'.

 Led By Birsa Munda.
8. Rampa Rebellion/Manyam Rebellion (Andhra, 1879 And 1922)
 Tribal Uprising Led By Alluri Sitaram Raju In Godavari Agency Of Madras Presidency.
 Tribal People Of the Forested Hills Faced Starvation And Felt Legal System Favoured The
Muttadar (Estate Landowners) And Merchants.
 Rose Against Erosion Of Forest Rights, Restrictions On Podu System And Forced Labour In
Road Construction.
 He Was Nicknamed "Manyam Veerudu" (Hero Of the Jungle) By Local Villagers For His
Heroic Exploits.
 It Began In August 1922 And Lasted Until The Capture And Killing Of Raju In May 1924.

om
9. Kisan Sabha Movement
 The Main Cause Was The Miserable Conditions Of the U. P Peasants Because Of the Policies Of
the British Government And The Awadh Taluqdars.

l.c
 Exorbitant Rents, Illegal Levies, Renewal Fees Or Nazrana, And Arbitrary Evictions Or
Bedakhli Had Resulted, Making Life Miserable For The Majority Of Cultivators.
ai
 Gauri Shankar Mishra And Indra Narayan Dwivedi Founded The United Provinces Kisan
gm

Sabha In February 1918. Madan Mohan Malaviya Backed Them.

 Jhinguri Singh, Durgapal Singh, And Baba Ramchandra Were Among The Other Prominent
Leaders.
07

 It Urged Kisans To Refuse Till Bedakhali Land, To Refrain From Offering Hari And Begar
(Forms Of Unpaid Labour), To Boycott Those Who Refused To Accept These Conditions,
03

And To Settle Their Disputes Through Panchayats.

 It Faded Quickly, Owing To Government Repression And To Passage Of the Awadh Rent
ar

(Amendment) Act.
m

10. Eka Movement/Unity Movement

 It Is A Peasant Movement That Began In Hardoi, Bahraich, And Sitapurin United Provinces
to

At The End Of 1921.

 Founded By Congress And The Khilafat Movement And Was Later Led By Madaripasi.
av

 Causes: High Rents- 50% Higher Than Recorded Rates, Oppression Of Thikadars In Charge
ur

Of Revenue Collection, Practice Of Share-Rents.

 Tenants Hired Agricultural Labourers To Work In The Fields, But They Had No Ownership
ga

Rights To The Land They Cultivated And Were Evicted By The Zamindars If They Did Not
Pay The Rent.
 Objectives: Refusal To Pay More Than The Recorded Rent, Demanding Receipts For Rents
Paid, Refused To Pay Nazrana Or Do Begar (Forced Labour).
 This Movement Included Small Zamindars Who Were Dissatisfied With The British
Government Due To High Land Revenue Demands.
 The Eka Movement Came To An End In March 1922 As A Result Of Severe Repression By
Authorities.
 The Government Quickly Passed The Oudh Rent (Amendment) Act Of 1921->Intended To
Quell Agrarian Unrest And Address Some Immediate Peasant Grievances.

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 History (Modern History)
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11. Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)

 It Was A Movement Launched By Sardar Vallabhai Patel For The Peasants Of Bardoli
Against Unfair Tax Increases.
 Volunteers Came From Hindu, Muslim, And Parsi Communities, Among Others.
 The Peasants Were Asked To Swear In The Name Of God That They Would Not Pay Taxes.
Those Who Paid Their Taxes And Supported The British Were Socially Shunned.
 They Refused To Accept Non-Essential Commodities At The Local Government Offices.
 It Sparked Off When Authorities Decided To Increase Land Revenue By 30%.
 It Was A Pivotal Moment In The Civil Disobedience Movement
 Women Of Bardoli Gave Him The Title Of “Sardar”.
 Km Munshi, Lalji Naranji Resigned From Bombay Legislative Council In Support Of the
Movement.
 British Government Established The Maxwell-Broomfield Commission-> Peasants Were
Returned To The Land That Had Been Taken From Them; Revenue Was Cut To 6. 03 Per Cent.
 It Was Primarily Concerned With The Plight Of Wealthy And Middle-Class Farmers, And
Ignored Plight Of Impoverished Farmers; Did Not Bring Up Issue Of Hali Pratha (A Kind Of
Bonded Labor System). [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]
12. All India Kisan Congress/Sabha (1936)
 It Is The Peasant Wing Of the Communist Party Of India; Founded In Lucknow With Swami
Sahajanand Saraswati As The President And Ng Ranga As General Secretary.
 Goal: Foster Mutual Understanding Between Peasants And Landlords; Abolish Landlordism
And Provide Free Land To Agricultural And Other Rural Laborers; Raise The Rural
Masses' Standard Of Living While Also Developing Agriculture And Industry; Put An End To
The Exploitation Of Agricultural And Other Rural Laborers.
 Kisan Manifesto Issued And Periodical Under Indulalyagnik Started.
 Congress Manifesto For 1937 Provincial Elections Was Strongly Influenced By Aiks Agenda.
 More Dominated By Socialists And Communists As It Moved Away From The Congress.
 Members Of the Congress Were Prohibited From Becoming Members Of Kisan Sabhas
During The Haripura Session Of the Congress In February 1938.
13. Peasant Activity In Provinces
 Kerala: Karshaksanghams (Peasant Organizations) Came Into Existence, Marching Of Jaths
Or Peasant Groups To Landlord To Get Their Demands Accepted.
 Andhra: Ng Ranga Set Up In 1933 The Indian Peasant Institute; At Many Places Summer
Schools Of Economics And Politics Addressed By Leaders Like Pc Joshi, Ajoy Ghosh And Rd
Bharadwaj.
 Bihar: Sahjanand Saraswati Joined By Karyanand Sharma, Yadunandan Sharma, Rahul
Sankirtyan, Panchanan Sharma And Jamun Karjiti Etc. Provincial Kisansabha Developed A
Rift With Congress Over ‘Bakasht Land’ Issue Because Of An Unfavourable Government
Resolution Which Was Not Acceptable To The Sabha.
 Punjab: Peasant Mobilization Organized By Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha, Kirtikisan Party,
The Congress And The Akalis.

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14. Characteristics Of Popular Uprisings After 1857: Colonialism Was Not The Target Of these
Movements, Limited Territorial Reach, No Continuity Of Struggle, Strong Awareness Of Legal
Rights, Lack Of Adequate Understanding Of Colonialism, Tendency To Look Back (Occurred
Within Framework Of Old Societal Order And Lack Positive Conception Of Alternative Society).
15. Tebhaga Movement (1946)
 Tebhaga Literally Means ‘Three Shares’ Of Harvests; It Was The Sharecroppers (Tenants)
Movement.
 Tenants Were Demanding 2/3rd Of the Produce From Land For Themselves And 1/3rd For
The Landlords.
 The Demand Of the Tebhaga (Sharing By Thirds) Movement Was To Reduce The Share Given
To Landlords To One Third.
 The Main Slogan Is “Nijkamaredhantolo”.
 There Was Large-Scale Participation Of Women In Movement.
 The Landless And Poor Peasant Women Formed Fighting Troops Called Naribahini And
Took A Front Rank Role In Defending The Gains Of the Movement.
 Movement Sparked Off In An Area Under Ps Chirirbandar In The District Of Dinajpur.
 Further In 1943, Bengal Provincial Kishan Sabha Called For A Mass Movement Among
Sharecroppers In September 1946 To Keep Tebhaga (Twothirds) Of the Harvested Crops.
 Floud Commission (1938) Exposed The Maladies In The Prevailing System Which Obliged
Sharecroppers To Relinquish Half Of their Harvest As Rent.
16. Telangana Movement
 It Was Started By The Communist Party In 1946 Against The Policies Of the Nizam Of
Hyderabad.
 Uprising Began When Deshmukhs Thug Murdered A Village Militant In Jangaon District Of
Nalgonda.
 Peasants Organized Themselves Into Village Sanghams And Attacked Using Lathis, Stone
Slings And Chilli Powder.
 Improvement In Condition Of Women Was Witnessed.

******

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER: 9
SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS OF 19TH CENTURY
1. Introduction: The 19th Century Constitutes An Important Phase In Indian History Because During
This Time Indian Culture Witnessed A Massive Resurgence. Various Socio-Religious Reform
Movements Such As Brahmosamaj, Arya Samaj etc Emerged During This Time.
2. Aim Of the Reform Movements: Attainment Of Well-Being Of the Individual And Society As
Well As National Progress. Truth, Equity And Justice Emerged As Governing Values For
Emergence Of New India.
3. Factors Contributing To Rise Of 19th Century Reform Movements:
 Impact Of British Rule (Enlightened Europe)
 Social Conditions: Religious And Social Ills, Depressing Position Of Women And Caste

om
Problem.
 Opposition To Western Culture
 New Awareness Among Enlightened Indians.
4. Steps To Ameliorate Women’s Position l.c
ai
 First Applicable To Bengal Presidency
gm

Alone, The Next Ended; Sati Declared

Abolition Of Raja Ram Regulation
As A Culpable homicide in the times of
Sati Mohan Roy Of 1829
Lord Bentick [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains)
07

2012]
 Declared Infanticide Illegal And
03

Bengal Equivalent To Murder

Female Regulations  1870 Act Made It Compulsory For
ar

Infanticide Of 1795 And Parents To Register Birth Of All Babies

 Verification Off Male Kids After
m

1804
Sometime
to

Brahmo  Vishnu Shastri Pandit Has Founded

av

Samaj; Widow Remarriage Association In

Ishwar Hindu 1850s.
Widow’s  Karsondas Muljistarted Satya Prakashin
ur

Chandra
Widow Vidyasagar Remarriage Gujratiin1852 To Advocate Widow
Remarriage
ga

[U.P.P.C.S. Act Remarriage.

(Mains) 1856  Prof. Dk Karve In Western India-
2012] Opened A Widow’s Home In Poona.

 It Was Not Applicable To Hindus,

Native/Child
Muslims And Other Recognized Faiths.
Marriage
Child  Bm Malabari – Age Of Consent Act,
Act, 1872
Marriage 1891→Forbade Marriage Of Girls
[U.P.P.C.S.
Below The Age Of 12.
(Pre) 2019]
 Sarda Act (1930) - Pushed Up Marriage

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Age To 18 And 14 For Boys And Girls.

 1910: It Convened First Bharat Stree Mandal
Sarla Devi Meeting In Allahabad—1st Major Indian Women
Chaudhurani Organization Setup By A Woman—For Education,
Abolition Of Purdah, Improve Status, All Over India;
 1904: Founded Ladies Social Conference (Bharat
Ramabai
Mahila Parishad) Under National Social Conference In
Ranade
Bombay
 Founded Arya Mahila Samaj- Pleaded For
Pandita
Improvement In Educational Syllabus Of Women Before
Ramabai
English Education Commission Which Was Referred To
Saraswati
Queen Victoria.
 Played A Vital Role In Formation Of National
Council Of Women In 1925.
Mehribai
Tata  Other Women Who Held Imp Positions On
Executive Committee Of Council Include Cornelia Sarabji,
Tarabai Premchand And Shaffi Tyabji.
Women’s
Organizations  1927: All India Women’s Conference (Aiwc)
Founded; First Women’s Organization With An Egalitarian
Approach; Founding Members-> Maharani Chimnabai
Gaekwad, Rani Sahiba, Sarojini Naidu, Kamladevi
Chattopadhyaya And Lady Dorab Tata.
 Laws Involved In: Sarda Act (1929), Hindu
Women’s Right To Property Act (1937), Factory Act
(1947), The Various Hindu Code Bills, Maternity Benefits
Margaret
Act (1961), Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), Etc.
Cousins
Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, passed in 1929, fixed
the age of marriage for girls at 14 years and boys at 18
years which was later amended to 18 for girls and 21 for
boys. It is popularly known as the Sharda Act, which is
based upon the name of Har Bilas Sharda, best known for
having introduced the Child Marriage Act, (1929).
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013,U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]

5. Education Of Women
 1819: Christian Missionaries Were The 1st To Set Up Calcutta Juvenile Society 1848: Jed
Bethune Founded Bethune School
 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar→35 Girls’ Schools In Bengal.
 1854: Woods Despatch - Stressed On Need For Female Education.
 1914: Women’s Medical Service Worked In Training Nurses And Mid-Wives
 1916: Prof Dk Karve Established Indian Women’s University.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

6. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

 He Was Considered As Father Of Modern India→ First Indian Who Made Efforts To Guide
Indian Society From Medieval To Modern Outlook. [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2005]
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013]
 Philosophy Of Vedanta As Scientific And Rational; Synthesis Of East And West; Critique Of
Hinduism →Vedas And Upanishads Preached Monotheism.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
 Supported Inheritance Of Parental Property By Daughters; Opposed Child Marriage And
Rigidity In Caste System And Supported Remarriage Of Widows.
 Published A Treatise In 1805 In Persian Language →Tuhfat-Ul-Muwahhidin; Also Published
Manazarutul Adyan (Contains Discussion On Various Religions In Persian).
 Book Titled ‘Gift To Monotheists’ In 1809-> Efficacy Of Idea Of Worshipping A Single God.
 Established Atmiya Sabha (1815)-> Main Purpose Was To Fight Against Social Evils
Prevailing In Hinduism And Propagate Monotheism. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
 Founded Hindu College In 1817 In Calcutta With Help Of David Hare And Others. [U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2012]
 Precepts Of Jesus- A Guide To Peace And Happiness In 1820->Highlighted Ethical Nature
Of Jesus Christ’s Teachings.
 Sambad Kaumudi (Moon Of Intelligence) In 1821.
 Mirat Ul Akhbat (Mirror Of Intelligence) In 1822.
 Established Vedanta College In Calcutta In 1825.
 Subhash Chandra Bose Termed Raja Ram Mohan Roy As Ambassador Of the Age.
 Supported The Revolution Of Naples And Spanish America And Condemned Oppression Of
Ireland By Absentee English Landlordism.
 As per the Jury Act of 1826, the natives (Hindus and Muslims) could sit as Jurors in the cases of
trials of Hindus and Muslims but were debarred from sitting as such in those cases which were
of Christians. On the other hand, Christians had full right to sit as Jurors in trials of Hindus and
Muslims. Ram Mohan Roy strongly opposed this act and the flagrant injustice contained under
the act.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
 Bhavani Charan Bandyopadhyay published ‘Samachar Chandrika’ in 1822. It was started to
oppose the to the religious/social ideas of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
 Brahmo Samaj (Society Of God) (1828)
o First Reform Movement Of India Based On Modern Western Ideas; Primary Purpose Is To
Teach Monotheism And Rid Hinduism Of Its Evils; Emerged As A Powerful Platform For The
Promotion Of Humanism And Social Regeneration. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005]
o Religious Reforms: Opposed To Entire Brahmanical System Based On Superstitious Practices
And Rituals + Discarded Infalliability Of Religious Scriptures, Idol Worship, Polytheism And
Concept Of Avatars + No Definite Stand On Karma And Transmigration Of Soul + Worship Of
One God Without Mediation Of Priests.
o Social Reforms: Condemnation Of Caste System, Untouchability And Also Opposed Sati, Child
Marriage And Polygamy.
o The title ‘Raja’ was awarded to Ram Mohan Roy by the then Mughal emperor Akbar -II in 1830.
Ram Mohan Roy travelled to the United Kingdom as an ambassador of the Mughal emperor to
plead for his pension and allowances. Raja Ram Mohan Roy passed away on September 27,
1833, at Stapleton near Bristol due to meningitis. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]

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 History (Modern History)
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7. Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905)

 He Became Head Of Brahmo Samaj After Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
 Tattvaranjini Sabha Was Organized By Him At Jorasanko (Calcutta) In 1839; Later Renamed
As Tattwabodhini Sabha→ Aimed At Countering Rapid Influence Of Christianity In India By
Enthusiastic Advocacy Of Vedantism And Indigenous Culture. [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004]
 Tattwabodhini Press And Tattwabodhini Patrika Was Established In 1843.
 Tattwabodhini Sabha And Brahmo Sabha Were Merged By Debendranath Tagore In 1843 To
Create Brahmo Samaj.
 He Condemned Idol Worship, Ceremonies And Penances Prevailing Among The Brahmos And
Discouraged Pilgrimages.
 He Wrote A Religious Text Called Brahmo Dharma; Introduced A Brahmo Form Of Worship
Known As Brahmopasana.

om
 Introduced A Formal Ceremony Of Initiation Into Brahmo Sabhawhich Was Based On
Mahanirvan Tantra.

l.c
8. Keshub Chandra Sen
 Joined Brahmo Samaj In 1858; Established Sangat Sabha (Friendly Association) In 1859.
ai
 Branches Were Opened In Up, Punjab, Bombay, Madras And Other Towns.
gm

 He Laid Stress On Universalism As Opposed To Debendranath’s Stress On National Hindu Identity.

 Fortnightly Journal Named Indian Mirror Was Started In 1861(First Indian Journal In English
Language).
07

 Brahmo Marriage Act Or Native or Civil Marriage Act, 1872 Was Enacted Due To Efforts
Made By Kc Sen→ It Legalized Marriage Performed According To Brahmo Rites; Increased
03

Marriage To 18 Years And 14 Years For Boys And Girls Respectively [Note: The Act Is Not
Applicable To Muslims, Hindus And Other Recognized Faiths]. [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
ar

 Established Indian Reform Association In 1870; A Journal For Women Called Brahmo
m

Bodhini Patrika Was Also Started By Him.

9. Split In Brahmo Samaj
to

 First Spilt: Radical Changes Introduced By K. C. Sen In Brahmo Samaj Were Opposed By A
av

Group Led By Debendranath Tagore + In 1866, Debendranath's Group Separated From K. C.

Sen's Group By Calling Itself Adibrahmosamaj + K. C. Sen's Group Came To Be Known As
Brahmo Samaj Of India Or Navvidhana [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl) (Pre) 2010,U.P.
ur

U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl) (Mains) 2010,U.P. P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008] + Adi Brahmo Samaj
ga

Introduced The Slogan That Brahmoism Was Hinduism + K. C. Sen's Adopted Slogan Was That
Brahmoism Was Catholic And Universal.
 Second Split: Kc Sen Married His Daughter To Maharaja Of Cooch Bihar And Performed
Traditional Hindu Ceremonies + Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Created By Younger Members Under
Leadership Of Ananda Mohan Bose And Ram Kumarvidyaratna + Anand Mohan Bose Drafted
The Constitution Of Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.
10. Arya Samaj And Dayanand Saraswati
 It Was Established By Swami Dayanand Saraswati In 1875; Early Headquarters At Bombay
And Later Transferred To Lahore.
 Emerged As A Reaction To Western Influences; Slogan Was ‘Go Back To The Vedas’; The
Movement Is Called Revivalist In Form, Not In Content.

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 History (Modern History)
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 It Focused On The Mission Of Modernizing Hinduism In Western And Northern India.

 Sought Inspiration From The Vedas, Which He Believed Infallible As The Divine Word Of
God.
 Disregarded Authority Of Puranas And Blamed Them For Spreading Evil Practices Like
Idol Worship And Superstitions In Hindu Religion.
 Published His Views In Satyartha Prakash (The True Exposition).
 Rejected Philosophy Of Maya And Held That God, Soul And Matter Were Distinct And
Eternal Entities.
 Rejected Theory Of Niyati (Destiny) And Upheld Doctrine Of ‘Karma’.
 He Asserted Every Hindu’s Right To Read And Interpret The Vedas; Rejected Caste System
Based On Birth. He Subscribed To Vedic Notion Of Four-Varna System Based On Occupation.
 Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Institutions All Over The Country With The Aim Of Providing Best
Of Eastern And Western Learning.
 Started ‘Shudi’ Movement To Convert Non-Hindus To Hinduism. [U.P. P.C.S (Pre) 2010]
 He Also Raised Slogan Of ‘India For Indians’ And Infused Spirit Of Intense Patriotism.
 Formed ‘Cow Protection Association’ Against Cow Slaughters In 1882.
 Fixed Minimum Marriageable Age At 25 Years For Boys And 16 Years For Girls.
 Books Written By Him: Pakhand Khandan (1866), Refutation Of Advaita Philosophy (1873),
Satyarth Prakash (1874) In Sanskrit Language, Pancha Mahayajna Vidhi (1875), Refutation Of
Philosophy Of Vallabhacharya (1875), Veda Bhasya Bhumika (1876) And Veda Bhasya (1877).
[U.P.R.O./R.R.O. (Mains) 2013][U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
11. Balshastri Jambhekar
 Started The Newspaper Darpan In 1832.
 Known As Father Of Marathi Journalism.
 Founded Bombay Native General Library And Native Improvement Society.
12. Young Bengal Movement (1820s- 1830s)
 The Hindu College Of Calcutta Intellectuals Were At The Forefront Of the New Bengal
Movement. These Philosophers Were Also Referred To As Derozians. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre)
(Re-Exam) 2016]
 Derozio Supported Radical Views Through His Teaching And By Forming A Debate And
Discussion Group On Literature, Philosophy, History, And Science.
 They Revered The Ideas Of the French Revolution And British Liberalism.
 Derozio Was First Nationalist Poet Of Modern India.
 Established Academic Association And Society For Acquisition Of General Knowledge.
 Associated With Journals Like Hesperus, Calcutta Literary Gazette And East India.
 They Carried On Agitations In Support Of Public Issues Like Revision Of Company’s Charter,
Better Treatment Of Indian Labour In British Colonies, Freedom Of Press And Indianisation Of
Services.
 Important Leaders: Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee, Krishna Mohan Banerjee, Mahesh Chandra
Ghosh And Ram Gopal Ghosh.
13. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-91)
 In 1851, He Became Principal Of Sanskrit College; Opened Gates Of College To Western
Thought As Well As Non-Brahmin Students.

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 History (Modern History)
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 His Agitation In Support Of Legalizing The Re-Marriage Of Widows ->Passage Of Hindu

Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
 As Secretary Of Bethune School, He Led The Movement For Women’s Education.
 Literary Works: Bahubihaha And Bidhaba Bibaha. He Also Started Bengali Newspaper
Shome Prakash In 1858.
14. Prarthana Samaj
 Established In Bombay By Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang In 1876 With The Objective Of
Rational Worship And Social Reform.
 Agenda: Disapproval Of Caste System, Women Education, Widow Remarriage And Raising
The Age Of Marriage For Both Males And Females
 Important Leaders: R. C. Bhandarkar And Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade.
 They Devoted Themselves To The Work Of Social Reform Such As Inter-Caste Dining, Inter-
Caste Marriage, Widow Remarriage And Improvement Of the Lot Of Women And Depressed
Classes.
 Mg Ranade→Socrates Of Maharashtra And Prophet Of Cultural Renaissance In Maharashtra +
Article Titled ‘Atheists Confession Of Faith’ + Established Deccan Education
Society[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]
15. Ramakrishna Mission And Swami Vivekananda
 In 1893, Vivekananda went to Chicago, where he delivered his famous speech in ‘World
Parliament of Religions.’ In his speech, Vivekanand gave a short introduction of Hinduism and
spoke on “The meaning of the Hindu religion.” [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015] [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl)
(Mains) 2004] [U.P. P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008]
 It Was Established In 1896 By Swami Vivekananda; Headquartered At Belur Near Calcutta.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
 Believed In Philosophy Of Vedanta, Socio-Religious Evils Like Untouchability And Caste
System Were Opposed By Him.
 He Published A Pamphlet Titled I Am A Socialist→Appealedto Upper Classes In India To Give
Up Their Position And Privileges So That Lower Classescould Be Uplifted.
 Vivekananda Published Prabuddha Bharata (Monthly In English) And Udbodhan
(Fortnightly In Bangla) Newspapers.
 Vivekananda Stressed On The Need For A Healthy Balance Between Spiritualism And
Materialism.
 Concept Of Daridra Narayana.
 Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnyana Yoga are works of Swami Vivekananda.
 Literary Works: Bartaman Bharat, Lectures From Colombo To Almora And The East And The
West.
16. Theosophical Society
 It Was Founded By H. P. Blavatsky In Usa In 1875. Later, Us Army Colonel Henry Steel
Olcott joined It. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
 Headquarter Was Shifted To India At Adyar (Located Near Madras) In 1882.
 Drew Inspiration From The Philosophy Of Upanishads, Samkhya, Vedanta Andof Thought
To Encourage International Brotherhood.

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 History (Modern History)
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 It Accepts Hindu Beliefs Of Karma And Reincarnation.

 Annie Besant Joined The Theosophical Society In 1893 And Became Its President In 1907.
 It Was Revivalist In Its Outlook. It Advocated Strengthening Of Ancient Religions Of
Hinduism, Buddhism And Zoroastrianism.
 Annie Besant Translated The Bhagavad Gita To English Language.
 In 1893, Besant Represented The Theosophical Society At World Parliament Of Religions In
Chicago.
 In 1898, Besant Laid Foundation Of Central Hindu College In Benaras.
 Lord Hardinge then Viceroy laid the foundation stone of Banaras Hindu University (Central
University) on 4th February, 1916 on the occasion of Basant Panchami.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2003, 2011]
17. Paramahansa Mandali: Founded By Dadoba Pandurangtarkhadar In 1849. It Fought Against

om
Caste-Based Discrimination. Its Chief Objective Was Demolition Of All Caste Distinctions. Its
Members Would Eat Food Cooked By Low-Caste People.

l.c
18. Jyotiba Phule And Satyashodak Samaj
 He Organized A Powerful Movement Against Upper Caste Domination And Brahminical
ai
Supremacy.
 He Became The First Indian To Start A School For The Untouchables.
gm

 He Founded The Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers’ Society) In 1873. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2009]
07

 It Was An Anti-Brahmin Organization.

 Main Aims: Social Service And Spread Of Education Among Women And Lower Caste People.
03

 Phule’s Works Sarvajanik Satyadharma, Shetkaryaca Asud And Ghulamgin, Became A

Source Of Inspiration For The Common Masses.
ar

 Phule Used The Symbol Of Rajah Bali As Opposed To The Brahmins’ Symbol Of Rama.
m

 It Aimed At The Complete Abolition Of the Caste System And Socio-Economic Inequalities.
 Published A Pamphlet Titled Isara In 1885.
to

19. Students Literary And Scientific Society (1848): Established In 1848 By Several Educated Young
av

Men And Had Two Branches Known As Marathi And Gujaratai Gyan Prakashak Mandalis.
20. Radha Swami Movement
ur

 Started By Tulsi Ram Of Agra In 1861. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]

 He Was Popularly Known As Swamiji Maharaj Or Shiv Dayal Sahib.
ga

 It Believed That There Was No Need To Renounce Worldly Life For Spiritual Gains; Held That
All Religions Were True.
 Satsang (Company Of Good Or Pious People) Was Organized By Radha Swamis.
21. Deva Samaj
 It Was Founded By Shiv Narayan Agnihotri At Lahore In 1887.
 Deva Shastra Contains The Teachings Of Dev Samaj. These Teachings Emphasize Eternity Of
Soul, Supremacy Of Guru, Existence Of Supreme Being And Good Acts Or Karmas. [U.P.
Lower Sub. (Pre) 2003],[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2002],[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2002]
22. Justice Party
 Founded In 1916 At Madras By C. N. Mudaliar, T. M. Nair, P. Tyagaraja.

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 History (Modern History)
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 It Started In The Madras Presidency To Secure Jobs And Participation In The Parliament For
Non-Brahmins
 In 1917, The Madras Presidency Association Was Created To Urge That The Lower Classes Be
Given Distinct Representation In The Legislature.
23. Self-Respect Movement
 It Was An Egalitarian Movement That Advocated For The Abolition Of Brahminical Rule,
Equal Rights For Backward Groups And Women In Society, And The Resuscitation Of
Dravidian Languages Such As Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, And Malayalam.
 Its Aims Are Articulated In "Namathu Kurikkol" And "Tiravitakkalaka Lateiyam. ’
 He Advocated Burning Of Manu Smriti And Ramayana.
 It Emphasized Birth Control And Legalizing Widow Remarriage; Merged With Justice Party
In 1944 To Form Dravida Kazhagam.
24. Other Important Reform Movements
 Madras Hindu Social Reform Association: Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu Founded It In 1892.
He Was Called As Father Of Modern Telugu Prose Literature. He Worked For Removal Of Social
Evils On Issues Like Widow Re-Marriage, Female Education And General Upliftment Of Women.
 Madras Hindu Association: It Was Established By Annie Besant In 1904.
 Gandiya Sabha Was Established By Radhakant Deb To Propagate Education.
 Veda Samaj Founded Under Influence Of Kc Sen By Sridharalu Naidu.
 Bharat Dharma Maha Mandala Was Established In Haridwar By Pandit Din Dayalu Sharma;
Madan Mohan Malviya Was Closely Associated With Maha Mandala And Sanathan Dharma
Movement.
 Swami Narayan Sect Founded By Sahajanand Swami In 1800 Ad; Also Known As Uddhav
Sampradaya.
 Bhil Sevamandal Founded By Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar In 1922.
 Satnami Sect Was Founded By Ghasi Das; Opposed Caste System And Emphasized That All
Men Are Equal.
 Dharma Sabha Was Established By Radhakanta Deb At Calcutta In 1830; It Opposed Abolition
Of Sati.
 Sevasadanwas Founded By Behramji Merwanji Malabari In 1885 Ad; Behramjiedites The
Indian Spectator.
 Servants Of India Society Was Formed At Poona In 1905 By Gopal Krishna Gokhale. It
Worked For Upliftment Of Depressed Classes And Tribals; Hitavada In 1911. [U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2016]
 Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Was Co-Founder Of New English School, Deccan Education Society
And Fergusson College. First Editor Of Kesari. He Started His Own Periodical Sudharak
Which Spoke Against Untouchability And Caste System.
 Indian National Social Conference Was Formed By Raghunath Rao And Mg Ranade; Called As
Social Reform Cell Of Inc; Advocated Inter-Caste Marriages, Opposed Polygamy And Kiulinism.
Launched Pledge Movement To Inspire People To Take A Pledge Against Child Marriage.
 Social Service League Established By Nm Joshi In 1911 At Bombay. Activities Included Police
Court Agents Work, Legal Aid And Advice To Poor And Illiterate. He Also Founded The All
India Trade Union Congress In 1920.

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 History (Modern History)
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 Sevasamitiwas Founded By Hridya Nathkunzru At Allahabad In 1914.

 Bahujan Samaj Movement Was Started By Chhatrapati Shahujimaharaj Of Kolhapur.
 Aravipuram Movement/ Sri Narayan Dharma Paripalanayogam Was Launched By Nanuasan In
1888. It Fought For Rights Of Ezhava Community To Enter Temples. Gave The Slogan ‘One Caste,
One Religion And One God’. He Wrote A Book Titled Jati Mimamsa. Narayana Guru Took A Stone
From Neyyar River And Installed It As A Shivalinga At Aruvippuram On Sivaratri In 1888. It Drew
Famous Poet Kumaran Asan As A Disciple Of Narayana Guru.
 Nair Service Society Was Established By Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai At Travancore In 1914.
 Depressed Classes Mission Was Founded By Maharshi Vitthal Ramji In 1906 To Create
Educational Facilities For People Belonging To Lower Classes.
 All India Depressed Classes Federation Was Established By Br Ambedkar In 1920 To Work
Among Mahar Community Of Maharashtra.
 Pillai Movement Founded In Tamil Nadu During Late 19th Century; Called Themselves As
Vanniyakula Kshatriya.
 Vaikomsatyagraha Was Organized In Kerala In 1924-25 By K Kelappan, T K Madhavan And
Kp Kesava Menon. It Was The First Organized Temple Entry Movement Of Depressed Clases.
 Lokahitwadi Gopal Hari Deshmukh Wrote His Famous 100 Letters ‘Shatapatren’ In
Prahabhakar, A Marathi Weekly; Started A Weekly Hitechhu And Also Played Leading Role In
Founding The Periodicals- Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash And Lokahitawadi. [U.P.P.C.S. (Re.
Exam) (Pre) 2015]
 Narayan Mahadev Parmanand Wrote Under Pen Name Of ‘Political Recluse’.
 Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar Started A Monthly Magazine ‘Nibandhamala’. Founded The New
English School In Pune In 1880.
 Prof Dk Karve Established In 1896 A Widow’s Home In Poona; Opened An Indian Women
University At Bombay In 1916. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
 Behramji M Malabari In 1885 Founded Sevasadan Which Took Care Of Exploited Women.
His Efforts Led To Passage Of Age Of Consent Act Of 1891.[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]
 Vitthal Ramji Shinde In 1906 Established Depressed Classes Mission.
 Vedsamajwas Established By Keshub Chandra Sen And K Sridharalu Naidu.
 The Tarkeswar Movement of 1924 in Calcutta (Bengal) was against the corrupt priest (Mahant)
of Tarkeswar Shiva temple. A serious allegation of the misuse of temple fund and adulterous
relationship with the wife of a Government employee was imputed on the priest.[U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) (Re. Exam) 2015]
25. Muslim Socio-Religious Reform Movements
 Wahabi Movement
o Started In 1821 By Syed Ahmed Barelvi; Influenced By Teachings Of Shah Waliullah.
o It Aimed At Removing All The New Elements That Entered The Religious Life Of Muslims
o It Was Revivalist In Nature Which Believed In Greatness Of Old Puritanical Form Of Islam.
o It Worked For Restoration Of Political Power Of the Muslim Community.
o India Was Considered To Be Dar-Ul-Harb (Land Of the Kafirs) And It Needed To Be
Converted To Dar-Ul-Islam (Land Of Islam).
o During The Revolt Of 1857, They Played A Key Role In Spreading Anti-British Sentiments.

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 History (Modern History)
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 Titu Mir Movement

o Mir Nithar Ali, Popularly Known As Titu Mir, Was A Disciple Of Sayyid Ahmed
Barelvi, The Founder Of the Wahabi Movement.
o Titu Mir Adopted Wahabism And Advocated The Sharia.
o He Organised The Muslim Peasants Of Bengal Against The Landlords, Who Were
Mosly Hindu, And The British Indigo Planters.
 Ahl-I-Hadith
o It Was Led By Nawab Siddiq Hasan Khan And Syed Nazeer Husain In 1850s.
o They Were Moderate Followers Of Syed Ahmed Barelvi.
o It Was A Branch Of Tarigah-I-Muhammadiya.
o They Condemned Polytheism And Not In Favour Of Sufism.
 Ahmadiyya Movement

om
o It Forms A Sect Of Islam Which Originated From India; Founded By Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad In 1889 At Qadian, Punjab.

l.c
o It Was Based On Liberal Principles; Described Itself As The Standard-Bearer Of
Mohammedan Renaissance; Movement Was Strictly Apolitical
ai
o It Spread Western Liberal Education Among The Indian Muslims.
o They Opposed Jihad, Or Sacred War, Against Non-Muslims And Emphasized The
gm

Importance Of Human Fraternity.

o Only Islamic Sect To Believe That The Messiah Had Come In The Person Of Mirza
07

Ghulam Ahmad To End Religious Wars And Bloodshed And To Reinstate Morality, Peace
And Justice.
03

 Aligarh Movement And Syed Ahmed Khan

o Started By Sir Syed Ahmed Khan In 1864 To Propagate Western Scientific Education
ar

Among Muslim Masses

o Scientific Society Was Established In 1864 To Spread Western Education Among Muslims
m

Through Urdu Translation.

to

o Undertook To Modernise Muslim’s Education By Adapting English As A Medium Of

Learning And Western Education Rather Than Just Focusing On Traditional Teachings.
av

o Aligarh Institute Gazette, A Magazine Published By Sir Syed Was An Organ Of the
Scientific Society.
ur

o He Attacked The System Of ‘Piri And Muridi’.

ga

o He Began Publication Of the Urdu Journal Tehzeeb-Ul-Akhlaq In 1870. [U.P.B.E.O.

(Pre) 2019]
o He Founded The Aligarh School In 1875 On The Birth Anniversary Of English Queen Victoria.
[U.P.R.O. / A.R.O. (Mains) 2016]
o Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (Mao) Education Conference Was Started By Him In 1886.
o Published A Book Titled Loyal Muhammadans Of India In1860.
o In 1888 He Established United Indian Patriotic Association To Oppose Indian National
Congress. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2004]
o In 1893 He Established Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association.
o In ‘Commentaries On The Quran’, He Criticized Narrow Outlook Of Traditional
Interpreters And Gave Broader Interpretation In Light Of Rationalism.

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 History (Modern History)
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o Altaf Hussain Hali, Maulvi Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi, Shibli Nomani, Theodore Beck And
Theodore Morison Were Also Associated With Aligarh Movement.
 Deoband Movement
o Started At The Darul Uloom (Or Islamic Academic Centre), Deoband, In Saharanpur District
(United Provinces) In 1866 By Mohammad Qasim Nanotavi And Rashid Ahmed
Gangohi To Train Religious Leaders For The Muslim Community.
o It Was An Anti-British Movement Which Worked For Upliftment Of Muslims By Imparting
Religious Education. It Welcomed The Formation Of Inc In 1885.
o Aim: Moral And Religious Regeneration Of the Muslim Community.
o In 1888 Issued A Fatwa (Religious Decree) Against Syed Ahmed Khan’s Organisations, The
United Patriotic Association And The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Association.
o Shibli Numani Favoured The Inclusion Of English Language And European Sciences In
The System Of Education; Founded The Nadwatal Ulama And Darul Uloom In Lucknow
And Believed In The Idealism Of the Congress And Cooperation Between The Muslims
And The Hindus To Create A State In Which Both Could Live Amicably.[U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2014]
 Faraizi Movement
o Started By Haji Shariatullah In 1819 At Faridpur (Bangladesh).
o It Represented Protests Of Peasants Against British Indigo Planters, Zamindars And
Government Offcials.
o It Demanded That Friday And Id Prayers Should Be Suspended In India Because Under
Britishrule India Was Dar-Ul-Harb (Land Of Infidels Or Enemies).
o It Introduced New Clothes For Its Followers So That Muslims Could Be Distinguished
Fromhindus.
 Other Important Muslim Movements
o Firangi Mahal Movement By Abdul Bari In Lucknow; It Supported Khilafat Movement.
o Anjuman-I-Himayat-I-Islam Established By Shah Din And Muhammad Shafi In Lahore In
1866 Which Expressed Loyalty Towards British Government.
o Khaksar Movement Established By Allamamashriqi In 1931 With Lahore As Its Main
Centre. It Is Aimed To Regenerate Islam And To Promote Social Service.
o Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Established In 1894 By Maulanashiblinomani In Lucknow
Which Focused On Reforming Muslim Education System.
o Tayuni Movement Was Started By Maulana Keramat Ali Jaunpuri; It Was Orthodox In Its
Outlook And Inspired By Religious Teachings Of Shah Waliullah; Rejected New Elements
That Had Entered Islam
o Nawab Abdul Lateef And Mohammedan Literary Society (1863): It Promoted Western
Education Among The Muslims An Also Encouraged Discussions On Religious, Social And
Political Issues.
o Ahl-Al-Quran Established By Maulvi Abdullah Chakralvi In Punjab.
o Arhar Movement Was Against The Loyalist And Anti-Hindu Beliefs Of Upper Class
Muslim Leadership Of the Time.
o Azad Muslim Conference Founded By Allah Baksh Soomro In 1929 Which Opposed The
Demand For Pakistan.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

26. Sikh Reform Movements

 Nirankari Movement
o Baba Dayal Das Founded This Movement Of Purification And Return In 1840.
o Advocated For The Restoration Of Sikhism To Its Roots, Emphasizing The Worship Of One
God And Nirankar (Formless).
o Introduced Anand Karaj (Simplified Form Of Marriage), Condemned Marriage
Processions, Drinking, Dowry, Dancing And Rituals. Later This Version Marriage Got
Formal Recognition Through Anand Marriage Act Of 1909.
o It Laid Emphasis On Guru Nanak And On Sikhism Before The Establishment Of Khalsa
By Guru Gobind Singh At Anandpur And This Separated Them From The Namdaris.
 Namdhari Movement
o Founded By Bhagat Jawahar Mal In 1840.
o His Disciple Baba Balak Singh Continued It.
o Worship Of God Through Meditation And Prayers.
o Followers Required To Abandon Their Worship Of Gods, Idols And Refrain From
Drinking, Stealing, Falsehood Etc.
o Beef Consumption Was Strictly Prohibited.
 Singh Sabha Movement
o Gianigian Singh And Thakur Singh Sandhawalia Established It In 1873.
o Objectives: Restoration Of Original Purity Of Sikhism, Propagation Of Knowledge By
Using Punjabi Language And Publishing Historical Religious Books.
o Promotion Of Learning By Using Sikh Educational Conference.
o Khalsa College Was Founded By It At Amritsar In 1892.
 Akali Movement
o Akali Jathas Led This Movement To Reform Sikh Gurudwaras And Purify Sikh Religious
Places.
o Itbegan As A Strictly Religious Movement To Reform Gurdwaras, Quickly Took On A
Political Dimension And Became An Integral Component Of India's Liberation Struggle.
o It Led To Passage Of All India Sikhs Gurudwara Act In 1925, Which Established A Sgpc,
A Sikh Representation Organization That Serves As The Custodian Of All Significant Sikh
Places Of Worship.
o Toshakhana Keys Affair- British Stole Keys To The Toshakhana (Treasury) Of Sri
Harmandir Sahib.
27. Parsi Reform Movements
 Rahnumai Mazadayasnan Sabha
o Established By Western Educated Progressive Parsi Leaders Like Dadabhai Naoroji, Ss
Bengali, Jb Wacha, Kn Kama And Naoroji Furdunji In 1851.
o It Criticized Elaborate Ceremonies At Marriages And Funerals And Stood For Uniform Laws
Of Inheritance.
o Rast Goftar (Truth Teller) Was Published By It As A Weekly Paper.
o Propagated Education Among Women And Worked To Ensure Legal Rights Of Women;
Also Fought For Uniform Laws Of Marriage.
*******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 10
BEGINNING OF MODERN NATIONALISM IN INDIA
1. Introduction: Indian Nationalism Grew as a Result of Colonial Policies and as a Reaction to
Colonial Policies. It Was a Product of Worldwide Upsurge of Concepts of Nationalism Initiated by
French Revolution, Indian Renaissance and Offshoot of Modernization Initiated by British.
2. Factors in the Growth of Modern Nationalism
 Understanding Contradictions in Indian and Colonial Interests.
 Political Administrative and Economic Unification.
 Western Education and Thought.
 Role of Press and Literature
 Re-Discovery of India’s Past.

om
 Progressive Character of Socio-Religious Reform Movements.
 Rise of Middle Class Intelligentsia.
 Impact of Contemporary Movements and
 Reactionary Policies of Rulers l.c
ai
 Lytton's Reactionary Policies Such as Lowering the Maximum Age Limit for I. C. S.
gm

Examination from 21 to 19 Years (1876), Holding the Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 While the
Country Was in the Grip of Famine, Passing the Vernacular Press Act (1878), and Passing the
Arms Act (1878).[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007, 2009]
07

3. Political Associations Before Inc in Bengal

 Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha
03

o Formed in 1836 by Associates of Raja Ram Mohan Roy to Discuss Government Policy and
Seeking Rederessal Through Petitions and Memorandums. [U.P.R.O./a.R.O. (Pre) 2016]
ar

 Zamindari Association/Landholders Society (1838)[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]

o Founded in Calcutta by Dwaraknath Tagore, Radhakant Deb and Others to Safeguard
m

Interests of Landlords of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

to

o It Launched Organized Political Activity in India.

o It Was the First to Adopt the Path of Constitutional Demonstration for the Fulfillment of
av

Its Objectives.
 Bengal British India Society (1843)
ur

o Founded for the Purpose of Collecting and Disseminating Information About the Actual
ga

Condition of the People of British India.

o in 1851, Zamindari Association and Bengal British India Society Merged and Formed a
New Organization Called the British Indian Society. Anand Mohan Bose was related to
it.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
o It Demanded for Establishment of a Separate Legislature with Popular Objectives, Salary
Reduction of Upper-Class Bureaucrats and Abolition of Salt Tax, Excise Tax, and Postage
[Partially Accepted in 1853 Charter Act].
 Dadabhai Naoroji Founded the East India Association in London in 1866 to Discuss the Indian
Question and Persuade Public Men in England to Promote Indian Welfare.
 Sisir Kumar Ghosh Founded the Indian League in 1875 with the Goal of "Stimulating the Sense
of Nationalism Among the People. "[U.P.R.O./a.R.O. (Pre) 2016]

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 History (Modern History)
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 Indian Association of Calcutta Was Founded in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and

Ananda Mohan Bose. S. Banerjee Had Declared That It Was Based On Concept of United
India Derived from Inspiration of Mazzini. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008]
 Indian National Conference was organised by the Indian Association of Surendranath Banerjee.
and Due to the same objective, Indian Association was merged in Indian National Congress in
1886. the ideology and methodology of both groups were alike; thus, it was the logical decision
of Indian Association.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
4. Political Associations Before Inc in Bombay
 Bombay Association (1852): First Political Organization in Bombay by Jagannathshankarsheth On
the Pattern of the Calcutta British India Association. Its Purpose Was to Give Suggestions to the
Government Against Discriminatory Government Rules and to Give a Memorandum to the
Government to Remove Various Errors.
 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870): Formed in Poona by Mg Ranade, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi and Sh
Chiplunkar with Aim of Serving as a Bridge Between Government and People. It Is Considered as
Precursor to the Indian National Congress.
 Bombay Presidency Association (1885): Formed by Pherozshah Mehta, Kt Telang and
Badruddintyabji. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016] [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
5. Political Associations Before Inc in Madras
 Madras (Native) Association (1852): a Branch of British Indian Association of Calcutta Set Up at
Madras Under Name of Madras Native Association.
 Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884): Formed by M Viraraghavachari, G Subramaniyaiyer, P Ananda
Charlu to Coordinate Activities of Local Associations. [U.P.R.O./a.R.O. (Pre) (Re-Exam) 2016]
6. Pre-Congress Political Work (1875-85)
 Indian Mirror of Calcutta Was Carrying Out a Continuous Campaign On the Need to an All-India
Association.
 Protests All Over India Over Imposition of License Tax (1878) and Abolition of Cottonimport
Duties (1879).
 Opposed the Afghan War (1878-80) of Lord Lytton.
 Campaigns Against the Vernacular Press Act and the Indian Arms Act (Aimed Atdisarming the
Indians) of 1878, and the Plantation Labour and the Inland Emigration Act (During1881-82) Which
Condemned Plantation Labourers to Serfdom.
 During 1883, Agitation Was Organised in Favour of the Ilbert Bill Which Aimed at Bringing
Indian Magistrates at Par with the European Magistrates.
 Indian Association Organized an All India National Conference in 1883.

*******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 12
RISE OF MILITANT NATIONALISM
1. Introduction: The extremist ideology had been simmering ever since the revolt of 1857 and finally
surfaced in 1905 during Bengal partition. The new group demanded Swaraj as the goal to be
achieved by militant and self-reliant methods.
2. Causes for rise of extremism
 Recognition of true nature of British rule: Famines between 1896 and 1900; bubonic plague in
Maharashtra, Natu brothers were deported without trial; Tilak was imprisoned on sedition
charges.
 Indian members in Calcutta Corporation were reduced; Official secrets act curbed freedom of press.
 Indian Universities act ensured greater government control over universities.
 International influences: Progress made by Japan after 1868, defeat of Italian army by
Ethiopians (1896), Boer wars (1899-1902) where British faced reverses and Japan’s victory over
Russia (1905) demolished myths of European invincibility.
 Existence of Militant school of thought: Raj Narain Bose, Ashwini Kumar Datta, Aurobindo
Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal, Vishnu Shastrichiplunkar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak in
Maharashtra and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011] [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2009]
3. Ideology of Extremists
 ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule was the goal of Extremists.
 Direct political action based on self-reliance, self-sacrifice and strong will.
 Inspired by ideology of Swami Vivekanada, Dayanand Saraswati and Bankim Chandra
Chatterjee.
 Moved beyond the constitutional methods to protest → resorted to strikes, boycotts, burning
down of foreign items, etc. Confrontation was their method instead of Persuasion.
 They opposed westernization of Indian society; Extremists never showed any loyalty to the
British Crown.
 B.G. Tilak accused moderates of believing in constitutional method and favouring the policy of
protest, prayer, and petition. He also called the Indian National Congress as a “Begging
Institute.”
[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2002],[U.P. Lower Sub. (Spl) (Pre) 2002]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005],[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
4. Work of Extremists
 In 1891, Tilak opposed the Age of Consent Bill.
 Aurobindo published articles entitled New Lamps for the Old in Indu Prakash.
 In 1895, Tilak introduced the Shivaji festival to further stimulate nationalism among young
 In 1896, Gokhale organized a separate political association called the Deccan Sabha.
 Tilak started newspapers Mahratta (in English) and Kesari (in Marathi).
 Promoted boycott of British made goods and use of swadeshi to encourage Indian industries.
 National scheme of education: Bengal council of National education led by Gurudas Banerjee;
Pachaiappa national college was established in Madras.
 They were successful in getting annulled partition of Bengal in 1911.

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 History (Modern History)
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5. Government Reaction on Extremists

 Several Laws passed by British Government to check the activities and influence of Extremists-
Seditious Meetings Act, 1907; Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908; Criminal
Law Amendment Act, 1908; and the Indian Press Act, 1910.
 Tilak was sentenced and sent to a prison in Mandalay (Burma) because of his support to the
revolutionaries who were involved in the killing of two British women.
6. Governor General Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
 Curzon appointed a police commission in 1902 headed by Sir Andrew Frazer. [U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2011]
 Passage of Indian Universities act, 1904 → Increase official control over universities and
exercise stricter control over affiliation of private colleges.
 Formed Roberts on Railway commission (1901) headed by Thomas Robertson -> recommended

om
setting up of a Railway board.
 Army reforms under Lord Kitchener; every army battalion was subjected to a severe test, ‘the
Kitchener test’.

l.c
 Special mission to Tibet (1903) headed by Colonel Younghusband to counter Russian influence.
 Famine commission headed by Anthony MacDonnell.
ai
 Irrigation commission headed by Colin Scott Moncrieff.
gm

 Co-operative credit societies, 1904 to provide loans to cultivators.

 Formation of Imperial agriculture department.
07

 Partition of Bengal, 1905.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]

 Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser, was an Indian Civil Servant who served as Lieutenant
03

Governor of Bengal between 1903 and 1908. Sir Andrew Fraser was very actively involved in
framing the Bengal partition.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
 Lord Curzon declared in 1900 that “The Congress is faltering to its fall and one of my great
ar

ambitions while in India is to assist it to a peaceful demise.”[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)

m

2002],[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2002]

7. Features of Partition of Bengal
to

 The British Government decided to partition Bengal in December 1903. Lord Curzon was the
av

viceroy of India at that time who made this decision.

 Divided into two provinces: (a) Bengal comprising of Western Bengal as well as the provinces
ur

of Bihar and Orissa (b) The second was Eastern Bengal and Assam.
 Bengal retained Calcutta as its capital while Dacca was chosen as the capital for Eastern Bengal.
ga

 The real motive of partition was the desire to weaken Bengal.

 The administrative division was on the basis of:
o Linguistic Basis: Reducing the Bengalis to a minority in Bengal itself. The new proposal of
Bengal was provisioned to have 17 million Bengalis and 37 million Hindi and Oriya
speakers.
o Religion Basis: The western Bengal was to be a Hindu majority area and the Eastern Bengal
was to be a Muslim majority area.
8. Anti-Partition movement under Moderates
 Prominent Moderates are Surendranath Banerjee, Krishna Kumar Mitra, Narendra Kumar Sen
and Prithwishchandra Ray.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Krishna Kumar Mitra was an Indian freedom fighter, journalist, and leader of Brahmo Samaj. He
was an active leader and was against the partition of Bengal (1905 to 1911). On 13 July, 1905, In
his Nationalist Bengali weekly Magazine titled ‘Sanjibani’ he boldly advocated for the freedom
of the press. In his opinion, the manufacturing of British goods should be abolished. He called
for a boycott of foreign goods, government officials and organisations by breaking all
connections, people should mourn etc. His ideas were supported by a gathering in Bagerhut
(District-Khulna) on 16 July, 1905. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011],[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2004]
 Methods: Petitions to government, public meetings, memoranda and propaganda through
newspapers such as Hitabadi, Sanjibani and Bengalee.
 On Aug 7, 1905→Boycott resolution held in Calcutta Townhall, formal proclamation of
Swadeshi movement was made.
 INC session at Calcutta (1906) under presidentship of Dadabai Naoroji → goal of INC was self-
government like UK or colonies of Australia or Canada.
 Boycott of foreign goods, public meetings and processions, corps of volunteers, use of traditional
popular festivals, emphasis on self-reliance, national education and indigenous enterprises.
 During Swadeshi Movement, the actual day of partition, October 16, 1905, was declared a day of
mourning throughout Bengal and the hearths in the houses were kept unlit. People tied rakhis on
each other wrists as a symbol of brotherhood. In Calcutta, most of the offices were kept closed,
and a strike was observed in some jute mills and railway workshops. The streets were
reverberated with Vande Mataram which became the overnight National Song of Bengal and
later, the Theme Song of the National Movement.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005],[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2002]
 Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta in Barisal.
 Swadeshi Sangam formed in Tirunelveli by VO Chidambaram Pillai, Subramania Siva and
others.[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008]
 Bengal national college inspired by Tagore’s Shantiniketan was set up with Aurobindo Ghosh as
its principal.
 Bengal Institute of technology was set up for technical education and funds were raised to send
students to Japan for advanced learning.
 Swadeshi steam navigation company at Tuticorin was established by V.O Chidambaram Pillai.
 Subramania Bharati wrote Sudesha Geetham.
 Nandalal Bose was first recipient of a scholarship offered by Indian society of oriental art
founded in 1907.
 First Indian artist to gain international recognition, Abanindranath Tagore was the principal artist
and founder of ‘Indian Society of Oriental Art’. His grandfather and his elder brother
Gaganendranath Tagore were also artists. He was a major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian
art and inspired the new life in Indian School of Art.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
 Ramendra Sunder Trivedi urged for observance of arandhan → keeping hearth unlit as a sign of
mourning in all homes.
 Syed Haider Raja led the Presidency of Delhi. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]
 Extremist ideas found expression in periodicals like: New India (edited by Bipin Chandra Pal),
Vande Mataram (edited by Aurobindo Ghosh), Sandhya (edited by Brahmabandhav Upadyaya)
and Yugantar (edited by Bhupendranath Dutta).

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 ‘Vande Mataram’ was an English newspaper founded in 1906 by Bipin Chandra Pal and later
edited by Sri Aurobindo. Bipin Chandra Pal was editor of Vande Mataram from 6th August,
1906 to 15th October, 1906. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh served as its editor from 24 October 1906 to
27 May, 1907. It was published daily but from June 2nd, 1907 it was published weekly. Again
on 10 September, 1909 publication from Paris begun whose editor was Hardayal. Its publication
and distribution work was done by Madame Bhikaji Cama. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
 Henry Woodd Nevinson was a British journalist and was related to the Swadeshi Movement.
Nevinson’s brief was to “discover the causes of the present discontent and to report, without
prejudice the opinion of leading Indians as well as officials.” Nevinson travelled across India for
four months, and his reports were carried by Manchester Guardian, Glasgow Herald, and Daily
Chronicle. He re-edited these pieces into a book. 'The New Spirit in India'.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre)
2014]
 Boycott was first suggested in Krishna Kumar Mitra’s journal Sanjibani.
 Acharya PC Ray set up the famous Bengal Chemicals Factory.
 Samitis spread the message of Swadeshi to villages through magic lantern lectures and swadeshi songs.
9. Partition of Bengal – Impact
 Rabindranath Tagore wrote the famous song 'Amar Sonar Bangla,' which later became
Bangladesh's national anthem.
 Many Muslims in the Bengali Muslim community welcomed the move, believing that becoming
the majority in the new province would advance their educational, economic, and political
interests.
 People began boycotting British goods, which had flooded the Indian market and harmed
indigenous industry.
 The partition succeeded in causing a communal schism in the country and even aided in the
formation of Muslim League in 1906.
10. Partition of Bengal – Annulment
 The partition was declared unconstitutional in 1911 as a result of widespread political protests.
 On December 12, 1911, King George V announced at the Delhi Durbar that eastern Bengal
would be absorbed into the Bengal Presidency.
 Lord Hardinge annulled the partition of Bengal in 1911. It was done in response to the
Swadeshi movement's riots against the policy.
 The capital was moved to New Delhi, clearly to provide a stronger base for the British colonial
government. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2014][U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008]
 The Delhi Conspiracy case, also known as the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy, refers to a conspiracy in
1912 to assassinate the then Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge, on the occasion of transferring the
capital of British India from Calcutta to New Delhi. Hatched by the Indian revolutionary
underground in Bengal and Punjab and headed by Rash Bihari Bose, the conspiracy culminated
in the attempted assassination on 23 December, 1912 when a homemade bomb was thrown into
the Viceroy’s Howdah when the ceremonial procession moved through the Chandni Chowk
suburb of Delhi.
 The Viceroy got wounded but survived. Following the incident, a trial was conducted named
Delhi Conspiracy case, in which Bhai Bal Mukund, Basant Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand, Avadh
Bihari were convicted and sentenced to death and hanged by the British Raj for his role in Delhi
Conspiracy case.

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 [U.P. Lower Sub. (Spl) (Pre) 2008]

 Bengal's Muslims were shocked because they had seen the Muslim majority East Bengal as a
sign of the government's eagerness to protect Muslim interests.
 Muslim leaders were initially opposed to the partition. After the creation of the Muslim-majority
provinces of Eastern Bengal and Assam, prominent Muslims began to see it as advantageous.
 Eastern Bengal saw communal riots in Mymensingh, Comilla, Jamalpur and Bakshigunj.
11. Extent of Participation
 Student participation was visible in Bengal, Maharashtra especially in Poona and in parts of
South- Guntur, Madras and Salem.
 Participation of Muslims- Abdul Rasul, Liaqat Hussain, Guznavi, Maulana Azad but most of
upper and middle class muslims stayed away led by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca.
 Workers participation- Sep 1905 → 247 clerks of Burn company in Howrah struck work

om
against a humiliating work regulation. Oct 1905-> First real labor union, Printer’s Union was
formed as a result of bitter strikes in government owned presses. Indian Millhand’s Union,

l.c
Budge-Budge was formed when jute mill workers were organized by Ashwini Coomar Banerji.
 Social base of movement expanded to zamindari, students, women and lower middle classes in
ai
cities and towns.
 It was not able to garner support of Muslims, especially the Muslim peasantry.
gm

 The movement largely remained confined to upper and middle classes and zamindars and failed
to reach masses- especially the peasantry.
07

12. Reasons for decline of Swadeshi movement

 No support of Muslim masses, movement unable to convert several forms of struggle like
03

passive resistance and constructive work into real political practice, Hindu overtone of Swadeshi
movement, split in congress (Surat split, 1907) and bitter government repression.
ar

13. Differences between Moderates and Extremists

Basis Moderates Extremists
m

 Aimed at administrative and  Aim of achieving Swaraj

to

constitutional reforms.  Wanted to end tyranny rule of British.

 Wanted more Indians in the
av

administration and not to an end

Aim of British rule.
ur

 They were secular in their

ga

attitudes, though not always

forthright enough to rise above
their sectarian interests.
 They believe in the efficacy of  They were radical in their approach.
peaceful and constitutional Demands of extremists were aggressive.
agitation.  They believed in atmashakti or self-
 They had great faith in the reliance as a weapon against domination.
Ideology
British sense of justice and fair  Ideological inspiration was Indian
play. History, Cultural heritage, national
 They were inspired by the ideas education and Hindu traditional symbols.
of western philosophers like Hence, they revived the Ganapati and

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 History (Modern History)
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Mill, Burke, Spencer and Shivaji festivals to arouse the masses.

Bentham.  Guided by four: principles Swarajya,
Swadeshi, Boycott of foreign goods and
National education to make the Indian
aware.
 They follow the principles of  They believe in militant methods.
3P: Petition, Prayer and Protest.  Method of Non-Cooperation.
Methodology
 They believed in cooperation
and reconciliation.
 A.O. Hume. W.C. Banerjee.  LalaLajpat Rai, Lokmanya Bal
SurendraNath Banerjee, Gangadhar Tilak. Bipin Chandra Pal,
Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Aurobindo Ghosem Rajnarayan Bose, and
Mehta. GopalakrishnaGokhale. Ashwini Kumar Dutt
Leaders
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.
Badruddin Tyabji. Justice
Ranade and G. Subramanya
Aiyar
Social  Zamindars and Upper middle  Educated middle and lower middle
Support classes in towns classes in towns
 Economic Critique of British  Demand of Swaraj
Imperialism  Spread of national education
 Constitutional Reforms and  Support to revolutionary movements
Propaganda in Legislature  Encouraged co-operative organization
Contribution  Campaign for General  Set up charitable association for rural
Administrative Reforms sanitation, preventive police duties,
 Defence of Civil Rights regulation of fairs and pilgrim gatherings
for providing relief fund during famines
and other calamities.

14. Calcutta congress session (1906)- President DadabhaiNaoroji

 Four compromise resolutions on Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott and National education were passed.
 Naoroji declared swaraj as the goal of Indian National congress.
15. The Surat Split, 1907
 Held at the bank of River Tapti; extremists led by Lal-Bal-pal and moderates led by Gopal
Krishna Gokhale.
 Congress leaders split into two groups: moderates and extremists.
 The Extremists set two main goals- Demanded that Lala Lajpat Rai be appointed President of the
INC and second demand was for Swaraj's resolution. Both demands were rejected by the
Moderates.
 Extremists attempted to push Lala Lajpat Rai's candidacy for Congress President, while
moderates supported Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh.
 LalaLajpat Rai saved the situation by stepping down, and Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh took over as
President.

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 History (Modern History)
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16. Impact of Surat split on Extremists

 Seditious meetings act 1907.
 Indian newspapers (Incitement to Offences act) 1908.
 Criminal Law Amendment act 1908.
 Indian Press act 1910.
17. Aftermath of Surat Split
 The British Divide and Rule policy resulted in the Surat Split. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2014]
 Minto-Morley reforms-> Increased number of elected members in councils, but no real power as
they were merely advisory bodies; introduced separate electorates to please the Muslims.
 Due to the efforts of the leaders of the Home Rule movement, both groups later reunited at the
Lucknow session of Congress in 1916. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]
 The exit of the Extremist left the Congress paralysed for more than a decade as the Moderates
could achieve very little.
18. Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Sedition charges (1909)
 In 1909, he was tried for second time for sedition for what he had written in 1908 inhis Kesari
about a bomb thrown by Bengal revolutionaries in Muzzaffarpur, resulting in the death of two
innocent European women.
 He was represented by MA Jinnah, but his application for bail was rejected. He was sent to
Mandalay (Burma) jail for six years.
19. Morley-Minto reforms (1909)
 Elective principle was recognized for the non-official membership of the councils in India.
 The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces increased in size.
 It introduced non-official majority at the provincial legislature level.
 It provided for the first time for Indians to be associated with the executive council. Satyendra
Sinha became the law member in Viceroy’s executive council.
 Legislatures could now pass resolutions (which may or may not be accepted), ask questions and
supplementaries, vote separate items in the budget though budget as a whole could not be voted
upon.
 System of separate electorate for Muslims; income qualification for Muslim voters was kept
lower than that of Hindus.[U.P P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2004],[U.P U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2001]
 Separate representations were provided for presidency corporations, chambers of commerce,
universities and Zamindars.

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 13
FIRST PHASE OF REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES (1907-1917)
1. Introduction: The activities of revolutionary heroism started as a by-product of the growth of
militant nationalism. The revolutionaries involved in individual heroic actions such as organizing
assassinations of unpopular officials and informers among the revolutionaries themselves.
2. Reasons for rise of revolutionary terrorist movement: Failure of moderate methods, failure of
extremists to give a positive lead to youth, violent repression of Swadeshi.
3. Methods: Formed secret societies, recruited young persons and trained them in values of action and
sacrifice for freedom of the country. Assassinations of unpopular officials, heroic individual acts,
secret societies and political robberies (Swadeshi dacoities).
4. Revolutionary Activities in Bengal

om
 The first revolutionary organizations were formed in 1902 in Midnapore (under Jnanendra Nath
Basu) and Calcutta (under Promotha Mitter and including Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra

l.c
Kumar Ghosh, and others).[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
 Anushilan Samiti was founded at Midnapur in 1902 by Gyanendra Nath Basu. At Culcutta-first
ai
branch in March by Satish Chandra Basu and second branch in 1902 by Pramath Nath Mitra,
Jatindra Nath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin) and Barindra Nath Ghose. Another Anushilan Samiti
gm

founded at Dhaka in October, 1906 by Pulin Bihari Das. Sachindra Nath Sanyal established a
branch of it in 1913 at Patna.[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008]
 In April 1906, Anushilan's inner circle (Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutta) launched
07

the weekly Yugantar.

 Sandhya and Yugantar in Bengal, and Kal in Maharashtra, were among the newspapers and
03

journals advocating revolutionary activity.

 Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose threw a bomb at a carriage carrying a particularly
ar

sadistic white judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarpur in 1908.[U.P.B.E.O. (Pre) 2019]

 The whole Anushilan group arrested and tried in Alipore conspiracy case (Manicktolla bomb
m

conspiracy or Murarupukur conspiracy).

to

 Barrahdacoity was founded in 1908 by Dacca Anushilan under the leadership of Pulin Das to
raise funds for revolutionary activities.
av

 In December 1912, Rashbehari Bose and SachinSanyal staged a spectacular bomb

attack on Viceroy Hardinge.
ur

 Barisal conspiracy case (1913) → trial of 44 Bengalis accused of inciting rebellion against Raj.
ga

Five of accused including Pulin, were transported to cellular jail in Andamans to serve long term
imprisonment.
5. Yugantar Party
 It was the leading revolutionary terrorist group in colonial Bengal formedby the inner circle of
Anushilan Samiti. Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Bagha Jatin (Led Yugantar Party also)were its
main leaders. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
 It was established in 1906 and was headquartered at Baubazar street in Calcutta.
 Barindra vowed to free India from the British colonial domination with religious inspiration
tempered by acts of violence, justifying murders by Ksatriyas.
 The first Taxicab dacoity took place on February 12, 1915 in Garden Reach, Kolkata under the
leadership of Narendra Bhattacharya.

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 History (Modern History)
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 Hemchandra Qanungo set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in
Maniktala suburb of Calcutta.
 It arranged for the import of German arms and ammunition through sympathizers and
revolutionaries in other countries.
 As per 'German Plot' or the 'Zimmerman Plan,' Jatin asked Rashbehari Bose to take command of
Upper India in order to foment an all-India insurgency.
 Other important leaders associated are Bhupendranath Datta, Rash Behari Bose, Surendra Mohan
Bose, Guran Ditt Kumar and TarakNath Das.
 The main features of programme were:murder of Europeans in hotels, clubs, and cinemas;
burning of the Dum-Dum (Calcutta) aerodrome; cutting off of the gas and electricity supply of
Calcutta; destruction of the telegraphic communication and destruction of bridges and Railway
lines by dynamites and hand grenades.
 Charles Tegart was the Police Commissioner of Calcutta. He was notoriously famous for his
brutality and use of torture. On 12 January, 1924 Gopinath Saha attempted an assassination on
him but he erroneously shot down another white man, Mrs. Enest day. Saha was arrested and
hanged in March 1924.[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016]
6. Revolutionary Activities in Maharashtra
 Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1879 ->aimed to rid country of the British
by instigating an armed revolt by disrupting the communication lines.
 Bal GangadharTilak → Ganpati and Shivaji festivals and journals Kesari and Mahratta, during
the 1890s.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007, 2012]
 He also founded the Lathi Club.[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) (Re-Exam) 2016]
 In 1897 Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkrishna, murdered the Poona Plague
Commissioner, Rand.
 Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Ganesh Damodar Savarkar founded Abhinav Bharat
Society (Young India Society) in 1904.It was founded as "Mitra Mela" in Nasik while Vinayak
Savarkar was still a student at Fergusson College in Pune.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2018] [U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2015] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]
 One member of this organisation, Anant Lakshman Karkare, shot dead the district Magistrate
(Jackson) of Nasik on 21st December, 1909. This sensational murder is known as Nasik
Conspiracy Case. 27 members of the Abhinav Bharat society were convicted and punished.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
 Madanlal Dhingra assassinated Lt. Col. William Curzon-Wyllie, the political aide-de-camp to the
Secretary of State for India, on the evening of 1 July 1909, at a meeting of Indian students at the
Imperial Institute in London.
 Anant Laxman Kanhare assassinated AMT Jackson, the district magistrate of Nasik, in India in
the historic "Nasik Conspiracy Case" in 1909.
 A political pamphlet Bhavani Mandir was published by Aurobindo Ghosh.
 Barindra Kumar Ghose published Vartaman Rananiti.
 In 1906, Savarkar wrote Mazzini Charitra which was a translation of Mazzini’s writings.
 Savarkar founded ‘Free India Society’ to help fellow Indian students to work for India’s freedom
through a revolution, a guerrilla war along lines of revolt of 1857.

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7. Revolutionary Activities in Punjab

 Extremism in Punjab was fueled by issues such as frequent famines combined with an increase
in land revenue and irrigation tax, zamindars' practice of 'begar,'.
 Lala Lajpat Rai, who brought out Punjabi, and Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh's uncle), who organized
the extremist Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan in Lahore with its journal, Bharat Mata, were among
those active here.
 Lala Lajpat Rai accepted Italian revolutionary Mazzini as his political guru after reading his
biography, and later he translated splendid creation of Mazzini “The duty of Man” in Urdu also.
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013]
 Extremism in Punjab died down after the governments struck in May 1907 with a ban on
political meetings and the deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh.
 After this, Ajit Singh and a few others associates- Sufi Ambaprasad, Lalchand, Bhai Parmanand,
Lala Hardayal developed into full-scale revolutionaries.
8. Revolutionary activities abroad
 Shyamji Krishna Varma founded the Indian Home Rule Society - 'India House' - in London in
1905 as a center for Indian students, a scholarship scheme to bring radical youth from India, and
a journal called 'The Indian Sociologist.' Revolutionaries such as VD Savarkar, Har Dayal and
Madanlal Dhingra also became members of India house.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007],[U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2002] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004][U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2014]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 In 1909, Madanlal Dhingra assassinated India Office bureaucrat Curzon-Wyllie.
 New centers emerged on the continent - Paris, and Geneva from where Madam Bhikaji Cama, a
Parsi revolutionary who had developed contacts with French socialists and who brought out
Bande Mataram, and Ajit Singh operated.
 Madam Bhikaji Cama was born on 24th September, 1861. Her parents were Parsi. Sorabji Patel
was her father. She was married to Rustan K.R Cama. He was an advocate and social activist.
Madam Cama worked as a personal secretary of Dada Bhai Naoroji, the great leader of Indian
National Movement. At the International Socialist Congress held at Stuttgart (Germany) in 1907,
Madam Bhikaji Cama unfurled the first version of the Indian National Flag. She designed this
flag. She struggled with her full strength for Indian freedom and worked for it at least 30 years
residing in Paris. In 1936 she returned to Mumbai at the age of 75 and the same year, she died.
She was popularly known as ‘’Mother of Indian Revolution’’.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2010],[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2003],[U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2002]
 After 1909 when Anglo-German relations deteriorated, Virendra Chattopadhyaya chose Berlin as
his base.
9. Ghadar Party (1913) [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021]
 The Ghadar Revolutionaries were mainly Punjabi immigrants settled in the West Coast of North
America since 1904, particularly USA and Canada.
 Originally known as the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association, it was founded on July 15, 1913 in
the United States (San Francisco) by Lala Har Dayal, Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar, Baba
Jawala Singh, Santokh Singh, and Sohan Singh Bhakna (its first president)[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl)
(Pre) 2008][U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2004][U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015][U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
 In 1907, Circular-e-Azad (circular of liberty) was published by Ramnath Puri.

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 Free Hindustan (1908) was started by Tarak Nath Das.

 Swadesh Sevak Home in Vancouver was set up by GD Kumar on lines of India House in
London.
 Taraknath and GD Kumar together founded United India House in Seattle (USA).
 The party was organized around the weekly newspaper The Ghadar.
 The Komagata Maru incident (1914) involved the Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, on which
a group of British Raj citizens attempted to emigrate to Canada in 1914 but were denied entry.
 The Kamagatamaru was a Japanese steamliner chartered by an affluent Punjabi businessman,
Gurdit Singh to bring Indian immigrants to Canada. The ship departed in 1914, taking 376
Indians for Canada’s Vancouver port, but the Canadian police refused their entry in Canada. A
Shore Committee was constituted to protect the rights of Indian travellers under the leadership of
Hussain Rahim, Balwant Singh, and Sohan Lal Pathak. Indian, Bhagwan Singh, Barkatullah,

om
Ramchand and Sohan Singh also carried out a movement in favour of Indian emigrants. When
Kamagatamaru reached Budge Budge port at Calcutta, a clash occurred between angered
passengers and British Police. In fi ring by the Police, 18 of the passengers were killed, and 202

l.c
passengers were sent to jail. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014],[U.P.P.C.S. (Re. Exam) (Pre) 2015]
 It pledged to wage revolutionary war against British in India.
ai
 Ideology of party was strongly secular.
gm

 Ghadar paper first issue in Urdu and its Gurumukhi version came a month later. The caption on
its masthead read ‘Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman’ (enemy of British rule).
07

 First Lahore conspiracy case (1915) →After failed Ghadar conspiracy, trials were held at Lahore
by a special tribunal set up under Defence of India Act 1915.
03

 Many of them after their release founded the Kirti and communist movements in Punjab.
10. Berlin committee for Indian Independence
ar

 Established in 1915 by Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhependranath Dutta, LalaHardayal and

others with the help of German office under ‘Zimmerman Plan’.
m

 They aimed to mobilize Indian settlers abroad to send volunteers and arms to India to incite
to

rebellion among Indian troops there and to organize armed invasion of British India.
11. Paris India Society
av

 In 1905, Bhikaji Cama together with Singh Rewabhai Rana and Muncher Shah Godrej, she co-
founded the Paris Indian Society (1905).
ur

 Revolutionary literature Bandemataram and Madan’s Talwar.

ga

12. During the World War-I, Raja Mahendra Pratap established the first provisional Government of
India at Kabul in Afghanistan in 1915. In this Government Raja himself became President, and his
associate Maulavi Barkatullah worked as Prime Minister. Germany and Russia gave recognition to
this Government. [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008, 2012]
13. Singapore Mutiny
 The 1915 Singapore Mutiny, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny or the Mutiny of the 5th
Light Infantry, was a mutiny against the British in Singapore by up to half of a regiment of 850
Indian Muslims sepoys during World War I.
 Among the scattered mutinies during this period, the most notable was in Singapore on February
15, 1915, by Punjabi Muslim 5th Light Infantry and the 36th Sikh battalion under Jamadar Chisti
Khan, Jamadar Abdul Gani, and Subedar Daud Khan.

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 History (Modern History)
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14. Decline of Revolutionary Activities: After 1918, the revolutionary Activities came to a temporary
halt due to several reasons:
 Stern Government repression along with a series of draconian laws.
 Lack of popular response.
 World War-I ended and the government released all political prisoners arrested under the
Defense of India Act.
 The discussion began on the new Constitutional Reforms (Government of India Act 1919) which
generated an atmosphere of compromise.
 Gandhi arrived on the national scene and emphasized non-violent means which also halted the
place of revolutionary activities.

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 14
FIRST WORLD WAR AND NATIONALIST RESPONSE
1. Introduction: In the First World War (1914-19), Britain allied with France, Russia, USA, Italy and
Japan against Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. This period saw the maturing of Indian
nationalism.
2. Nationalist Response to British participation in First World War
 Moderates supported as a matter of duty.
 Extremists, including Tilak supported the war efforts.
 Revolutionaries utilized opportunity to wage a war on British rule.
3. Home Rule League Movement: A trend of aggressive politics in national movement was
pioneered by Tilak and Annie Besant on lines of a similar movement in Ireland.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2010]
 Factors: Outbreak of first world war (Britain’s difficulty is India’s opportunity), disillusionment
with reforms of 1909, repression of Ghadar movement, Tilak’s release from Mandalay and
efforts for re-entry into congress, Annie Besant’s entry into Indian politics, burden of war time
miseries.
 Aim: National alliance which works throughout the year (unlike the Congress which had annual
sessions) with main objective of demanding home rule for all of India within the British
commonwealth.
 Prominent Leaders: Balgangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, G.S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania
Iyer, Joseph Baptista and Mohammad Ali Jinnah.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2010]
 Tilak’s League
o Started in April 1916 at Belgaum during Bombay Provincial conference.
o GS Kharpade and Joseph kaka are one of the founding members of Tilak’s league.
o and operated in Maharashtra (Poona was the headquarters, excluding Bombay city),
Karnataka, Central Provinces and Berar.
o Demands included swarajya, formation of linguistic states and education in the vernacular.
o There was no trace of any religious appeal.
o Tilak was defended by a group of lawyers led by Mohammad Ali jinnah.
 Annie Besant League
o Congress failed to keep its promise of reviving local level congress committees → All India
Home Rule league formed in 1916 in Madras and covered rest of India (including Bombay
city)
o George Arundale as organizing secretary, S. Subramaniya Aiyar (Grand old man of South
India) as honorary president.
o Jamnadas Dwarkadas, Shankerlal Banker and IndulalYagnik started Bombay paper Young
India and set up an All India Propaganda Fund to publish pamphlets.
o From Adyar, Annie Besant along with Arundale, CP Ramaswamy, BP Wadia brought out
newspapers ‘New India’ and ‘Commonweal’.[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008] [U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2002,U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2004]
o New members joined: Jawaharlal Nehru in Allahabad, B Chakravarti and J Banerjee in
Calcutta.

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 Later, the leagues were joined by Moderate Congressmen Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru,
Bhulabhai Desai, Chittaranjan Das, K.M. Munshi, B. Chakravarti, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Madan
Mohan Malaviya, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Tej Bahadur Sapru and LalaLajpat Rai. Mohammad
Ali Jinnah led the Bombay division.
 Government Attitude: Tilak was barred from entering the Punjab and Delhi. In June 1917,
Annie Besant and her associates, B.P. Wadia and George Arundale, were arrested. Sir S.
Subramaniya Aiyar renounced his knighthood in protest. As directed by Gandhiji, Shankarlal
Banker and Jamnadas Dwarkdas carried signature campaign of 1000 men willing to defy the
internment orders.
 Methods Used: Organising discussions, reading rooms, propaganda through public meetings,
newspapers, pamphlets, posters, etc.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2004]
 Why the Agitation Faded Out by 1919

om
o Lack of effective organisation.
o Communal riots were witnessed during 1917-18.
o The Moderates were pacified by talk of reforms (contained in Montagu’s statement of

l.c
August 1917 which held self-government as the long-term goal of the British rule in India)
and Besant’s release.
ai
o Talk of passive resistance by the Extremists kept the Moderates away from activity from
gm

September 1918 onwards.

o Tilak had to go abroad (September 1918) in connection with a libel case against Valentine
Chirol whose book, Indian Unrest, had featured Tilak as responsible for the agitational
07

politics that had developed in India. [U.P.P.C.S.(Pre) 2013]

o Tilak’s utterances and writings were regarded as radical content and so he was sentenced.
03

Max Muller pleaded for Government mercy for Tilak saying ‘As a great scholar of Sanskrit, I
am interested in Tilak.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
ar

 In 1920, Gandhi accepted the presidentship of the All India Home Rule League, and changed the
organisation’s name to Swarajya Sabha. Within a year, however, the league joined the Indian
m

National Congress.
to

 Calcutta session of Muslim league (1912): It committed the league to “working with other
av

groups for a system of self-government suited for India.

 Maulana Azad’s Al hilal and Mohammad Ali’s Comrade faced repression.[U.P. Lower Sub.
ur

(Pre) 2008]
 Lucknow Session of INC (1916)
ga

o Extremists were readmitted to Congress (Reunion of Moderates and Extremists)-> Congress

president AC Mazumdar welcomed extremists.
o Muslim League and Congress put up joint demands under Lucknow Pact.
 Congress accepted the League’s position on separate electorates and Nineteen
Memorandum.
 Muslims were granted fixed proportion of seats in legislatures at All-India and provincial
levels.
 A system of weightage to minority political representation should be adopted.
 No bill concerning a community should be passed if the bill is opposed by three-fourth of
the members of that community in legislative council.

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 History (Modern History)
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 Term of legislative council should be five years.

 Half of members of viceroy’s and provincial governor’s executive councils should be Indians.
 Executive should be separated from judiciary.
o Tilak’s demand for Congress working committee turned down.
o Bal Gangadhar Tilak never presided a Session of Indian National Congress. [U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre.) 2021]
 Montagu’s Statement (1917)
o The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Samuel Montagu, made a statement on August 20,
1917 in the British House of Commons in what has come to be known as the August
Declaration of 1917.
o Attainment of self-government for Indians became a government policy hence the demand by
nationalists for self-government or home rule could not be termed as seditious.
o Objections of Indian Leaders: No specific time frame was given, government alone was to
decide the nature and the timing of advance towards a responsible government.

******

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CHAPTER: 15
MAHATMA GANDHI: EMERGENCE AND IDEOLOGY
1. Introduction: Mahatma Gandhi emerged on Indian political scene during the period of 1917-18 and
significantly transformed the ideology and range of the national movement. PurnaSwaraj or
complete Independence emerged as the goal of the national movement during this phase.
2. Why Nationalist Upsurge at End of First World War
 Post-War economic hardship.
 Expectations of Political gains for cooperation in the war
 Nationalist disillusionment with imperialism worldwide.
 Impact of Russian Revolution.
3. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
 Dyarchy in provinces- rule of two-> executive councilors and popular ministers.
 Reserved subjects to be administered by governor through executive council and transferred
subjects to be administered by ministers from legislative council.
 Ministers were responsible to legislature and had to resign if no-confidence motion was passed
against them by legislature.
 Extensive powers to governor, governor-general and secretary of state for interference.
 Franchise expanded; women also given the right to vote.
 Legislative councils could initiate legislation but the governor’s assent was required.
 Legislative councils could reject budget but governor could restore it, if necessary.
 Governor-general to administer with an executive council of 8—three to be Indians.
 Bicameral central legislature- Central Legislative Assembly (tenure is 3 years) as the lower
house and Council of States (tenure is 5 years) as the upper house.
 Termed unworthy and disappointing- a sunless dawn by Tilak and Annie Besant found them
‘unworthy of England to offer and India to accept’.
4. Early Career of Gandhi
 Born in Porbandar, Gujarat's princely state of Kathiawar.
 After studying law in England, Gandhi traveled to South Africa in 1893 in connection with a
case involving, Dada Abdullah.
 In South Africa, he witnessed the ugly face of white racism and organized Indian workers to
fight for their rights->developed the idea of Satyagraha and used it against the Asiatic
Registration Law.
 Gandhi arrived in Durban, South Africa in 1893 to serve as legal counsel to the merchant Dada
Abdulla. In June, he was asked by Dada Abdulla to undertake a trip to Pretoria in the Transvaal,
a journey which first took Gandhi to Pietermaritzburg. There Gandhi was seated in the first-class
compartment since he had purchased a first-class ticket. A European who entered the
compartment hastened to summon railway officials, who ordered Gandhi to shift himself to the
van compartment since ‘coolies’ and non-whites were apparently not permitted in first-class
compartments. Gandhi protested and produced his ticket, but was warned that he would be
forcibly removed if he did not make a gracious exit. As Gandhi refused to comply with the order,
he was summarily pushed out of the train, and his luggage was tossed out on to the
platform.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]

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 Mahatma Gandhi attended the Calcutta session of Indian National Congress in the year 1901 for
the first time. During this session, his resolution about South Africa was passed. This session was
presided over by Sir Dinshan Edulji Wacha. It is noteworthy that during his stay in South Africa,
Gandhiji came to India in 1901 and established his law office in Bombay.[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl)
(Mains) 2004],[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2003]
 He remained there until 1914 when he returned to India.
5. Gandhi’s Activism in South Africa
 Set up Natal Indian Congress and started Indian Opinion (published from Durban every week in
English and Gujarati; edited by Mansukhlal Nazar).
 Satyagraha against Registration Certificates (1906)
 Campaign against Poll Tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages.
 Protest against Transvaal Immigration Act.

om
 Formation of Passive Resistance association.
 Inspired by John Ruskin’s unto the Last-> Translated into Gujarati under the title ‘Sarvodaya’.

l.c
6. Technique of Satyagraha: Always remain truthful and non-violent, withdrawal of cooperation and
boycott, non-payment of taxes and declining honours and positions of authority.
ai
Mahatma Gandhi used to say that “means and ends are two sides of a coin. They cannot be
separated. Immoral means cannot be used to achieve moral ends. If used, they will vitiate the end
gm

itself. Wrong means never take us to right ends”. Mahatma Gandhi was convinced that if we take
care of our means, the end will be taken care of itself. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
M.K. Gandhi was the strong supporter of the principle that “Which is morally wrong, can never be
07

politically right.” [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]

03

7. Gandhi Arrives in India (9th January 1915)

 Gopala Krishna Gokhale was the political guru of Gandhi. He took promise from Gandhi that he
ar

should travel the country for gaining experience and should not express any opinion on public
m

question for the first year.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]

 His first major public speech in India was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU)
to

in February, 1916. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]

 Champaran Satyagraha (1917)- First Civil Disobedience
av

[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]

[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
ur

o Gandhi was requested by Rajkumar Shukla to look into the problems of farmers in context of
indigo planters of Champaran in Bihar. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
ga

2016]
o European planters forced peasants to grow indigo on 3/20(tinkathia system).[U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2012]
o Towards end of 19th c, German synthetic dyes replaced indigo, the European planters
demanded high rents and illegal dues from peasants.
o Gandhi, joined now by Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Haq, Mahadeo Desai, Narahari Parekh and
JB Kriplani.
o Gandhi able to convince authorities that tinkathia system should be abolished and peasants
should be compensated for illegal dues. [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]
o Liet Governor Edward Gait compelled to appoint Champaran Agrarian committee with Frank
Sly as chairman and Gandhi as one of its members.

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 History (Modern History)
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o As compromise with planters, he agreed that only 25% of money taken should be
compensated.
o Other leaders are Brajkishore Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Ramnavami Prasad and
Shambhushan Varma.
o The prefix ‘Mahatma” was added with the name of Gandhi during Champaran Satyagraha by
Rabindranath Tagore.[U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2002],[U.P.P.C.S.(Pre) 2001]
o The Bihar Kisan Sabha was founded by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati. All India Kisan
Congress was founded at Lucknow in April, 1936 with Swami Sahajanand Saraswati as the
President and N.G. Ranga as the general secretary. Later it was renamed All India Kisan
Sabha.[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
o The first meeting of All India Kisan Sabha was held in April 1936 in Lucknow. It was
presided over by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati. This meeting was addressed by Jawahar Lal
Nehru also.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
o N.G. Ranga opposed the Champaran Satyagraha of Mahatma Gandhi. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2007]
o The Bhartiya Kisan Vidyalaya was founded by N. G. Ranga. In 1929, Fazlul Haq founded
the Bengal Praja Party (Krishak Praja Party). After the 1937 elections, he formed a
government with Muslim League in Bengal. The Bakashat agitation of Bihar is related to
Swami Shraddhanand Saraswati. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
 Ahmedabad Mill strike (1918)- First hunger strike [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2010]
o Dispute between cotton mill owners of Ahmedabad and workers over discontinuation of
plague bonus (also wartimeinflation).
o Strikingworkers dismissed—they turned to Anusuya Sarabhai for help,who went to
Gandhi.
o Agreed at35% hike (instead of20%ofowners,50%ofworkers)
 Kheda Satyagraha, 1918- First Non-cooperation [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
o Crops failedin Kheda (Gujarat).
o According to revenue Code, if yield < 25% normal produce - farmers entitled to
remission.
o Gujarat Sabha asked no revenue for1919, but government declined. Gandhi asked
farmers not to pay taxes.
o Sardar Patel, Narahari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya and Ravi Shankar Vyas went around the
villages and organized the villagers.
o Government agreed to suspend the tax for agreement with the farmers. It agreed to suspend
tax for year in question and for the next, reduce the increase in rate and return all the
confiscated property.
 Rowlatt Satyagraha (1918)- First Mass Strike [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
o It was in response to the British government enacting the Anarchical and Revolutionary
Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act.
o The act was passed on the recommendations of Sedition Committee chaired by Sir Sidney
Rowlatt. Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) was the Viceroy of India when the Rowlatt Act was
passed. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2014]
o It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention
of political prisoners without trial for two years.

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o Gandhi called the act as “Black Act”; organized Satyagraha sabha.

o Observance of nationwide hartal, fasting, prayer and civil disobedience against specific laws
and courting arrest and imprisonment.
o Younger elements of Besant’s home rule league supported Gandhi- Jamnadas Dwarkdas,
Shankarlal Banker, Umar Sobhani, BG Horniman. Mahadev Desai, Rajagopalachari, C. Vira
Raghavachari and S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar also supported Gandhi.
o In protest to this Act, Swami Shraddhananda suggested starting the Movement with the non-
payment of Lagaan (Rent). [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008]
 Jallainwalla Bagh Massacre and Inquiry Committee
o On April 9, 1919 Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal, were arrested by the British officials
without any provocation except that they had addressed protest meetings, and taken to some
unknown destination. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]
o Tagore gave up knighthood; Gandhi gave up the title Kaiser-i-Hind (forwork during
Boer War) [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2006] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
o Shankaran Nair resigned from the viceroy's Executive Council as a protest against the
Jallianwala Bagh massacre. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007] [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2013,U.P. Lower
Sub. (Pre) 2013]
o Udham Singh (Ram Mohammad. Singh Azad) assassinated Gener al O’Dwyer in England
on 13th March, 1940. [U.P. P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2004]
o Hunter Committee of Inquiry- 3 Indian members: Sir Chimalal Harilal Setalvad (VC-
Bombay University); Pt. Jagat Narayan (MLC in UP), Saradar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad
Khan (lawyer);
o The committee did not impose any penal or disciplinary action because Dyer’s actions were
condoned by various superiors.
o Before the committee, government had passed Indemnity Act to protect its officers
(called the “white washing” bill). Even Churchill condemned Dyer’s act.
o Strangely, Golden Temple led by Arur Singh honored Dyer and called him a Sikh.
o The task of drafting Congress Inquiry Committee report on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was
entrusted to Mahatma Gandhi. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
o Congressnon-official committee—Motilal, Gandhi ,CRDas ,Abbas Tyabji, MR Jayakar;
criticized Dyer’s act as inhuman and said there was no justification in introduction of martial
law in Punjab.
o Gandhi- Himalayan blunder or Himalayan miscalculation.
8. Amritsar Congress (1919, presided by Motilal Nehru)
 Gandhi real entry into congress politics
 Gandhi undertook responsibility of framing a new constitution for the congress.
 For writing the Constitution of Congress, Gandhi wanted the cooperation of Tilak and Das but as
they were overloaded with work and they were not available to serve the purpose, their Junior
N.C. Kelkar and I.B. Sen replaced them and helped Gandhi to write the Constitution of
Congress.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
9. Gandhi and his Ideology
 Satya (truth), ahinsa (non-violence), asteya (non-stealing), aparigraha (non-possession) and
brahmacharya (self-control).

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 Satyagraha: Persistence of truth; evolved by Gandhi in South Africa; aimed to insist on truth
and make enemy see one’s own point of view by self-suffering and not by violence.
 Ahinsa: Non-violence forms the basis of satyagraha. Non-violence is complete innocence which
is complete absence of ill will against all that lives.
 Swaraj: Refers to popular sovereignty where people govern themselves.
 Swadeshi: Aimed at replacing machine made foreign cloth with handmade cloth as a solution to
poverty of peasants who could spin at home to supplement their income.
 Sarvodaya: Sarvodaya is a term meaning 'Universal Uplift' or 'Progress of All'. The term was
first coined by Gandhi ji as the title of his translation of John Ruskin's tract on political economy,
"Unto This Last".
 Stateless and Classless society of self-sufficient villages based on non-violence instead of force,
on service instead of exploitation and renunciation instead of acquisitiveness.

om
 Varna system: Favorable view; it implied equality of all professions as well as equal earning of
all professions.

l.c
On Education: Supported state funding of education; Wardha scheme of education proposed in
1937 in Harijan→ learning by activity, seven year course to be taught in mother tongue; further
ai
worked out by Zakir Hussain Committee.
 On Women: rejected notion of women as ‘weaker sex’.
gm

 Untouchability: Denounced it as ‘crime against humanity’.

07

******
03
ar
m
to
av
ur
ga

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 16
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT AANDOLAN
1. Introduction: The British during 1919-22 were opposed through two mass movements- Khilafat
and Non-cooperation. Though the two movements emerged from separate issues, they adopted a
common programme of action i.e, non-violent non-cooperation.
2. Background: Disillusionment with Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, Post-War Miseries, Rowlatt act
and JallianwalaBagha Massacre, radical nationalist Muslims like Mohammad Ali, Abdul Kalam
Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasan Imam become more influential than conservative Aligarh
school elements.
3. Khilafat Issue
 Indian Muslims were angered by the treatment meted out to Turkey by British after First world
war.
 Demands: Restoration of Khalifa’s position, Khalifa’s control over the Muslim sacred places
should be retained, in territorial adjustments after the war, Khalifa should be left with sufficient
territories.
 Khilafat Committee: In early 1919, the All India Khilafat Committee was formed under the
leadership of the Ali brothers [Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali], Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad, Ajmal Khan, Dr. Mukthar Ahmed Ansari and Hasrat Mohani, to force the British
Government to change its attitude to Turkey. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
 Hakim Ajmal Khan had renounced the title of Haziq-ul-Mulk during Khilafat agitation. Hakim
Ajmal Khan had been honoured with the title of Haziq-ul-Mulk in 1908 by the British
Government.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 Gandhi was the President of All India Khilafat committee.
 Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to bring Hindus and Muslims together
in one Movement. Mohammad Ali Jinnah opposed this. Jinnah criticized Gandhi’s support of the
Khilafat Movement, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. According to K.M.
Munshi, “Jinnah warned Gandhiji not to encourage the fanaticism of Muslim religious leaders”
in the Khilafat Movement. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011] [U.P.P.C.S. (Main) 2013][U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2015]
 Tilak did not support alliance with Muslim league over a religious issue and was skeptical of
satyagraha.
4. Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement
 June 1920- Central Khilafat Committee met at Allahabad and was attended by both congress and
Khilafat leaders. Gandhi declared program of NCM which include- Boycott of all government
jobs, boycott of titles conferred by British and Non-payment of taxes.
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak supported Non-Cooperation Movement, but due to his death on the first
day of the Movement, he could not see its result.Shaukat Ali and Dr. Saifuddin Kichalu along
with Mahatma Gandhi lifted the bier of Bal Gangadhar Tilak after his death on 1 August, 1920
and Maulana Hasrat Mohani read the Elegy after his death. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014][U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2010]
 Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar journals- the Comrade (English weekly launched from
Calcutta in 1911) and Hamdard (Urdu daily in 1912).

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 Hasrat Mohani- Coined the term ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ and first person to demand complete
independence in 1921 at Ahmedabad Congress session.
 1920 Nagpur session (President C Vijayaraghavachari):C.R. Das who proposed the
Noncooperation resolution. NCP endorsed ;From self-government by constitutional methods
to swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means; 15-member CWC formed; linguistic
organization of provincial congress committees; ward committees formed; entry fee reduced
to four annas; Gandhi declared that if non-cooperation programme was implemented
completely, swaraj would be ushered in within a year; opening of congress membership to all
men and women of age 21 years and above; resolutions on Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of
untouchability. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010,
2012] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
 Surendranath Banerjea founded the Indian National Liberal Federation.
 Educational institutions organized under the leadership of Acharya Narendra Dev, CRD as,
Lala, Zakir Hussain, Subhas Bose (became Pres, National College, Calcutta)—included
Jamia Millia (Aligarh), Kashi Vidyapeeth, GJ Vidyapeeth, BR Vidyapeeth.
 Lawyers gaveup practice: Motilal, Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Kitchlew, Patel, Asaf Ali,
Rajendra Prasad Tilak Swaraj Find was oversubscribed and Rs 1cr collected.
 In Assam, strikes in tea plantations, stemmer services and Assam-Bengal railways had been
organized. JM Sengupta was a prominent leader in these strikes.
 In November, 2021, the visit of Prince of Wales to India invited strikes.
 Congress volunteer group emerged as alternate police.
 Peasants participation was massive, women gave up Purdah, massive participation of Mulsims and
maintenance of communal unity despite events like Mappilla Uprisings.
 The spirit of defiance led to local struggles as well: Awadh Kisan Movt (UP) under Baba
Ram Chandra, Eka Movt(UP), Mapilla Revolt (Malabar), Sikh agitations for removal of
mahants, Bhil movement in Rajasthan led by Motilal Tejawat, Alluri Sitarama Raju in
Andhra played a prominent role in organizing the tribals. [U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2017]
 Talks between Gandhi and Reading (viceroy) broke down when Gandhi refused to urge Ali
brothers to remove parts from their speeches that suggested violence.
 Rabindranath Tagore was against the movements and demonstrations rather he supported the
creative programmes. That is why he wrote to Gandhi to implement creative programmes rather
than burning foreign clothes. During Non-cooperation Movement he described the act of burning
foreign clothes as ‘indecipherable or inexorable waste’. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010,U.P.P.C.S.
(Spl) (Mains) 2004,U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2003,U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2002,U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2013]
 The following Institutions were established during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22):-
Kashi Vidhyapeeth (Varanasi) in 1921, Gujarat Vidhyapeeth (Ahmadabad) in 1920, and Jamia
Millia Islamia (Aligarh) in 1920, which was later transferred to Delhi. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2005]
5. Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)
 At Chauri-Chaura, on 4th Feb., 1922 in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, police tried to stop a
procession of Congress and Khilafat activists. Irritated by this behaviour, some activists attacked
them and the police opened fire at them. [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013,U.P. P.C.S. (Spl)
(Mains) 2008, 2006]

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 Shocked by this incident Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement. [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre)
2006]
 At the time of Chauri-Chaura incident, Gandhiji was at Bardoli (Gujarat) where he was preparing
to start a Civil Disobedience Movement. The civil disobedience at Bardoli was also postponed.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
 On February 24, 1922 the Working Committee met at Delhi which decided to ban all such
activities, which is considered as violation of the law. The sudden suspension of Non-
Cooperation Movement by Gandhi caused a profound shock to his followers. In the same
meeting, Dr. Moonje tabled a vote of censure against Gandhi for calling off the Non-Cooperation
Movement. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
 Gandhi stated that without adequate discipline and restraint on the part of the people, the
movement had proved to be a ‘Himalayan Blunder’.

om
th
6. 10 March 1922: Gandhi arrested; trial held before Mr. Broomfield; sentenced to 6 years
imprisonment and was lodged in Yerawada jail, Poona.
7. November 1922: Mustafa Kamal Pasha declared Turkey as a secular state and later abolished the

l.c
Caliphate itself (1924), thus ended the issue of Khilafat world over.
ai
******
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07
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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 16
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT AANDOLAN
1. Introduction: The British during 1919-22 were opposed through two mass movements- Khilafat
and Non-cooperation. Though the two movements emerged from separate issues, they adopted a
common programme of action i.e, non-violent non-cooperation.
2. Background: Disillusionment with Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, Post-War Miseries, Rowlatt act
and JallianwalaBagha Massacre, radical nationalist Muslims like Mohammad Ali, Abdul Kalam
Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasan Imam become more influential than conservative Aligarh
school elements.
3. Khilafat Issue
 Indian Muslims were angered by the treatment meted out to Turkey by British after First world
war.
 Demands: Restoration of Khalifa’s position, Khalifa’s control over the Muslim sacred places
should be retained, in territorial adjustments after the war, Khalifa should be left with sufficient
territories.
 Khilafat Committee: In early 1919, the All India Khilafat Committee was formed under the
leadership of the Ali brothers [Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali], Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad, Ajmal Khan, Dr. Mukthar Ahmed Ansari and Hasrat Mohani, to force the British
Government to change its attitude to Turkey. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
 Hakim Ajmal Khan had renounced the title of Haziq-ul-Mulk during Khilafat agitation. Hakim
Ajmal Khan had been honoured with the title of Haziq-ul-Mulk in 1908 by the British
Government.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 Gandhi was the President of All India Khilafat committee.
 Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to bring Hindus and Muslims together
in one Movement. Mohammad Ali Jinnah opposed this. Jinnah criticized Gandhi’s support of the
Khilafat Movement, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. According to K.M.
Munshi, “Jinnah warned Gandhiji not to encourage the fanaticism of Muslim religious leaders”
in the Khilafat Movement. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011] [U.P.P.C.S. (Main) 2013][U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2015]
 Tilak did not support alliance with Muslim league over a religious issue and was skeptical of
satyagraha.
4. Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement
 June 1920- Central Khilafat Committee met at Allahabad and was attended by both congress and
Khilafat leaders. Gandhi declared program of NCM which include- Boycott of all government
jobs, boycott of titles conferred by British and Non-payment of taxes.
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak supported Non-Cooperation Movement, but due to his death on the first
day of the Movement, he could not see its result.Shaukat Ali and Dr. Saifuddin Kichalu along
with Mahatma Gandhi lifted the bier of Bal Gangadhar Tilak after his death on 1 August, 1920
and Maulana Hasrat Mohani read the Elegy after his death. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014][U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2010]
 Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar journals- the Comrade (English weekly launched from
Calcutta in 1911) and Hamdard (Urdu daily in 1912).

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 Hasrat Mohani- Coined the term ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ and first person to demand complete
independence in 1921 at Ahmedabad Congress session.
 1920 Nagpur session (President C Vijayaraghavachari):C.R. Das who proposed the
Noncooperation resolution. NCP endorsed ;From self-government by constitutional methods
to swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means; 15-member CWC formed; linguistic
organization of provincial congress committees; ward committees formed; entry fee reduced
to four annas; Gandhi declared that if non-cooperation programme was implemented
completely, swaraj would be ushered in within a year; opening of congress membership to all
men and women of age 21 years and above; resolutions on Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of
untouchability. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010,
2012] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
 Surendranath Banerjea founded the Indian National Liberal Federation.
 Educational institutions organized under the leadership of Acharya Narendra Dev, CRD as,
Lala, Zakir Hussain, Subhas Bose (became Pres, National College, Calcutta)—included
Jamia Millia (Aligarh), Kashi Vidyapeeth, GJ Vidyapeeth, BR Vidyapeeth.
 Lawyers gaveup practice: Motilal, Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Kitchlew, Patel, Asaf Ali,
Rajendra Prasad Tilak Swaraj Find was oversubscribed and Rs 1cr collected.
 In Assam, strikes in tea plantations, stemmer services and Assam-Bengal railways had been
organized. JM Sengupta was a prominent leader in these strikes.
 In November, 2021, the visit of Prince of Wales to India invited strikes.
 Congress volunteer group emerged as alternate police.
 Peasants participation was massive, women gave up Purdah, massive participation of Mulsims and
maintenance of communal unity despite events like Mappilla Uprisings.
 The spirit of defiance led to local struggles as well: Awadh Kisan Movt (UP) under Baba
Ram Chandra, Eka Movt(UP), Mapilla Revolt (Malabar), Sikh agitations for removal of
mahants, Bhil movement in Rajasthan led by Motilal Tejawat, Alluri Sitarama Raju in
Andhra played a prominent role in organizing the tribals. [U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2017]
 Talks between Gandhi and Reading (viceroy) broke down when Gandhi refused to urge Ali
brothers to remove parts from their speeches that suggested violence.
 Rabindranath Tagore was against the movements and demonstrations rather he supported the
creative programmes. That is why he wrote to Gandhi to implement creative programmes rather
than burning foreign clothes. During Non-cooperation Movement he described the act of burning
foreign clothes as ‘indecipherable or inexorable waste’. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010,U.P.P.C.S.
(Spl) (Mains) 2004,U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2003,U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2002,U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2013]
 The following Institutions were established during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22):-
Kashi Vidhyapeeth (Varanasi) in 1921, Gujarat Vidhyapeeth (Ahmadabad) in 1920, and Jamia
Millia Islamia (Aligarh) in 1920, which was later transferred to Delhi. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2005]
5. Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)
 At Chauri-Chaura, on 4th Feb., 1922 in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, police tried to stop a
procession of Congress and Khilafat activists. Irritated by this behaviour, some activists attacked
them and the police opened fire at them. [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013,U.P. P.C.S. (Spl)
(Mains) 2008, 2006]

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 History (Modern History)
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 Shocked by this incident Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement. [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre)
2006]
 At the time of Chauri-Chaura incident, Gandhiji was at Bardoli (Gujarat) where he was preparing
to start a Civil Disobedience Movement. The civil disobedience at Bardoli was also postponed.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
 On February 24, 1922 the Working Committee met at Delhi which decided to ban all such
activities, which is considered as violation of the law. The sudden suspension of Non-
Cooperation Movement by Gandhi caused a profound shock to his followers. In the same
meeting, Dr. Moonje tabled a vote of censure against Gandhi for calling off the Non-Cooperation
Movement. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
 Gandhi stated that without adequate discipline and restraint on the part of the people, the
movement had proved to be a ‘Himalayan Blunder’.

om
th
6. 10 March 1922: Gandhi arrested; trial held before Mr. Broomfield; sentenced to 6 years
imprisonment and was lodged in Yerawada jail, Poona.
7. November 1922: Mustafa Kamal Pasha declared Turkey as a secular state and later abolished the

l.c
Caliphate itself (1924), thus ended the issue of Khilafat world over.
ai
******
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07
03
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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER: 17
SWARAJISTS AND CONSTRUCTIVE WORK (1922-29)
1. Introduction: The period between 1922 and 1929 saw the emergence of the Swarajists as a new
trend in Indian politics. The Swaraj party was formed under leadership of Motilal Nehru and C.R
Das with twin aims of council entry and constructive work.
2. Chittaranjan Das: Popularly known as Deshbandu, joined Anushilan Samiti with Pramathanath
Mitra. In 1909, he successfully defended Aurobindo Ghosh in Alipore conspiracy case (1909). He
started the newspaper ‘Forward’ and later changed its name to ‘Liberty’.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2012],[U. P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2004]
3. Motilal Nehru: Started the daily ‘the Independent’, participated actively in NCM, criticized
Gandhi’s decision to withdraw the movement after Chauri-Chaura and helped found swaraj party.
4. On 16 December, 1922, Madan Mohan Malviya and Motilal Nehru decided to launch the
independent party.[U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
5. Swarajists (Advocated for council entry)
 Led by C R Das, Motilal Nehru, and Ajmal Khan.
 They wanted to 'end or mend' these councils; no intention of using them to transform colonial
rule.
 CR Das announced formation of Congress-Khilafat Swarajya party (Swaraj party) in 1923 with
himself as President and Motilal as secretary. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
 Chittaranjan Das, a revolutionary freedom fighter, was endearingly called ‘Deshabandhu’
(Friend of the Nation). [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
 Lala Lajpat Rai took part in this party but resigned after death of C.R. Das on 16 June,
1925.[U.P. B.E.O. (Pre) 2019]
 Two types of Swarajists: (1) Responsivists: Lala, Malviya, NC Kelkar—cooperation with
government; Hindu interests (2) Non-responsivists: Withdrew from legislatures; did not
contest 1926 elections.
6. No Changers
 C Rajagopalachari, Vallabhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and MA Ansari. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2014]
 Opposed council entry, advocated concentration on constructive work and continuation of
boycott and non-cooperation.
7. Gandhi’s Attitude
 Gandhi was initially opposed to Swarajists but after releasefrom jail, he gradually reconciled
with Swarajists.
 Both sides came to an agreement in 1924 (endorsed at Belgaum session in Dec 1924 over
which Gandhi for the only time presided).
8. Swarajist Activity in Councils
In the November, 1923 elections the Swarajists had managed to win 42 out of 101 elected seats and
a clear majority in the provincial assemblies of central provinces and legislatures had joined hand
with the liberals and the independents like Jinnah and Malviya. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
Vithal Bhai Patel was the first Indian speaker in the Central Legislative Assembly who became
its president in 1925. He was also the co-founder of the Swaraj Party. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012]
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]

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 History (Modern History)
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 Policy of uniform, continuous and consistent obstruction to wreck the reforms from within is
comparable to method of sabotage.
 Split among Swarajists themselves on communcal and Responsivist- Non responsivist lines.
 Responsivists among Swarajists- Lala Lajpat Rai, MM Malviya and NC Kelkar advocated
cooperation with government and holding of office wherever possible; they also wanted to
protect the Hindu-interests.
 In 1930, the Swarajists finally walked out as a result of Lahore congress resolution on Purna
Swaraj.
 Vithalbhai Patel was elected speaker of Central legislative assembly in 1925.
 C. Viraraghavachari moved a resolution demanding provincial autonomy and dominion status for
India.
 In 1928, the government was defeated on the Public Safety bill by which government proposed
to deport ‘undesirable’ and ‘subversive’ foreigners.
9. Constructive works by No Changers
 Ashrams sprang up, where young men and women worked among tribals and lower castes
(particularly in Gujarat's Kheda and Bardoli areas), popularising the use of charkha and khadi.
 National schools and colleges were established to train students in a non-colonial ideological
framework.
 Progress toward Hindu-Muslim unity, the abolition of untouchability, the boycott of foreign
cloth and liquor, and flood relief.
10. Muddiman Committee (1924)
 It investigated the issue of Dyarchy which was introduced by the Government of India Act of
1919.
 It had 4 Indian members → Sir Sivaswami Aiyar, Dr. R P Paranjape, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru and
Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 18
EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES: SOCIALISTIC
IDEAS AND TRADE UNIONISM
1. Introduction: The ideas of Marx and Socialist thinkers inspired many groups to come into
existence as socialists and communists. These ideas resulted in rise of left wing within Congress,
represented by Jawaharlal Nehru and Shubhash Chandra Bose.
2. Spread of Marxist and Socialist Ideas
 Younger nationalists were critical of both Swarajists and No-Changers
 Advocated a more consistent anti-imperialist stance in the form of a Purna Swarajya slogan
(Complete Independence)

om
 They were influenced by awareness, emphasized the importance of combining nationalism and
anti-imperialism with social justice.
 The Communist Party of India (CPI) was founded in 1920 in Tashkent (now the capital of

l.c
Uzbekistan) by M.N. Roy, Abani Mukherji, and others following the second Comintern
Congress. M.N. Roy was also the first to be elected to the Comintern leadership.
ai
Many communists were imprisoned in the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case in 1924, including:
gm

(1) MN Roy, (2) Muzaffar Ahmad, (3) Shaukat Usmani, (4) Ghulam Hussain, (5) SA Dange, (6) M.
Singaravelu, (7) RL Sharma, (8) Nalini Gupta, (9) Shamuddin Hassan, (10) MRS Velayndhun,
(11) Doctor Manila, (12) Sampurnananda, (13) Satyabhakta.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021].
07

The trial got worldwide publicity but weekend the working-class movement. The trial drew
sympathetic comments from prof. Albert Einstein, H.G. Wells, Harold Laski and Roosevelt in favour
03

of convicts. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017][U.P. P.S.C. (GIC) 2010],[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2001]

 The CPI was formally founded in 1925 at the Indian Communist Conference in Kanpur.
ar

3. Activism of Indian Youth

 Students' leagues were being formed all over the place.
m

 Student conferences were being held.

to

 Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the All Bengal Students' Conference in 1928.
 The first "All India Socialist Youth Congress" was organized in Calcutta on 27 December, 1928.
av

This Congress was presided over by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru.[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013]
ur

4. Peasants Agitation
 Peasant agitations in the United Provinces sought revision of tenancy laws, lower rents,
ga

protection from eviction, and debt relief.

 Similar peasant uprisings occurred in the Andhra Rampa region, Rajasthan, and the ryotwari
areas of Bombay and Madras.
 Vallabhbhai Patel led the Bardoli Satyagraha in Gujarat (1928).[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2005]
 The Kisan Movement at Bardoli was successful in the leadership of Vallabhbhai Patel. On behalf
of the women of Bardoli, Mahatma Gandhi gave him the title of ‘Sardar.’ [U.P. P.S.C. (GIC)
2010],[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2002]
5. Growth of Trade Union
 The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), founded in 1920, led the trade union movement.
 Its first president was Lala Lajpat Rai, and its first general secretary was Dewan Chaman Lal.
Tilak was another of the evocative spirits.

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 During the 1920s, major strikes occurred at Kharagpur Railway Workshops, Tata Iron and Steel
Works (Jamshedpur), Bombay Textile Mills (which involved 1,50,000 workers and lasted 5
months), and Buckingham Carnatic Mills.
6. Caste Movements
 Justice Party (Madras)
 Self-respect movement (1925) under "Periyar" - E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Madras)
 Satyashodhak activists in Satara (Maharashtra)
 Bhaskar Rao Jadhav (Maharashtra)
 Mahars under Ambedkar (Maharashtra)
 Kerala's radical Ezhavas are led by K. Aiyappan and C. Kesavan.
 Yadavs in Bihar seek social advancement.
 Unionist Party led by Fazl-i-Hussain (Punjab).
7. Revolutionary Activities
 In Punjab-UP-Bihar, two strands of the Hindustan Republican Association (H.R.A.) emerged.
 Surya Sen led the Yugantar, Anushilan, and later the Chittagong Revolt Group in Bengal.
8. Revolutionary activity during 1920s
 Major influences: Upsurge of working class trade unionism, Russian revolution (1917), journals
extolling self-sacrifice of revolutionaries such as Atmasakti, Sarathi and Bijoli.
 Bandi Jivan – Sachin Sanyal
 Pather Dabi- Sharat Chandra Chatterjee
 In Punjab-United Provinces- Bihar: Dominated by Hindustan Republican
Association/Army HRA (later, HSRA): –foundedin 1924 in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil,
Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachin Sanyal to organise armed revoln to overthrow
colonial government and establish Federal Republic of US of India based on adult
franchise.[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2010]
 Kakori Robbery (Aug 1925): The men held up train at Kakori near Lucknow and looted
official railway cash. A big crackdown → setback for HRA. At the end of the trial,
Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri were sentenced to
death and hanged. The Court appointed Jagat Narayan Mulla as a public prosecutor.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015] [U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2004]
 Chandrasekhar Azad was only HRA leader who succeeded in escaping arrest.
 Martyrdom of Chandra Shekhar Azad was on 27 February, 1931 [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006],[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
 Yogesh Chandra Chatterjee was one of the founder members of Hindustan Republican
Association. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in Kakori Case. He wrote in his book ‘In
search of Freedom’ that Pandit Motilal Nehru under Leadership of Govind Ballabh Pant formed
the Kakori Case Defence Committee. In an article of Shankar Narayan Rao at PIB website, it is
mentioned that in this case President of the defence committee was Pandit Motilal Nehru.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
 Ram Prasad Bismil was hanged in Gorakhpur Jail, Rajendra Lahiri was hanged in Gonda and
Roshan Singh in Allahabad and Ashfaq Ullah was hanged in Faizabad.[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A.
(Pre) 2006][U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]

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 History (Modern History)
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 Hindustan Socialist Republican Association: HRA reorganized as HSRA in Delhi in 1928

to address the Kakori setback; under Chandrashekhar Azad; others: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev,
Bhagvaticharan Vohra and BK Sinha, Shiv Verma, Yashpal and Jaidev Kapur of
UP.[U.P.P.C.S (Mains) 2006][U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
 The book ‘Philosophy of Bomb’ was written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra with the help of
Chandrasekhar Azad and Yashpal.
 Saunders’ Murder (Dec1928): After Lala Lajpat Raideath, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru
shot dead Saunders, the police officer responsible.
 Bomb in Central Legislative Assembly (April1929): Bhagat + Batukeshwar Azad; against
Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill
 Bhagat, Sukhdev and Rajguru tried in Lahore Conspiracy case.
 On 23 March, 1931 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were hanged by the British
Government and their funeral was done on the banks of the river Sutlej in Ferozpur district.
Today at the same place the memorial of Shaheed Bhagat Singh is situated, where every year on
23rd March, thousands of people come to pay their homage.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
 Bhagat Singh’s words were not rigid or ideologically regimented and are very logical and
scientific in its true sense. He reiterated his insistence on adopting a scientific and critical attitude
towards all things. Once he said, "criticism and independent thinking are the two indispensable
qualities of a revolutionary."[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 Jatin Das became the 1st martyr on the 64th day of his fast.
 Azad involved in a bid to blow up Viceroy Irwin’s train in 1929.
 In Bengal, after the death of CRD as (1925), the Bengal Congress broke into two factions:
Led by JM Sengupta (Anushilan group joined him); other led by SC Bose (Yugantar group
backed him).
 Chittagong Armory Raid (April 1930): Surya Sen (popularly known as Masterda)
participated in NCM and became teacher at school. Jailed in 1926-8 for revolutionary
activities. Gathered a large number of revolutionaries including Ganesh Ghosh, Ambika
Chakravarthy and Loknath Paul. Became secretary of Chittagong District Congress
Committee. Organised Raid to occupy two main armories, destroy telephone and telegram
connect to Chittagong ad dislocate rail. Raided under the banner of Indian Republican
Army- Chittagong Branch—very successful—hoisted national flag, proclaimed provisional
govt.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 Surya Sen had muslims such as Satar, mir Ahmed, Fakir Ahmed Mian in his group.
9. Role of Women
 Pritilata Waddedar: died conducting a raid
 Kalpana Dutt: tried and life sentenced along with Surya Sen Santi Ghosh and
 Suniti Chanderi: Shot the DM
 Bina Das: fired point blank at the governor at convocation.[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2010]

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 19
SIMON COMMISSION AND SIMON BOYCOTT
MOVEMENT (1927-29)

1. Introduction: As per a provision of the GOI act 1919, an Indian Statutory commission was to be
appointed at the end of 10 years after the passing of the act to enquire into the working of the GOI
under the act of 1919 and suggest fresh reforms.
2. Simon commission (8th November 1927)
 Why it was appointed before time - Tory government of Britain was facing the prospect of
electoral defeat at the hands of Labor party; nationalist opinion in India resented method of
periodic enquiry; pressure created by Swaraj party and the youth activists led by Nehru and

om
Bose; Also, various reports showed the insufficiency of 1919 Act— Lee Commission: failure
to recruit enough British officers + Mudiman commission: deadlock between diarchic
dispensation + Linlithgow Commission: crisis of Indian agriculture.

l.c
 Composition: Lord Birkenhead, secretary of state for India announced appointment of the
commission (all British and all members of the British parliament) under chairmanship of Sir
ai
John Simon assisted by Clement Atlee. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
gm

 It is an all-white seven-member Indian statutory commission set up by British government under

Stanley Baldwin’s prime ministership on November 8, 1927. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2004,
U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2003]
07

 Mandate: Enquire into working of system of government, growth of education and development
of representative institutions in British India, subject of relations between British India and
03

Indian states and to report whether and to what extent it is desirable to establish the principle of
responsible government.
ar

 Members: Clement Atlee, Edward Cadogan, George Lane-Fox, Vernon Hartshorn, Donald
Howard, Harry Levy-Lawson and Sir John Allsebrook Simon.
m

 Indian Response to the Simon Commission

to

o The call for boycott was endorsed by the Congress because of no Indian member, a section of
Muslim league, Liberal federation led by Tej Bahadur Sapru, Indian Industrial and Commercial
av

Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2010, U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl.) (Pre)
2010, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
ur

o Congress session in Madras (1927) under MA Ansari boycotted commission.

ga

o Bhagat Singh opposed the commission.

o Muslim league led by Muhammad Shafi, Justice party in Madras, Central Sikh Sangh, Unionists
in Punjab and All India Achut federation did not oppose the commission.
o Ambedkar was appointed by the Bombay Legislative Council to work with the commission.
He argued for Universal Adult Franchise, provincial autonomy, dyarchy at centre; submitted
memorandum of rights on behalf of the Bahishkrit Hitakarni Sabha.
 Simon boycott movement
o Black flag demonstrations, hartals and slogans of ‘Simon Go Back’.
o T. Prakasam bravely rose in protest in Andhra Pradesh.
o Emergence of groups such as Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha, Workers and Peasants parties

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

and Hindustani Sewa Dal (Karnataka).

o Naujawan Bharat Sabha was a left-wing Indian association that sought to forment revolution
against the British Raj by gathering together worker and peasant youths by disseminating
Marxist idea. It was founded by Bhagat Singh in March 1926.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021]
o In 1927, Jawaharlal Nehru represented INC at Brussels Congress organized by League against
imperialism.
o Lala Lajpat Rai was fatally hit during a lathi-charge while leading an anti-Simon agitation.
o Bhagat Singh vowed to avenge his death and decided to kill James Scott, the police officer
who ordered the lathi charge.
o The commission visited twice and boycotted each time.
 Impact
o Gave a stimulus to radical forces for complete independence and socio-economic changes.
o Nehru Report (result of challenge of Lord Birkenhead).
 Report of the Simon commission (7th June 1930)
o Retention of separate electorates.
o Reservation of seats for depressed classes
o Abolition of dyarchy in provinces.
o Establish representative governments in provinces with autonomy
o Extension of franchise and expansion of legislatures.
o Separation of Burma from British India.
o Governor - discretionary power in internal security and protecting diff communities
o Rejected parliamentary responsibility at the centre – Governor General to have complete
power to appointment cabinet members.
o Government of India to have complete control over High courts
o Federalism accepted: not immediately; suggested “Consultative Council of Greater India”
o NWFP and Baluchistan should have own legislatures and right to be represented at centre.
o Sindh should be separated from Bomba, Burma should be separated from India (not natural
part of India)
o Indianise the army (but retain British forces).
 Delhi proposals (Dec 1927)
o Aim: Bridge the gulf between the Congress and the Muslim league and present a common
demand before British.
o MA Jinnah presided over the session- agreed to forego separate electorates.
o Sindh should be separated from Bombay presidency as a separate province.
o Muslim representation in Central legislature should be either 1/3rd of the total or more than
that.
o Representation in Punjab and Bengal should be made on the basis of population to ensure
Muslim majority in legislature.
o In Madras congress session of 1927, the congress passed a resolution accepting most of the
demands of Delhi proposals.
o Muslim league split over issue; separate annual session of league held at Lahore under
presidentship of Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Nehru Report (1928) [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021]

o Answering Birkenhead’s challenge, an All Parties Conference met in Feb 1928 and
appointed a sub-committee under chairmanship pf Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution.
o It included Tej Bahadur Sapru, SC Bose, MS Aney, Mangal Singh, Ali Imam, Shuab Qureshi
and GR Pradhan.
o Nehru Report confined itself to British India (princes to be in a federal relationship)
 Main recommendations of Nehru report
o Dominion status- self-governing
o Reject separate electorate; rather, reservations
o Linguistic provinces
o 19 fundamental rights including equal rights of women, right to form unions and Universal
adult suffrage.
o Provincial councils to have 5-yr tenure, headed by governor acting on advice of provincial
executive council.
o Full protection to culture and religious interests of Muslims.
o Complete dissociation of state from religion.
o Responsible government at centre and in provinces.
o Bicameral parliament- legislative powers should invest with King and bicameral parliament, and
executive powers with the King exercisable by Governor General.
o Communal representation was to be reconsidered after 10 years and Baluchistan was to be
given full provincial status.
o Hierarchy of courts with Supreme court at its apex should be established.
 Status of Princely states: In 1927, the subjects of Princely states formed States People’s conference
to introduce self-governing institutions; Butler committee laid stress on preservation of Princely
states through British Paramountcy.
 Hindu Mahasabha Demands
o Opposed the idea of Muslim-majority provinces
o Opposed reservation in Punjab and Bengal
o Demanded strictly unitary structure
 Compromises: Muslim league dissociated itself from and stuck to its demands. The
concessions to Hindu Mahasabha included:
o Joint electorates everywhere but reservation only where Muslims in minority
o Sindh to be detached from Bombay only after Bombay only after dominion status was
granted and subject to weightage given to Hindu minority in Sindh
o Political structure proposed broadly unitary (as residual powers with centre)
 In Dec 1928, Jinnah proposed 3 amendments: 1/3rd rep to Muslims in central legislature;
Reservation to Muslims in Bengal and Punjab legislatures proportionate to population, till
Universal adult suffrage was established, Residual powers to provinces.
 Jinnah Fourteen Points (March 1929) [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
o Federal Constitution with residual powers to provinces
o Provincial autonomy
o No constitutional amendment by centre without concurrence of states

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o All legislatures and elected bodies to have adequate representation of Muslims in every
province without reducing a majority of Muslims in a majority of Muslims in a province to a
minority or equality
o Adequate representation to Muslims in services and self-governing bodies
o 1/3rd Muslims rep in central legislature
o In any cabinet at centre or provinces, 1/3rd to be Muslims
o Separate electorates
o No bill/ resolution passed of 3/4th minority against it
o Any territorial redistribution not to affect Muslim majority in PB, BN, NWFP
o Separation of Sindh from Bombay
o Constitutional reforms in NWFP and Baluchistan
o Full religious freedom to all communities

om
o Protect Muslim rights in religion, culture, education, language
 Nehru and Bose opposed the idea of “dominion” and set up Independence for India League.

l.c
 Calcutta congress session (Dec 1928, presided by Motilal Nehru): In case the government did not
accept the Nehru report by 31st Dec 1929, the congress would declare complete independence as its
ai
goal.

gm

CWC formed a Foreign Cloth Boycott Committee to carry out an aggressive program of boycott of
foreign cloth and its public burning.
 Delhi Manifesto (2nd November 1929): It demanded that purpose of Round Table conference
07

should not be to discuss when dominion status would be granted.

 Lahore congress session (31st December 1929, presided by Jawaharlal Nehru): Presided by
03

Jawaharlal Nehru, Purna Swaraj as the goal for India, announcement of civil disobedience
movement; on 31st December 1929, on the banks of River Ravi, J.L Nehru hoisted the newly
ar

adopted tricolor. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006], [U.P.P.S.C. (Pre) 2009] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2011,U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010,U.P.P.S.C. (Mains) 2008]
m

 Independence Pledge (26th January 1930): Congress decided to celebrate the day as the first
to

Independence Day or Purna Swaraj day and took Independence pledge (drafted by Gandhi).
 It was decided that every year January 26 will be celebrated as ‘Complete Independence Day.’
av

[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]

ur

******
ga

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

CHAPTER: 20
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT AND
ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES
1. Introduction: The Civil disobedience movement (CDM) was the mass movement launched by the
congress after a gap of 8 years. There were several factors that prepared the ground for the CDM,
starting from withdrawal of NCM to non-acceptance of Nehru report by British government.
2. Run up to Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)
 Calcutta session of congress (December 1928, presided by Motilal Nehru)
o Nehru Report was approved by the Congress, but the younger elements led by Jawaharlal
Nehru, Subhash Bose, and Satyamurthy demanded that the Congress set the goal of purna
swaraj, or complete independence.
o One year given to government to agree else CDM.
 Lahore Congress Session (Dec 1929, presided by Jawaharlal Nehru)
o Boycott Round Table Conference
o Complete independence as aim
o CWC authorized to launch CDM including non-payment of taxes
o All members of legislature asked to resign
o January 26, 1930, was designated as the first Independence (Swarajya) Day.
 Political Activity during 1929
o Gandhi toured India; CWC organized Foreign Cloth Boycott Committee.
o Other developments: Meerut Conspiracy Case (March); Bomb explosion in Central Leg
Assembly by Bhagat Singh+ BK Dutt (April); Minority Labour govt by MacDonald
(May) and Wedgewood Benn became Secretary of State for India. [U.P.P.S.C.(GIC) 2010]
 Irwin’s declaration (October 31, 1929)
o Ioint effort by the Labour government and a Conservative viceroy.
o The declaration's goal was to "restore faith in the ultimate goal of British policy."
o Irwin's promised dominion status would be unavailable for a long time.
o Promised RTC after the Simon Commission submitted its report.
 Delhi Manifesto (Nov 2nd 1929)- Conditions for attending RTC
o RTC purpose should be not to determine whether or when dominion status was to be reached
but to formulate a constitution for implementation of dominion status.
o Congress to have majority representation at RTC
o General amnesty for political prisoners and a policy of reconciliation.
o Irwin rejected the demands.
o The ‘Deepavali Declaration’ issued by then Governor-General Lord Irvin on October 31,
1929 was related to the dominion status of India. [U.P.P.C.S. (Re. Exam) (Pre) 2015]
 Gandhi’s Eleven Points (January 1930)
o Reduce expenditure on army and civil services by 50%
o Introduce total prohibition
o Reform CID (Criminal Investigation department)
o Change Arms Act allowing popular control of issues of firearms licenses

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o Release political prisoners

o Accept Postal Reservation Bill
o Reduce rupee-sterling exchange ratio to 1s 4d
o Protection for Indian textiles (protective tariff) and coastal shipping.
o Reserve coastal shipping for Indians Specific Peasant demands
o Reduce land revenue by 50%
o Abolish salt tax and government’s salt monopoly
 CDM- the Salt Satyagraha and other upsurges
o Dandi March (March 12- April 6, 1930): Gandhi informed viceroy of his plan of action.
Subhas Chandra Bose had compared the salt march to Napoleon’s March from Elba to Paris.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012,U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2002] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]
o Gandhi + 78 followers of Sabarmati Ashram were to march from his HQ in Ahmedabad
through villages of Gujarat for 240 miles.
o The number and names of few satyagrahi with their respective states are as follows- Gujrat-
31, Maharashtra-13, U.P.-8, Kacch-6, Kerala-4, Punjab-3, Rajputana-3, Bombay-2
(Dadubhai and Harilal Mahimtura), Sindh-1 (Anand Hingorani), Nepal-1 (Mahaveer), Tamil
Nadu-1 (Tapan Nayar), Andhra-1 (Subramanyam), Utkal-1 (Motibasdas), Karnataka-1
(Mahadev Martand), Bihar-1 (Girivardhari Chaudhary), Bengal-1 (Durgesh Chandra Das).
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
o While addressing the domestic and foreign journalists, Gandhi said: “I want world sympathy
in this battle of Right against Might.” [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
o Gandhi’s instructions to his followers:
 Wherever possible civil disobedience of the salt law should be started
 Foreign liquor+ cloth shops can be picketed
 We can refuse to pay taxes if we have requisite strength
 Lawyers can give up practice
 Public can boycott law courts by refraining from litigation
 Government servants can resign
 Obey local leaders after Gandhi’s arrest
o Spread of Salt Law Disobedience: Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930 when he had
announced that he would lead a raid on Dharsana Salt works on the west coast.
o Mahatma Gandhi was arrested and sent to Yerawada Jail.Abbas Taiyabji led the Movement after
Gandhi got arrested at Sholapur. After Gandhi’s arrest the CWC sanctioned non-payment of
revenue in ryotwari areas; no chowkidara tax campaign in zamindari areas and violation of forest
laws in Central Provinces. Women’s participation was the maximum in this. [U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2016] [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2012, U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2006, U.P. P.C.S. (Pre)
2002] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2010]
o Satyagraha at Different Places
 Tamil Nadu- C. Rajagopalachari organized a march from Tiruchirapalli to Vedaranniyam on
the Tanjore coast in April 1930 to defy the salt law.
 Kerala- Salt marches were organized by K. Kelappan, a Nair Congress leader best known for
the Vaikom Satyagraha.

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 History (Modern History)
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 Vaikom Satyagraha was a movement in Travancore (modern-day Kerala) for temple entry of
the depressed classes. It was against untouchability and caste discrimination. It took place
near a part of the princely state of Travancore. In 1925 Mahatma Gandhi participated in this
Satyagraha indirectly. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021]
 Orissa- Salt satyagraha was successful in the coastal districts of Balasore, Cuttack, and Puri
under Gandhian leader Gopalbandhu Chaudhuri.
 Assam- In May 1930, however, a successful student strike against the Cunningham Circular,
which prohibited student political participation; Chandraprabha Saikiani incited the
aboriginal Kachari villages to break forest laws which was denied by Assam congress
leadership.
 Peshawar- Gaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan and Frontier Gandhi, founded the
first Pushto political monthly Pukhtoon + organized a volunteer brigade known as the 'Red-
Shirts,' who followed nonviolence. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]

om
 Dharsana- Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, and Manilal (Gandhi's son) resumed the unfinished
business of leading a raid on the Dharasana Salt Works on May 21, 1930.

l.c
 Webb Miller was an American journalist, who stayed by Gandhi in his Sabarmati ashram
during Dandi March. He rote about gruesome police excesses at Dharsana “ As a reporter, I
ai
have seen numerous revolts in the last 18 years. I have seen riots, carnage in the streets and
revolts but I have never seen such a horrible event like Dharsana”. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021]
gm

[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]

 People in Wadala (Bombay), Karnataka (Sanikatta Salt Works), Andhra Pradesh, Midnapore,
Balasore, Puri, and Cuttack enthusiastically embraced this new form of salt satyagraha.
07

 Maharashtra and Karnataka- In these areas, forest laws such as grazing and timber
restrictions were flouted, as was the public sale of illegally obtained forest produce.
03

 United Province- A no-revenue campaign was launched, with zamindars encouraged to

refuse to pay revenue to the government.
ar

 Manipur and Nagaland- Rani Gaidinliu, a Naga spiritual leader who followed her cousin
Haipou Jadonang, born in what is now the state of Manipur, raised the banner of revolt
m

against foreign rule at the age of thirteen.

to

 The tribes of Manipur also played an active role under the leadership of the Naga tribal
women Gaidinliu during the Civil Disobedience Movement. This movement led by her is
av

known as ‘Jiatrang Movement.’ [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]

 Acharya Vinoba Bhave was a close ally of Gandhi. He took part in various Movements of
ur

Mahatma Gandhi. He was arrested in 1930 for the first time for taking part in the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
ga

 Government Response
o July 1930: Irwin suggested RTC, reiterated dominion goal, accepted Sapru and Jayakar
suggestion to explore possibility of peace between Congress and government.
o Aug 1930: Motilal and Nehru taked to meet Gandhi in Yeravada Jail and discuss
settlement. They reiterated 3 demands:
 Right of secession from Britain
 Complete national government with control over defence and finance
 Independent tribunal to settle Britain’s financial claims.
 After noticing the expansion of Civil Disobedience Movement, Viceroy Lord Irwin released
Mahatma Gandhi on January 26, 1931. The conversation started between Gandhi and Irwin

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Page. 109
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

in the mid-February, 1931 which was the efforts of Tej Bahadur Sapru and M.R. Jaykar. The
pact known as Gandhi-Irwin Pact took place on March 5, 1931. In context to the pact,
Sarojini Naidu termed them as ‘The Two Mahatmas.’
 The biographer of Irwin, Alan Campbell Johnson termed Mahatma Gandhi’s gain in the
Gandhi-Irwin Pact as “Consolation Prizes” and the only surrender of Irwin to agreeing for the
conversation.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
 Gandhi-Irwin Pact/ Delhi Pact (1931):
 Irwin agreed for-
o Immediate release of political prisoners not convicted of violence
o Remission of all fines not yet collected
o Return all lands not yet sold to 3rd parties
o Lenient treatment to those government servants who resigned.
o Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption (not sale)
o Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing
o Withdraw emergency ordinances
 Irwin rejected:
o Public inquiry into public excesses
o Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades’ to life sentence
 Gandhi agreed:
o Suspend CD M [U.P.P.C.S (Pre) 2020]
o Participate in next RTC
 The pact paved the way for the GOI Act 1935, which softened the diarchy system and allowed a
greater number of Indian representatives in centre legislature.
 Karachi Congress Session (March 1931) [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
o Dissociated from political violence but admired “bravery” and “sacrifice” of 3 martyrs.
o To endorse the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
o Reiterated goal of Purna Swaraj
o Subhash Chandra Bose regarded the Karachi Session of Indian National Congress as the
‘pinnacle of Mahatma Gandhi’s popularity and prestige. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
o Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru were executed six days before the session (on March
23). [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013,U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2009,U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2006][U.P.
P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
The Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha met Gandhi on his way to Karachi with black flag
demonstrations in protest of his failure to secure a commutation of the death sentence for Bhagat and
his comrades.
o Resolution on FR: Free speech and free speech; Right to form associations; Right to
assemble; Universal Adult Franchise; Equal rights irrespective of caste, creed, sex;
Neutrality of state in religious matters; Free and compulsory primary education; Protect
culture, language, script of minorities and linguistic minorities.
o Resolution on National Economic Policy: Substantial reduction in rent and revenue in case of
landholders; exemption from rent for uneconomic holdings, control of usury, right to workers and
peasants to form unions.

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 First Round Table Conference (Nov, 1930)

o Held in accordance with the Simon Commission's report from 1930.
o The British King George V officially inaugurated on November 12, 1930, at the House of
Lords in London, and it was chaired by the then-British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
o First time the British and Indians met as equals.
o Congress and some prominent business leaders declined to attend, but many other Indian
groups were present.
o Attended by Princely States, the Muslim League, the Justice Party, the Hindu Mahasabha,
and others.
o Muslim league sent Aga Khan, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and others.
o GOI represented by Narendra Nath law, Bhupendra Nath Mitra, CP Ramaswami Iyer and M
Ramachandra Rao.
o Nothing much was achieved; generally agreed that India was to develop into a federation;
safeguards regarding defence and finance, while other departments were to be transferred.
 Second Round Table Conference (Sep 7-Dec 1931)
o Conference convened in London.
o Members of Indian Liberal Party such as TB Sapru, CY Chintamani and Srinivasa Sastri
appealed to Gandhi to talk with the viceroy.
o The conference's main task was accomplished through the two committees on federal
structure and minorities.
o INC nominated Gandhi as its sole representative. A Rangaswami Iyengar and MM Malaviya
were also there. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]
o Gandhi visited London to participate in the 2nd Round Table Conference by Ship “S.S.
Rajputana” and stayed in “Kingsley Hall” of London. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2008]
o Apart from the Congress, there were a large number of Indian participants. The princely
states, Muslims, Hindu groups, Liberals, Justice Party, Sikhs, Parsis, and Indian Christians.
o Gandhi demanded the immediate establishment of a responsible government at the national
and provincial levels; rejected the idea of a separate electorate for untouchables; separate
electorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities were unnecessary.
o Separate electorates were demanded by Muslims, the poor, Christians, and Anglo-Indians ->
'Minorities' Pact.'
 Communal Award (August 16, 1932)[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
o British PM Ramsay MacDonald announced; also known as the 'McDonald Award’.
o Based on the findings of Indian Franchise Committee (also known as the Lothian
Committee), it established separate electorates and reserved seats for minorities, including
the depressed classes, who were granted 78 reserved seats.
Thus, for some seats in Bombay, this award provided separate electorates for Muslims, Europeans,
Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, depressed classes, and even Marathas.
o Provisions: In provincial legislatures, seats were to be distributed on communal basis +
existing seats of provincial legislatures were to be doubled + Muslims wherever minority
granted weightage + Except in NWFP, 3% seats reserved for women in all provinces +
depressed classes to be accorded status of minority + Allocation of seats were to be made for
labourers, landlords, traders and industrialists.

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 Poona Pact (Sep 24, 1932)[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004][U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]
o On 14 August, 1931, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said during a conversation with Gandhi in Mumbai
“History tells that Mahatmas, like fleeting phantoms, raise dust but not level.” It was noticed
that there was a conflict between Gandhi and Ambedkar on the matter of “situations of
depressed classes.” Gandhiji began fast-unto-death on 20th September, 1932 against
Communal Award of Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald. Poona Pact was signed between
the followers of Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004]
o Signed at the Yerwada Central Jail in Pune by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma
Gandhi.
o highlighted by the government as an amendment to the Communal Award.
o Abandoned separate electorates for depressed classes. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007]
o seats reserved for the poor was increased from 71 to 147 in provincial legislatures and to
18% of the total in the Central Legislature.

om
 Third Round Table Conference (Nov 17-Dec 24, 1932)
o INC and Gandhi did not attend the third Round Table Conference and neither did many

l.c
Indian leaders.
o Delegates were sent by the Indian states. Aga Khan III, B.R. Ambedkar, Muhammad Iqbal,
ai
Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, and Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas were among the other Indian
representatives. [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2006,U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]
gm

o In March 1933, the recommendations were published in a White Paper and debated in the
British Parliament.
o A Joint Select Committee was formed to examine the recommendations and drafted a new
07

Act for India, and the committee produced a draft Bill in February 1935, which became the
Government of India Act of 1935.
03

 Gandhi’s Harijan Campaign 1932

o Established the All India Anti-Untouchability League in September 1932 and the weekly
ar

Harijan in January 1933.

m

o After his release, he moved to the Satyagraha Ashram in Wardha, vowing not to return to the
Sabarmati Ashram until swaraj was won.
to

o Mahatma Gandhi founded “All India Anti-Untouchability League” for removal of

untouchability from society on 30 September, 1932 which later named as “Harijan Sevak
av

Sangh.”[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]

o Beginning in Wardha, he conducted a Harijan tour covering 20,000 km while collecting
ur

funds for his newly formed Harijan Sevak Sangh. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]
o Ghanshyam Das Birla was the first President of this institution. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
ga

o Gandhi was attacked by orthodox and reactionary elements throughout his campaign.
o Depressed Class League was founded by Babu Jagjivan Ram. All India Scheduled Caste
Federation was founded by B.R. Ambedkar in 1942, while All India Depressed Classes
Association was founded in 1926 by M.C. Rajah.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2000]
 Extent of Mass Participation
o Women - Gandhi had specifically requested that women take the lead in the movement.
They quickly became a familiar sight, picketing outside liquor stores, opium dens, and shops
selling foreign cloth.
o Students - Along with women, students and youth played a significant role in the boycott of
foreign clothing and liquor.

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 History (Modern History)
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o Muslims - Some areas, such as the NWFP, saw a high level of participation. Middle-class
Muslim participation was high in Senhatta, Tripura, Gaibandha, Bagura, and Noakhali.
o Merchants and petty traders - Traders' associations and commercial bodies were active in
carrying out the boycott, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
o Tribals - Tribals were active participants in the Central Provinces, Maharashtra, and
Karnataka.
o Workers - Workers from Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Sholapur took part.
o Peasants - Peasants were active in the United Provinces, Bihar, and Gujarat.
o Final Withdrawal of Civil Disobedience Movement – On August 1, 1934 Gandhi started
Individual Civil Disobedience Movement, but his movement was unsuccessful for its short
and disappointing nature. [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl.) (Pre) 2008]

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 21
DEBATES ON FUTURE STRATEGY AFTER CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
1. Introduction: After withdrawal of CDM, there are two-stage debate on future strategy of
nationalists – First stage on course of national movement in immediate future (1934-35) and second
stage (1937) considered the question of office acceptance in context of provincial elections.
2. Jai Prakash Narayan, Yogendra Shukla, Minoo Masani and Acharya Narendra Dev, etc. formed
Congress Socialist Party in the year 1934 within the Indian National Congress. [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains)
2008]
3. First Stage Debate: what to do in immediate future i.e. phase of non-mass struggle: Three
perspectives came up:
 Constructive work on Gandhian lines.
 Constitutional struggle and elections to Central Legislature
 Left (Nehru)—resume non-constitutionalist mass struggle. Nehru criticized S-T-S (Struggle-
Truce-Struggle) strategy and offered S-V (Struggle-Victory) strategy.
 Finally, yes to council entry
4. Government of India Act, 1935
 Factors leading to the act: Dissatisfaction with reforms of 1919, national movement during
1920-27, Delhi proposals by Muslim league, Nehru report by congress party, White paper by
British government.
 Sources: Simon commission report, report of All Parties conference (Nehru report), discussions
at round table conferences, white paper, joint select committee report and Lothian report.
 Main Features
o All India Federation - comprising British Indian provinces, chief commissioner’s provinces
and Indian states (Princely states).
 Its formation was conditional on: States with allotment of 52 seats in Council of states to
agree to join the federation; Aggregate population of states in the above category should
be 50% of total population in all Indian states.
 Since these conditions were not fulfilled-> proposed federation never came up.
 Government of India continued under Government of India Act 1919 till 1946.
o Provincial legislatures expanded- Bicameral legislature introduced in 6 provinces- Bengal,
Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar and Assam.
Executive Legislature
 Governor- General→pivot of the  Bicameral leg: Council of States was
entire constitution. direct and Federal Assembly was
 Reserved subjects - foreign indirect.
Federal affairs, defense, tribal areas,  Council of States: permanent body
Level ecclesiastical affairs- administered (1/3 retire 3rd year); Federal Assembly
by GG on advice of executive = 5yrs
councilors (not responsible to  Federal Assembly cld no-conf (not
central legislature). CoS)

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 History (Modern History)
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 Tranf. Subjects – all other:  Extended religious-based and class-

administered by GG on advice of based electorates 80% budget= non-
ministers elected by legislature. votable.
 Discretionary for GG —security  GG = residuary powers -> Could
and tranquility of India. restore cuts in grants, certify bills
rejected by legislature, issue ordinances
and exercise his veto.
 Provincial autonomy replaced dyarchy: provinces freed from superintendence,
direction of Secretary of state.
 Provinces given independent financial powers and resources.
 Provincial governments could borrow money on their own security.
 Governor = crown’s nominee.  Separate electorates based on

om
 Governor has special powers with communal award.
regarding minorities, rights of  Directly elected members.
civil servants, law and order,  Women got the right on the same
Provincial
l.c
British business interests, partially basis as men.
ai
Level excluded areas, princely states, etc.  Council of Ministers under premier to
administer provincial subjects.
gm

 Ministers were made answerable to

and removable by adverse vote of
07

legislature.
 40% budget s t i l l non-votable.
03

 Governor could refuse assent,

promulgate ordinance, enact
ar

government Act.
m

 Nationalists response: Unanimously rejected by the Congress; Hindu Mahasabha and National
to

Liberal Foundation declared in favour of working of the 1935 act in central as well as at the
provincial level.
av

5. The Second Stage

 Nehru, Subhas, Congress and Socialists opposed office acceptance
ur

 Leftists proposed entry into the councils with an aim to crease deadlocks
ga

 Gandhi, in the beginning opposed for office acceptance, but later gave approval
 Congress sessions at Lucknow (1936) and Faizapur (1937) decided to contest elections.
6. Congress rule in Provinces
Provincial assembly elections were held under the Indian Government Act, 1935 in which Congress
won a full majority in 5 provinces – Madras, Bihar, Central Provinces and Berar, United Province
and Orrisa. Congress made its ministries in 6 states: Madras, Central Province, Bihar, Bombay,
Orissa and United Province in July, 1937. Only in Bengal, Punjab and Sindh Congress did not secure
enough support.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004] [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2016]
 Gandhi’s Advice to Office-bearers: use it in a way not expected/ intended by the Brits; hold
offices lightly, not tightly

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 History (Modern History)
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 Work under Congress Ministries: Eased curbs on civil liberties, Restrictions on press lifted,
Political prisoners and revolutionaries released, lifted ban from several illegal organizations,
books and journals and Restoration of pensions of officials associated with the CDM.
 Develop planning through National Planning Committee set up under Congress President Subhash
Bose in 1938.
 The tenure of the Congress ministries formed in the elections of 1937 after the Act of 1935 was 28
month. Congress ministries resigned from Legislature on 22nd October, 1939 because Indians were
included in the Second World War without the consent of Indian leaders. Jinnah called All Indian
Muslims to celebrate 22nd December, 1939 (Friday) as Day of Deliverance due to the resignation of
Congress Ministries. [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2010],[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2013],[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre)
2013]

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 22
NATIONALIST RESPONSE IN THE WAKE OF
SECOND WORLD WAR
1. Introduction: The outbreak of 2nd WW (1939) evoked a variety of responses among Indian people,
which was reflected in the Congress as well. After prolonged debate, individual satyagraha (1940-
41) was launched by Gandhi, but it evoked a lukewarm response. It was in 1942, the Congress
launched QIM also known as August revolution.
2. Haripura and Tripuri sessions
 Subhash Chandra Bose was president of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. He
announced formation of Independence League; fully endorsed ‘Poorna Swaraj’ decision.
 Haripura session (1938)
o Bose was unanimously elected President of the session; instrumental in setting up of a
National planning committee later.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
o Adopted a resolution that Congress would give moral support to those who were agitating
against the governance in Princely states.
 Tripuri session (1939)
o Bose decided to stand again for the President’s post of the congress; Gandhi was not happy
with his ideology.
o Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad and JB Kriplani favoured candidate supported by Gandhi,
namely Pattabhi Sitaramaya.
o The working committee is not elected, but nominated by the president; the election of the
president is thus a constitutional opportunity through which the membership expressed the
nature of leadership of the Congress.
o Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected but had to resign.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
o A resolution was moved by Govind Ballabh Pant, reaffirming faith in Gandhian policies and
asking Bose to nominate the working committee “in accordance with the wishes of
Gandhiji”; it was passed without opposition from the socialists or the communists.
o Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007]
o Subhash Chandra Bose formed Forward Bloc at Makur, Unnao as a new party within the
congress.
3. Congress Stand on WW2
 It would cooperate in war effort if: Freedom was given after the war; Some form of genuinely
responsible government was immediately set-up
 Sep 1, 1939: WW2 broke out and Britsh declared India’s support for war
 Sep 10-14, 1939: At CWC meeting at Wardha:
o Gandhi- for unconditional support for British efforts
o Bose- take advantage of British difficulties and start a mass movement
o Nehru- Believed that Justice was on the side of Britain but he also believed that Britain was
imperialist power; advocated no Indian participation till India itself was free; no advantage of
Britain’s difficulty by starting an immediate CDM.
o CWC Resolution: No Indian Participation unless freedom is granted; Government should
declare its war aims soon; if Britain was fighting for democracy and freedom, it should be
proved by ending imperialism in its colonies and establishing full democracy in India.

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 History (Modern History)
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4. Linlithgow’s statement (Oct 17, 1939)

 Tried to use the Muslim League and Princes against the congress.
 British war aim is to resist aggression.
 All interest groups are to be consulted to modify 1935 Act for future.
 Immediately a “consultative committee” is to be formed for advising functions.
 Congress Response: No Indian support to war, Congress ministries in provinces to resign
and no immediate mass struggle to be launched.
5. Ramgarh Congress session (1940, Presided by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad)- Civil Disobedience
movement to be launched at appropriate time and circumstances.
6. Pakistan Resolution (Lahore, March 1940): Grouping of geographically contiguous areas where
Muslims were in majority i.e, Northwest and East + Jinnah propounded two-nation theory that India
comprised of two nations – a Hindu nation and a Muslim nation.
7. August Offer (1940)

om
 Dominion status of Westminster variety to be the long-term objective
 After the war, Constituent assembly to be formed comprising mainly Indians
 Formation of a war advisory council

l.c
 Minorities’ consent to be essential for any future settlement.
ai
 Congress rejected the offer
 Acceptability of new constitution subject to fulfilment of British obligations such as Defence, Minority
gm

rights, treaties with native states and position of All India services.
 For first time, inherent right of Indians to frame their own constitution was recognized; congress
demand for a constituent assembly was conceded.
07

 National Defence council set up which was purely advisory in function.

8. Individual Satyagraha
03

 Vinoba Bhave (First Satyagrahi, 17th October 1940): Anti-war speech, ‘Delhi Chalo’ movement,
inaugurated at Paunar village near Wardha.
ar

 Jawaharlal Nehru (Second Satyagrahi); By May 1941, more than 25,000 Satyagrahis had been
arrested for offering individual satyagraha.
m

9. Cripps Mission (March 1942)- Headed by Stafford Cripps; sent to India with constitutional proposals
to

to seek Indian support for the war.

 An Indian Union with dominion status, with right to withdraw from the Commonwealth.
av

 After war, a Constituent assembly elected by provincial assemblies to frame the constitution.
 Freedom to any province unwilling to join the Union to have a separate agreement with
ur

Britain (Right of Non-accession of provinces).

 Right of secession of provinces
ga

 Protection of racial and linguistic minorities- treaty be signed between His Majesty’s
Government and the constitution-making body that will cover all matters arising out of
complete transfer of responsibility from British to Indian hands.
 Meanwhile, defence of India will remain in British hands.
 Congress objections: Dominion status, right of provinces to secede, No immediate transfer
of power and Retention of governor-general’s supremacy.
 Muslim League objections: Pakistan not explicitly offered, machinery for creation of
Constituent assembly.
10. Immediate context to QIM: Failure of Cripps mission, war time shortages, allied reverses and an
imminent British collapse, demoralisation among Indians.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]

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 History (Modern History)
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Chapter: 23
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT, DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN
& THE INA
1. Introduction: After Cripps’s departure, Gandhi framed a resolution calling for British withdrawal
and a non-violent non-cooperation movement against any Japanese invasion. The CWC meeting at
Wardha (July 1942) accepted the idea of struggle.
2. Reasons for struggle now- Failure of Cripps Mission + Rising prices, shortages of rice, etc.,
commandeering of boats in Odisha, Bengal + Brit reverses in SE Asia -> imminent collapse of
British empire + Leadership wanted to condition the masses for a possible Japanese invasion.
3. CWC Meeting at Wardha (14th July 1942)- adopted the Quit India resolution (Nehru proposed,
Patel seconded) which was to be later ratified by the AICC in its Bombay meeting.
4. Quit India resolution
 8th Aug 1942: AICC ratified the Quit India resolution at Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay.
 This meet resolved to: Demand immediate end of British rule + Commitment of free India to
defend itself against fascism and imperialism + Form provisional Government of India after
British withdrawal + Sanction a civil disobedience movement against British rule
 However, Congress did not give any concrete line of action to be adopted by the people but
merely appealed to them to remain completely non-violent at all times.
Gandhi’s general instructions: [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009] [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]
 On August 8, 1942 in the meeting of AICC, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru presented Quit India
Resolution and Sardar Patel supported it.On August 8, 1942 resolution for Quit India Movement
was passed with certain Amendments. The statement of Gandhiji, “I am not going to be satisfied
with anything short of Complete Freedom. May be, the British Government will propose the
abolition of salt tax, the drink evil, etc. But I will say, “nothing less than freedom.” Here is a
mantra that I give you. You may imprint it on your hearts and let every breath of yours give
expression to it. The mantra is: ‘Do or Die.’ We shall either free India or die in the attempt” is
particularly important
 At the time of Quit India Movement, Mahatma Gandhi said: “Freedom is almost within reach,
we have to seize it.”[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004,U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
 Yusuf Meher Ali (23 September 1903- 2 July 1950) was an Indian freedom fighter and socialist
leader. He was the founder of National Militia, Bombay Youth League and the Congress socialist
party and played a role in several peasant and trade union movements. He coined the term
'Simon Go Back'. He coined the term "Quit India" and was part of the Quit India Movement
along with Mahatma Gandhi. He was a participant of underground movement and was in the
forefront of Quit India Movement.
Government servants Don’t resign but declare allegiance to Congress
Soldiers Don’t leave army but don’t fire on compatriots
Students If confident, leave studies
Peasants Pay rent only if zamindar is anti-government
Princes Support masses+ accept sovereignty of your people
Princely states’ people Support only anti-government princes

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 History (Modern History)
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 Spread of the Movement

o Aug 9: Leaders arrested; AICC, CWC and PCCs declared unlawful under Criminal Law
Amendment Act, 1908; assembly of public meetings banned under Defence of India
Rules.
o After the Quit India Resolution, passed on August 9th, 1942 Gandhiji and other main leaders
of Congress were arrested in Bombay. Gandhiji and Sarojini Naidu were kept in Aga Khan
Palace, Pune. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]
o Aruna Asaf Ali presided over congress and hoisted the flag on Aug 9 Public activity.
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2013],[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl) (Pre) 2010]
o Underground activity: Participants were Socialists, Forward Bloc members, Gandhi
Ashramites, revolutionary nationalists and local organizations. The main personalities
are Rammanohar Lohia, JP Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta, Achyut Patwardhan,
Sucheta Kriplani and RP Goenka.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]
o Usha Mehta started an underground radio in Bombay.
o Students from BHU decided to spread the movement in rural areas. They popularized the
slogans of ‘Station phoonk do’, ‘Thana jalao’ and ‘Angrez bhaag gaya’.
o Government repression: Severe repression (though no martial law declared).
o Who did not participate- Muslim league, Hindu Mahasabha, Communist Party of India.
o Many communists at local level participated despite official stand taken by communist
party.
o Small zamindars also participated in significant numbers with one of the biggest zamindars-
Raja of Darbhanga supporting the movement.
o Congress leadership did not condemn violence and also refused to take any responsibility for
violence committed by the people.
o Gandhi commenced a fast in jail (Aga Khan Palace Poona) on 10th February 1943.
o Three Indian members of Viceroy’s executive council viz, MS Aney, NR Sarkar and HP
Mody resigned.
o The Commander in Chief of the Indian Army during the Quit India Movement was Lord
Wavell. Later he also served as Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1943-1947.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
o Lord Linlithgow called the Movement of Gandhi as ‘Political Blackmail.’ Viceroy and
Governor-General Lord Linlithgow’s tenure was the longest in India. He was the longest-
serving Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. Quit India Movement was launched by
Mahatma Gandhi during his tenure. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
o The American journalist and biographer of Gandhi Louis Fischer was with Gandhiji at the
time of Quit India Movement. Louis Fischer with American intellectuals Pearl Buck,
Adgersnow, M.L. Surmen and Norman Thomas demanded India’s freedom.[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl)
(Mains) 2008][U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010],[U.P.P.C.S. (Main) 2013]
 Parallel governments
o Ballia under Chittu Pandey for a week
o Tamluk (Midnapore) - Jatiya Sarkar established under Satish Samant undertook cyclone
relief work, sanctioned grants to schools, supplied paddy from rich to poor, organized Vidyut
Vahinis.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016]
o Satara named Prati Sarkar under YB Chavan, Nana Patil, etc.

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 History (Modern History)
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o Talcher, Orissa- Laxman Nayak emerged as an important tribal and rebel leader.
o Parallel governments also established at Azamgarh, Ghazipur, Monghyr, Muzzafarpur etc in
UP and Bihar.
 Muslim League observes ‘Pakistan Day’ on 23rd March 1943.[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008]
 A separate homeland for Muslims for the first time found a definite expression in 1930 at
Allahabad Session of the Muslim League in the Presidential address of Mohammad
Iqbal.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
 While the student of Cambridge University, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali had primarily used the word
Pakistan in 1933 in his pamphlet named “Now or Never; Are we to live or perish forever?” while
in Lahore Session held between 22-24 March, 1940 the Muslim League formally demanded
Pakistan as an Independent and Sovereign State.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013][U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2012]

om
 The Annual Session of Muslim League was held at Lahore between 22-24, 1940 under the
leadership of Jinnah in which the famous Lahore Resolution was passed and it was demanded
that a separate Muslim Nation ‘Pakistan’ should be formed apart from India. This resolution was

l.c
presented by Fazal ul Haq and approved by Khaliquzzaman. Sir Sikander Hayat Khan, Fazal-ul-
Haq and Khaliquzzaman had played an important role in preparing its outline.[U.P.P.C.S.
ai
(Mains) 2012] [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]
gm

 Famine of 1943: worst affected= South West Bengal (Dacca, Faridpur Tippera, Noakhali);
Causes -> Diverted food to feed army, Rice imports from Burma and SE asia stopped, Gross
mismanagement; belated rationing- confined to big cities.
07

 Rajagopalachari Formula (1944)[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]

o Muslim league to endorse Cong demand for Independence
03

o Muslim league to cooperate with Congress in forming provisional GoI

o After end of war, entire population of Muslim majority areas in NW, NE India to decide by a
ar

plebiscite, whether or not to form sovereign state

m

o If partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce, commn, etc.
o Above terms- operative only if England transferred full powers to India
to

o Objections: Jinnah wanted only Muslims of North west, North east India to vote + Hindu
av

leaders under Savarkar condemned CR Plan.

 Desai-Liaqat Pact: Bhulabhai Desai and Liaqat Ali Khan came up with the draft proposal for
ur

the formation of an interim government at the centre, consisting of:

o Equal number of persons nominated by Muslim league and Congress in central legislature.
ga

o 20% reserved seats for minorities

o No settlements could be reached but significance: parity between Congress and Muslim
league.
 Wavell Plan (June,1945)[U.P. R.O. /A.R.O. (Mains) 2017]
o Except Governor General and Commander-in-chief, all executive council members were to
be Indians.
o Caste Hindus and Muslims in equal number.
o Reconstructed council was to function as an interim government within 1935 framework (not
responsible to Central Legislative Assembly)
o G-G was to ex his veto on advice of ministers

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o Representatives of different parties were to submit joint list to viceroy for nominations to
executive council. If no joint list, then separate lists were to be submitted.
o Possibilities were to be kept open for negotiations on a new constitution once the war won
finally.
o Muslim League wanted all Muslims to be its nominees and claimed a communal veto in the
executive council. Congress objected to being painted purely as caste Hindu party.
 INA and Subhash Bose
o Subhash Bose political guru- Chittaranjan Das. [U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2017]
o In 1940, Bose convened an Anti-compromise conference at Ramgarh- Joint effort of the
Forward Bloc and Kisan Sabha.
o Towards the end of 1919, the first signs of grass-roots peasant activity were evident in the
reports of a Nai-Dhobi Band (a form of social boycott) in an estate of Pratapgarh district. In
the summer of 1920 in the villages of Taluqdari Oudh, Kisan meetings called by village
panchayats became frequent. The names of Jhinguri Singh and Durgapal Singh were
associated with this development. But soon another leader became famous by the name of
Baba Ramchandra, not only emerged as the leader but also played an important role in the
Movement. Baba Ramchandra, a Brahmin from Maharashtra, was a wanderer who had left
home at the age of thirteen. In the middle of 1920, he emerged as a leader of the peasants of
Awadh and soon demonstrated considerable leadership and organizational capacities. His
efforts helped to form ‘Awadh Kisan Sabha’ in 1920.[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains)
2010],[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008]
o With the help of Hitler, Freedom Army (mukti sena) was formed which consisted of all
prisoners of war of Indian origin captured by Germany and Italy.
o Also known as the Azad Hind Fauj; armed force that was formed by imperial Japan and the
Indian Nationalists in the year 1942.
o The Indian Prisoners of War of the British Army that were captured by Japan first formed
this army under Mohan Singh in 1942. [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2005]
o The INA eventually disbanded but was formed again under the guidance of Netaji Subhas
Chandra Bose.
o Rashbehari Bose founded the Indian club of Tokyo.
o Ras Bihari Bose was an immigrant Indian living in Japan. On 28-30th March 1942, Bose
convened a conference in Tokyo (Japan) to discuss political issues with Indians. Bose decided to
establish the Indian Independence League. It was structured during the Bangkok Convention
which took place between 14th June to June 23rd, 1942 where Subhash Chandra Bose was
invited. During this Conference, Ras Bihari Bose established Indian Independence League.
[U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2010],[U.P. P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008],[U.P. Lower Sub. (Spl)
(Pre) 2008]
o On October 21, 1943, Bose formed the Provisional government for Free India at Singapore with
HC Chatterjee (Finance portfolio), MA Aiyar (Broadcasting), Lakshmi Swaminathan (Women
department) etc. The famous slogan “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” in Malaya.
o Women’s regiment called Rani Jhansi regiment was formed.
o INA HQ shifted to Rangoon in 1944.
o On Novemeber 6, 1943, A&N islands were given by Japanese army to INA; islands were
renamed as Shahid Dweep and Swaraj deep respectively.

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Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o Subhash Chandra Bose was the first person to call Mahatma Gandhi ‘Father of Nation’. On 6th
July,1944 ,Bose addressed to Gandhi on Azad Hind Radio from Rangoon and said: ‘India’s last
war of Independence has begun… Father of our Nation, In this holy war of India’s liberation, we
ask for your blessings and good wishes’.[U.P. P.S.C. (GIC) 2010],[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]
o INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz allowed to accompany Japanese Army to Indo-Burma
front and participate in Imphal campaign.
o On April 14, Colonel Malik of Bahadur group hoisted the INA flag for the first time on Indian
mainland at Moirang in Manipur.
o In the year 1945, Rashid Ali, Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, Colonel Prem Kumar Sehgal and
General Shahnawaz Khan were arrested by the British Forces and sent to Red Fort at Delhi for
court-martial. After the end of the war, Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, Colonel Prem Kumar
Sehgal and General Shahnawaz Khan were put to trial in Delhi for waging war against the
British Emperor. Rashid Ali was sentenced to seven-year imprisonment while otherprisoners
faced the death penalty, life imprisonment or a fine as punishment. The defence of the INA
prisoners was taken up by the Congress and Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru, K.N. Katju,
Nehru and Asaf Ali appeared in court at the historic Red Fort trials. The growing Nationalist
sentiments developed into violent confrontations with authority and pressure from the political
parties from India; Lord Wavell was forced to commute the sentences of the defendants by using
privileged authority. [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008],[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019],[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre)
2013,U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Spl) (Mains) 2010,U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2008]
o On August 18, 1945, Subhash Bose died in an air-crash at Taipei (Taiwan).
o ‘Azad Hind Fauj Day’ was observed on November 12, 1945. While from 5 November to 11
November, soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj P.K. Sehgal, Shahnawaz and Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon
were prosecuted.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 24
POST-WAR NATIONAL SCENARIO
1. Introduction: The 2ns World war came to an end in Europe with the suicide of Hitler and
subsequent surrender of Germany (8th May 1945). The period during 1945-47 was a brief and crucial
period of Indian national movement. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]
2. Change in Government’s attitude
 July 1945: Labour government under Clement Atlee (Secretary of State is Pethick Lawrence).
[U.P. R.O. /A.R.O. (Mains) 2017]
 Aug 1945: announced elections to central and provincial assemblies
 Sep 1945: announced Constituent assembly after elections; government working according to

om
Cripps mission.
3. Congress Election Campaign and the INA trials
 Election Campaign for nationalistic aims

l.c
o Nationalism; against repression of Quit India movement
o INA Prisoner of war trials
ai
o Using Indian army to restore French, Dutch colonial rule in Vietnam and Indonesia.
gm

 Congress Support for INA prisoners

o 1st post-war congress session (Bombay) (Sep ’45), resolution supporting INA cause
07

o Court defence by Bhulabhai Desai, Sapru, Nehru, KN Katju and Asaf Ali
o INA relief and enquiry committee distributed some money and food, helped in employment;
03

Organised fund collection

 INA Agitation
ar

o Supported by INC, Muslim league, Communist Party, Unionists, Akalis, Justice Party,
Ahrars in Rawalpindi, RSS, Hindu Mahasabha and Sikh League.
m

 Three Upsurges – Winter of 1945-6

o 21.11.45: Calcutta over the INA trials
to

o 11.02.46: Calcutta against 7year sentence to INA officer Rashid Ali

av

o 18.02.46: Bombay strike by Royal Indian Navy ratings

 Reasons for Navy rebellion: Racial disc in pay, bad food, abuse by superiors, INA trials, use of
ur

troops in Indonesia, arresting a rating for scrawling ‘Quit India’ on HMIS Talwar.
 Election results
ga

Congress Muslim League

91% non-Muslim votes 86.6% Muslim votes
57/102 seats in Central assembly 30 reserved seats in Central assembly
Majority in: all except Bengal Sind, Punjab; Maj in BN, Sindh
majority also in NWFP, Assam.

4. Cabinet Mission [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2010]

 Feb 1946: Atlee government decided to send Pethick Lawrence (Secretary of state), Stafford
Cripps (President of Board of Trade) and AV Alexander (1st Lord of Admiralty) for peaceful

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 History (Modern History)
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transfer of power to India. Pethick Lawrence was the chairman of the mission.[U.P.P.C.S. (Re.
Exam) (Pre) 2015],[U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
 Rejection of the demand for a full-fledged Pakistan because-
o 38% NW and 48% NE were non-Muslims
o Bengal and Punjab had Hindu-majority areas; deep-seated ties in the region
o Division of armed forces would be dangerous
 Grouping provincial assemblies into 3 sections:
o Section A: Hindu Majority provinces- Madras, Bombay, Central Province, United Province,
Bihar, Odisha.
o Section B: Muslim majority provinces- Punjab, North west Frontier Province, Sindh
o Section C: Muslim majority provinces- Bengal and Assam
 3 tier executive and legislature at provincial, section and union levels
 Constituent Assembly elected by provincial assemblies by proportional representation
 A common centre would control defence, communication, external affairs.
 Federal structure was envisaged for India
 Communal question in central legislature by simple majority of both communities Present and
voting.
 Provinces—full autonomy and residual powers
 Lapse of paramountcy
 After 1st general elections, a province to be free to come out of group and after 10 years, a
province was to be free to call for a reconsideration of group or union constitution.
 Meanwhile interim government was to be formed from constituent assembly.
5. Analysis: Congress: Against creation of Pakistan; one constituent assembly and league no longer
had a veto + Muslim league: Pakistan implied in compulsory grouping.
6. Main Objections
 Congress
o Provinces should not have to wait till 1st general elections to leave a group.
o Compulsory grouping contradicts insistence on provincial autonomy
o Absence of provinces for elected members from princely states in Constituent assembly.
 Muslim League: Grouping to be compulsory with right to secede.
7. Acceptance and Rejection
 June 1946: Congress and Muslim league accepted the long-term plan of the Cabinet Mission
 July 1946: Elections in provincial assemblies for Constituent assembly
 July 1946: Muslim league withdrew acceptance of the long-term plan and call for “direct
action”.
 16th August, 1946 was the date which was decided by Muslim League as the ‘Direct Action
Day.’ Muslim League demanded separate Pakistan by rejecting the interim cabinet decision of
Viceroy. On that day, by spreading riots, they wanted to show that Hindu and Muslims can not
exist together. During the action, ‘Nowakhali’ was the centre of riots.[U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre)
2010],[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008],[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
8. Interim Government (September 2, 1946)
 Despite the title, the interim government was a continuation of the old exec (Wavell overruled
ministers on release of INA prisoners in March 1947— last cabinet meeting).

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 History (Modern History)
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 Wavell quietly brought Muslim league into the interim government without giving up direct
action, despite rejection of cabinet mission, despite insistence on compulsory grouping.
Members Portfolios Held
Vice President of Executive council, External Affairs and
Jawaharlal Nehru
Commonwealth Relations
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Home, Information and Broadcasting
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Food and Agriculture
Dr. John Mathai Industries and Supplies
Jagjivan Ram Labour
Sardar Baldev Singh Defence
CH Bhabha Works, Mines and Power
Liaqat Ali Khan Finance
Abdur Rab nishtar Posts and Air
Asaf ali Railways and Transport
C Rajagopalachari Education and Arts
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Commerce
Gaznafar Ali Khan Health
Joginder Nath Mandal Law

9. Birth and Spread of Communalism in India

 1886 Congress session under Naoroji declared intention of not raising socio-religious questions.
 1889 Congress decided not to take up issues opposed by Muslims
 All India Muslim league was founded by Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca, Nawab
Mohsin ul-Mulk and Nawab Waqar ul Mulk to preach loyalty to British government.[U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre) 2007],[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
 The first session of All India Muslim League was held at Karachi on 29 December 1907 and was
presided over by Adamji Peer Bhai. In 1908, it was held in Amritsar.[U.P. Lower Sub (Pre)
2008]
 Punjab Hindu Sabha formed in 1909 by UN Mukherjee and Lal Chand, opposed
 Congress for uniting one nation—Hindus should join government against Muslims.
 RSS in 1925.
 1940- Pakistan resolution was passed at Lahore session of Muslim league- grouping of all
geographically contiguous Muslim majority areas into independent states.

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 25
INDEPENDENCE WITH PARTITION
1. Introduction: Clement Atlee, the British PM, sensing the trouble all around, made an announcement
on February 20, 1947. The British House of commons declared the British intention of leaving the
Indian subcontinent.
2. During the independence of India, Clement Richard Attlee from Labour party was the Prime
Minister of U.K. He was the Prime Minister of U.K. from 1945 to 1951.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]
3. Atlee’s statement (Feb 20, 1947)
On February 20, 1947, Attlee made the statement: “It is the definite intention of the British
Government to effect the transfer of power to responsible Indians by a date not later June 3, 1948. If
the League does not join the Constituent Assembly, the British Government will have to consider to

om
whom the powers of Central Government of British Indian should be handed over on the due date.”
He also stated that “The British Government is not responsible for the partition.”[U.P.P.C.S.

l.c
(Mains) 2009]
 The British would withdraw from India by 30th June 1948.
ai
 Wavell would be replaced by Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy.
 Power may be transferred to one centre or in some areas to existing provincial governments
gm

 British powers and obligations vis-à-vis princely states would lapse with transfer of power, but
these would not be transferred to any successor government in British India.
07

 Congress stand: The Provision of transfer of power to more than one centre was acceptable to
congress.
03

4. Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947) [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]

 Punjab and Bengal assemblies to take decision partition
ar

 Sindh to take its own decision

 Referendum in NWFP and Sylhet district
m

 Two dominions to be created if partition is to take place, with 2 constituent assemblies.

to

 Freedom to be granted on Aug 15, 1947

av

 July 18, 1947: The Indian Independence Act, 1947 got royal assent
 Sir Cyril Radcliff established the Boundary Commission to fix the International
ur

Boundaries.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]

 Lord Louis Mountbatten,wired Gandhi.” My Dear Gandhiji, in Punjab we have 50,000 soldiers
ga

and large-scale rioting on our hands. In Bengal, our forces consist of one man and there is no
rioting. As a serving officer as well as an administration, may I be allowed to pay my tribute to
the One man Boundary Force.”[U.P.P.C.S. (Re. Exam) (Pre) 2015]
5. Indian Independence Act [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]
As per the Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947), British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act
on July 18, 1947. In this Act, India and Pakistan were decided as two dominion States with effect
from 15 August, 1947.[U.P. P.S.C. (GIC) 2010,U.P. Lower Sub.(Spl.) (Pre) 2003, U.P. P.C.S.
(Pre) 2001]
 It resulted in two new dominion states from the Indian Empire- India and Pakistan.
 East Bengal, West Punjab, Sind, and Province of Baluchistan constituted Pakistan and the

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

remaining portions were termed as India.

 Existing central legislative assembly and council of states were to be automatically dissolved.
 Until the introduction of new constitutions, the new dominions were also governed under the
Government of India Act, 1935
 Subject to the new constitutions of the new dominions, the Governor-General was supposed to
be appointed.
 Further division of territories, powers, duties, assets, and liabilities were the responsibility of the
Governor-General.
 The act subsequently dissolved into Article 395 of the Constitution of India and Article 221 of
the Constitution of Pakistan.
 M.A Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan; India however decided to request
Lord Mountbatten to continue as GG of India.[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014]
 Mahatma Gandhi did not participate anywhere in Independence Day celebration on 15 August, 1947.
He was saddened by the partition of the country. He spent the day fasting and in prayer. [U.P. P.C.S.
(Mains) 2016]

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 26
CONSTITUTIONAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL
DEVELOPMENTS
1. Introduction: The period between 1773 and 1858 under the company rule, and then under the
British crown till 1947, witnessed a plethora of constitutional and administrative changes.
2. Constitutional Development between 1773 and 1858-
 After Battle of Buxar (1764), East India Company got the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
 1767-The first intervention in Indian affairs by the British government came in 1767.
 1765-72-This period was characterized by - rampant corruption among servants of the Company
who made full use of private trading to enrich themselves; excessive revenue collection and
oppression of peasantry; Company’s bankruptcy, while the servants were flourishing.
3. Regulating Act of 1773
 Recognized EIC’s role in political and administrative (beyond trading) and introduced element
of centralized administration.
 Directors of EIC to submit all correspondences with respect to revenue affairs and civil/mil
administration to government (British cabinet given right to control Indian affairs)
 In Bengal, Governor General with 4 council members- function according to majority rule.
 Warren Hastings named in the Act—successors appointed by company.
 SC established in Bengal but confusing jurisdiction
 Governor General could exercise some powers over Bombay and Madras.
 Amendment (1781): SC jurisdiction defined- within Calcutta + Government servants immune
for anything done during discharge of duties + Social and religious usages of the subjects to be
honoured,
4. Pitt’s India Act of 1784
 Company became a subordinate department of the state. The company’s territories in India were
termed ‘British Possessions’.
 Dual system of control: Board of Control (Chancellor of exchequer, Secretary of State, 4
members of privy Council- appointed by Crown)—to control company’s civil, military, revenue
affairs and approve all dispatches.
 Governor General to have council of 3 (including Commander-in-chief), and presidencies of
Bombay and Madras were made subordinate to Governor General.
 General prohibition on aggressive wars and treaties (often breached)
5. The Act of 1786
 Cornwallis made Governor General as well as Commander-in-chief.
 Cornwallis allowed to override council’s decision if he owned the responsibility for the decision.
6. Charter Act of 1793
 Renewed EIC’s commercial privileges for next 20 years
 EIC shall pay necessary expenses, interest, dividends, salaries etc., from Indian revenues, was to
pay 5L pounds annually to British government
 Royal mandate required to appoint Governor general, Commander in chief, and governors.

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 History (Modern History)
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 Senior officials of EIC debarred from leaving India without permission

 EIC empowered to give licenses (‘privilege’/ ‘country trade’) to individuals as well as
Company’s employees to trade in India—made way for opium trade to China.
 Revenue administration separated from judicial functions—Maal Adaalats disappeared
 Home government members paid out of Indian revenues (this continued till 1919)
7. Charter Act of 1813
 Company’s monopoly over Indian trade ended (but retained China trade+ tea trade)
 Company’s shareholders given 10.5% dividend on revenue of India
 Company to retain possession of territories and revenue for 20 more years
 Powers of Board of Control enlarged
 ₹1L to be set aside for revival, promotion and encouragement of literature, learning and science
among natives, every year.

om
 Regulations by Councils of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta now to be laid in British Parliament.
 Separate accounts with respect to commercial transactions and territorial revenues.
 Christian missionaries allowed
8. Charter Act of 1833 l.c
ai
 20-year lease to Company extended. Territories of India were to be governed in the name of the
gm

Crown.
 Ended Company’s monopoly with China and Tea.
 Ended all restrictions on European immigration and acquisition of property in India.
07

 Financial, legislative and administrative centralization of government in India:

o G-G given power to superintend, control, direct all civil/ mil affairs of company.
03

o Bengal, Madras, Bombay, etc. under complete control of Governor General.

o All revenues raised under authority of Governor General—would completely control expenses
ar

too
m

o Madras and Bombay brought under Bengal

 A law member added to Governor General’s council
to

 Indian laws to be codified and consolidated

 No Indian citizen to be denied employment under the company based on religion, colour, birth,
av

descent, etc.
 Administration to ameliorate conditions of slaves and finally abolish it (abolished in 1843).
ur

 Slavery was abolished by Act-V of 1843 by the then Governor-General of India Lord
ga

Ellenborough. His tenure was from 1842 to 1844 AD. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011],[U.P.
U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2010], [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008]
9. Charter Act of 1853
 Company to continue possessing territories unless Parliament provided otherwise
 Court of Directors strength reduced to 18
 Services thrown open to comp.ve exams (no Company monopoly)
 Law member made full-time member of GG’s council
 Further separation of legislative and executive functions of Government of British India
 Local representation introduced in Indian legislature—Indian Legislative Council
 Governor General could veto any bill of the legislative council.

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10. The Act for Better Government of India, 1858

 East India Company was liquidated-> Indian territories in Britain were to be governed in the
name of the British queen; it made India a direct British Colony.[U.P.P.S.C. (GIC)
2010,U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
 Ended doctrine of lapse as well as abolished the dual government.
 The powers of the company’s Court of directors were shifted to and vested in the Secretary of
State for India (First Secretary of State for India: Lord Stanley)
 The secretary of state was to be assisted by a Council of 15 members. The council had only an
advisory role.
 The Secretary of State would also act as a channel of communication between the British
government and the Indian Administration.
 Governor-General became the viceroy.
 Pardon would be granted to all the Indians who participated in the mutiny except those who had
killed British subjects.
11. Indian Councils Act 1861
 Principle of representatives of non-officials in legislative bodies accepted—law making by
deliberations—no longer only executive’s business
 Portfolio system by Lord Canning laid foundation of cabinet government in India[U.P.P.C.S.
(Pre.) 2021]
 Weak legislative councils- no financial matters without previous approval of government, no
control over budget, could not discuss executive action
 Bombay, Madras and Calcutta High Courts were established in 1862 under the Indian High
Court Act of 1861. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2013]
12. Indian Councils Act 1892
 Response to requests by INC
 Expanded legislative council
 Universities, district boards, municipalities, zamindars, trade bodies, and chambers of commerce
could recommend members to provincial councils—principle of representation.
 Element of indirect election (‘election’ word NOT used)[U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
 Members of legislature now entitled to express their views upon financial statements.
 Could put questions within certain limits to executive on matters of public interest after giving
six-day notice.
13. Indian Councils Act 1909
 1st attempt to bring in popular representation
 Expanded Imperial Legislative Council as well as Provincial Legislatures
 1st time: Indian in GG’s Exe Council (Satyendra Prasad Sinha as Law member)
 Increased members of Provincial Executive Council
 Introduction of separate electorates for Muslims
 Income qualification for Muslim voters was kept lower than that of Hindus.
 System of election was indirect

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14. GoI Act 1919/ Montague Chelmsford Reforms

 Indian Legislative Council replaced by bicameral system: majority in both houses= directly
elected (restricted franchise)
 Communal electorates extended to Sikhs, Christians, Anglo-Indian also.
 Dyarchy in provinces [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2005],[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2004]
 Provinces—only one leg (council)
 1st time—separate budget for provinces and centre
 High Commissioner for India appointed in London for 6 years to look after trade of India with
Europe
 Secretary of state to be paid out of British exchequer.
15. Government of India Act 1935
 Contemplated the establishment of an All-India Federation in which governors’ provinces and
Chief commissioners’ provinces and those Indian states which sign ‘instrument of accession’
were to be included.
 Dyarchy (rejected by Simon commission) was provided in Federal Executive
 Bicameral Federal Legislature
 No provision for joint sitting
 3 lists- federal, provincial, concurrent; residuary with Governor General.
 Dyarchy in provinces was abolished and provinces were given autonomy.
 Bicameral legislature in 6: Madras, Bombay, UP, Bihar, Assam, Bengal.
 Principles of communal electorates and weightage were further extended to depressed classes,
women and labour.
 Extended franchise to 10%
 Federal Court established in 1937.
 Abolished Indian Council of Secretary of State. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) (Re-Exam) 2016]
 Federal structure never actualized.
 Indian National Congress rejected the Government of India Act, 1935 in Lucknow Session,
1936. This session was presided by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
 Jawaharlal Nehru compared the Government of India Act, 1935 with “a car which has a brake
but no engine.” [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said it ‘I have not to beg pardon in connection with the allegation that in the
draft of the Constitution, a major part of the Government of India Act, 1935, has again been
reproduced’ in parliamentary debates regarding Constitution-making process. [U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2015]

******

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 History (Modern History)
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CHAPTER: 27
EVOLUTION OF CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA
1. Cornwallis’ Role: checked corruption by raising civil servants’ salary; Strict enforcement of rules
against private trade; Debarred civil servants from taking presents, bribes, etc. and Enforced
promotions through seniority. [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004]
2. Wellesley’s Role
 1800: He established Fort William College to train new recruits
 1806: Wellesley’s college disapproved by Court of Directors and East India College set up in
United Kingdom.
3. Charter Act 1853
 Ended company’s patronage, enjoining recruitment to be through open competition

om
 Indians barred from high posts
 1833- threw open exams to Indians- but never implemented
 After 1857—Indians included
l.c
ai
4. Indian Civil Services Act 1861
 Reserved certain offices for covenanted civil servants but exam in UK in English based on
gm

classical learnings in Greek and Latin

 Max age: 23 (1859) -> 22 (1860) -> 21 (1866) -> 19 (1878)
07

 1863: Satyendra Nath Tagore was the 1st Indian to qualify for ICS
5. Statutory Civil Service
03

 Introduced by Lytton in 1878-9: 1/6th of covenanted posts to be filled by Indians of high

families through nominations by local governments subject to approval by secretary of state and
ar

Viceroy.
6. Congress Demands and Aitchison Committee
m

 INC demanded: increase age limit for recruitment; hold exam in India as well.
to

 Aitchison committee on Public Service (1886): set up by Dufferin, it recommended:

o Drop the terms ‘covenanted’ and ‘uncovenanted’
av

o Classify civil service into Imperial Indian Civil Service (held in UK) and Provincial Civil
Service (in India) and Sub-Ordinate Civil Service (in India).
ur

o Raise age limit to 23

 1893: House of Commons supported simultaneous exams—but never implemented
ga

7. Montford Reforms 1919

 Realistic policy— “if a responsible government is to be established in India, the more Indians we
can employ in public service, the better.”
 Hold simultaneous exams in India and England.
 1/3rd recruits be made in India itself—to be raised annually by 1.5%
8. Lee Commission 1924
 Secretary of State to continue to recruit ICS, Irrigation branch of the Service of Engineers, IFoS,
etc.
 Recruitments for transferred fields like education, civil medical service by provincial
governments.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Direct recruitments to ICS on the basis 50:50 parity (Europeans: Indians) in 15 years
 Established Public Service Commission (as per GoI 1919)
9. Government of India Act 1935: Establishment of Federal Public service commission and
Provincial public service commission under their spheres.

EVOLUTION OF POLICE SYSTEM IN INDIA

1. Mughals: Faujdars (law and order); amils (revenue); kotwal (law and order in cities);
2. Dual control: zamindars expected to maintain thanadar for law and order
3. 1770: instn of faujdar and amil abolished
4. 1774: Hastings restored faujdar
5. 1775: faujdar thanas established in major towns
6. 1791: Cornwallis organized regular police force and modernized old thana system under Indian
daroga; SP for each city; relieved zamindars of their police duties
7. 1808: Mayo appointed an SP for each division helped by spies (goyendas)
8. 1814: Court of Directors abolished appointments to darogas and subordinates (except in Bengal)
9. Bentinck abolished office of SP—collectorate/ DM to head police -> failed system
10. Police Commission (1860 recommendations): Led to Indian Police Act 1861
11. 1902: Police Commission recommended the establishment of CID in provinces and IB at centre.

EVOLUTION OF JUDICIARY IN INDIA

1. Reforms under Warren Hastings (1772-85)

 District Diwani Adalats for civil disputes under collector and had Hindu law applicable for
Hindus and Muslim law for Muslims.
 Appeal lay to Sadar Diwani Adalat which functioned under the President and two members of
the Supreme council.
 District Fauzdari Adalats were set up to try criminal disputes and were placed under an Indian
officer assisted by qazis and muftis-> under general supervision of the collector.
 The approval for capital punishment and for acquisition of property lay to the Sadar Nizamat
Adalat at Murshidabad which was headed by a deputy nizam assisted by chief qazi and chief
mufti.
 Regulating act 1773-> SC established at Calcutta- competent to try all British subjects within
Calcutta and subordinate factories, including Indians and Europeans.
2. Reforms under Cornwallis (1786-93)- Separation of Powers
 District Fauzdari Courts were abolished and instead circuit courts established at Calcutta, Dacca,
Murshidabad, Patna. They had civil and criminal courts with Euro judges.
 Sadar Nizamat Adalat shifted to Calcutta and under Governor General and members of Supreme
Council assisted by chief qazi and chief mufti.
 District Diwani Adalat designated the district., city, zila court; placed under district judge
 Collector left with revenue admin with no magisterial functions
 Established gradation of civil courts (for both Hindu and Muslim laws)
o Munsiff’s Court under Indian officers

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o Registrar’s Court under a European judge

o District Court under the district judge
o 4 circuit courts as provincial courts of appeal
o Sadar Diwani Adalat as provincial courts of appeal
o King-in-Council for appeals of 5000 pounds and above.
 Cornwallis Code:
o Separation of revenue and justice admin
o European subjects also brought under jurisdiction.
o Government officials answerable to civil courts for actions done in official capacity.
o Established principle of sovereignty of law.
3. Reforms under William Bentinck (1828-33)
 The 4 circuit courts abolished and their functions transferred to collectors under supervision of
commissioner of revenue and circuit.
 Sadar Diwani Adalat and a Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Allahabad for people of Upper Provinces.
 From Persian as court language TO Persian/ vernacular (English in SC)
 1833: Law commission set up under Macaulay for codification of Indian laws. As a result, a
Civil procedure code (1859), IPC (1860) and CrPC (1861) were prepared.
4. Later Developments
 1860: Europeans can claim no special privileges except in criminal cases, no Indian-origin judge
could try them
 1865: SC and Sadar Adalats merged into 3 HCs (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras)
 1935: GoI Act—Federal Court (set up in 1937)—settle disputes between governments and could
hear limited appeals from High courts.

LOCAL BODIES
1. Mayo’s resolution (1870): Mayo’s resolution addressed financial decentralization, which was part
of the legislative devolution initiated by the Indian Council Act of 1861. Aside from the annual grant
from the imperial government, provincial governments were allowed to balance their budgets
through local taxation.
2. Ripon’s resolution (1882)
 Lord Ripon is called Father of local self-government in India. [U.P.P.C.S (Pre) 2010]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]
 Main points of the resolution:
o Non-officials to be in majority in these bodies.
o Official executive sanction required in certain cases, such as raising of loans, alienation of
municipal property, imposition of new taxes, undertaking works costing more than prescribed
sum, framing rules and bye-laws.
o Limited franchise
o Elected members were in a minority in all district boards and in many of the municipalities.
3. Royal commission on Decentralization (1908)
 Village panchayats should be entrusted with more powers like judicial jurisdiction in petty cases.
 sub-district boards to be established in every taluka or tehsil with separate spheres of duties and
separate sources of revenue.

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Page. 135
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

LABOUR LEGISLATIONS
1. First ever demand for regulation of condition of workers in factories in India came from Lancashire
textile capitalist lobby.
2. The first commission was appointed in 1875 although first factory act was not passed before 1881.
3. Indian Factory Act (1881)
 Children between the ages of 7-12, were to work for 9 hours/ day maximum.
 Employment of Children below 7 years were prohibited.
 Mid-day meal interval, 4 holidays/ month, and fencing of machinery in the factory also provided.
 Dangerous machines should be fenced properly to avoid accidents.
 This act applies only to factories using mechanical powers, employing not less than 100 works
and working for not more than 4 months in a year limitation.
 To supervise the implementation of this act, inspectors are appointed.

om
4. Indian Factory Act (1891)
 It increased the minimum age (from 7 to 9 years) and the maximum (from 12 to 14 years) for
children.
 It provided weekly holidays for all workers. l.c
ai
 It fixed maximum working hours for women at 11 hours per day but the working hours of men
gm

still left unregulated.

 The Act is not applied to British-owned tea and coffee plantation.
 A breach of contract was a criminal offence, with a planter having the right to get defaulting
07

labourer arrested.
03

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BRITISH POLICIES IN INDIA

ar

1. Economic Impact of British Rule: Deindustrialisation- ruin of artisans and handicraftsmen;

Impoverishment of peasantry- ruralisation of India;[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2017]Emergence of new
m

land relations- ruin of old zamindars; Stagnation and deterioration of agriculture; Commercialisation
of Indian agriculture; Rise of Indian national bourgeoisie; Economic drain; Famine and poverty;
to

development of Modern industry (first cotton textile mill set up in 1853 in Bombay by Cowasjee
av

Nanabhoy); first jute mill came up in 1855 in Rishra (Bengal).

 Dadabhai Naoroji known as Grand Old Man of India, focused on the drain of wealth from India
to England through colonial rule. One of the reasons that the ‘Drain Theory’ is attributed to
ur

Naoroji was his decision to estimate the national net profit of India. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]
ga

 Dadabhai Naoroji with W.C. Bannerji established ‘’London India Society” in 1865 the main
purpose of which was to expose Indian plight. He was the first Indian who was elected to British
House of Commons on the ticket of Liberal Party. He directly highlighted Indian economic
predicaments and propounded “Drain of Wealth Theory” firstly in his short book “Poverty and
un-British Rule in India” in 1901. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004][U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre)
2008][U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021]
Dadabhai Naoroji gave some factors that caused the external drain. These were:
 External rule and administration in India.
 All the civil administration and army expenses of Britain were paid by India.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 The total percentage of Central revenue spent on Military force in British India was
40%.[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021]
 A part of India’s national wealth was transferred to England for which India got no returns. India
was bearing the burden of territory building both inside and outside India. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains)
2004] [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017]
 In India deindustrialization started in 1813. The company’s commercial monopoly came to an end,
except for the tea and opium trade and the trade with China. With the enforcement of Saint Helena
Act of 1833 also known as the government of India Act, 1833 the process of deindustrialization was
aggravated as it ended the activities of British East India Company as a trade body and it became a
purely administrative body. In particular, the Company lost its monopoly on trade with China and
other parts of the far East.
2. Nationalist Critique
 India getting poorer due to colonial exploitation
 Problem of poverty- a national problem of raising productive capacities and energy
 Development equated with industrialisation, which shld take place through Indian, not foreign
capital
 British policies on trade, infra, development, expenditure designed to serve imperialist interests
 Need for complete severance of India’s economic subservience to Britain and development of an
independent economy

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION
1. Under Company Rule- largely done nothing, but some exceptions:
 The Calcutta Madrasah by Warren Hastings in 1781 to study Muslim law, etc.[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre)
2006]
 It was with his aid and support that the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784 could be founded.
Warren Hastings was a great scholar and an ardent orientalist who used to encourage the study of
Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic. He declined the offer of Presidentship of Asiatic Society of Bengal
in favour of Sir William Jones. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019] [U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2006], [U.P.P.C.S.
(Spl) (Mains) 2004][U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021]
 Sir William Jones was the first to translate Kalidasa’s Shakuntala into English. [U.P.
U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2010]
 Sanskrit College by Jonathan Duncan (resident at Benaras) in 1791 for study of Hindu law and
philosophy.
 For William college was established by Richard Wellesley on 10th July, 1800 A.D. within the
Fort William Complex in Culcutta. It was established to teach Indian languages to British
officers and teaching other administrative functions. [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021]
2. A humble beginning by Charter Act of 1813
 Encouraging learned Indians, promoting modern sciences
 Company to sanction R1L/yr [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009]
 Due to efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy Calcutta College set up in 1817.
 Government also set up 3 Sanskrit college in Calcutta, Agra, Delhi.
3. Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy
 Within the General Committee on Public Instructions, the Anglicists argued that government
spending on education should be exclusively for modern studies.

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Although they were split between English-medium and vernacular

 Orientalists: modern education for jobs; but expand traditional knowledge too.
 Lord Macaulay was a central figure in the language debate over which language should be used
as the medium of education in India. The orientalists were in favour of the use of classical
language of Indian tradition, on the other hand, the Anglicists supported English. The Anglicists
group's views were expressed in the Minute of Macaulay. Commenting on the policies of East
India company once he said" The Company is an anomaly, but it is part of a system where
everything is an anomaly". He prepared the draft of the Indian Penal Code. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre)
2017]
4. Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835) [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007]
 It settled the debate in favour of Anglicists- Western education in English medium in the times of
Lord Bentick. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011]
 Led to more focus on a few schools and colleges (not mass education)
 ‘Downward filtration theory’[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2013]
5. Efforts of James Thompson (Lt Governor of NW provinces, 1843-53)
 Developed comprehensive scheme of village education through vernacular language
 In these schools, useful subjects (mensuration, agri sciences) taught
 Purpose: train personnel for new Revenue and PWD.
6. Wood’s Despatch (1854)- ‘The Magna Carta of English Education in India’
 Asked Government of India to assume responsibility of education of the masses (against
‘downward filtration theory, on paper).
 Hierarchy: vernacular primary schools (village) < Anglo-vernacular High Schools and affiliated
college (district) < affiliating universities in presidency towns (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras)
 Recommended English as medium in higher studies and vernacular at school level
 Stressed on female and vocational education, and on teachers’ training
 Secular education
 Recommended system of grant-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.
7. Developments
 1857: University of Calcutta, Bombay, Madras established.
 1849: Bethune School by JED Bethune at Calcutta for girl’s education.
 Agriculture institute at Pusa (Bihar) and an Engineering Institute at Roorkee started.
8. After the crown took over
 Hunter Education Commission (1882-3)
o To review state of education since 1854 Despatch. Hunter confined itself to primary and
secondary education. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2004],[U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2004]
o Transfer control to newly set up district and municipal boards
o Recommended 2 divisions in secondary education: literary (till university), vocational (for
commercial careers).
o Teaching-cum-examining universities were set up like Punjab University (1882) and
Allahabad University (1887).
 Indian Universities Act 1904
o 1902 Raleigh Commission- To look into conditions and prospects of universities in India;

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Page. 138
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

precluded from reporting on primary and secondary education.

o IUA 1904 (Based on recommendations of Raleigh):
 Universities to give more attention to study and research
 Number of fellows of universities+ their period of office reduced and most fellows to be
nominated by government
 Government can pass/ amend/ veto university’s senate regulations
 Stricter conditions for affiliations of private colleges
 ₹5L/ year sanctioned for 5 years to improve higher education and universities
 Government Resolution on Education Policy 1913
o In 1906 Baroda (progressive state) introduced compulsory primary education; Gokhale
advocated this for British India
o 1913 Resolution: Government refused compulsory primary education but accepted policy of

om
removal of illiteracy+ urged provincial governments to give free elementary education to
poor, backwards+ Encourage private efforts+ universities in each province.


l.c
Saddler University Commission 1917-19
o To study and report problems in Calcutta University; it reviewed school to university education.
ai
o 12year school course. Students to enter college at intermediate stage (not matric) for 3-yr
degree course
gm

o Separate board of secondary and intermediate education

o Less rigidity in framing university regulations
07

o University to function as centralized, unitary residential-teaching autonomous body

o Extend: female education, applied sciences, technical education, teachers’ training
03

o 1916-21: 7 new universities: Mysore, Patna, Benaras, Aligarh, Dacca, Lucknow, Osmania
o 1920: Government recommended Saddler report to the provincial governments [U.P. Lower
ar

Sub. (Spl) (Pre) 2010]

 Education under Dyarchy (Montford reforms): Education shifted to provincial ministries and
m

government stopped taking direct interest in educational matters; government grants were
to

stopped.
 Hartog Committee (1929)
av

o It was set up to report on development of education. Main recommendations:

o Emphasise primary education but no need for hasty expansion/ compulsion in education.
ur

o Only deserving students for high school/ intermediate (average students to vocational schools
ga

after 8th std.)

o Restrict admissions to universities for better standards.
 Sergeant Plan of Education
o 3-6year group- Pre-primary education
o 6-11year group- free, universal, compulsory elementary education
o 11-17year group- high school- for selected children (2 type- academic and
technical/vocational 3-year university course.
o Adequate technical, commercial and arts education
o Abolish intermediate course
o Liquidate adult illiteracy in 20 years

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

o Focus: teachers’ training, physical education, education for physically and mentally disabled.
o Objective: In 40 years, level of education same as England.
 Development of Vernacular Education
o 1835, 1836, 1838: William Adam’s report on vernacular education in BN, BR pointed out
defects in system of vernacular education.
o 1843-53: James Jonathan’s experiments in UP, as the lieutenant- governor there, including
opening one government school as model school in each tehsildari and a normal school for
teachers’ training for vernacular schools.
o 1853: Dalhousie’s minute expressed strong opinion in favour of vernacular education.
o 1854: Wood’s dispatch
o 1854-71: Government paid some attention to secular and vernacular education.
o 1882: Hunter Commission- State should make special efforts to extend and improve
vernacular education.
o 1904: Education policy- Special emphasis on vernacular education and increased grants for
it.
o 1929: Hartog Committee presented gloomy picture of primary education
 Development of Technical Education
o 1847: Engineering College at Roorkee set up
o 1856: Calcutta College of Engineering set up
o 1858: Overseers’ School at Poona raised to status of Poona College of Engg and affiliated to
Bombay University

THE MOVEMENT OF THE WORKING OF THE WORKING CLASS

1. Early Efforts
 Early nationalists were indifferent to labour’s cause, differentiated between Indian and British
labour, believed that labour laws would affect the competitive edge of Indian-owned industries;
did not support Factories Act 1881, ‘91
 1870: Sasipada Banerjea started workingmen’s club and newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi
 1878: Sorabjee Shapoorji tried to get a labour bill passed in Bombay
 1880: Narain Meghajee Lokhanday started newspaper Deenbandhu and set up Bombay Mill and
Millhands Association.
 1899: 1st strike in Great Indian Peninsular Railways; Tilak supported
 Leaders demanding better conditions: Bipin Pal, G Subramaniya
2. During Swadeshi Upsurge
 Workers participated; strikes by Prabhat Kumar Roy, Premtosh Bose, Apurba Ghosh, etc;
Subramaniya Siva and Chidambaram Pillai arrested for strike
 Biggest strike after Tilak’s arrest
3. During First World War and After
The Labour Union, formed in 1918 by B.P. Wadia, was the first Modern trade union Organisation of
India. It principally comprised textile workers of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills. Soon after
that two unions were formed in Bombay, one in Calcutta (the Indian Seamen’s Union) and four in
Madras.

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Page. 140
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]

International Labour Organisation (ILO) came into existence in 1919. In the first International
Labour Summit held at Washington, USA in 1919; Mr. N.M. Joshi was sent as worker's delegate
while B.P. Wadia was sent as an advisor. [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]
 AITUC (All India Trade Union Congress) founded in 1920.
 1st president- Lala Lajpat Rai (then Cong president) [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011],[U.P.P.C.S.
(Mains) 2006]
 1st general secretary is Dewan Chaman Lal
 CR Das= president for 3rd, 4th session
 1922 Gaya session of INC—welcomed formation of AITUC; committee formed to assist it
 Other leaders: Nehru, Bose, CF Andrews, JN Sengupta, VV Giri, Sarojini
 Gandhi helped organise Ahmedabad Textile Mill Assn (1918)
4. The Trade Union Act 1926
 Recognized trade unions as legal associations
 Laid down conditions for registration and regulation of trade union activities
 Secured civil and criminal immunity for trade unions (restrictions on political activity)
5. Trade Disputes Act 1929
 Main objective: To make provisions for establishment of Courts of Inquiry and Boards of
Conciliation.
 Prohibited strikes or lock-outs without notice in public utility services unless each individual
worker planning to go on strike gave an advance notice of one month to the administration.
 It also made any strike or lock-out illegal which had any object other than the furtherance of a
trade dispute within the trade or industry.
 Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the All India Trade Union Congress held at Nagpur in 1929. The
Nagpur session of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1929 displayed the trial of
strength between the leftists and the rightists (or the moderates or reformists). The moderate
section under the leadership of N. M. Joshi, V. V. Giri and B. Shiva Rao set up a separate
organization and named ‘Indian Trade Union Federation.’ [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013]
6. Meerut conspiracy case (1929)
 Government arrested 31 labour leaders; resulted in conviction of Muzzafar Ahmed, SA Dange,
Joglekar, Philip Spratt, Ben Bradley and others.
 Corporatist trend led by NM Joshi broke away from AITUC to set up the All India Trade Union
Federation.
 Revolutionary Communist Party of India (RCPI) is a political party in India. The party was
founded by Saumyandranath Tagore in 1934, breaking away from the Communist Party of India
(CPI).[U.P.P.C.S. (Re. Exam) (Pre) 2015]
 In 1935, the communists rejoined the AITUC.
 M. N. Roy founded the Radical Democratic Party in 1940. [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007]

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Page. 141
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

Important sessions of INC:

Session President Significance
1885 Bombay W C Banerjee  1st session attended by 72 delegates
 The Congress decided to set up Provincial
1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji Congress Committees across the country.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji  Appeal to Muslims to join INC
 1st non-Indian to be President of INC
1888 Allahabad George Yule
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013]
 Expressed resentment against Bengal partition
boycott of foreign goods
 Promotion of swadeshi goods and Indian

om
industries- Public meetings and processions
 Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’- Swadesh

l.c
Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta
 Use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas-
1905 Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale
ai
Ganpatifestival, traditional folk theatre
 Nationalist song- Amar Sonar Bangla,
gm

Sudesha Geetham- Subramania Bharati

 Painting- Abanindranath Tagore

07

Scientific research- Jadish Chandra Bose

 National Education in vernacular medium. Bengal
03

National College, National Council of Education.

 Word “swaraj” mentioned for the first time
ar

1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]

[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
m

 Congress split between extremists and moderates

1907 Surat Rash Behari Ghosh
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]
to

1908 Madras Rash Ghosh Behari  Constitution of INC drawn

av

 Expressed disapproval over formation of separate

1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malviya electorates based on religion (Indian Councils Act,
ur

1909)
 Reunification of the two factions in INC i.e.,
ga

moderates and extremists. Reunification of the

two factions in INC i.e., moderates and
A C Majumdar Extremists.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2013,  Death of Gokhale and Pherozshah Mehta
U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010,  Lucknow pact between Muslim league and INC
1916 Lucknow
U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2009, [U.P P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2004]
U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010,
U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006]
 INC accepted Muslim league demand of separate
electorate
 Tilak proclaimed vigourously “Swaraj is my

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Page. 142
 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

birthright, I shall have it” in the Lucknow session

of INC, 1916.[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2004]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015] [U.P.R.O./A.R.O.
(Mains) 2013]
In Lucknow Session 1916, Raj Kumar Shukla apprised
the problems of Champaran peasants to the Mahatma
Gandhi.
[U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013]
 First women to preside the congress session
[U.P.P.C.S. (Re. Exam) (Pre) 2015]
1917 Calcutta Annie Besant
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012]

 New constitution of INC framed

 Condemned the Jallianwala Bagh massacre
1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru  Approved the Khilafat movement
 Last session attended by Tilak
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]
1920 (Special
Lala Lajpat Rai  NCM moved and adopted
Session) Calcutta
 Reconstitution of congress committees on
linguistic grounds.
C. Vijay Raghav Chariar
 Congress declared its policy towards Princely
1920 Nagpur
rulers
 Jinnah left the INC[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2015]
 CR Das & other leaders broke away from INC and
1922 Gaya C R Das formed Swaraj party. C R Das presided session
when he was in Jail.
 Only session where Gandhi ji presided
1924 Belgaum M K Gandhi [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2004,U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2002]
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2011]
Sarojini Naidu  First Indian women president of INC
1925 Kanpur
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012] [U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2014]
 Resolution against using Indian troops in
Mesopotamia, Iran and China
1927 Madras M A Ansari  Resolution passed to boycott Simon
commission
 Adopted resolution for Purna Swaraj
1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru  1st All India Youth Congress Formed
 Passed Purna Swaraj Resolution
1929 Lahore J L Nehru  26th Jan observed as Independence Day
 Civil disobedience to be launched
 Endorsed Gandhi Irwin pact
1931 Karachi Vallabh Bhai Patel  Resolution of Fundamental rights and
National Economic Programme

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 History (Modern History)
Notes Code 1.4 Part- 2

 Gandhi nominated to represent INC in the 2nd

RTC
 INC constitution amended [U.P.R.O./A.R.O.
1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad
(Mains) 2014]
 Push towards socialist ideas by Nehru
1936 Lucknow Jawahar Lal Nehru
[U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015]
1937 Faizpur J L Nehru  1st session in a village
 National Planning Committee set under Nehru
Rabindranath Tagore bestowed Subhash Chandra
S C Bose Bose with the title of ‘Desh Nayak’ or ‘National
1938 Haripura
[U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) Leader’ in 1938 at Shantiniketan, after Subhash
2008] Chandra Bose became the President of INC.
Mahatma Gandhi called him ‘Patriot of Patriots.’
[U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2009,U.P. P.C.S. (Mains)
2006]
 Bose was re-elected as president but had to resign
when Gandhi supporters (in favour of P.
Sitarammaiah) protested
1939 Tripuri Rajendra Prasad  Rajendra Prasad was made president of the session
 All India Forward Bloca faction within Congress
in Bengal was formed by Bose in
1939.[U.P. P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
 Decision Movement to Launch Civil Disobedience
Abul Kalam Azad [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2016]
1940 Ramgarh
[1940-46] [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2012
U.P. Lower Sub (Pre) 2008]
 Last session before independence
When Congress Committee accepted the proposal
of divided India in Delhi on 15th June, 1947, J.B.
Kriplani was the President of Indian National
Congress. This proposal was presented by Gobind
Vallabh Pant and supported by Maulana Azad,
Sardar Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru. In November,
1946 Meerut J B Kriplani 1947 J.B. Kriplani resigned from Congress
Chairmanship. After that, Dr. Rajendra Prasad
became interim Chairman of Congress. Pattabhi
Sitaramaiyya became next President of Congress
in Jaipur Session in 1948. Then P.D. Tandon
became new President of Congress in Nasik
Session.
[U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2007][U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2014]

******

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