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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA’S CENTUM GUIDE

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UNIT – 1 METALLURGY

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lo
l.b
Points To Overlook
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Notable Reactions
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Textual & Book Inside Questions

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Evaluate Yourself Answers

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SAIVEERA ACADEMY
REVOLUTION FOR LEARNING - COIMBATORE

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

UNIT –1 METALLURGY

Points To Overlook
❖ Ore: Minerals that contains a high percentage of metal, from which it can be extracted
conveniently and economically are called ores.
❖ Gangue: Ores are associated with non-metallic impurities, rocky materials and

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siliceous matter which are collectively known as gangue.
❖ Metallurgical processes consists of
Concentration of the ore

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Extraction of crude metal
Refining of crude metal

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❖ Gravity separation or Hydraulic wash : In this method, the ore having high specific
gravity is separated from the gangue that has low specific gravity by simply washing

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with running water. For native ore such as gold and oxide ores such as hematite
(Fe2O3), tin stone (SnO2) etc.
❖ lo
Froth flotation : The metallic ore particles which are preferentially wetted by oil can
l.b
be separated from gangue. It used to concentrate sulphide ores such as galena (PbS),
zinc blende (ZnS) etc...,
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❖ Leaching : In this method, the crushed ore is allowed to dissolve in a suitable solvent,
the metal present in the ore is converted to its soluble salt or complex while the
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gangue remains insoluble.

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❖ Magnetic separation : This method is applicable to ferromagnetic ores and it is

based on the difference in the magnetic properties of the ore and the impurities.
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❖ Roasting: Roasting is the method, usually applied for the conversion of sulphide ores
vi

into their oxides. In this method, the concentrated ore is oxidized by heating it with
excess of oxygen in a suitable furnace below the melting point of the metal.
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❖ Calcination: It is the process in which the concentrated ore is strongly heated in the
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absence of air. Here ore is converted into their oxides.

❖ Smelting: It is the process of reducing the roasting metallic oxide to metal in molten
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condition.
❖
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Blistered copper: The solidified copper obtained after the reduction of copper matte
has blistered appearance. This is called blistered copper.
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❖ Ellingham diagram: The graphical representation of variation of the standard Gibbs

free energy of reaction for the formation of various metal oxides with temperature is
called Ellingham diagram.
❖ Distillation: In this method, the impure metal is heated to evaporate and the vapours
are condensed to get pure metal.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

❖ Liquation: This method is employed to remove the impurities with high melting
points from metals having relatively low melting points such as tin.
❖ Electrolytic refining: The crude metal is refined by electrolysis. It is carried out in an
electrolytic cell containing aqueous solution of the salts of the metal of interest. The
rods of impure metal are used as anode and thin strips of pure metal are used as
cathode.
❖ Zone Refining :This method is based on the principles of fractional crystallisation.

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When an impure metal is melted and allowed to solidify, the impurities will prefer to

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be in the molten region
❖ Vapour phase method : In this method, the metal is treated with a suitable reagent

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which can form a volatile compound with the metal. Then the volatile compound is
decomposed to give the pure metal.

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Notable Reactions
1.Cyanide leaching:

gs
4Au(s) + 8CN− (aq) + O2 (g) + 2H2 O(l) → 4[Au(CN)2 ]− (aq) + 4OH − (aq)
2.Alkali leaching: Al2 O3 (s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2 O(l) → 2Na[Al(OH)4 ](aq)
lo
3.Acid leaching: 2ZnS(s) + 2H2 SO4 (aq) + O2 (g) → 2ZnSO4 (aq) + 2S(s) + H2 O(aq)
l.b
∆
4. 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 ↑
5. 4As + 3O2 → 2As2 O3 ↑
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6. S8 + 8O2 → 8SO2 ↑
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7. P4 + 5O2 → P4 O10 ↑
∆
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8. ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 ↑

9. 2CuFeS2 (s) + O2 (g) → 2FeS(l) + 2Cu2 S(l) + 2SO2 (g)
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10. FeO(s) + SiO2 (s) → FeSiO3 (s)

vi

∆
11. Cr2 O3 + 2Al → 2Cr + Al2 O3
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12. Auto-reduction: HgS(s) + O2 (g) → Hg(l) + SO2 ↑

13. Change in Gibbs free energy: ∆G = ∆H − T∆S
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14. Gibbs free energy change for the electrolysis process: ∆G° = −nFE °
s:

15.Hall-Herold process:
Ionisation of alumina : Al2 O3 → 2Al3+ + 3O2−
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Reaction at cathode : Al3+ (melt) + 3e− → Al(l)

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Reaction at anode : 2O2− (melt) → O2 + 3e−

16. Mond process:
350K
Step 1: Ni(s) + 4CO(g) → Ni(CO)4 (g)
460K
Step 2: Ni(CO)4 → Ni(s) + 4CO(g)

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

17. Van-Arkel method:
550K
Step 1: Ti(s) + 2l2 (s) → Til4 (vapour)
1800K
Step 2: Til4 (vapour) → Ti(s) + 2l2 (s)

Textual Questions
1. Bauxite has the composition

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a) Al2O3 b) Al2O3.nH2O c) Fe2O3.2H2O d)None of these
Ans. b) Al2O3.nH2O
2. Roasting of sulphide ore gives the gas (A).(A) is a colourless gas. Aqueous solution of (A)

t .c
is acidic. The gas (A) is
a)CO2 b)SO3 c)SO2 d)H2S

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Ans. c)SO2
3. Which one of the following reaction represents calcinations?

gs
a) 2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO b) 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
c) MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans. c) MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 lo
l.b
4. The metal oxide which cannot be reduced to metal by carbon is
a) PbO b) Al2O3 c) ZnO d) FeO
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Ans. b) Al2O3
5. Which of the metal is extracted by Hall-Herold process?
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a) Al b) Ni c) Cu d) Zn
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Ans. a) Al
6. Which of the following statements, about the advantage of roasting of sulphide ore before
m

reduction is not true?

vi

a) ΔGfo of sulphide is greater than those for CS2 and H2S .

b) ΔGro is negative for roasting of sulphide ore to oxide
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c) Roasting of the sulphide to its oxide is thermodynamically feasible.

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d) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides
Ans. d) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides
s:

7.Match items in column - I with the items of column – II and assign the correct code
Column – I
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Column - 2
A Cyanide process (i) Ultrapure Ge A B C D
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B Froth flotation (ii) Dressing of ZnS a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

process b) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)
C Electrolytic (iii) Extraction of Al c) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
refining d) (ii) (iii) (i) (v)
D Zone refining (iv) Extraction of Au

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

(v) Purification of
Ni
Ans. c) A – (iv) , B – (ii) , C – (iii) , D – (i)
8. Wolframite ore is separated from tinstone by the process of
a) Smelting b) Calcination
c) Roasting d) Electromagnetic separation
Ans. d) Electromagnetic separation

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9. Which one of the following is not feasible
a) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Cu(s) + Zn2+ (aq)
b) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)

t .c
c) Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) →Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)
d) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) →Cu(s) + Fe2+(aq)

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Ans. b) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
10. Electrochemical process is used to extract

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a) Iron b) Lead c) Sodium d) silver
Ans. c) Sodium
11. Flux is a substance which is used to convert lo
l.b
a) Mineral into silicate
b) Infusible impurities to soluble impurities
ia

c) Soluble impurities to infusible impurities

d) All of these
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Ans. b) Infusible impurities to soluble impurities

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12. Which one of the following ores is best concentrated by froth – floatation method?
a) Magnetite b) Hematite c) Galena d) Cassiterite
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Ans. c) Galena
vi

13. In the extraction of aluminium from alumina by electrolysis, cryolite is added to

a) Lower the melting point of alumina b) Remove impurities from alumina
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c) Decrease the electrical conductivity d) Increase the rate of reduction

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Ans. a) Lower the melting point of alumina

14. Zinc is obtained from ZnO by
s:

a) Carbon reduction b) Reduction using silver

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c) Electrochemical process d) Acid leaching

Ans. a) Carbon reduction
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15. Cupellation is a process used for the refining of

a) Silver b) Lead c) Copper d) iron
Ans. a) Silver
16. Extraction of gold and silver involves leaching with cyanide ion. silver is later recovered
by
a) Distillation b) Zone refining c) Displacement with zinc d) liquation
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

Ans. c) Displacement with zinc
17. Considering Ellingham diagram, which of the following metals can be used to reduce
alumina?
a) Fe b) Cu c) Mg d) Zn
Ans. c) Mg
18.The following set of reactions are used in refining Zirconium
523K
Zr(Impure) + 2I2 → ZrI4

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1800K
ZrI4 → Zr( Pure)+ 2I2
This method is known as
d) Mond’s process

t .c
a) Liquation b) van Arkel process c) Zone refining
Ans. b) van Arkel process

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19. Which of the following is used for concentrating ore in metallurgy?
a) Leaching b) Roasting c) Froth floatation d) Both (a) and (c)

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Ans. d) Both (a) and (c)
20. The incorrect statement among the following is
a) Nickel is refined by Mond’s process
b) Titanium is refined by Van Arkel’s process lo
l.b
c) Zinc blende is concentrated by froth floatation
d) In the metallurgy of gold, the metal is leached with dilute sodium chloride solution
ia

Ans. d) In the metallurgy of gold, the metal is leached with dilute sodium chloride solution
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21. In the electrolytic refining of copper, which one of the following is used as anode?
a) Pure copper b) Impure copper c) Carbon rod d) Platinum electrode
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Ans. b) Impure copper

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22. In the Ellingham diagram, for the formation of carbon monoxide

o o
a)ΔS /ΔT is negative b) ΔG /ΔT is positive
vi

o o o
c) ΔG /ΔT is negative d) initially ΔT/ ΔG is positive, after 700oC , ΔG /ΔT is negative
al

o
Ans. c) ΔG /ΔT is negative
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23.Which of the following plot gives Ellingham diagram

o
a)ΔS Vs T b) ΔG Vs T
s:

o 1 o
c) ΔG Vs is negative d) ΔG Vs T2 is negative
T
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o
Ans. b) ΔG Vs T
ht

24.Which of the following reduction is not thermodynamically feasible?

a) Cr2O3+ 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr b) Al2O3 + 2Cr → Cr2O3 + 2Al
c) 3TiO2 + 4Al → 2 Al2O3 + 3Ti d) none of these
Ans. b) Al2O3 + 2Cr → Cr2O3 + 2Al
25.Which of the following is not true with respect to Ellingham diagram?
a) Free energy changes follow a straight line. Deviation occurs when there is a phase change.
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

b) The graph for the formation of CO2 is a straight line almost parallel to free energy axis.
c) Negative slope of CO shows that it becomes more stable with increase in temperature.
d) Positive slope of metal oxides shows that their stabilities decrease with increase in
temperature.
Ans. b) The graph for the formation of CO2 is a straight line almost parallel to free energy
axis.

/
Additional questions

om
1.Which metal is used for extraction of Au and Ag and also for galvanization of iron object?
a)Mg b) Zn c)Cr d)Co

t .c
Ans. b) Zn
2.Which of the following is not a mineral of aluminium?

po
a)Bauxite b) Cryolite
c) China clay d) Malachite

gs
Ans. d) Malachite
3.Name the process by which elements such as germanium ,silicon and galium are refined.
a) Vapour phase method
lo
b) Electrolytic refining
l.b
c) Zone refining d) Van–Arkel method.
Ans. c) Zone refining
ia

4.Which of the following will give respective metal by self reduction?

a)galena(Pbs) b)HgS c)ZnS d)both (a)and(b)
er

Ans. d)both (a)and(b)

at

5.In the extraction of copper from its sulphide ore, the metal is finally obtained by the
reduction of cuprous oxide with
m

a)Iron sulphide(FeS) b) Carbon monoxide(CO)

vi

c) Copper (I)sulphide (Cu2S) d) Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Ans. c)Copper (I)sulphide (Cu2S)
al

6.Which of the following mineral contains calcium as well as magnesium?

//k

a) Zinc blende b) Aragonite c) Dolomite d) Carnalite

Ans. c) Dolomite
s:

7.In the froth-floatation process the collectors such as pine oil and xanthates ,etc enhances.
a) Non –wettability of the mineral particles in froth
tp

b) Non –wettability of the mineral particles in water

ht

c) Non –wettability of the gangue particles in froth

d) Non –wettability of the gangue particles in water.
Ans. b) Non –wettability of the mineral particles in water
8.Concentration 0f copper glance is done by
a) leaching b) magnetic separation
c) froth flotation d) hydraulic washing
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

Ans. c) froth flotation
9. Zone refining is based on
a) fractional distillation b) simple distillation
c) sublimation d) fractional crystallization
Ans. d) fractional crystallization
10.Identify the halide ore among the following .
a) Epsom salt b) Pyrolusite c) Anglesite d) Rock salt

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Ans. d) Rock salt

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11.The process of heating of copper pyrites to remove sulphur is called
a)froth flotation b)roasting c) calcination d) smelting

t .c
Ans. b)roasting
12.Ignition mixture used in aluminothermic process is

po
a) Cr+Al2O3 b)Mg+BaO2 c) Al+Cr2O3 d) Ba+MgO
Ans. b)Mg+BaO2

gs
13.Malachite has ___________ composition.
a) 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 b) CuCO3Cu(OH)2 c) Cu2O d) Cu2S
Ans. b) CuCO3Cu(OH)2
lo
l.b
14.Zinc blende is ___________
a)ZnS b) PbS c) Ag2S d) Cu2S
ia

Ans. a)ZnS
15.In acid leaching process, the insoluble sulphide is converted into soluble sulphate and
er

elemental ___________
at

a)Carbon b) Lead c) Sulphur d) Zinc

Ans. c) Sulphur
m

16.Sulphide ore is converted to oxide form by using the process ___________

vi

a) Calcination b) Roasting c) Smelting d) Leaching

Ans. b) Roasting
al

17.Magnetic separation it is based on the difference in the _______of the ore and the
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impurities.
a) Magnetic properties b) Chemical properties
s:

c) Physical properties d) Melting point .

Ans. a) Magnetic properties
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18.Zinc is extracted from zinc blende by____________

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a) Carbon reduction process b) Nitrogen reduction process

c) Oxygen reduction process d) All of these.
Ans. a) Carbon reduction process
19.Gibb’s free energy is given by __________
a) ∆Go = -nFEo b) ∆Go = nF c) ∆ Go = nFEo d) ∆Eo = -nFGo
Ans. a) ∆Go = -nFEo
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

20.Na[Ag(CN)2] is ______________.
a) Sodium aurocyanide b) Sodium meta aluminate
c) Aluminosilicate d) Sodium dicyano argentate
Ans. d) Sodium dicyano argentate
21.Semi conductors are purified by method __________
a) Zone refining b) Electrolytic refining
c) Mond’s process d) Bessemerisation

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Ans. a) Zone refining

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22.Magnesite is
a) magnesium oxide b) magnesium carbonate

t .c
c) magnesium sulphate d) magnesium chloride
Ans. b) magnesium carbonate

po
23.In the metallurgy of iron, limestone is added to coke .which acts as a________
a) reducing agent b) oxidizing agent c) slag d) Flux

gs
Ans. d) Flux
24.Froth flotation process is suitable for concentrating ___________ore.
a) Oxide b) Carbonate
lo c) Sulphide d)Halide
l.b
Ans. c) Sulphide
25.Metal oxide is converted into metal by
ia

a) Calcination b) Roasting c) Smelting d) Bessemerisation

Ans. c) Smelting
er

26.Sodium cyanide solution is used to extract___________ from its ores.

at

a)Copper b)Silver c)Gold d) Both (b) and (c).

Ans. d) Both (b) and (c).
m

27.In Hall-Herold process, __________act as an anode.

vi

a)Carbon blocks b) Hydrogen c)Copper rods d)Zinc rods

Ans. a)Carbon blocks
al

28. Find the odd one out

//k

a) Sphalerite b) Galena c) Azurite d) Iron pyrite

Ans. c) Azurite
s:

29. Which is not refined by liquation?

a) Tin b) Zinc c) Lead d) Bismuth
tp

Ans. b) Zinc
ht

30. In froth floatation sodium ethyl Xanthate is used as a

a) Collector b) depressing agent c) frothing agent d) Flux
Ans. a) Collector
31. Metals which do not form carbides with carbon at reduction temperature can be extracted
from their oxides by
a) Reduction by metal b) Reduction by hydrogen
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

Ans. c) Reduction by carbon d) Auto reduction
c) Reduction by carbon
32. If the e.m.f of the net redox reaction is positive, its ∆G is
a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) One
Ans. b) Negative
33. Which is used in making luminous paints, fluorscent lights and x - ray screens?
a) Brass b) Zinc sulphide c) Cast iron d) Gold nano particles

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Ans. b) Zinc sulphide

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34. Which is used for increasing the efficiency of solar cells?
a) Brass b) Zinc sulphide c) Cast iron d) Gold nanoparticles

t .c
Ans. d) Gold nanoparticles
35. Which method is based on the solubility of the ore in a suitable solvent

po
a) Gravity separation b) Hydraulic wash
c) Leaching d) Magnetic separation

gs
Ans. c) Leaching
36. The process of Gold is reduced to its elemental state (Zero oxidation state) is called
a) oxidation b) cementation
lo c) galvanization d) smelting
l.b
Ans. b) cementation
37. Which of the following ores undergoing Ammonia leaching process ?
ia

a) Ni, Cu, CO b) Fe , Cu, Co c) Zn, Cu, Al d) Hg, Zn, Al

Ans. a) Ni, Cu, CO
er

38. Tin stone , Chromite and Pyrolusite are concentrated by ------------- process.
at

a) Gravity separation b) Hydraulic wash

c) Froth flotation d) Magnetic separation
m

Ans. d) Magnetic separation

vi

39.The process of ore into metal oxide with absence of air is called
a) Oxidation b) Cementation c) Galvanization d) Calcination
al

Ans. d) Calcination
//k

40. Which oxides will decompose on heating even in the absence of a reducing agent.
a) Ag2O, HgO b) FeO, CaO c) SiO2, FeO d) MgO, HgO
s:

Ans. a) Ag2O, HgO

41. Which is the correct order of reactivity of metals
tp

a) Zn > Cu < Ag b) Zn < Cu < Ag c) Cu > Zn < Ag d) Zn > Cu > Ag

ht

Ans. d) Zn > Cu > Ag

42. Metals having low melting points such as tin, lead, mercury and bismuth are refined by
a) Distillation b) Liquation c) Electrolytic d) Zone refining
Ans. b) Liquation
43. Which one is used in the manufacture of many products such as paints, rubber,
cosmetics.
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

a) Zinc carbonate b) Zinc oxide c) Zinc metal d) Zinc sulphide
Ans. b) Zinc oxide
44. Which one is used for cutting tools and crushing machines.
a) Nickel steel b) Chrome steel
c) Chrome vanadium steel d) Nichrome
Ans. b) Chrome steel
45. Which one is used for making aeroplane parts

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a) Cu b) Au c) Fe d) Zn

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Ans. b) Au
46.Elingham diagram helps to select

t .c
a) suitable reducing agent b) appropriate temperature
c) both (a) and (b) d) oxidizing agent

po
Ans. c) both (a) and (b)
47.In Hall – Herold process calcium chloride helps to

gs
a) increase the melting point b) decrease the melting point
c) maintain the temperature d) increase the boiling point
Ans. b) decrease the melting point
lo
l.b
48. Cr2O3 can be reduced by
a) Aluminothermic process b) Mond́s process
ia

c) Cyande process d) hydrogen reduction

Ans. a) Aluminothermic process
er

49. Leaching process is a

at

a) reduction b) dehydration c) redox reaction d) dehydrogenation

Ans. c) redox reaction
m

50. The complex formed when NaCN is added to galena in which ZnS is the impurity
c) 2Zn[Na(CN)-2]
vi

a) 2Na[Zn(CN)4] b) Na2[Zn(CN)4] d) Na4[Zn(CN)4]

Ans. b) Na2[Zn(CN)4]
al

51. In the froth floatation process for the purification of ores the particles that because
//k

a) they are light b) their surface is not easily wetted by water

c)they bear electrostatic charge d) they are insoluble
s:

Ans. b) their surface is not easily wetted by water

52. In a metallurgical process , an acid flux is used for removing
tp

a) slag b) basic flux c) acidic gangue d) basic gangue

ht

Ans. d) basic gangue

53. Aluminium is extracted from alumina (Al2O3) by electrolysis of a molten mixture of
a) Al2O3 + KF + Na3AlF6 b) Al2O3 + HF + NaAlF4
c) Al2O3 + CaF2 + NaAlF4 d) Al2O3 + Na3AlF6 + CaF2
Ans. d) Al2O3 + Na3AlF6 + CaF2
54. Oxide ores are concentrated by
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

a) hand picking b) hydraulic washing
c) froth floatation d) magnetic separation process
Ans. b) hydraulic washing
55. Froth flotation process is applicable for
a) oxide ores b) carbonate ores c) chloride ores d) sulphide ores
Ans. d) sulphide ores
56. Depressing agents used to separate ZnS from PbS is

/
a) NaCN b) NaCl c) NaNO3 d) NaNO2

om
Ans. a) NaCN
57. Which type of leaching process convert insoluble sulphide ore into soluble sulphates?

t .c
a) cyanide leaching b) alkali leaching c) acid leaching d) hand picking
Ans. c) acid leaching

po
Answer the following questions
Book Back

gs
1.What is the difference between minerals and ores?
Minerals Ores
Naturally occuring substances obtained by lo
Minerals that contain high percentage of
l.b
mining which contain the metals in free metal from which it can be extracted
state or in the form of compounds like conveniently and economically are called
ia

oxides, sulphides etc. are called minerals. ores.

er

All minerals are not ores All ores are minerals

at

Ex : Clay – Mineral of aluminium Ex : Bauxite – Ore of aluminium

m
vi

2. What are the various steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores?
al

1) Concentration of the ore.

2) Extraction of the crude metal.
//k

3) Refining of the crude metal.

s:

3. What is the role of Limestone in the extraction of Iron from its oxide Fe2O3?
tp

In the extraction of iron , a basic flux limestone is used. Limestone decomposes to form
CaO which reacts with silica gangue present in the iron ore is acidic in nature to form
ht

calcium silicate (slag)

CaCO3 CaO + CO2
CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) CaSiO3 (s)
Flux Gangue slag

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

4.Which type of ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method? Give two
examples for such ores.
Sulphide ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method.
E.x : Galena (PbS), Zinc blende (ZnS)

5. Out of coke and CO, which is better reducing agent for the reduction of ZnO? why?
✓ Reduction of ZnO to Zn is carried out at a temperature of 1673 K .

/
✓ However it has been observed from Ellingham diagram that above 1273 K , the Gibbs

om
free energy of formation of CO2 from Coke is lesser than the Gibbs free energy of
formation of ZnO .

t .c
✓ Therefore , Coke can easily reduce ZnO to Zn under these conditions

po
6. Describe a method for refining nickel.
✓ Impure nickel is heated in a stream of carbon monoxide at around 350K. Nickel reacts

gs
with CO to form a highly volatile nickel tetracarbonyl. The solid impurities are left
behind.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g)
lo
NiCO4(g)
✓ On heating nickel tetra carbonyl around 460K, the complex decomposes to give pure
l.b
nickel.
ia

Ni(CO)4(g) Ni(s) + 4CO(g)

er

7. Explain zone refining process with an example

at

1) The principle used in this process is fractional crystallisation.

2) When an impure metal is melted and allowed to solidify, the impurities will prefer to
m

remain in the molten region. i.e impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the
vi

solid state metal.

3) In this process the impure metal is taken in the form of a rod. One end of the rod is
al

heated using a mobile induction heater, melting the metal on that portion of the rod.
//k

4) When the heater is slowly moved to the other end pure metal crystallises while
impurities will move on to the adjacent molten zone formed due to the movement of
s:

the heater.
5) As the heater moves further away, the molten zone containing impurities also moves
tp

along with it.

ht

6) This process is repeated several times by moving the heater in the same direction
again and again to achieve the desired purity level.
7) This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of
metals.
8) Germanium, Silicon and gallium which are used as semiconductor are refined by this
process.
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

8. a) Predict the conditions under which
i) Aluminium might be expected to reduce magnesia.
ii) Magnesium could reduce alumina.
b) Carbon monoxide is more effective reducing agent than carbon below 983K but,
above this temperature, the reverse is true - Explain.
c) It is possible to reduce 𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 by coke at a temperature around 1200K

/
a)

om
i) Ellingham diagram for the formation of Al2 O3 and MgO intersects around 1600K. Above
this temperature line of ∆G°(𝑀𝑔 , 𝑀𝑔𝑂) lies above the line of ∆G°(𝐴𝑙 , 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 ) ,

t .c
Hence we can use aluminium to reduce magnesia above 1600K.
1623 K
3MgO + 2Al → Al2 O3 + 3Mg

po
ii) 1 .4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2 O3 2.2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

gs
At the point of intersection of the Al2 O3 and MgO curves in Ellingham diagram , ∆G°
becomes zero for the reaction
2Al2 O3 + 2Mg → 2MgO + 4Al lo
l.b
Below that point magnesium can reduce alumina
ia

b) The two lines for C → CO2 and C → CO cross at about 983K. Below this temperature the
er

reaction to form CO2 is energetically more favourable hence CO is more effective reducing
agent than carbon below 983K. But above 983K the formation of CO is preferred, hence
at

carbon is more effective reducing agent than CO above this temperature.

m

C) In Ellingham diagram above 1000K carbon line lies below the formation of Fe2 O3 . Hence
vi

it is possible to reduce Fe2 O3 by coke at a temperature around 1200K.

al

9. Give the uses of zinc.

//k

1) Metallic zinc is used in galvanisation to protect iron and steel structures from rusting
and corrosion.
s:

2) Zinc is used to produce die - castings in the automobile, electrical and hardware
tp

industries.
3) Zinc oxide is used in the manufacture of paints, rubber, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,
ht

plastics, inks, batteries, textiles and electrical equipment.

4) Zinc sulphide is used in making luminous paints, fluorescent lights and x - ray screens.
5) Brass an alloy of zinc which is highly resistant to corrosion is used in water valves and
communication equipment.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

10. Explain the electrometallurgy of aluminium.
Hall - Herold Process
Cathode : Iron tanked lined with carbon
Anode : Carbon blocks
Electrolyte : 20% solution of alumina obtained from bauxite + Molten Cryolite + 10%
calcium chloride (lowers the melting point of the mixture)
Temperature: Above 1270K

/
Ionisation of Alumina : Al2 O3 2Al3+ + 3O2−

om
Reaction at cathode : 2Al3+ (𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡) + 3𝑒 − 𝐴𝑙(𝑙)
Reaction at anode : 2𝑂2− (𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡) 𝑂2 + 4𝑒 −

t .c
Since carbon acts as anode the following reaction also takes place on it.
C(s) + O2 - (melt) CO + 2e -

po
C(s) + 2O2 -(melt) CO2 + 4e -
During electrolysis anodes are slowly consumed due to the above two reactions. Pure

gs
aluminium is formed at the cathode and settles at the bottom.
Net electrolysis reaction is
4𝐴𝑙 3+ (𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡) + 6𝑂2− (𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡) lo
4𝐴𝑙(𝑙) + 3𝐶𝑂2(𝑔)
l.b
11.Explain the following terms with suitable examples. i) Gangue ii) Slag
ia

i) Gangue
er

The non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter present in the ores are
called gangue.
at

E.x : SiO2 is the gangue present in the iron ore Fe2O3.

m

ii) Slag
vi

Slag is a fusible chemical substance formed by the reaction of gangue with a flux.
al

In the extraction of iron , a basic flux limestone is used. Limestone decomposes to form
CaO which reacts with silica gangue present in the iron ore is acidic in nature to form
//k

calcium silicate (slag)

CaCO3 CaO + CO2
s:

CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) CaSiO3 (s)

tp

Flux Gangue slag

ht

12.Give the basic requirement for vapour phase refining.

✓ The metal should form a volatile compound , when treated with a suitable reagent
✓ Then the volatile compound should decomposed to give the pure metal.

13. Describe the role of the following in the process mentioned.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i) Silica in the extraction of copper.
ii) Cryolite in the extraction of aluminium.
iii) Iodine in the refining of Zirconium.
iv) Sodium cyanide in froth floatation.
i) In the extraction of copper silica acts as an acidic flux to remove FeO as slag FeSiO3 .
FeO + SiO2 (s) FeSiO3
Flux Slag

/
om
ii) Cryolite serves as an added impurity and lowers the melting point of the Al2O3 .

iii) First Iodine forms a Volatile tetraiodide with impure metal, which decomposes to give

t .c
pure metal. Impure zirconium metal is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine to form the
volatile zirconium tetraiodide (ZrI4). The impurities are left behind, as they do not react

po
with iodine.

gs
iv) Sodium cyanide acts as a depressing agent in froth floatation process. When a sulphide
ore of a metal of interest contains other metal sulphides the depressing agent sodium cyanide
lo
selectively prevent other metal sulphides from coming to the froth.
l.b
14. Explain the principle of electrolytic refining with an example.
ia

Crude metal is refined by electrolysis carried out in an electrolytic cell.

1) Cathode : Thin strips of pure metal.
er

2) Anode : Impure metal to be refined.

at

3) Electrolyte : Aqueous solution of the salt of the metal with dilute acid.
4) As current is passed, the metal of interest dissolves from the anode and pass into the
m

5) electrolytic solution.
vi

6) At the same time same amount of metal ions from the electrolytic solution will be
deposited at the cathode.
al

7) Less electro positive impurities in the anode settle down as anode mud.
//k

Electro refining of silver

s:

1) Cathode : Pure silver

2) Anode : Impure silver rods.
tp

3) Electrolyte : Acidified aqueous solution of silver nitrate.

ht

4) On passing current the following reactions will take place.

5) Reaction at anode : 2Ag (s) Ag + (aq) + 1e−
6) Reaction at cathode : Ag + (aq) + 1e− Ag
7) During electrolysis, at the anode the silver atoms lose electrons and enter the solution.
The positively charged silver cations migrate towards the cathode and get discharged
by gaining electrons and deposited on the cathode.
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

15. The selection of reducing agent depends on the thermodynamic factor: Explain with
an example.
✓ A suitable reducing agent is selected based on the thermodynamic considerations.
✓ For a spontaneous reaction∆G should be negative.
✓ Thermodynamically, the reduction of metal oxide with a given reducing agent can
occur if ∆G for the coupled reaction is negative.

/
✓ Hence the reducing agent is selected in such a way that it provides a large negative ∆G

om
value for the coupled reaction.
✓ Ellingham diagram is used to predict thermodynamic feasibility of reduction of oxides

t .c
of one metal by another metal.
For example

po
1) Above 1623 K , Al has more negative ∆Go value than Mg
2) Hence Al is used to reduce magnesia

gs
3) Below 1623 K , Mg more negative ∆Go value than Al
4) Hence Mg is used to reduce Al
lo
l.b
16. Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram.
1) Ellingham diagram is constructed based only on thermodynamic considerations.
ia

2) It gives information about the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction.

3) It does not tell anything about the rate of the reaction.
er

4) More over it does not give any idea about the possibility of other reactions that might
at

be taking place.
5) The interpretation of ∆G is based on the assumption that the reactants are in
m

equilibrium with the product which is not always true.

vi

17. Write a short note on electrochemical principles of metallurgy.

al

1) Reduction of oxides of active metals such as sodium, potassium etc. by carbon is

//k

2) thermodynamically not feasible.

3) Such metals are extracted from their ores by using electrochemical methods.
s:

4) In this method the metal salts are taken in fused form or in solution form.
tp

5) The metal ion present can be reduced by treating the solution with suitable reducing
agent or by electrolysis.
ht

6) Gibbs free energy change for the electrolysis is ∆G° = − nFE°

n = number of electrons involved in the reduction
F = Faraday = 96500 coulombs
𝐄°= electrode potential of the redox couple.
7) If E° is positive, ∆G° is negative and the reduction is spontaneous.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

8) Hence a redox reaction is planned in such a way that the e.m.f of the net redox
reaction is positive.
9) A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.Zinc is
more reactive than copper and displaces copper from its salt solution.
Cu(s) + 2Ag + (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Cu2+ (aq) + Zn(s) Cu(s) + Zn2+ (aq)

/
om
Evaluate Yourself
1.Write the equation for the extraction of silver by teaching with sodium cyanide and
show that the teaching process is a redox reaction.

t .c
The crushed ore of argentite (Ag2S) is leached with sodium cyanide solution. This reaction
forms sodium argento cyanide Na[Ag(CN)2].

po
Step 1: Ag2S + 4NaCN ⇌ 2Na [Ag(CN)2 + Na2S
The solution of sodium argento cyanide combines with zinc dust and forms sodium tetra

gs
cyano zincate and precipated silver.
Step 2: Zn + 2 Na[Ag(CN)2] Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2 Ag
lo (0) (oxidation) (2+)
l.b
In the step 2, redox reaction takes place, Zn Na2[Zn(CN)4]
(2+) (+1) (0)
ia

Zn Zn (oxidation) Na[Ag(CN)2 2Ag↓

(+1) (0) (reduction)
er

Ag Ag (reduction)
at

2. Magnesite (Magnesium carbonate) is calcined to obtain magnesia, which is used to

m

make refractory bricks. Write the decomposition reaction.

Magnesite is a carbonate of magnesium. Magnesite when heated at 800˚C to 1000˚C at the
vi

CO2 content in it is driven off. The residue so obtained is known as calcined magnesite.
al

MgCO3 800˚C to 1000˚C MgO + CO2↓

//k

(Magnesite) (Magnesia)
s:

3. Using Ellingham diagram indicate the lowest temperature at which ZnO can be
tp

reduced to Zinc metal by carbon. Write the overall reduction at this temperature.
✓ Ellingham diagram shows variation in standard Gibbs free energy change with
ht

temperature for the formation of oxide.

✓ The Ellingham diagram shows straight line upward slope with formation of oxide, but
in case of ZnO there is sudden change.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

✓ Ellingham diagram helps in the selecting suitable
reducing agent.
✓ By seeing the Ellingham diagram, the free energy
formation(∆fG˚) of CO from C becomes lower
temperatures above 1120 K while that of CO2
from C becomes lower above 1323 K than ∆fG˚
of ZnO.

/
✓ As ∆fG˚ of CO2 from CO is always higher than

om
that of ZnO. So C can reduce ZnO to Zn but not
CO. Thus carbon is better reducing agent than CO for ZnO.

t .c
4. Metallic sodium is extracted by the electrolysis of brine (aq. NaCl). After electrolysis

po
the electrolytic solution becomes basic in nature. Write the possible electrode reactions.
Brine is a solution of sodium chloride (molten state).The process of electrolysis involves

gs
using an electric current to bring about a chemical change and make new chemicals. In the
electrolysis of brine, sodium ions migrate to the cathode, where electrons enter to the melt
and are reduced in sodium metal.
lo
l.b
Na+ + e Na ( at cathode )
Chloride ions migrate the other way toward the anode. They give up their electrons to the
ia

anode and are oxidized to chlorine gas.

Cl− - ½ Cl2 + 𝑒 − ( at anode )
er

Overall reaction: 2Nacl 2Na(s) + Cl2(g)

For aqueous solution of NaCl: H2O +2𝑒 − H2 ↑ + OH − ( at cathode )
at

Cl-- ½ Cl2 + 𝑒 − ( at anode )

m

Overall reaction: Nacl(aq) + H2O(I) Na+(aq) + OH − aq) + H2 (g) + ½ Cl2 (g)

vi

After electrolysis the electrolytic solution becomes basic in nature.

al

Book Inside
//k

Short Answers
1. What is concentration of ores?
s:

The removal of non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter (called as
tp

gangue) from the ores is known as concentration of ores.

ht

2. What is leaching?
The process of dissolving metal present in an ore in a suitable solvent to form a
soluble metal salt or complex leaving the gangue undissolved is called leaching.
3. What is ammonia leaching?
✓ Crushed ore containing nickel, copper and cobalt is treated with aqueous ammonia
under suitable pressure.
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

✓ Ammonia selectively leaches these metals by forming their soluble complexes namely
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ , [Cu(NH3)4]2+ from the ore leaving behind the gangue, iron(III)
oxides/hydroxides and aluminosilicate.

4. In the extraction of metal ore is first converted into metal oxide before reduction into
metal. why?
✓ In the concentrated ore the metal exists in positive oxidation state and hence it is to be

/
reduced to elemental state.

om
✓ From the principles of thermodynamics the reduction of oxide is easier compared to
the reduction of other compounds of metal.

t .c
✓ Hence before reduction the ore is first converted into metal oxide.

po
5. How will you extract the metal by the process of reduction by carbon.
✓ In this method oxide ore of the metal is mixed with coal (coke) and heated strongly in

gs
a blast furnace.
✓ This method can be applied to metals which do not form carbides with carbon at the
reduction temperature.
lo
l.b
ZnO(s) + C Zn(S) + CO(g) ↑
ia

6. Explain auto reduction of metallic ores?

✓ Simple roasting of some of the metallic ores give the crude metal.
er

✓ Use of reducing agent is not necessary.

✓ Cinnabar is roasted to give mercury.
at

HgS(s) + O2 (g) Hg + SO2 ↑

m
vi

7. Give the applications of copper.

1. Used for making coins and ornaments along with gold and other metals.
al

2. Copper and its alloys are used for making wires, water pipes and other electrical parts.
//k

8. Give the applications of gold.

s:

1. Used for coinage and has been used as standard for monetary systems in some
countries.
tp

2. Extensively used in jewellery in its alloy form with copper.

ht

3. Used in electroplating to cover other metals with a thin layer of gold in watches,
artificial limb joints, cheap jewellery, dental fillings and electrical connectors.
4. Gold nanoparticles are used for increasing the efficiency of solar cells.
5. Used as catalyst.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

9.What do you meant by Refining process ?
✓ The metal extracted from its ore contains some impurities such as unreacted oxide ore,
other metals, non metals etc...
✓ Removal of such impurities associated with the isolated crude metal is called refining
process.

10.Which method is used to refine volatile metals? Explain it

/
✓ Distillation method is employed for low boiling volatile metals like zinc (boiling point

om
1180 K) and mercury (630 K).
✓ In this method, the impure metal is heated to evaporate and the vapours are condensed

t .c
to get pure metal.
✓

po
11. Explain liquation with suitable example
1. This method, is employed to remove the impurities with high melting points from

gs
metals having relatively low melting points such as tin (Sb; mp = 904 K), lead (Pb; mp
= 600 K), mercury (Hg; mp =234 K), and bismuth (Bi; mp =545 K).
lo
2. In this process, the crude metal is heated to form fusible liquid and allowed to flow on
l.b
a sloping surface.
3. The impure metal is placed on sloping hearth of a reverberatory furnace and it is
ia

heated just above the melting point of the metal in the absence of air, the molten pure
metal flows down and the impurities are left behind.
er

4. The molten metal is collected and solidified.

at

12.What do you meant by cementation?

m

Gold can be recovered by reacting the deoxygenated leached solution with zinc. In
vi

this process the gold is reduced to its elemental state (zero oxidation sate) and the process is
called cementation.
al

𝑍𝑛(𝑠) + 2[𝐴𝑢(𝐶𝑁)2 ]− (𝑎𝑞) 2[𝑍𝑛(𝐶𝑁)2 ]− (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐴𝑢

//k

13.Explain Cyanide leaching

In the concentration of gold ore , the crushed ore of gold is leached with aerated dilute
s:

solution of sodium cyanide. Gold is converted into a soluble cyanide complex. The gangue,
tp

aluminosilicate remains insoluble.

4Au (s) + 8CN− (aq) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) 4[Au(CN)2]− (aq) + 4OH− (aq)
ht

14. What is Acid leaching

Leaching of sulphide ores such as ZnS, PbS etc., can be done by treating them with hot
aqueous sulphuric acid.
2ZnS (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) + O2(g) 2ZnSO4 (aq) + 2S (s) + H2O

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

In this process the insoluble sulphide is converted into soluble sulphate and elemental
sulphur

15.Write the differences between roasting and calcination

Roasting Calcination
In this concentrated ore is oxidised by It is the process in which the concentrated
heating it with excess of oxygen in a ore is strongly heated in the absence of air

/
om
suitable furnace below the melting point of or limited supply of air below the melting
the metal. point of the metal
It is used for concentrating sulphide ores It is used for concentrating carbonate ores

t .c
During this process SO2 is released During this process CO2 is released

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16.List out the common refining methods
1. Distillation
2. Liquation
3. Electrolytic refining lo
l.b
4. Zone refining
5. Vapour phase method
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17.ZnO can be reduced to the metal by heating with carbon but not Cr2O3.Jusitify your
answer
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Carbon has more affinity for oxygen than zinc , whereas chromium has higher affinity
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for oxygen than zinc.Hence ZnO can be reduced to the metal by heating with carbon but not
Cr2O3
vi
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18.What is smelting?
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It is a process of reducing the roasted metallic oxide to metal in molten condition .In
this process , impurities are removed by addition of flux as slag
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19.What is blister copper? How it is obtained ?

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✓ It is an impure copper.
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✓ In Bessemerization process , the metallic copper is solidified and it has blistered

appearance due to evolution of SO2 gas formed in this process. This copper is called
blistered copper.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

20. Sulphide and carbonate ores are converted to oxide before reduction. Why?
Since the reduction of oxide ores involves a decrease in Gibb’s free energy making ∆G
value more negative, it is easier to reduce oxides therefore suphide and carbonate ores are
converted to oxides before reduction.

21. What are Ellingham diagrams?

Ellingham diagrams are graphical representation of variation of ∆G vs T for

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theformation of oxides of elements

22. Give two examples of metal refined by a) Distillation b) Liquation c) Electrolytic

t .c
refining
a) Distillation – Zinc and Mercury

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b) Liquation – Tin and Antimony
c) Electrolytic refining – Copper and Zinc

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Long answers
1. Explain froth floatation method.
lo
• This is used to concentrate sulphide ores such as galena (PbS) Zinc blende (ZnS) etc.
l.b
• Metallic ore particles preferentially wetted by oil can be separated from gangue.
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• Crushed ore is mixed with water and a frothing agent like pine oil or eucalyptus oil.
• A small amount of sodium ethyl xanthate is added as a collector.
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• A froth is formed by blowing air through the mixture.

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• The collector molecules attach to the ore particles and make them water repellent.
• As a result ore particles wetted by the oil rise to the surface along with the froth.
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• The froth is skimmed off and dried to recover the concentrated ore.
vi

• Gangue particles preferentially wetted by

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water settle at the bottom.

• If the sulphide ore contains other metal
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sulphides as impurities, they are selectively

prevented from coming to the froth by using
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depressing agents like sodium cyanide,

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sodium carbonate etc.

• Sodium cyanide depresses the floatation
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property of the impurity ZnS present in

galena
• (PbS) by forming a layer of zinc complex Na2[Zn(CN)4] on the surface of ZnS.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

2. Explain about concentration of ore by Gravity separation or Hydraulic wash
1. In this method, the ore having high specific gravity is separated from the gangue that
has low specific gravity by simply washing with running water.
2. Ore is crushed to a finely powdered form and treated with rapidly flowing current of
water. During this process the lighter gangue particles are washed away by the running
water.
3. This method is generally applied to concentrate the native ore such as gold and oxide

/
ores such as hematite (Fe2O3), tin stone (SnO2) etc.

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3. Explain about Magnetic separation

t .c
1. This method is applicable to ferromagnetic ores and it is based on the difference in the
magnetic properties of the ore and the impurities.

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2. For example tin stone can be separated from the wolframite impurities which is
magnetic. Similarly, ores such as chromite, pyrolusite having magnetic property can

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be removed from the non magnetic siliceous impurities.
3. The crushed ore is poured on to an
lo
electromagnetic separator consisting of a belt
l.b
moving over two rollers of which one is
magnetic.
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4. The magnetic part of the ore is attracted towards

the magnet and falls as a heap close to the
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magnetic region while the nonmagnetic part falls

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away from it
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4. Explain about Van-Arkel method for refining

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zirconium/titanium [OR]
Explain the method to purify Titanium metal [OR]
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How will you purify metals by using iodine ?

//k

1. This method is based on the thermal decomposition of metal compounds which lead to
the formation of pure metals.
s:

2. Titanium and zirconium can be purified using this method.

3. The impure titanium metal is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine at a
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temperature of 550 K to form the volatile titanium tetra-iodide.(TiI4).

ht

4. The impurities are left behind, as they do not react with iodine
Ti (s) + 2I2 (s) TiI4 (vapour)
5. The volatile titanium tetraiodide vapour is passed over a tungsten filament at a
temperature aroud 1800 K.
6. The titanium tetraiodide is decomposed and pure titanium is deposited on the filament.
The iodine is reused.
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

Ti (s) + 2I2 (s) TiI 4 (vapour)

5.Give the Application of Al

✓ Many heat exchangers/sinks and our day to day cooking vessels are made of
aluminium.
✓ It is used as wraps (aluminium foils) and is used in packing materials for food items,
✓ Aluminium is not very strong, However , its alloys with copper, manganese,

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magnesium and silicon are light weight and strong and they are used in design of

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aeroplanes and other forms of transport.
✓ As Aluminium shows high resistance to corrosion, it is used in the design of chemical

t .c
reactors, medical equipments ,refrigeration units and gas pipelines.
✓ Aluminium is a good electrical conductor and cheap, hence used in electrical overhead

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electric cables with steel core for strength.

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6.Explain about alkali leaching [OR]
How will you get pure alumina from impure alumina using leaching ? [OR]
lo
What is the significance of leaching in the extraction of aluminium?
✓ In this method, the ore is treated with aqueous alkali to form a soluble complex.
l.b
✓ Bauxite, an important ore of aluminium is heated with a solution of sodium hydroxide
ia

or sodium carbonate in the temperature range 470 - 520 K at 35 atm to form soluble
sodium meta-aluminate leaving behind the impurities, iron oxide and titanium oxide.
er

Al2O3 (s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 3H2O (l) 2Na[Al(OH)4] (aq)

✓ The hot solution is decanted, cooled, and diluted. This solution is neutralised by
at

passing CO2 gas, to the form hydrated Al2O3 precipitate.

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2Na[Al(OH)4] (aq) + CO2 (g) Al2O3.xH2O (s) + 2NaHCO3 (aq)

✓ The precipitate is filtered off and heated around 1670 K to get pure alumina Al2O3.
vi
al

7.Explain about extraction of copper from copper pyrite

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1. Ore is concentrated by froth flotation process

2. The concentrated ore is heated in a reverberatory furnace after mixing with silica, an
s:

acidic flux. The ferrous oxide formed due to melting is basic in nature and it combines
with silica to form ferrous silicate (slag).
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3. The remaining metal sulphides Cu2S and FeS are mutually soluble and form a copper
ht

matte.
2CuFeS2 (s)+ O2 (g) 2FeS (l)+ 2Cu2S (l)+ 2SO2 (g)
FeS (l) + O (g) FeO (l) + SO2 (g)
FeO (s) + SiO2 (s) FeSiO3 (s)
Flux Gangue Slag

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

4. The matte is separated from the slag and fed to the converting furnace. During
conversion, the FeS present in the matte is first oxidised to FeO. This is removed by
slag formation with silica. The remaining copper sulphide is further oxidised to its
oxide which is subsequently converted to metallic copper as shown below.
5. The metallic copper is solidified and it has blistered appearance due to evolution of
SO2 gas formed in this process. This copper is called blistered copper.
Cu2S (l,s) + 3O2 (g) 2Cu2S (l,s) + 2SO2 (g)

/
2Cu2O (l) + Cu2S (l) 6Cu (l) + SO2 (g)

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8.Explain the Observations from the Ellingham diagram.

t .c
1. For most of the metal oxide formation, the slope is positive. It can be explained as
follows. Oxygen gas is consumed during the formation of metal oxides which results in the

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decrease in randomness. Hence, ΔS becomes negative and it makes the term, TΔS positive in
the straightline equation.

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2. The graph for the formation of carbon monoxide is a straight line with negative
slope. In this case ΔS is positive as 2 moles of CO gas is formed by the consumption of one
lo
mole of oxygen gas. It indicates that CO is more stable at higher temperature.
l.b
3. As the temperature increases, generally ΔG value for the formation of the metal
oxide become less negative and becomes zero at a particular temperature. Below this
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temperature, ΔG is negative and the oxide is stable and above this temperature ΔG is
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positive. This general trend suggests that metal oxides become less stable at higher
temperature and their decomposition becomes easier.
at

4. There is a sudden change in the slope at a particular temperature for some metal
oxides like MgO, HgO. This is due to the phase transition (melting or evaporation).
m
vi

9. Explain the Applications of the Ellingham diagram

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It helps us to select a suitable reducing agent and appropriate temperature range for
reduction.
//k

1. Ellingham diagram for the formation of Ag2O and HgO is at upper part of the diagram
and their decomposition temperatures are 600 and 700 K respectively. It indicates that
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these oxides are unstable at moderate temperatures and will decompose on heating
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even in the absence of a reducing agent.

2. Ellingham diagram is used to predict thermodynamic feasibility of reduction of oxides
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of one metal by another metal. Any metal can reduce the oxides of other metals that
are located above it in the diagram.
3. The carbon line cuts across the lines of many metal oxides and hence it can reduce all
those metal oxides at sufficiently high temperature.

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

10. Explain aluminothermite process
Metallic oxides such as Cr2O3 can be reduced by an aluminothermite process.
In this process, the metal oxide is mixed with aluminium powder and placed in a fire clay
crucible. To initiate the reduction process, an ignition mixture (usually magneisium and
barium peroxide) is used.
BaO2 + Mg BaO + MgO
During the above reaction a large amount of heat is evolved (temperature up to 2400°C, is

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generated and the reaction enthalpy is : 852 kJ mol-1) which facilitates the reduction of

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Cr2O3 by aluminium power.
Cr2O3 + 2Al 2Cr + Al2O3

t .c
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lo
l.b
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at
m
vi
al
//k
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