Q1 Lesson 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research

Research Quantitative Research

→ Objective way of processing and analyzing phenomenon in the surroundings
through collection of numerical data using standardized techniques, then
applying statistical methods to come up with a conclusion
First Quarter
Lesson 1 Nature of Inquiry and Research
Characteristics of quantitative research
2 Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem 1. Objective 2. Clear 3. Systematic 4. Feasible 5. Deals with Numbers
3 Learning from others and Reviewing the Literature
4 Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data Strengths of quantitative research
1. 2. Empirical 3. 4. 5. Can be
Second Quarter Objectiv Data-dri Structur replicated
e ven ed
Lesson 1 Finding Answers through Data Collection
2 Reporting and Sharing Findings
Weaknesses
1. Large Sample 2. Generally Expensive 3. Close-ended

Classification of Quantitative Research

1. Experimental Research
a. True Experimental
b. Quasi-Experimental
i. Matched Comparative Group
ii. Time Series
iii. Counterbalance Quasi-Experimental
iv. Single Subject
c. Pre-Experimental
2. Non-experimental Research
a. Trend Analysis
b. Survey
c. Historical
d. Observational
e. Correlational
f. Descriptive
g. Comparative Research
Quantitative vs Qualitative Research Experimental Research
→ Treats or deals with the object or subject of the research in a definite or exact
Standards Qualitative Quantitative manner and determines the extent of the effects or influence of the
treatment on the object/ subject, then discovers the causes of such effects
Results from social → Has Experimental Group and Control Group
Mental Survey of Reality Exists in the physical world
interactions

Explained by people’s
Revealed by automatic True Experimental Research
Cause-Effect Relationships descriptions of → Absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the participants
objective desires
circumstances or conditions
should compose the experimental group or control group
Researcher’s involvement Objective; least
Subjective; sometimes
with the object or subject of involvement by the Steps in Conducting Experimental Research
personally engaged
the study researcher 1. Give a pre-test
2. Apply to the control group a new condition
Expression of data, data Verbal language (words,
Numerals, statistics 3. Give the latter group a post-test
analysis, and findings visuals, objects)

Takes place as research Plans all research aspects

Research plan
proceeds gradually before collecting data
Quasi-Experimental Research
→ Adopts a comparative technique in choosing the subjects
Desires to preserve the Control or manipulation of → Can be: Match Comparison, Time Series Quasi-Experimental Research, Single
Behavior toward research
natural setting of research research conditions by the Subject Quasi-Experimental Research
aspects/conditions
features researcher

Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods Scientific Method Pre-Experimental Research

→ Often happen before a true experiment is conducted
Evaluate objectives and
Makes social intentions → True experiments and quasi-experiments are not possible without it
Purpose examines cause-effect
understandable relationships → Usually conducted as a first step towards establishing the evidence for or
against an intervention
Thematic codal ways, Mathematically based
Data analysis technique
competence-based methods
Non-Experimental Research
Impersonal, scientific, or → A way of finding out truths about a subject by describing the collected data
Style of expression Personal, lacks formality
systematic about such subject and determining their relationships or connections with
each other
More inclined to purposive
→ Characteristics
sampling or use of chosen Random sampling as the
Sampling technique o Incapable of establishing cause-effect relationship by ITSELF.
samples based on some most preferred
criteria o Involves various ways of data analysis:
▪ Primary
 ▪ Secondary o It cannot diffuse the main researcher’s abilities to control and manipulate
▪ Meta-analysis some factors affecting the study
o Uses research method that is applicable to both quantitative and o It cannot account for real or actual happenings, but can give ideas on
qualitative data respondent’s views, beliefs, concepts, and emotions

Survey Research Other Types of Non-Experimental Research

→ Most used non-experimental research 1. Historical 2. Trend Analysis 3. Observational
→ A method of research that aims at knowing what a big number of people 6. Comparative
4. Correlational 5. Descriptive
think and feel about some sociological issues. Research
→ Purpose
o To obtain information about people’s opinions and feelings about an issue Historical Research
o To identify present condition, needs, or problems of people in a short span → Refers to the use of primary historical data to answer a question. Involves
of time developing an understanding of the past through the examination and
o To seek answer to social problems interpretation of evidence.
o To give school officials pointers on curricular offerings, guidance and
counseling services, teacher evaluation, etc.
→ Strengths
Observational Research
→ Refers to several different types of non-experimental studies in which
o Versatility
behavior is systematically observed and recorded. The goal of observational
o Efficiency
research is to describe a variable or set of variables (usually used in
o Generality
Psychology).
o Confidentiality
→ Weak Points
o It cannot provide sufficient evidence about the relationships of variables Correlational Research
o It cannot examine the significance of some issues affecting people’s social → Researcher measures two variables, understands, and assesses the statistical
life relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.
o It cannot get data reflecting the effects of the interconnectedness of o The variables do not connote causal relationship.
environmental features on the research study o The goal is to see whether one variable may predict other variables and
o It cannot consider man’s naturalistic tendencies as the basis of human their relationships.
behavior unless his ways or styles of living are related to his surroundings
o It cannot promote interpretive and creative thinking unless its formation of Descriptive Research
ides results from scientific thinking → Involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates,
o It cannot have an effective application to all topics for research depicts, and describes the data collection. Descriptive statistics tell what is,
o It cannot use a questioning or coding method that can accurately register while inferential statistics try to determine cause and effect.
differences among the participant’s responses
 Comparative Research → Ratio
→ Explanation of differences, and the explanation of similarities. o Has all the qualities of interval data (natural order, equal intervals) plus a
→ The researcher has no control over the independent variable so the natural zero point
relationship between the two may be suggestive o Can utilize all mathematical operations
o Examples: Height, Weight, zone of inhibition, Amount remaining in the bank
Why is quantitative research important? account
It is useful in obtaining an objective understanding of people, things, places, and
events. Summary
➢ Ratio: Absolute zero
Variables ➢ Interval: Distance is meaningful
→ Independent: Manipulated in an experiment in order to observe the effect
➢ Ordinal: Attributes can be ordered
on another variable
➢ Nominal: Attributes are only named; weakest
→ Dependent: Changes its value according to the value of other elements
present
→ Mediating: Explains relationship between independent and dependent
→ Moderating: Can change the direction of relationship between variables
→ Control: held constant in a study to prevent it from interfering with the results

Scales of measurement
→ Nominal
o Functions as a name or label
o Also referred to as categorical or binary data
o Does not have numeric meaning
o Convenient way to label subjects
→ Ordinal
o Refers to data that has some meaningful order
o Many ordinal scales involve ranks
o Example: Social class, Stages of cancer, Grades (A,B,C,D,F)
→ Interval
o Has a meaningful order and has the quality that equal intervals between
measurements represent equal changes in the quantity of whatever is
being measured
o Can only utilize addition and subtraction
o Examples: Temperature in Celsius, Temperature in Fahrenheit, Scores on test
as measure of knowledge, Aptitude test scores
Q1 Lesson 2: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem Statement of the problem
→ Presents the questions that will be answered in order to solve the problem
Research title should be
→ Must be SMART: Specific-Measurable-Attainable-Result driven-Timebound
1. Brief 2. Simple 3. Catchy 4. Leading
→ Has a main problem & specific questions
→ What are good problems?
Tips in Writing Research Title o Supporting data that will help build up the information necessary for the
1. Fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the conclusion
paper o Production of meaning
2. Avoid the waste words: a study of, an analysis of, an investigation of, o Questions that can be subjected to hypothesis testing
“Studies on”, “Investigations on”, “Observations on”, “A”, “An”, or “The” → What are not good research problems / questions?
3. Should have the usual contents: o Questions that are asked for achieving self enlightenment or solving a
a. Research Variables personal problem
b. Subject / Object of Test What is love?
c. Testing / Measurement What is my purpose in life?
d. Design
o Problems whose sole purpose is to merely compare two (2) sets of data
What are the directions of the Phil. Economy during the Ramos and Arroyo
Background of the study
administration?
→ A brief outline of the important studies presented in chronological order
Which program is more effective?
→ May include:
o A review of the area being researched o Problems that result in Yes or No answers
o Current information surrounding the issue Is homework beneficial to children? Is the schedule effective?
o Previous studies on the issue
o Those that deals with moral or ethical questions
o Relevant history on the issue
Is there a relationship between premarital sex and class achievement?
→ Should be phrased:
o Introductory thesis statement, research question, hypothesis o Questions that do not require a mental struggle
o Statement of relevance of study How many students are enrolled in Grade 11?
o Specific aims and research objectives;
o When machines can take the place of the researcher to provide answers to
o Summary of current research;
questions.
o History or problems with previous studies;
Are you offering a computer course?
o Key issues and significance of research
o Conclusive statement o Metaphysical questions where it is impossible to collect publicly verifiable
→ Must include: data and information.
o Discussion of the problem (macro to micro approach) Is there a God? Do you believe in spirit?
o Concepts and ideas related to the problem
o Discussion of the existing or present conditions
Main Problem o The study will focus on
→ Presents the primary objective of the research undertaking o The coverage of this study
→ Title Based o The study covers the
→ How to State o The study focuses on
o Sentence 1: This study aims to [insert goal] [insert title]. o It includes
o Sentence 2: Expound the first sentence a bit. o It is concerned with
o Sentence 3: Give the general essence/ importance of conducting your o The study consists of
study. → Limitations: Citing factors or variables that are not included and the
boundaries of the study; Constraints
o Sampling problems - Availability and accessibility
Specific Questions o Uncontrolled variables - Facilities, Locale
→ Points out the details of the research questions to be answered
o Approach - design and methods
→ How to State
→ How to state the limitations
Specifically, it [seeks to/aims to find] answers to the following questions:
o This study is limited to
1. What... (variable)... (subject/object)?
o The study does not cover
2. Is there a relationship between...?
o The investigators limited this research to
3. Is there a significant difference...?
o It does not seek to include

Types of Research Questions Why is it important to clearly state the scope & limitations?
1. Descriptive 2. Relationship 3. Comparative 4. Causality ➢ To have definite boundaries and clear coverage of the things that will be
tackled in the study
➢ It helps the researchers to design the methodology of the study
Importance of Research Questions
→ Guide your literature search
→ Guide you in deciding what data you need to gather Significance of the Study
→ Guide your analysis of data → Defines who will benefit out of the findings of the study
→ Guide your data presentation (write-up) → Contributions may be viewed from the point of view of the target
→ Stop you from going off in unnecessary directions and tangents beneficiaries like the researcher himself, service providers, client,
implementers, the community, etc.
→ Format:
Scope and Limitations
o Immediate Beneficiary 1
→ Scope: Coverage of the study
o Immediate Beneficiary 2
o Subjects - demographics
o Future Researchers
o Timeframe - Facilities, Locale
→ How to State:
o Objectives - Issues
o The results of this study could help the [beneficiary] realize . . .
→ How to state the scope
o The useful and relevant information acquired from the study will encourage Q1 Lesson 3: Learning From Others And Reviewing The Literature
to continue
o The study will encourage [beneficiary] to
Related Literature
o This study will enhance involvement in the → This part provides background regarding the aspects which have been
o Results could help benefit studied and not yet studied
o It will also serve as basis in the study of → This part determines the similarities and differences of the findings between
o This study will also afford the management to know … the past and the present studies
o Similar organizations will benefit from the study in … → Required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to the
o Researches may find the study useful as study
o This study will contribute to … → THE LAST PART OF THE REVIEW SHOULD HIGHLIGHT THE GAPS IN LITERATURE
o The results hopefully, will be of value to … SPECIFICALLY ADDRESSED BY YOUR STUDY.
o Through this study, students will become aware of … → Recent: 2014 - 2024, Major emphasis on studies conducted in past 5 years
o The results of this study will provide some insights and information on how
they … Why do we review the literature?
o The findings may also serve as a guide to... → A comprehensive review of positive & negative findings
→ Additional info
→ Reveals Gaps in knowledge
→ Provides basis for methods
→ Provides perspective
→ Evaluates related studies
→ Eliminates reinventing the wheel

How to write the RRL

→ Narrative: Flows from beginning to end with a theme
→ Synthesis: From a combination of many studies
→ The final product will be a smooth blending of selected articles built around
the key words of your study.
→ Include the research gap
→ Cite and paraphrase/quote sources.
→ Use Statement of the Problem as a guide to the structure and sequence of
topics in the Review.
→ Make the specific questions into keywords/phrases for subheadings.
 → Structure: Changing sentence construction and/or words without citation
→ Ideas: Presenting another’s idea as your own
Tips in writing RRL → Authorship: Turning in a replication of another’s work; Submitting a paper that
→ Use transitions
you got off the internet or from a friend and presenting it as your own
→ Use a standard formula for verb tense
→ Self: Use of previous work
→ Write in a formal style
→ Past Tense: Describe the procedure/results of completed study
→ Present Tense: Discuss meanings and implications of the results & present How to avoid plagiarism
conclusions → Provide a citation for any idea borrowed
→ Avoid the use of jargon → Place quoted material in “ ”
→ Make the conclusions and contradictions found in the literature clear in the → Provide a bibliography entry at the end
review.
→ Pay attention to the structure and form of published articles, which are good What doesn’t need to be documented?
examples of how literature reviews can be written. → General knowledge
→ Proverbs and sayings of unknown origins
Ethical Standards In Writing Related Literature And → Your own arguments and general ideas

Studies
→ Always acknowledge the source of information, whether it is a primary or What should be documented?
secondary source → Any idea derived from any known source
→ Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (R.A. No. 8293) → Any fact or data borrowed from the work of another
→ Clever or apt expressions that is taken from someone else
→ Material lifted verbatim from the work of another
Academic Integrity → Info that was summarized and paraphrased from another source
→ HONESTY: The Center for Academic Integrity defines it as, “a commitment,
even in the face of adversity, to five fundamental values: honesty, trust,
fairness, respect, and responsibility.” Research Framework
→ Explains why and how the study is being done
→ Let readers know what the study is and is not about
Plagiarism → Helps researchers support and interpret findings
→ Act of passing one’s words and ideas as one’s own.
→ Conceptual: graphical presentation of outline of research
→ Using another’s exact words without proper citation
o Lit review
→ Blatant: Deliberate Stealing
o how it connects to problem, purpose, significance, design
→ Classification: Unintentional & Intentional Plagiarism
o Label properly using APA 7
o Explain relationship between variables
Types of Plagiarism (WSIAS) o Justify connection of variables
→ Words: Exact words o Indicate overall synthesis & justification
→ Theoretical: construct models of reality, ideas → An interpretation of a practical situation or condition taken as the ground for
action
→ A tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or
empirical consequences
APA MLA CMS
(Modern Lang. Assoc)

Author/Date-based Author-Work Author-date Types Common Forms

In text citation In text citation Notes
Research: problem-based Simple & Complex
Simple - prediction of the relationship
Reference List / Works Cited Bibliography
of IV & DV
Bibliography
Complex - examines the relationship
Up to 20 authors, Arts & Humanities between 2 or more IV/DV
otherwise “Author 19, ...
Statistical: commonly presented using Null & Alternative
Last Author”
alternative and null, based on specific Null: Opposite of Alternative, no sig. diff
Author, A. A., & Author Last Name, First and Last Name(s) questions Alt. Directional: directional (or
Author, B. B. (Date). First Name Middle of Authors, Title of one-tailed hypothesis) states which
Title of the work. Name the way you think the results are going to
Source where you or Initial. Title of Longer Source, and other go
can retrieve the Work or "Title of publication details
work. URL or DOI if Shorter Work." like the publisher, Alt. Non-Directional: two tailed
available Publisher, Year. URL journal information, hypothesis, simply states that there will
or DOI. date, page be a difference between the two
numbers, etc. groups/conditions but does not say
Lee, Harper. To Kill a which will be greater/smaller,
Mockingbird. 1st quicker/slower etc
ed., J.
Definition of Terms
B. Lippincott & Co.,
→ discusses words that are important in the study and are essential to be
1960.
cleared out
→ intends to have a common understanding between the researcher and the
Hypothesis audience/readers.
→ An assumption or concession made for the sake of argument → it also sets limit on what the study will cover.
→ Conceptual: How references define it
→ Operational: How it is used in the study
→ Combined: Combination of conceptual & operational
What are the terms to be defined?
→ based on the judgment of the researcher
→ terms that are repeatedly used in the study (variables, framework, jargon in
the methods)
→ terms that are not common to the audience
→ terms that may cause confusion to some readers because it may have a
different meaning

Q1 Lesson 2: Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Data Analysis

Primary Data - data taken personally through interview, personally observing

people to get visual data
Secondary Data - information from your barangay census on the number of
population in the area
 Sample Questions 4. What level of measurement should be in the picture?

1. It is one of the strengths of quantitative research where it pertains to its ability

to be observed and verified. Evidence is needed for validation, such as,
references and related literature used, and the variables in the study.
A. It is empirical. B. It is data-driven. C. It is objective. D. It can be replicated.

2. How do you correctly describe quantitative research?

A. It can be done without planning.
B. Results may be analyzed after a few interviews.
C. It is subjective.
Ordinal
D. It needs statistics to test a hypothesis.

5. Identify if the following is a good or bad research title:

3. What is the role of disgust sensitivity in the diagram below?
Different Types of Soil with Added Irradiated Carrageenan and its Effect on
Growth of Siling Labuyo (Capsicum frutescens)
Good
6. Identify if the following is a good or bad research title:
A Correlational Study between Physical Health and Screen Time among the
Students of Makati Science High School
Bad
7. Identify if the following is a good or bad research title:
Correlation between the Students' Learning Environment Index and Academic
Performance During e-Learning of Makati Science Senior High School
This study aims to measure the level of fear of COVID-19, neuroticism, and Students
disgust sensitivity within high school students and to explore the relationship Good
among these variables 8. Identify if the following is a good or bad research title
Shelf-Life Extension of Pears (Pyrus pyrifolia) Using Aloe Vera Coating
Mediating Variable Bad - Shelf-Life Extension of Pears (Pyrus pyrifolia) Using Aloe Vera (Aloe
barbadensis) Coating
9. Identify if the following is a good or bad research title:
Statistical Analysis of Cliff Swallow Population Dynamics
Good
10. Which of the following is NOT considered as a good quantitative research 14. Which of the following is false about formulating the Statement of the
problem? Problem?
A. Production of meaning A. A quantitative-specific question should be answerable using a statistical
B. Use of metaphysical questions treatment
C. Questions that can be subjected to hypothesis testing B. The goals of the study and the roles of each variable must be clear.
D. Supporting data that will help build up the information necessary for the C. Questions seeking personal enlightenment can still be considered as good
conclusion quantitative research problems.
D. The main problem is based on the title and shows the general objective of
11. It is considered as the "guide" for the whole study in determining appropriate
the study while the specific question points out the details of the research
research design and statistical analysis.
question that needs to be answered.
A. Background of the study
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Scope and Limitation
D. Significance of the Study

12. It helps in designing the Methodology and contains the coverage and
boundaries of the study.
A. Background of the study
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Scope and Limitation
D. Significance of the Study

13. Which of the following is NOT considered as a good quantitative research

problem?
A. Is there a difference in the average time of mosquito larvae extermination
between the positive control group (commercial insecticide), the control
group (ethanol), and the experimental groups (Lagundi leaf extracts – 30%,
60%, and 90%)?
B. Is there a relationship between test format preference and test scores of the
students?
C. Among grade 7 and grade 8, which grade level got the highest score in Math
exam?
D. Is there a difference in the average time of mosquito larvae extermination
between the positive control group (commercial insecticide), the negative
control group (water), and the experimental groups (Lagundi leaf extracts –
30%, 60%, and 90%)?