PHARMACOLOGY

LONG ESSAY = 10 x 2= 20Marks

1. Name broad spectrum antibiotics. Discuss the antimicrobial spectrum,

mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of Tetracycline.

2. Classify Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Discuss the pharmacological

actions, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of Aspirin.

1. Classify Anti-Cholinergic drugs. Discuss the Pharmacological actions, Adverse

reactions and Therapeutic uses of Atropine.

2. Classify Penicillins. Discuss the Mechanism of action, Adverse reactions and

Therapeutic uses Amoxicillin.

1. Classify the Beta-blockers. Discuss their therapeutic uses and adverse effects.

2. Classify local anaesthetics. Discuss the mechanism of action, adverse effects

and different techniques used in the administration of local anaesthetics

1. Classify the antihypertensive drugs. Discuss pharmacological actions, adverse

effects and therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors.

2. Classify anti tubercular drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and
adverse effects of Rifampicin.

1. Classify Beta blockers. Describe the adverse effects and therapeutic uses of
Beta blockers. (3+3+4 = 10 marks)

2. Classify local anaesthetics. Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects

and therapeutic uses of Lignocaine. (3+2+2+3 = 10 marks)

1. Define local anaesthesia. Classify local anaesthetics. Write about the various
routes of administration and uses of lignocaine. (2+4+2+2)

2. Write the therapeutic classification of sympathomimetic drugs. Write about

the various uses and the rationale for using adrenaline in dental practice. (4+3+3)
1. Classify Glucocorticoids. Discuss the uses and adverse effects of
Dexamethasone.

2. Classify Opioid Analgesics. Explain the pharmacological actions, adverse effects

and uses of Morphine.

1. Define local anaesthesia. Classify local anaesthetics. Write about the various
routes of administration and uses of lignocaine. (2+4+2+2)

2. Write the therapeutic classification of sympathomimetic drugs. Write about the

various uses and the rationale for using adrenaline in dental practice. (4+3+3)

1. Classify Glucocorticoids. Discuss the uses and adverse effects of

Dexamethasone

. 2. Classify Opioid Analgesics. Explain the pharmacological actions, adverse

effects and uses of Morphine

1. Classify Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Explain the mechanism of

action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Aspirin.

2. Enumerate the various factors affecting drug action with suitable examples

1. Classify Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Explain the mechanism of

action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Aspirin. (4+1+3+2 = 10 marks)

2. Classify Sympathomimetics. Mention its pharmacological actions and

therapeutic uses of Adrenaline. (4+2+4 = 10 marks)

1. Classify Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs. Explain the mechanism of

action, uses and adverse effects of Aspirin.

2. Classify Penicillins. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of
Benzyl Penicillin.

1. What are Beta-lactam antibiotics? Write the pharmacology of Amoxicillin and

the dosage regimen in a patient with mitral valve prolapse syndrome posted for
dental extraction
2. Classify Anti-cholinergic agents. Discuss the action, therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of Atropine.

1. Classify Anti-epileptics. Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and adverse

effects of Sodium Valproate.

2. What is Bioavailability? Explain the different factors, which affect

Bioavailability.

1. Classify Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Explain the mechanism of

action, therapeutic uses and adverse effect of Aspirin. (4+1+3+2 = 10 marks)

2. Classify Beta lactam Antibiotics. Explain the mechanism of action, therapeutic

uses and adverse effect of Benzyl Penicillin. (4+1+3+2 = 10 marks

1. Classify antidiabetic drugs. Discuss the mechanism of action, adverse effect and
specific uses of oral antidiabetic drugs

2. Enumerate aminoglycosides. Describe the antibacterial spectrum, adverse

effects and uses of gentamycin

1. Discuss the actions of digoxin. What are its adverse effects and uses?

2. Discuss the factors modifying drug action, with suitable examples

1. Classify non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. Explain the mechanisum of

action, uses & adverse effects of Aspirin.

2. Classify the local anesthetics & explain their mechanism of action. Discuss the
various uses of local anesthetics

1. Classify non steroidal anti – inflammatory agents. Explain the mechanism of

action, uses and adverse effects of aspirin

2. Classify glucocrticoids . Explain the uses and adverse effects of glucocorticoids

1. Enumerate four chemical classes of non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs with

suitable examples. Write the mechanism of action, clinical uses and adverse
effects of aspirin
2. Enumerate aminoglycoside antibiotics. Write their general pharmacological
properties. Mention therapeutic uses of Gentamicin

1. Enumerate aminoglycoside antibiotics. Write their general pharmacological

properties. Mention the therapeutic uses of Gentamicin

2. Classify Non – steroidal anti – inflammatory, analgesic drugs. Write the

therapeutic uses, adverse effects and contraindications of aspirin

1. Classify General anaesthetics. Compare and contrast nitrous oxide and

thiopentone

2. Enumerate broad-spectrum antibiotics. Discuss the antibacterial spectrum,

uses and adverse effects of tetracyclines
SHORT ESSAY = 5 Marks

3. Bleaching agents

4. Styptics

5. Phenytoin

6. Proton pump inhibitors

7. Osmotic diuretics

8. Albendazole

9. Nifedipine

10. Teratogenicity of drugs

3. Metronidazole

4. Uses of corticosteroids

5. Antitubercular drugs

6. Bioavailability

7. Ciprofloxacin

8. General principles in the treatment of poisoning

3. Compare and contrast between heparin and Warfarin.

4. Atropine substitutes.

5. Advantages and disadvantages of intravenous route.

6. Dapsone.

7. Nitroglycerine in Angina pectoris.

8. Frusemide.
9. Compare and contrast between Succinylcholine and Pancuronium.

10. Domperidone.

3. Bronchodilators

4. Plasma Protein Binding

5. Pro-Kinetic Agents

6. Lignocaine

7. Drugs used in dental Plaque

8. Sodium Valproate

9. ACE Inhibitors

10. Tetracyclines

3. Short course chemotherapy of tuberculosis.

4. Co-trimoxazole.

5. Microsomal enzyme induction and its clinical significance.

6. Diclofenac sodium.

7. Mast cell stabilizers.

8. Antifibrinolytics.

9. Disclosing agents.

10. Adverse effects and contraindications of glucocorticoids.

3. Proton pump inhibitors

4. Mouth wash

5. Reversible anticholinesterases

6. Management of motion sickness

7. Drug synergism

8. Oxidizing antiseptics

9. Diclofenac sodium

10. Uses of SSRIs

3. Disclosing agents.

4. Drug Synergism.

5. Amoxicillin.

6. Treatment of Status epilepticus.

7. Biguanides

8. Vitamin D COMPARE & CONTRAST

9. Heparin and Warfarin.

10. Physostigmine and Neostigmine

11. Frusemide and Spiranolactone.

12. Morphine and Pethidine.

3. Sulfonylureas.

4. Uses of propranolol.

5. Pharmacotherapy of myocardial infarction.

6. Iatrogenic diseases.

7. Indications and contraindications of morphine.

8. Uses and advantages of ketamine.

9. Albendazole.

10. Proton pump inhibitors.

3. Synthetic morphine substitutes

4. Drugs contraindicated in pregnancy

5. First generation cephalosporins

6. Calcium channel blockers

7. Antiemetics

8. Buprenorphine

Bioavailability

4. Uses and adverse effects of Calcium Channel Blockers

5. Diazepam

6. H2 Receptor Blockers

7. Uses of Atropine and its substitutes

8. Dentifrices

9. Name two Cardio-selective Beta Blockers

3. Sulfonylureas.

4. Uses of propranolol.

5. Pharmacotherapy of myocardial infarction.

6. Iatrogenic diseases.

7. Indications and contraindications of morphine.

8. Uses and advantages of ketamine.

9. Albendazole.

10. Proton pump inhibitors

3. Bioavailability
4. Uses and adverse effects of Calcium Channel Blockers

5. Diazepam

6. H2 Receptor Blockers

7. Uses of Atropine and its substitutes

8. Dentifrices

3. Dissociative anaesthesia

4. Bacterial resistance

5. Miotics

6. Antimetabolites

7. Antiemetics

8. Treatment of acute paracetamol toxicity

. 3. Ketoconazole

4. Isoniazid (INH)

5. Common properties of Aminoglycosides

6. Disclosing agents

7. Doxycycline

8. Lignocaine COMPARE & CONTRAST

9. Ipratropium with Salbutamol

10. Nifedipine with Verapamil

11. Hydrocortisone with Betamethasone

12. Erythromycin with Azithromycin

3. Ketamine
4. H 2 – Receptor Antagonist

5. Methylxanthines

6. Atropine

7. Local routes of Drug Administration

8. Disclosing agents

9. Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock

10. Doxycycline

3. Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of beta blockers

4. Mummifying agents

5. Mechanism of action and clinical uses of Lignocaine

6. Pre–anaesthetic medication

7. Pantoprazole

8. Methotrexate

9. Compare and contrast: Physostigmine and Neostigmine

10. Compare and contrast: Pentobarbitone and Diazepam

3. Preanesthetic medication

4. Antiseptics

5. Styptics

6. Lignocaine

7. Azithromycin

8. Warfarin

3. Adverse effects of corticosteroids

4. Obtundents

5. Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of atropine

6. Advantages and disadvantages of Halothane

7. Drug antagonism

8. Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Frusemide

9. Compare and contrast: Adrenaline and dopamine

10. Compare and contrast: Heparin and Dicoumarol

3. Acetyl salicylic acid

4. Insulin analogues

5. Oral anticoagulants

6. Dentifrices

7. Metronidazole

8. Ascorbic acid

9. Pharmacological management of Anaphylactic shock

10. Frusemide

3. Uses and adverse effects of Tetracycline

4. Heparin

5. Diazepam

6. Anti-caries agents

7. Uses of Anticholinesterases

8. Di-hydro-pyridines COMPARE & CONTRAST

9. Insulin and Sulfonylureas

10. Lisinopril and Losartan

11. Propranolol and Atenolol

12. Halothane and Ether

3. Anticoagulant drugs

4. Irritant and Counter Irritants

5. Transdermal delivery system

6. Disinfectants

7. Alpha Blockers

8. Inhalational Anaesthetics

9. TETRACYCLINE

10. RANITIDINE

3. Metronidazole

4. Drug antagonism

5. Frusemide

6. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis

7. Uses and adverse effects of phenytoin sodium

8. Enalapril COMPARE AND CONTRAST

9. Erythromycin and azithromycin

10. Warfarin and heparin

11. Morphine and Pethidine

12. Succinylcholine and pancuronium

3. Dopamine
4. Drug tolerance

5. Oral hypoglycemic drugs

6. Chlorpromazine

7. Ketoconazole

8. Methotrexate COMPARE AND CONTRAST

9. Succinlycholine and D – tubocurarine

10. Phenobarbitone and diazepam

11. Salbutamol and theophylline

12. Atropine and Scopolamine

SHORT ANSWERS 5 X 2 = 10 Marks

11. Explain the rationale for combining ampicillin and Probenecid.

12. Name two antagonist of morphine.

13. Treatment of status asthmaticus.

14. Two uses and two adverse effects of Prazosin.

15. Mention two astringents and their uses.

11. Name four Anti-fungal agents.

12. Name four second generation Anti-histaminics.

13. Vitamin D

14. Mention any four contraindications for Corticosteroids.

15. Disadvantages of the Oral Route

. 11. Explain potency and efficacy of drugs.

12. Role of inhalational glucocorticoids in bronchial asthma.

13. Management of acute and chronic fluoride toxicity.

14. Rationale of carbamazepine use in neuralgic pain.

15. Mention four adverse effects of phenytoin

11. Management of organophosphorus poisoning

12. Rationale of propranolol in thyrotoxicosis

13. Rationale of combining beta-lactamase inhibitors with amino penicillins

14. Two advantages and two disadvantages of transdermal route of drug

administration

15. Rationale of chemoprophylaxis before tooth extraction

13. First pass metabolism.

14. Enlist six uses of anticholinergic drugs.

15. Enlist three adverse effects of Sodium Valproate.

16. Enlist two Angiotensin receptor blockers and write the mechanism of action.

17. Name three uses and three adverse effects of Diazepam.

18. Mechanism of action and two uses of Acyclovir.

19. Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides.

20. Mechanism of action and two uses of Domperidone

21. Enlist three uses of Ranitidine.

22. Uses and adverse effects of Albendazole.

11. Mention two anti-retroviral drugs

. 12. Mention two antiemetic agents and its uses.

13. Mention two antifungal agents.

14. Explain the rationale for giving pyridoxine with isoniazid.

15. Name four drugs used in dental plaque.

. 10. Mention the mechanism of action of Digoxin.

11. Name two Anti-epileptics, which block Sodium Channel.

12. Mention two Nitroimidazoles used in anaerobic infections.

13. Mention two drugs with narrow margin of safety.

14. Name two Parental Iron preparations.

15. Mention two Anti-tussives.

16. Mention two Third Generation Cephalosporins.

17. Mention two Beta-lactamase Inhibitors.

18. Mention two long acting Tetracyclines.

11. Mention two anti-retroviral drugs.

12. Mention two antiemetic agents and its uses.

13. Mention two antifungal agents.

14. Explain the rationale for giving pyridoxine with isoniazid.

15. Name four drugs used in dental plaque. *

9. Name two Cardio-selective Beta Blockers.

10. Mention the mechanism of action of Digoxin.

11. Name two Anti-epileptics, which block Sodium Channel.

12. Mention two Nitroimidazoles used in anaerobic infections.

13. Mention two drugs with narrow margin of safety.

14. Name two Parental Iron preparations.

15. Mention two Anti-tussives.

16. Mention two Third Generation Cephalosporins.

17. Mention two Beta-lactamase Inhibitors.

18. Mention two long acting Tetracyclines.

13. Uses of Ethyl alcohol

14. Adrenaline in Anaphylaxis

15. Treatment of Paracetamol poisoning

16. Low Molecular Weight Heparin

17. Mummifying agents

18. Sodium Valproate

19. Chemoprophylaxis

20. Labetalol

21. Vitamin K

22. Parenteral preparations of Iron

11. Albendazole

12. Give two examples of Drug antagonism

13. Hamycine

14. Name the antidotes of Heparin and Warfarin toxicity

15. Styptics

9. Name two Opioid Antagonists.

10. Name two uses of Diazepam.

11. Name two Alpha Blockers.

12. Mention two Antiemetics.

13. Mention two Teratogenic drugs.

14. Name two drugs used in Anaphylaxis.

15. Define Superinfection with one example.

16. Mention two Angiotensin Receptor Blockers.

17. Name two Oral Antidiabetics of different class.

18. Name two Chelating agents.

11. Name any two drugs producing Gingival hyperplasia as side effect

12. Name any two drugs used in Bronchial Asthma

13. Name any two Sialogogues

14. Explain why Ethyl alcohol is administered in methyl alcohol poisoning

15. Name any four Styptic agents,

13. Plasma Half-life

14. Isoniazid with Pyridoxine

15. Mast Cell stabilizers

16. Management of Status Asthmaticus

17. Uses of Chloroquine

18. Desferrioxamine

19. Drug regimen for H. Pylori infection

20. Folinic Acid with Methotrexate

21. Clavulanic Acid with Amoxycillin

22. Ethyl Alcohol in Methyl Alcohol poisoning

11. Miotic Drugs

12. Fixed Dose combination

13. Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

14. ORAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

15. Treatment of Dental Abscess

9. Idiosyncrasy

10. Define ‘agonist’. Give one example

11. Name one Muscarinic agonist and one antagonist

12. Two uses of Prazosin

13. Mention a Cox-2 inhibitor and its advantage

14. Cetirizine

15. Define “Anaphylactic reaction”. Mention the drug of choice for its treatment

16. Styptics

17. Treatment of oral candidiasis

18. Which antibiotic causes discolouration of teeth? Mention one use of it

SHORT ANSWERS 5 X 2 = 10 Marks 11. Salbutamol and ipratropium bromide 12.

Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol 13. Oral and sublingual route of drug
administration 14. Sulfonylureas and meglitinides 15. Amitriptyline and fluoxetine

SHORT ANSWERS 10 X 2 = 20 Marks 9. Why alkalinize urine in barbiturate

poisoning? 10. Mention two drugs which are highly hepatotoxic 11. Mention two
drugs used in cardiac arrhythmias 12. Mention two adverse effects of beta
adrenoceptor blockers 13. What are the adverse effects of corticosteroids on
body weight and bones? 14. Mention two disadvantages of I.V. route 15. Define
drug dependence. Give an example 16. Mention two drugs used in typhoid fever
17. Diclofenac 18. Plasma protein binding: clinical importance

SHORT ANSWERS 10 X 3 = 30 Marks 13. Superinfection 14. Astringent 15.

Ondensetron 16. Vitamin D 17. Prazocin 18. Pharmacogenetics 19. Therapeutic
uses of ethyl alcohol 20. Zero order kinetics 21. Role of fluorides in dentistry 22.
Prodrugs

. SHORT ANSWERS 5 X 2 = 10 Marks 11. Mention two uses and two adverse
effects of Digoxin 12. Mention four uses of Metronidazole 13. What is Zero order
Kinetics? Give one example 14. Name two non sedative antihistaminics. Mention
two uses 15. Mention two uses and two adverse effects of Hydrochlorothiazide

SHORT ANSWERS 10 X 2 = 20 Marks 9. Mention two uses of ciprofloxacin 10.

Mention the mode of action of streptomycin 11. Define therapeutic index. Name
a drug which has narrow therapeutic index 12. Define prodrug. Give two
examples 13. Mention two styptics and their use 14. Atropine is given in
organophosphate poisoning. What is the rationale? 15. Mention two adverse
effects of INH 16. Mention two plasma expanders 17. Oral rehydration powder
18. Mention two drugs which produce oto toxicity

SHORT ANSWERS 10 X 3 = 30 Marks 13. Cardiac toxicity of digoxin 14. Ketotifen

15. Vitamin C 16. Mummifying agents 17. Antacids 18. Acyclovir 19.
Desferrioxamine 20. Prazocin 21. Prodrug 22. Astringents

SHORT ANSWERS 5 X 2 = 10 Marks

11. Mention four uses of acyclovir

12. What is scurvy? Mention a drug used in this condition

13. Rationale of using ethyl alcohol in methyl alcohol poisoning

14. Name two prokinetic drugs. Mention two uses

15. Rationale of using Amlodipine in hypertension