09/07/2025, 13:01 lab0

Lab 0: Hello Quantum World!

Table of Contents
Welcome to the Qiskit Global Summer School 2025!
Lab 0 overview
Install Qiskit
Troubleshooting
Setting API token
Imports
Sanity check
Generate a three-qubit GHZ state using Qiskit patterns
Step 1. Map
Step 2. Optimize
Step 3. Execute
Step 4. Post-process
Congratulations!
Bonus challenge: Run GHZ on hardware

Welcome to the Qiskit Global Summer

School 2025!
We are thrilled to welcome you to another year of the Qiskit Global Summer School
(QGSS). This two-week summer program combines theoretical lectures with hands-
on exercises to expand the knowledge of quantum computing and quantum
programming among the community of students, researchers, and professionals
that use Qiskit in their everyday quantum journey.

The hands-on component of this summer school consists of a series of Jupyter

notebooks ("labs") designed to guide you through different topics of interest.

Each lab complements the corresponding theoretical lectures and includes helpful
links to documentation, tutorials, and references to the lectures. Furthermore, you
can also find many useful resources in IBM Quantum Learning.

Lab 0 overview
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The main goal of this introductory lab is to show you how to use the challenge
notebooks, grade your solutions, and verify that your computer is correctly set up
for executing the quantum codes that you will be asked to complete.

To complete the different labs of the QGSS, you need to know that every notebook
will contain some predefined cells that you should not modify, and some challenge
code blocks that you will need to fill with your own code. In particular, you will need
to write the required code below each line that has the ### WRITE YOUR CODE
BELOW HERE ### comment. Make sure that every time you restart the kernel, you
execute every cell in order, so that the challenge notebooks execute and are graded
properly. This will guarantee that all the code is updated and everything runs
smoothly. There may be a few exceptions, such as installation cells or cells where
you save your account credentials. These will likely only need to be run once.

The content of this lab focuses on using Qiskit patterns to produce a GHZ state,
emphasizing the importance of designing optimized quantum circuits. At the end is
a bonus exercise where you can execute your code on a real quantum computer.

Install Qiskit
Quantum computers stand as a technology that promises to disrupt how some
calculations are done - from breaking encryption with Shor's algorithm, to enabling
faster searches with Grover's algorithm, to designing better batteries with quantum
phase estimation. A first step is choosing a software tool for designing and
executing such algorithms. In these challenges you will use Qiskit for the design
and implementation of quantum circuits in simulators and real hardware. The
following will help you install Qiskit v2.0.

First, check that the version of Python you are using in your environment is
python>=3.10, to make sure that it is compatible with the latest Qiskit version we
will use:

In [1]: from platform import python_version

print(python_version())

3.11.9

If that is not the case, you can upgrade it using your preferred tool. If you are
unsure how to do it, some recommended options are:

MacOS: Homebrew
Linux: sudo apt-get update

A detailed guide on how to upgrade Python depending on your OS is detailed here:

How to update Python

⚠️ Note: You cannot run Lab 3 of the QGSS using Windows. Hence, if you are
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using Windows, we recommend you use an online lab environment.

For more information take a look at the wiki: https://github.com/qiskit-

community/qgss-2025/wiki/Jupyter-Notebook-Environment-(Local-and-Online)

Now let's install the grader that will install Qiskit 2.x and the necessary libraries we
will need for the summer school.

In [2]: %pip install "qc-grader[qiskit,jupyter] @ git+https://github.com/qiskit-c

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Collecting qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Chal

lenge-Grader.git (from qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/q
iskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git)
Cloning https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git
to /tmp/pip-install-6gww6cms/qc-grader_e477ae68706e4159aec831a349b576d1
Running command git clone --filter=blob:none --quiet https://github.com/
qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git /tmp/pip-install-6gww6cms/qc
-grader_e477ae68706e4159aec831a349b576d1
Resolved https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.gi
t to commit 897f4448b14d18b4d0a430f57f11c2dcb6200c20
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it->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Qua
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it->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Qua
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enge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-
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hallenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qis
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ity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://g
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rader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Cha
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ommunity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+http
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kit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git
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ub.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qi
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rader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Cha
llenge-Grader.git) (23.1.0)
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c-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-
Challenge-Grader.git) (0.10.0)
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der.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-communit
y/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (0.5.3)
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der[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Chall
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er[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challe
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er[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challe
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qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum
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rader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Cha
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der[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Chall
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c-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-
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er[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challe
nge-Grader.git) (2.14.0)
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qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum
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grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.g
it->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Qua
ntum-Challenge-Grader.git) (1.3.1)
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pyterlab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Chall
enge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-
community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (21.2.0)
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ub.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qi
skit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.gi
t) (1.0.5)
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rader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Cha
llenge-Grader.git) (0.14.0)
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ge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-co
mmunity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (3.0.2)
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terlab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challen
ge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-co
mmunity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (23.2.0)
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mmunity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+http
s://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (2023.12.1)
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->jupyterlab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-C
hallenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qis
kit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (0.35.1)
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pyterlab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Chall
enge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-
community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (0.18.1)
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=2.4.0->jupyterlab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Qua
ntum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.c
om/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (2.0.7)
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nity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (6.0.1)
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jupyterlab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Cha
llenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiski
t-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (0.1.4)
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tum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.co
m/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (0.1.1)
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community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+htt
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qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@
git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (20.
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b.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qis
kit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.gi
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m/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]
@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git)
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b.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qis
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t) (1.13)
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ab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-G
rader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-commun
ity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (4.12.3)
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der.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-communit
y/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (6.1.0)
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c-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-Grade
r.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/
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terlab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challen
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erlab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challeng
e-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-com
munity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (3.0.2)
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ab->qc-grader@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Quantum-Challenge-G
rader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-commun
ity/Quantum-Challenge-Grader.git) (0.10.0)
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nge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-c
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it->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/Qua
ntum-Challenge-Grader.git) (1.3.0)
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m-Challenge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/
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ge-Grader.git->qc-grader[jupyter,qiskit]@ git+https://github.com/qiskit-co
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In [3]: import qiskit

import qc_grader

print(f"Qiskit version: {qiskit.__version__}")

print(f"Grader version: {qc_grader.__version__}")

Qiskit version: 2.1.0

Grader version: 0.22.9

You should have Qiskit version >=2.0.0 and Grader >=0.22.9 . If you see a
lower version, you need to restart your kernel and reinstall the grader.

Troubleshooting
If the previous cell raised an error, you can opt to install Qiskit in a virtual
environment (two suggested methods follow). If you have no errors, you can ignore
this cell and proceed to the next one.

Here we propose two different methods to set up a virtual environment to install

Qiskit.

1. Using venv, as explained in the Qiskit installation guide.

2. Using conda, as explained in this video of Coding with Qiskit.

Set up your IBM Cloud account

You must set up an IBM Cloud account in order to track progress with the grader,
and to execute quantum circuits on real hardware.

Set up your account as follows:

1. Go to the upgraded IBM Quantum® Platform.

2. Go to the top right corner (as shown in the above picture), create your API
token, and copy it to a secure location.
3. In the next cell, replace deleteThisAndPasteYourAPIKeyHere with your
API key.
4. Go to the bottom left corner (as shown in the above picture) and create your
instance. Make sure to choose the open plan.
5. After the instance is created, copy its associated CRN code. You may need to
refresh to see the instance.

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6. In the cell below, replace deleteThisAndPasteYourCRNHere with your CRN

code.

See this guide for more details on how to set up your IBM Cloud® account.

⚠️ Note: Treat your API key as you would a secure password. See the Cloud
setup guide for more information about using your API key in both secure and
untrusted environments.

In [7]: # Save your API key to track your progress and have access to the quantum

your_api_key = "E17dzCRPbOcoyp1F7XI5VuCunMSPSWxfbZRQ1614LgDB"
your_crn = "crn:v1:bluemix:public:quantum-computing:us-east:a/b644753467c

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService

QiskitRuntimeService.save_account(
channel="ibm_quantum_platform",
token=your_api_key,
instance=your_crn,
name="qgss-2025",
overwrite=True
)

In [8]: # Check that the account has been saved properly

service = QiskitRuntimeService(name="qgss-2025")
service.saved_accounts()

Out[8]: {'qgss-2025': {'channel': 'ibm_quantum_platform',

'url': 'https://cloud.ibm.com',
'token': 'E17dzCRPbOcoyp1F7XI5VuCunMSPSWxfbZRQ1614LgDB',
'instance': 'crn:v1:bluemix:public:quantum-computing:us-east:a/b644753
467c24439a96bff9d8af61481:0757ca38-3d3a-4409-a73b-9fce308c5888::',
'verify': True,
'private_endpoint': False}}

Imports
In [9]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, generate_preset_pass_manager

from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService, SamplerV2 as Sampler

from qiskit_aer import AerSimulator

from qc_grader.challenges.qgss_2025 import grade_lab0_ex1, grade_lab0_ex2

Sanity check

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Let's now create a very simple quantum circuit to check that everything is working
as expected.

In [10]: # Create a new circuit with a single qubit

qc = QuantumCircuit(2)
# Add a H gate to qubit 0
qc.h(0)
# Add a CNOT gate to qubit 1
qc.cx(0, 1)
# Return a drawing of the circuit using MatPlotLib ("mpl").
qc.draw("mpl")

Out[10]:

The output you see represents a quantum circuit that produces a Bell state:

$$|Bell\rangle=\frac{|00\rangle+|11\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}$$

Generate a three-qubit GHZ state using

Qiskit patterns
Now, we will follow this episode of Coding with Qiskit to guide you through the
process of generating a three-qubit GHZ state using Qiskit patterns.

A Qiskit pattern is a general framework for breaking down domain-specific

problems and contextualizing required capabilities in stages. This allows for the
seamless composability of new capabilities developed by IBM Quantum researchers
(and others) and enables a future in which quantum computing tasks are
performed by powerful heterogenous (CPU/GPU/QPU) computing infrastructure.

The four steps of a Qiskit pattern are as follows:

1. Map problem to quantum circuits and operators

2. Optimize for target hardware
3. Execute on target hardware
4. Post-process results

Step 1. Map
The Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state is the extension to three (or more)
qubits to the maximally entangled state characteristic of the Bell state depicted

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above. That means that the GHZ state is:

$$ |GHZ\rangle = \frac{|000\rangle+|111\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}. $$

One of the interesting features of the GHZ state is that there are different and
equivalent ways to build it using a quantum circuit. In Exercise 1 you will do it in one
of the most common ways.

Exercise 1: Design a GHZ state

This is your first exercise of the Summer School! Exciting, huh?

In this exercise, you will design a GHZ state following the steps below:

1. Apply a Hadamard gate to qubit 0, putting it into a superposition.

2. Apply a CNOT gate between qubits 0 and 1.
3. Apply a CNOT gate between qubits 1 and 2.

In [11]: # Create a new circuit with three qubits

qc = QuantumCircuit(3)

### WRITE YOUR CODE BELOW HERE ###

# Add a H gate to qubit 0
qc.h(0)
# Add a CNOT gate to qubits 0 and 1
qc.cx(0, 1)
# Add a CNOT gate to qubits 1 and 2
qc.cx(1,2)
### YOUR CODE FINISHES HERE ###

# Return a drawing of the circuit using MatPlotLib ("mpl").

qc.draw("mpl")

Out[11]:

In [12]: # Submit your answer using following code

grade_lab0_ex1(qc)

🎉
Submitting your answer. Please wait...
Congratulations ! Your answer is correct and has been submitted.

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Step 2. Optimize
Well done designing the circuit!

In this case, the circuit is very shallow, and it is not possible to further simplify it or
reduce the required number of gates that are needed to build the GHZ state.
However, there are other scenarios in which optimizing the circuit is key.

There may be situations where you face restrictions in how your quantum circuit
can be designed. For example, when running circuits on quantum hardware, you
might find connectivity constraints between qubits. This means that some qubits
may not be physically connected, so you will need to think of a smart way to
implement gates that produce the desired quantum state. Luckily for us, this is
where the Qiskit pass manager comes to the rescue! You can provide the desired
circuit along with the device's constraints to the pass manager and it will transpile
the circuit and handle the optimization for you.

Let us consider, for the GHZ state, a situation in which we are limited to interactions
only between qubits 0 and 1 and qubits 0 and 2, but not between qubits 1 and 2.
We can introduce these constraints to the paass manager using the
generate_preset_pass_manager function.

Exercise 2: Transpile a GHZ state

In this second exercise you are asked to transpile the previous GHZ state with
the mentioned connectivity constraints:

Qubit 0 <---> Qubit 1

Qubit 0 <---> Qubit 2
Qubit 1 <---> Qubit 2

In [13]: ### WRITE YOUR CODE BELOW HERE ###

# Write the coupling map of connections between qubits 0 and 1 and 0 and
coupling_map = [[0,1], [0,2]]
# Transpile the quantum circuit `qc` using the `generate_preset_pass_mana
pm = generate_preset_pass_manager()
### YOUR CODE FINISHES HERE ###
qc_transpiled = pm.run(qc)

qc_transpiled.draw("mpl")

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Out[13]:

In [14]: # Submit your answer using following code

grade_lab0_ex2(qc_transpiled)

🎉
Submitting your answer. Please wait...
Congratulations ! Your answer is correct and has been submitted.

Step 3. Execute
The next step is exciting - we are going to run the quantum circuit using Qiskit
Runtime!

We will do that using the two Qiskit primitives:

1. Sampler samples the output register from the execution of one or more
quantum circuits. Its output is counts on per-shot measurements.
2. Estimator computes the expectation value of one or more observables with
respect to the states generated by the quantum circuit. Its output consist of the
expectation values along with their standard errors.

First, we execute our circuit using the Sampler, then save the results as the variable
results_sampler .

In [15]: # Add measurement operations

qc.measure_all()

# Set up the backend

backend = AerSimulator()

# Set up the sampler

sampler = Sampler(mode=backend)

# Submit the circuit to Sampler

pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(backend=backend, optimization_level=1)
job = sampler.run(pm.run([qc]))

# Get the results

results_sampler = job.result()

Now, we run our circuit using the Estimator primitive, then save the results as the
variable results_estimator .

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In [16]: # Set up the Estimator

estimator = Estimator(mode=backend)

# Define some observables

ZZZ = SparsePauliOp("ZZZ")
ZZX = SparsePauliOp("ZZX")
ZII = SparsePauliOp("ZII")
XXI = SparsePauliOp("XXI")
ZZI = SparsePauliOp("ZZI")
III = SparsePauliOp("III")
observables = [ZZZ, ZZX, ZII, XXI, ZZI, III]

# Submit the circuit to Estimator

pub = (qc, observables)
job = estimator.run(pubs=[pub])

# Get the results

results_estimator = job.result()

Next is the final step of Qiskit patterns, where we will visualize our results.

Step 4. Post-process
Finally, the last step of Qiskit patterns is to post-process the information we have
gathered from the execution of the quantum circuit.

First we visualize the results from the Sampler. We can visualize the counts with a
histogram plot and quickly see how the two possible quantum states are measured
with a probability of 50%.

In [17]: counts_list = results_sampler[0].data.meas.get_counts()

print(f" Outcomes : {counts_list}")
display(plot_histogram(counts_list, title="GHZ state"))

Outcomes : {'111': 512, '000': 512}

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Now we can visualize the results of the Estimator.

In [18]: exp_values = results_estimator[0].data.evs

observables_list = ["ZZZ", "ZZX", "ZII", "XXI", "ZZI", "III"]
print(f"Expectation values: {list(zip(observables_list, exp_values))}")

# Set up our plot

container = plt.bar(observables_list, exp_values, width=0.8)
# Label each axis
plt.xlabel("Observables")
plt.ylabel("Values")
plt.show()

Expectation values: [('ZZZ', np.float64(0.00244140625)), ('ZZX', np.float6

4(-0.0048828125)), ('ZII', np.float64(0.01123046875)), ('XXI', np.float64
(0.03466796875)), ('ZZI', np.float64(1.0)), ('III', np.float64(1.0))]

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We see that the observables $ZZI$ and $III$ have an expectation value of 1, since
$ZZI$ introduces two minus signs that cancel out, and $III$ acts as the identity,
leaving the GHZ state unchanged. The rest of the observables have an expectation
value of 0, since their $Z$ operators introduce an odd number of minus signs, or
the $X$ operators flip a number of qubits that make the overlapping states
orthogonal.

Congratulations!
You have successfully completed Lab 0 and are now set to start the Quantum
Global Summer School 2025!

In this lab you have successfully set up your machine to execute Qiskit v2.x, and
saved your IBM Cloud token to track your progress during the Summer School and
execute quantum circuits in real hardware. You have also learned about Qiskit
patterns by implementing a specific example of the GHZ circuit and designing an
optimized quantum circuit. Finally, you have executed a GHZ circuit on a quantum
simulator, and observed how the measurements of the Sampler are in good
agreement with the theoretical probabilities of measuring the states $|000\rangle$
and $|111\rangle$ with 50% probability.

You can check your progress with the labs using the cell below:

In [19]: from qc_grader.grader.grade import check_lab_completion_status

check_lab_completion_status("qgss_2025")

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✅
Lab 0: 2/2 exercises completed (100%)
1428 participants have completed this lab

✅
Lab 1: 9/9 exercises completed (100%)
536 participants have completed this lab

✅
Lab 2: 0/7 exercises completed (0%)
1 participants have completed this lab

✅
Lab 3: 0/5 exercises completed (0%)
0 participants have completed this lab

✅
Lab 4: 0/6 exercises completed (0%)
0 participants have completed this lab

As a bonus exercise, it would be interesting to perform the same experiment on

real hardware to see how the noise affects the outcomes, then compare the results
to show that we will not have a perfect agreement between the theoretical
probabilities and the outcomes.

Are you ready? Let's dig in!

Bonus challenge: Run GHZ on hardware

To execute a quantum circuit on a quantum computer using Qiskit, we first need to
define the quantum backend. We could manually select a specific quantum
computer we want to use out of the ones available from IBM Quantum. However,
sometimes it is more convenient to select the machine that is least busy at the
moment to ensure a fast execution. That's where the method least_busy is
helpful.

In [26]: # Define the service. This allows you to access IBM QPUs.
service = QiskitRuntimeService(name="qgss-2025")

# Get a backend
backend = service.least_busy(operational=True, simulator=False)
print(f"We are using the {backend.name} quantum computer")

We are using the ibm_sherbrooke quantum computer

The next call illustrates how easy it is to execute quantum circuits on hardware with
QiskitRuntimeService . Once we have selected the backend in the cell above,
we can simply copy and paste the same lines of code that we wrote for the Sampler
simulator, including post-processing and visualization.

In [ ]: ### WRITE YOUR CODE BELOW HERE ###

# Step 1. Map
# You should have created a GHZ circuit above and assigned with variable

# Step 2. Optimize
pm =
qc_transpiled =

In [22]: from qiskit import QuantumCircuit

qc = QuantumCircuit(3, 3)
qc.h(0)
qc.cx(0, 1)

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qc.cx(0, 2)
qc.measure([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2])

Out[22]: <qiskit.circuit.instructionset.InstructionSet at 0x7feb95b28f10>

In [23]: from qiskit import transpile

qc_transpiled = transpile(qc, backend=backend, optimization_level=3)

In [35]: import time

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
# We no longer need transpile for this workflow
# from qiskit import transpile

# Import the new runtime components

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService, Sampler, Session, Op
from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram

# Step 1: Connect to IBM Quantum

# This remains the same
service = QiskitRuntimeService(name="qgss-2025")
backend = service.least_busy(operational=True, simulator=False)
print(f"Using backend: {backend.name}")

# Step 2: Create GHZ Circuit

# This remains the same
qc = QuantumCircuit(3, 3)
qc.h(0)
qc.cx(0, 1)
qc.cx(0, 2)
qc.measure([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2])

# Step 3: Transpile (This is now handled by the Sampler primitive)

# We can remove this line: qc_transpiled = transpile(qc, backend=backend,

# Step 4 & 5: Submit Job and Wait for Completion (New Method)
# Define options, including the optimization level you had before
options = Options(optimization_level=3)

# Use a Session for better performance and job management

with Session(service=service, backend=backend) as session:
# Instantiate the Sampler
sampler = Sampler(session=session, options=options)

# Submit the job. Pass the original (untranspiled) circuit.

job = sampler.run(qc, shots=1024)
print(f"Job ID: {job.job_id()}")
print("Waiting for job to complete...")

# job.result() will block until the job is complete and get the resul
result = job.result()
print("Job finished!")

# Step 6: Get Results

# The result object is different now. We get a quasi-distribution.
if job.status().name == "DONE":
# The Sampler result contains quasi-distributions
quasi_dist = result.quasi_dists[0]

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# For printing, we can convert it to a dictionary of probabilities

counts = quasi_dist.binary_probabilities()
print(f"Outcomes: {counts}")

# plot_histogram can directly plot the quasi_distribution

# We also update the title to use the actual backend name
plot_histogram(quasi_dist, title=f"GHZ State on {backend.name}")
else:
print(f"Job did not complete successfully: {job.status().name}")

Using backend: ibm_sherbrooke

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
ValidationError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
Cell In[35], line 29
22 qc.measure([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2])
24 # Step 3: Transpile (This is now handled by the Sampler primitive)
25 # We can remove this line: qc_transpiled = transpile(qc, backend=b
ackend, optimization_level=3)
26
27 # Step 4 & 5: Submit Job and Wait for Completion (New Method)
28 # Define options, including the optimization level you had before
---> 29 options = Options(optimization_level=3)
31 # Use a Session for better performance and job management
32 with Session(service=service, backend=backend) as session:
33 # Instantiate the Sampler

File /opt/.qbraid/environments/qgss_000000/pyenv/lib/python3.11/site-packa
ges/pydantic/_internal/_dataclasses.py:123, in complete_dataclass.<locals
>.__init__(__dataclass_self__, *args, **kwargs)
121 __tracebackhide__ = True
122 s = __dataclass_self__
--> 123 s.__pydantic_validator__.validate_python(ArgsKwargs(args, kwargs),
self_instance=s)

ValidationError: 1 validation error for OptionsV2

optimization_level
Unexpected keyword argument [type=unexpected_keyword_argument, input_val
ue=3, input_type=int]
For further information visit https://errors.pydantic.dev/2.11/v/unexp
ected_keyword_argument

Warning: Queue time and 10 minute limit

This will roughly take 10s of calculation time on the real hardware, however,
running this on the real hardware can lead to long queue times and will take a
while, and will block the jupyter notebook in the meantime.

Please note that the open plan only includes 10 minutes time on the real
hardware, and since we will need these minutes in the later labs, please make
sure to save most of your time for these labs.

In [ ]: # Step 3. Execute
sampler =
job =

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In [ ]: # Step 4. Post-process
results =
counts_list =
### YOUR CODE FINISHES HERE ###

print(f"Outcomes : {counts_list}")
plot_histogram(counts_list,title='GHZ state')

Awesome!

You have managed to run a circuit on a real quantum computer, and the results are
very good! The most repeated states are $|000\rangle$ and $|111\rangle$, and
they accumulate a probability just below 50%. However, in this case we observe
that, due to noise from the quantum computer, some quantum states are
measured, even if the theoretical probability of measuring is 0. This is indeed
expected, and we will see in the next labs how we can try to correct or mitigate the
errors that are introduced by the noisy nature of quantum computers.

Additional information
Created by: Jorge Martínez de Lejarza

Advised by: Marcel Pfaffhauser, Junye Huang

Version: 1.0.0

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