Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 13 India’s

External Relations
International Context or Relations

 In post independence period, India faced many challenges to make a strong foreign policy.
 India shaped its foreign relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and to
achieve security through the maintenance of peace.
 In post Second World War period, world politics led to the division of countries of the world into two
clear camps-one under the United States and other under the Soviet Union.

The Policy of Non-Alignment

 The Cold War era marked the political, economic and military confrontation at the global level
between the two blocs led by the superpowers, the US and the USSR.
 Along with this in other prevailing world politics Indian leadership was in the direction to pursue its
national interests with these international context.

Nehru’s Role

 Nehru exercised foreign policy from 1946 to 1964. The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign
policy were to preserve the hard-earned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity and promote rapid
economic development.
 Despite the fact that many leaders from India, wanted India to follow a pro-US foreign policy; Nehru
wished to achieve his objectives of foreign policy through the strategy of non-alignment.

Distance From Two Camps

 India wanted to keep away from the military alliances led by US and Soviet Union against each other.
The US was not happy about India’s independent initiatives the policy of non-alignment.
 During 1950s India took an independent stand on various international issues and could get aid and
assistance from members of both power blocs.
 India’s independent stand and her growing relations with USSR hurt the sentiments of USA.
Therefore, there was a considerable unease in Indo-US relations during 1950s.

Afro-Asian Unity

 Nehru era marked the establishment of contacts between India and other newly independent states
in Asia and Africa.
 Under the leadership of Nehru, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947.
 India supported the process of decolonisation and opposed racism, especially apartheid in South
Africa.
 The Afro-Asian Conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955 which is known as
Bandung Conference and marked the establishment of the NAM.
 The first summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961.

Peace and Conflict with China

 Independent India began its relationship with China on a friendly note as India was one of the first
countries to recognise the communist government.
  Some of Nehru’s colleagues like Vallabhbhai Patel, were worried about possible Chinese aggression
in future but Nehru thought it was exceedingly unlikely that India will face an attack from China.
Paonchsheel (The five principles of peaceful co-existence) Agreement signed between Indian Prime
Minister Nehru and the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai on 29th April, 1954 was a step in the direction of
stronger relationship between two.

Tibet

 Tibet, a plateau of the Central Asian region, is one of the major issues that historically caused
tension between India and China.
 After the Panchsheel Agreement of 1954 India conceded China’s claim over Tibet.
 In 1959, the Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama was given asylum (refuge) by India which worsened
the relations between both countries.

The Chinese Invasion, 1962

 China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed historical buffer between two countries. The issue of Dalai
Lama added fuel to the fire.
 China claimed two areas within the Indian territory: Askai-Chin area in the Ladakh region of Jammu
and Kashmir and state of Arunachal
Pradesh in North Eastern Frontier Agency (NEFA).
 China launched a swift and massive invasion in October 1962 on both the disputed areas.
 The China war dented India’s image at home and abroad.
 The Sino-Indian conflict and the growing rift between China and the Soviet Union created
irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The Pro-USSR faction remained
within the CPI and moved towards closer ties with the Congress.

Wars and Peace with Pakistan

 The conflict started with Pakistan just after independence over the dispute on Kashmir.
 The India-Pakistan Indus Waters Treaty was signed by Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960 which
has worked well despite all ups and downs in the Indo-Pak relations.
 In April 1965, Pakistan launched armed attacks in the Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat which was
followed by a bigger offensive in Jammu and Kashmir in August-September.
 The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention. Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri
and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement, brokered by the Soviet Union, in
January 1966.

Bangladesh War, 1971

 In a dramatic internal politics during 1970 the East and West Pakistani rulers were not willing to
accept the democratic verdict.
 Throughout 1971, India had to bear the burden of about 80 lakh refugees who moved to East
Pakistan and took shelter in the neighbouring areas in India.
 After months of diplomatic tension and military build-up, a full-scale war between India and Pakistan
broke out in December 1971.
 On 3rd July, 1972 the Shimla Agreement was singned between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

India’s Nuclear Policy

 The first nuclear explosion undertaken by India in May 1974.

 In India nuclear programme was initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha.
  Nehru was against nuclear weapons and India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful
purposes.
 The five permanent members of the UN security council-tried to impose the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world.
 India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it.
 India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear
energy for military purposes.

FACTS THAT MATTER

1. Immediately after independence, India faced the twin challenges of Welfare and democracy. Moreover,
India started participating in the world affairs as an independent nation state with the overall context like
the legacy of many international disputes left by the British, pressures created by partition and poverty
alleviation.

2. India was born in the backdrop of world war, hence it decided to conduct foreign relations with an aim to
respect the sovereignty of other nations to achieve security through maintenance of peace. For this, India
laid down directive Principles of State Policy in the Article 51 of Indian Constitution.

3. The foreign policy of a nation is the interplay of domestic and external factors. Pt. J.L. Nehru was the
‘Chief Architect of India’s Foreign Policy’ with the objectives of preserving sovereignty of India, protection
of territorial integrity and promotion of rapid economic development. Hence India adopted NAM to stay
away from any military blocs.

4. Nehru’s Era established the contacts between India and States in Asia and Africa by convening
conferences on Asian Relations (March 1947), Indonesia’s Freedom Struggle (1949), decolonisation
process, and engaged herself in Bandung Conference in 1955 .with the newly independent Asian and
African Nations.

5. Panchsheel, the five principles of peaceful co-existance (29 April 1954) between India and China was a
stronger step towards friendship and relations. India advocated China’s new government as a communist
even in the UN after Chinese revolution in 1949 to ahead a friendly step.

6. India and China began to conflict on annexation of Tibet by China and suppressed Tibetan culture also.
China claimed Aksai Chin area and NEFA within the Indian territory, which differences could not be
resolved despite correspondence and discussions and led India to indulge in conflict.

7. India and Pakistan conflicted on initiative of Pakistan’s serious armed conflict over Kashmir issue in
1965. The UN intervened and made the both to sign Tashkent Agreement in 1966 to relieve the situation.
But 1965 war added to India’s already difficult economic situation.

8. India’s foreign policy reflects her desire to be an important regional power which reflected during
Bangladesh War 1971 when there were clashes between East and West Pakistan and India supported
freedom struggle in Bangladesh and declared unilateral ceasefire with the surrender of Pakistan. India and
Pakistan signed Shimla Agreement on 3rd July 1972 to formalise the return of Peace.

9. India’s Nuclear Policy advocates no first use and reiterates India’s commitment to global verifiable on
non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to nuclear weapons free world. Pt. J.L. Nehru was against
nuclear weapons, so he placed nuclear disarmament and considered NPT as discriminatory and India has
always been committed to use these weapons for peaceful purposes.
WORDS THAT MATTER

1. Non-alignment: A policy not to join any military alliances created due to cold war.
2. Foreign Policy: It is an interplay of domestic and external factors of a nation.
3. Panchsheel: Five principles of peaceful co-existence to be signed in 1954 between India and China.
4. Bandung Conference: An Afro-Asian conference in Bandung in 1955 to establish NAM and India’s
engagement with Asian and African nations.
5. NEFA: North-Eastern Frontier Agency known much of the state of Arunachal Pradesh in 1960s.

India’s External Relations

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter

4 India’s External Relations
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED
1. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against each of these statements.
(a) Non-alignment allowed India to gain assistance both from USA and USSR.
(b) India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained from the beginning.
(c) The cold war has affected the relationship between India and Pakistan.
(d) The treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1971 was the result of India’s closeness to USA.
Answer: (a) True; (b) True; (c) True; (d) False.

2. Match the following:

Answer: (a)—(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i).

3. Why did Nehru regard conduct of foreign relations as an essential indicator of independence?
State any two reasons with examples to support your reading.
Answer. 1. India decided to conduct its foreign relations with respect to sovereignty of other nations and
maintain peace and security through mutual cooperation to be reflected in the Directive Principles of State
Policy on Article 51 of constitution
2. India always advocated the policy of Non-alignment, made efforts to reduce cold war tensions and
contributed human resources to UN peace keeping operations.
3. Hence, India took independent stand and got assistance from members of both the blocs.

4. “The conduct of foreign affairs is an outcome of a two-way interaction between domestic

compulsions and prevailing international climate”. Take one example from India’s external
relations in the 1960s to substantiate your answer.
Answer: The statement is justified to maximum extent to be proved during ‘Sino-Indian Conflict of 1962’ to
dent India’s image at home and international level, India had to approach the Americans and the British for
military assistance to tide over the issues. The Soviet Union remained neutral during the conflict:
(i) All the occurrings, created a sense of national humiliation but strengthened a spirit of nationalism also
on the other hand.
(ii) Pt. Nehru was also criticised for his naive assessment of Chinese intentions and lack of military
preparedness.
(iii) Political mood of country began to change, when no-confidence motion against Nehru moved in and
debated in Lok-Sabha.
(iv) ‘Sino-Indian Conflict’ splitted the Communist Party of India in 1964s split fraction formed communist
party of India (CPI-M).
(v) Besides, the war with China alerted Indian leadership to volatile situation in the North east region.
(vi) Apart from being isolated and extremely underdeveloped, this region posed the challenge of national
integration in front of India.

5. Identify any two aspects of India’s foreign policy that you would like to retain and two that you
would like to change, if you were to become a decision maker. Give reasons to support your
position.
Answer: Two Aspects to be Supported:
1. India always maintained her dignity and image of a peace loving country by taking initiatives to bring
about equality and understanding among the nations i.e. India supported to end Korean War in 1953,
French rule in China, US role in Vietnam.
2. India’s initiatives for Non¬alignment are also appreciable for the maintenance of mutual understanding
and security. During post cold war era also, NAM had become an effective tool to make the Security
Council more effective and democratic.
Two Aspects to be Changed:
1. In the course of decade of 1962-72, India faced three wars and its peaceful image played a very limited
role.
2. Conflict with neighbouring countries like China and Pakistan derailed India’s concept of regional
co¬operation under SAARC.
Hence, India must adopt diplomatic and defensive postures in its foreign policy to maintain its independent
entity.

6. Write short notes on the following:

(a) India’s nuclear policy
(b) Consensus in foreign policy matters
Answer: (a) India’s Nuclear Policy:
1. India advocates no first use and reiterates India’s commitment to global verifiable on non-discriminatory
nuclear disarmament loading to a nuclear weapon free world.
2. Pt. Nehru always promoted ’ science and technology to build
a modern India, i.e. initiated nuclear programme in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhoba.
3. India was against nuclear weapons, hence pleaded many nuclear disarmament with superpowers.
4. India always considered NPT as discriminatory and refused to sign on it.
5. Even India’s first Nuclear Test in May 1974 was termed as a peaceful explosion and India argued to use
nuclear power for peaceful purposes only.
(6) Consensus in Foreign Policy Matters:
1. Pt. Nehru played a crucial role in the architecture of setting National Agenda for foreign policy.
2. Both as a Prime Minister and foreign minister he played profound influence in the formulation and
implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964.
3. When different parties came to power from time to time, foreign policy of India played a limited role in
party politics.

7.India’s foreign policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation. But India fought
three wars in a space of ten years between 1962 and 1971. Would you say that this was a failure of
the foreign policy? Or
would you say that this was a result of international situation? Give reasons to support your
answer.
Answer: No, this was not the failure of foreign policy but this was a result of international situation:
1. The Chinese Invasion 1962:
(a) Serious conflict arose when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed a historical buffer between two
nation, and India did not oppose this openly.
(b) India grew uneasy, when China began to suppress Tibetan Culture.
(c) Another border dispute arose when China claimed Aksai Chin area and NEFA (much of the state in
Arunachal Pradesh) within the Indian territory.
(id) Despite long term correspondence and discussions, these issues have not been resolved even by top
leaders of country.
(e) Hence, India had to indulge in the conflict.
2. War with Pakistan:
(a) A serious armed conflict between two countries began in 1965 with the initiative of Pakistan over
Kashmir partition.
(b) In 1966, the hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention and Tashkent Agreement signed
between Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan.
(c) The 1965 War added to India’s already difficult economic situation.
3. Bangladesh War of 1971:
(a) In 1970, Pakistan faced its biggest crisis in the way for a split verdict i.e. Zulficar Ali Bhutto’s Party
emerged as winner in West Pakistan while Awami league led by “Sheikh Mujibur- Rehman” swept through
East Pakistan.
(b) The Bengali population of East Pakistan had voted to protest against discriminatory attitude of West
Pakistan, which was not acceptable to West Pakistan rulers.
(c) In 1971, Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujib and unleashed a region of terror on East Pakistan. This
started people’s struggle to liberate Bangladesh from Pakistan.
(d) India had to bear 80 lakh refugees who fled from East Pakistan to take shelter. Hence, India had to
extend moral and : material support to the freedom
struggle in Bangladesh.
(e) A full scale war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 broke out, when Pakistan attacked on
Punjab and Rajasthan to be retaliated an attack from India.
(f) Within ten days the Indian army surrounded Dhaka and Pakistan had to surrender with Bangladesh as a
free country, India declared a unilateral ceasefire and Shimla Agreement was signed between India and
Pakistan in 1972.
(g) Most people in India saw this moment as a glory of India and a clear sign of India’s growing military
powers.

8. Does India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power? Argue your
case with the Bangladesh war of 1971 as an example.
Answer: Bangladesh War 1971:
(a) In 1970, Pakistan faced its biggest crisis in the way for a split verdict i. e. Zulficar Ali Bhutto’s Party
emerged as winner in West Pakistan while Awami League led by ‘Sheikh Mujibur-Rehman’ swept through
East Pakistan.
(b) The Bengali population of East Pakistan had voted to protest against discriminatory attitude of west
Pakistan which was not acceptable to west Pakistan rulers.
(c) In 1971, Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujib and unleashed a reign of terror on East Pakistan. This
started people’s struggle to liberate Bangladesh from Pakistan.
(d) India had to bear 80 lakh refugees who fled from East Pakistan to take shelter. Hence, India had to
extend moral and material support to the freedom struggle in Bangladesh.
(e) A full scale war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 broke out, when Pakistan attacked on
Punjab and Rajasthan to be retaliated an attack from India. if) Within ten days the Indian army surrounded
Dhakan and Pakistan had to surrender with Bangladesh as a free country, India declared a unilateral
ceasefire and Shimla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in 1972.
(g) Most people in India saw this moment as a glory of India and a dear sign of India’s growing military
powers.
On the above mentioned reference, we may conclude “Yes’. India’s foreign Policy reflects her desire to be
an important regional power which was revealed during the Bangladesh war of 1971. Yes, India’s foreign
policy reflects her desire to be an important regional power which was revealed during the Bangladesh war
of 1971.

9. How does political leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy? Explain this with the help of
examples from India’s foreign policy.
Answer: Foreign policy of any country is the mirror of national interests as in India:

1. During non-congress government in 1977, Janata Party announced to follow non-alignment genuinely. This
implied that the pro-Soviet tilt in foreign policy will be corrected. Since then, all governments took initiatives to
restore better relations with China and entered into close ties with the US.
2. In Post 1990 period the ruling parties were criticised for their pro-US foreign policy. During this period Russia had
lost its global pre¬eminence despite it has been India’s good friend. Hence, India’s foreign policy shifted to a more
pro-US strategy.
3. Besides, the contemporary international situation is also more influenced by economic interests than military
interests so made an impact on India’s foreign policy
i. e. Indo-Pakistan relations have witnessed new developments.

10. Read the Passage:

“Broadly, non-alignment means not tying yourself off with military blocs…
It means trying to view things, as far as possible, not from the military point of view, though that
has to come in sometimes, but independently, and trying to maintain friendly relations with all
countries”.
—-Jawaharlal Nehru
(a) Why does Nehru want to keep off military blocs?
(b) Do you think that the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty violated the principle of non-alignment? Give
reasons for your answer,
(c) If there were no military blocs, do you think non-alignment would have been unnecessary?

Answer: (a) Nehru wanted to keep off military blocs to maintain friendly and peaceful relation with all nations of
world as well as to maintain India’s uniqueness at international stage.
(b) No, the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty did not violate non-alignment because it was not to maintain military
relations but to maintain diplomatic friendly relations. .
(c) NAM emphasises on disarmament, decolonisation and terrorism except staying away from military blocs.
 MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED
Very Short Answer Type Questions [ 1 Mark]
1. What is foreign policy?
Answer: Foreign policy of a nation reflects ^systematic statements of national interests alongwith the
interplay of domestic and external factors.

2. I n which context India started participating in the world affairs as an independent nation state?
Answer: Due to:
1. British government left the legacy of many international disputes.
2. Priority to the poverty alleviation.
3. Pressures created by the partition.

3. Why did India not sign Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty?

Answer: Because India considered the NPT as discriminatory policy to argue it to be used for peaceful
purposes only.

4. What was Bandung conference?

Answer: Bandung conference was held in 1955 in Indonesia as an Afro-Asian conference to lead an
establishment of NAM and to mark the engagement of India with African and Asian nations.

5. Mention the Article of Indian constitution to promote international peace and security.
Answer: Article 51 to lay down some Directive Principles of State Policy.

6. Which step was the beginning of Indo¬china’s strong relationship?

Answer: Panchsheel, the five principles of peaceful co-existance signed in 1954.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

1. How did the Sino-Indian conflict affect the opposition also?
Answer: The Sino-Indian conflicts affected the opposition as well. This and the growing rift between China
and the Soviet Union created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The pro-
USSR faction remained within the CPI and moved towards closer ties with the Congress. The other faction
was for sometime closer to China and was against any ties with the Congress. The party split in 1964 and
the leaders of the later faction formed the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M). In the wake of the
China War, many leaders of CPI(M) were arrested for being pro¬China.

2. Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962?
Answer: (i) Serious conflict arose when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed a historical buffer
between two nation and India did not oppose this openly. (ii) Another border dispute arose when China
claimed Aksai Chin Area and NEFA (much of the state in Arunachal Pradesh) within the . Indian territory.

3. Highlight the contribution made by Pt. J.L. Nehru to the foreign policy of India.
Answer: (i) India’s initiatives for non-alignment for maintenance of mutual understanding and security.
(ii) India always maintained her dignity and image of peace loving country by taking initiatives to bring
about equality and understanding among nations i.e. to end Korean war in 1953, French rule in China etc.

4. Mention any two/four Directive Principles of State Policy for the promotion of international peace
and security.
Answer: The Article 51 of Indian Constitution deals with the “Directive Principles of State Policy” on
“Promotion of International Peace and Security”:
(i) Promote international peace and security.
(ii) Maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
(iii) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one
another.
(iv) Encourage settlement of international dispute by arbitration.

5. Highlight any two/four major objectives of Prime Minister Nehru’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:1. The first objective was to follow NAM, not to join either the military blocs formed by USA and
Soviet Union.
2. To promote rapid economic development and maintain cordial relations with other nations.
3. To prefect the territorial integrity.
4. To preserve sovereignty of India and also respecting others sovereignty.

6. What was Afra-Asian Unity?

Answer: Bandung conference was held in 1955 in Indonesia as an Afro-Asian conference to lead an
establishment of NAM to mark the engagement of India with African and Asian nations known as Afro-
Asian Unity.

7. Why did India oppose the international treaties on Nuclear non-proliferation?

Answer: Because of discriminatory nature:
1. India felt that these treaties prove the monopoly of five nuclear weapon- powers only and applicable to
only the non-nuclear powers.
2. India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and refused to sign even CTBT
(Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty).

8. In the Post Cold War Era what is the nature of India’s foreign policy in terms of shifting alliances
in world politics?
Answer: In the Post Cold War Era India’s foreign policy had shifted to more pro-US stance with the
disintegration of USSR:
1. At present India’s foreign policy rather more emphasizes on economic interests in place of military.
2. Every Indo-Pak relations have also witnessed many new developments.
3. Efforts are being made to restore normal relations with other countries through cultural exchange.

9. Arrange the following events in the correct chronological sequence from the earlier to the latest:
(a) First nuclear test conducted by India.
(b) Twenty year treaty of peace and relationship between India and Soviet Union.
(c) The Tashkent Agreement.
(d) The Panchsheel declaration.
Answer: (a) Panchsheel-1954
(b) Tashkent Agreement-1966
(c) Twenty year treaty-1971
(d) First nuclear test-1974

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

1. Explain India’s Nuclear Policy.
Or
Explain any four important features of India’s Nuclear Policy.
Answer: India’s Nuclear Policy:
1. India advocates no first use and reiterates India’s commitment to global verifiable on non-discriminatoiy
nuclear disarmament loading to a nuclear weapon free world.
2. Pt. Nehru always promoted science and technology so build a modern India i.e. initiated nuclear
programme in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhaba.
3. India was against nuclear weapons, hence pleaded many nuclear disarmament with superpowers.
4. India always considered NPT as discriminatory and refused to sign on it.
5. Even India’s first Nuclear Test in May 1974 was termed as a peaceful explosion and India argued to use
nuclear power for peaceful purposes only.

2. Describe any four issues of conflict between India and China .

Answer: Issues of Conflict between India and China:
(a) Serious conflict arose when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed a historical buffer between two
nation and India did not oppose this openly.
(b) India grew uneasy, when China began to suppress Tibetan culture.
(c) Another border dispute arose when China claimed Aksai Chin Area and NEFA (much of the state in
Arunachal Pradesh) within the Indian territory.
(d) Despite long term correspondence and discussions, these issues have not been resolved even by top
leaders of country.
(e) Hence, India had to indulge in the conflict.

3. Describe any two major issues of conflict between India and Pakistan leading to war of 1971.
Answer: Issues of conflict between India and Pakistan leading to War in 1971:
1. A serious armed struggle arose between India and Pakistan in December 1971 when Pakistan attacked
on Punjab and Rajasthan. In turn India had to retaliated a war against Pakistan.
2. India had to bear 80 lakh refugees who fled from East Pakistan to take shelter in India. Hence, India had
to extend moral and material support to freedom struggle in Bangladesh against Pakistan.

4. What was Tibet issue? How did it cause tension between India and China? Explain.
Answer: 1. From the very beginning of independence time to time, China has claimed its administrative
control over Tibet.
2. In 1950, China took over control of Tibet. Large sections of Tibetan population opposed this takeover.
3. In 1958, there was an armed uprising in Tibet against China’s occupation. India supported the cause of
Tibetan which was bitterly objected by China. Even India has granted asylum to Dalai Lama and a large
number of Tibetans.

5. Access any four principles of India’s foreign policy.

Answer: India’s foreign policy is based on principles of Panchsheel, which is derived from two words
‘Panch’ means five and ‘Sheel’ means a ‘Code of Conduct’ for peaceful co-existence.
1. Panchsheel
2. Non-alignment (NAM)
3. Mutual benefits and equality
4. Mutual non-aggression
5. Non-intervention in each others international affairs
6. To maintain international peace and understanding

Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]

1. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:
What does independence consist of? It consists fundamentally and basically of foreign relations.
That is the test of independence. All else is local autonomy. Once foreign relations go out of your
hands into the charge of somebody else,
to that extent and in that measure you are not independent.
—Jawaharlal Nehru
Questions
1. What does the extract signify?
2. What is not an independence as per Pt. J.L. Nehru?
3. What did India do to maintain its Sovereignty?
 Answer:
1. The above extract signifies the non-alignment policy of India.
2. When foreign relations go out of the hands of a country into the charge of somebody else, to that extent,
one is not independent.
3. When India achieved its freedom and started forming its foreign policy, it followed non-alignment policy
to pursue its national interests within international context.

Picture/Map Based Questions [5 Marks]

A. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Question.
1. What message does this cartoon convey?
2. Which year is being shown here?
Answer:
1. This cartoon conveys message on Indo-China tensions to be resolved.
2. 1962, Chinese invasion

Question 1.
Explain the two most important basic principles of India’s foreign policy. (Sample Paper, C.B.S.E. 1991, 1992, 2009)
Answer:

1. The most important basic principle of India’s foreign policy is Non-alignment.

2. The basic principle of India’s foreign policy is safeguarding national interests.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of ‘Peaceful Co-existence’ in the context of India’s foreign policy. Answer:
In the present day world, the principle of Peaceful Co-existence is quite popular. India’s foreign policy is based on
this principle. All countries in the world have a right to adopt their internal and external policies independently and
all have a right of existence in accordance with their ideals. World peace can be maintained only by following the
principle of Peaceful Co-existence. This principle is against the interference of one nation in the affairs of other
nation.

Mention two conditions of the Shimla Agreement. Answer:

Two important conditions of the Shimla Agreement were as given below:

1. Both the countries had resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.
2. Both countries would not use force against each other’s territorial integrity.

Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict Answer:
 The following two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962:

1. A major dispute between India and China is the border dispute involving the determination of the 4,200 km
long border at the foot of the Himalayas.
2. Chinese aggression on India border on October 20, 1962, and the continuous violations of our borders.
Question 5.
Highlight any two aspects of the Indian Foreign Policy which were greatly influenced by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
(C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:

1. Non-alignment. The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. Pt. Nehru said-as as far as
possible, we do not want to associate with power groups which caused two World Wars which can take place in
future also.
2. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries. Pt. Nehru tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen
economic and political relations.

Question 6.
Highlight the contribution made by Jawaharlal Nehru to the Foreign Policy of India. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. The main contribution of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru to the Foreign Policy of India is the policy of Non-Alignment.
2. Another contribution is the Principles of Panchsheel.

Question 7.
When and between whom was the Shimla Agreement signed? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed between Indian Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi and Pakistani Prime Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in July 1972.

Question 8.
Why did India not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty? (CTBT)? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:

1. India did not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty because according to India, this treaty was discriminatory.
2. India’s two neighbouring countries had nuclear weapons, therefore it was necessary for India to have a minimum
deterrent.

Question 10.
How did the Sino-Indian conflict affect the opposition also? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015) Or
How did the Sino-Indian conflict of 1962 affect the Communist Party of India? (C.B.S.E.2019)
Answer:
Sino-Indian conflict also affected the opposition in India. The growing rift between China and the Soviet Union
created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The pro-USSR faction remained within
 the CPI and moved towards closer ties with the Congress. The other faction was for some time closer to China and
was against any ties with the Congress. In 1964, the leftist members of the Communist Party left the party and
organised a separate party known as Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI (M). During the Sino- India war many
leaders of CPI (M) were arrested for being pro-China.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Panchsheel? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009) Answer:
The word ‘Panchsheel’ stands for five principles of conduct and behavior. India and China evolved five principles to
maintain friendly ties between the two countries.

Question 3.
Give the full form of the NPT and CTBT. (C.B.S.E. 2009) Answer:
NPT-Non Proliferation Treaty. CTBT-Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

Question 4.
Enumerate any two principles of; Nehru’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2013) Answer:

1. Non-alignment is the basic principle of Nehru’s foreign policy.

2. Pt. Nehru has always raised his voice against caste and colour discrimination.

Question 5.
When was the first nuclear experiment undertaken by India? (C.B.S.E. 2009) Answer:
India first undertook a nuclear experiment in 1974.

Question 6.
Mention any two principles of India’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2009) Answer:

1. The most important basic principles of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment.

2. The basic principle of India’s foreign policy is safeguarding national interests.

Question 7.
Which two objectives Jawaharlal: Nehru wised; to achieve through the strategy of non- alignment? (ImP) (C.B.S.E.
2010:
Answer:

1. To preserve the hard-earned sovereignty.

2. To protect territorial integrity.

Question 8.
During the Nehru era, why did: some political parties and groups in our country believe that India should be more
friendly with the bloc led by the U.S.? (C.B.S.E. 2010 ) Answer:
Some political parties and group in our country believe that India should be more friendly with the bloc led by the
 U.S. because it supports the value of democracy.

Question 9.
How the aim of India to respect the sovereign did find an eco in the Directive Principles of the state policy? (C.B.S.E.
Sample Question P. 2017)
Answer:
India as a nation born in the backdrop of the world war and shadow of the cold war decided to respect the
sovereignty of other nations and believe in world peace. The aim finds an eco in the Directive Principles of the State
Policy.

India’s External Relations Important Extra QuestionsShort Answer Type

Question 1.
List any four ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ given in the Constitution of India for the
promotion of International Peace and security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2010 Outside Delhi, 2013)
Answer:
Article 51 of Chapter IV of the Indian Constitution lays down certain principles which are the basis of Indian Foreign
Policy. Following are the constitutional bases of the Indian foreign policy:

1. To promote international peace and security.

2. To establish just and respectable relations with various nations.

3. To foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another.

4. To encourage the settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Panchsheel? What are its main principles? Answer:
Pt. Nehru formulated five principles of peaceful co-existence among the nations of the world. They were accepted
first by the Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lie. These principles are known as Panchsheel. They are:

To respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each other. Non-aggression on each other.
Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. Peaceful settlement of disputes.
To promote world peace.

Question 3.
Assess any four principles of India’s foreign policy. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2008) Answer:
1. Non-alignment: Non-alignment is the basic principle of India’s foreign policy. In fact,

India
was the first country which initiated the policy of Non¬alignment which was adopted by most of the countries of Asia
and Africa which attained independence in the post World War-II period.

2. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour and Discrimination, etc. Another basic principle of
India’s foreign policy is that it has always raised voice against the policy of caste, colour and discrimination.
3. Opposition to Imperialism: India has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards
 imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war.

4. Faith in United Nations: India is a founding member of the United Nations and has full faith in
the aims and principles of the United Nations. India believes that the United Nations is the only hope of world peace
in the present age, so it should be strengthened.

Question 4.
Why did India distance herself from the two superpower camps? (C.B.S.E. 2018) Answer:
1. First, India had to struggle against colonialism and imperialism. After getting freedom from imperialistic
exploitations, faced the problem of economic reconstruction which could be accomplished in a peaceful

2. Secondly, India adopted the policy of non-alignment for

peaceful co-existence for securing world peace and stability.

atmosphere, So, India preferred not to join any group to avoid tension.
3. The policy of non-alignment was followed to elevate India’s prestige. If India gives it decision
pertaining to international problems in a neutral way, both the power Blocs would respect its ideology, and the
tension at the international level will lessen.

4. In order to preserve the hard-earned sovereignty, protect the territorial integrity and promote
rapid economic development.
Question 5.
Suppose you are looking after the foreign policy of India. Which four values will you like to integrate into the foreign
policy? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. Policy of Non-Alignment
2. Faith in the principles of U.N.O.

3. Faith in peaceful co-existence.

4. Support and promotion of Human Rights in the world.

Question 6.
Explain briefly India’s Nuclear Policy. (C.B.S.E. 2014) (Textual Question) Or
Analyse the Nuclear Policy of India. (C.B.S.E. 2019) Or
Describe the Nuclear Policy of India, (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
India is against the policy of the nuclear experiment. In principle, India has stood for general and complete
disarmament within the framework of the United Nations.
Addressing the General Assembly, Mr Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear
weapons by the year 2010. India is the sixth country in the world enjoying atomic power by having undertaken
successful atomic experiments in 1974.
 There are four Atomic Power Centres working in India. But this power is being utilised for peaceful and creative
purpose and not for making atomic-bombs.

After India conducted nuclear tests in May 1998 the United States and other countries urged India to sign CTBT
(Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaty is
discriminatory, it is not acceptable to the nation without any change.

Question 7.
Discuss the main irritants between India and China. Or
Analyse any two courses of conflict between India and China. (C.B.S.E. 2019) Answer:
The following are the main irritants between China and India:

1. India and China have a controversy over the McMohan Line, the borderline between India and China.
2. China invaded India on 20 October 1962 and later unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 21 November 1962. But China
was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession.
3. China entered into military alliances with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. These agreements pose a great threat
to the security of India.
4. China always supported Pakistan against India.

Question 8.
Highlight the development of India’s Nuclear Programme. (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi) Answer:

1. In the late 1940s, under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha, the Nuclear programme was initiated.
2. The first nuclear explosion was undertaken by India in May 1974.

3. The second nuclear explosion was undertaken by India in 1998.

4. India signed the Civil Nuclear Treaty with the U.S.A. in 2005.

Question 9.
Explain any two factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside
Delhi)
Answer:

1. The social dominance of the military, clergy and landing aristocracy is responsible for overthrowing the democratic
government. Wars with India have made military rulers and pro¬military groups very powerful. In spite of the fact
that democracy has not succeeded in Pakistan, there have been strong pro-democratic sentiments in the country.
Moreover, America and other Western countries have encouraged military rulers for their own interests.
2. Another factor responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy is a fundamentalist element
working in Pakistan.

Question 10.
Before 1971, which two reasons were the source of resentment among j the people of East Pakistan (now
Bangladesh) against West Pakistan. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
 Explain any two reasons for the j popular struggle in East Pakistan (Now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan during
1971. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Before 1971. following two reasons were a source of resentment
among the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West
Pakistan.

1. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was made virtually a colony.
2. The people of East Pakistan resented the domination of Western Pakistan and the imposition of Urdu language.
3. In an election held early in 1971 in Pakistan, Sheikh Mujibur’s Awami League got a majority in Pakistan Parliament.
But he was not called to form the government and instead was arrested.

Question 11.
Describe any two major objectives of Nehru’s foreign
policy.
Answer:
Following are the two major objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy:

1. To preserve the sovereignty of the country and protect territorial integrity.

2. To promote rapid economic development. The foreign policy of India was set by Jawaharlal Nehru. He played a

significant role in the implementation of these policies from 1946 to 1964. He tried to achieve the aforementioned
objectives through his policy of Non-alignment. In other words, he did not side with either power blocs like the
U.S. and the former U.S.S.R.He followed the policy of peaceful coexistence. He maintained friendly relations with
African countries which were newly independent. India also tried to maintain friendly and peaceful relations with
its neighbours like Pakistan and China.

Question 12.
Explain the circumstances that forced the Tibetans to leave China. Highlight India’s role in helping the *• Tibetan
refugees. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
India’s policy of contentment crossed its limit when India gave its extra-territorial rights enjoyed in Tibet, to China
by signing a trade-agreement on 29th April 1954. Both the countries at the time of agreement expressed their
faith in the principles of Panchsheel. There was an armed uprising in Tibet protest against China’s infiltration in
1958. Chinese forces suppressed the movement. In 1959, the Dalai Lama crossed over to Indian border and sought
asylum under the Indian Government. A large number of Tibetans had also sought refuge in India. Hence, Tibet
became an issue of tension between India and China.
India’s External Relations Important Extra QuestionsLong Answer
Type
Question 1.
Describe any four basic postulates of India’s foreign policy.
(C.B.S.E. Sample Paper) Or
Mention the main principles of India’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2005)
Answer:
The basic elements of India’s foreign policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is
that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in the Shastri-era.
But a fine combination of idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy has been witnessed under the leadership of
Mrs. Gandhi. Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:
1. Non-alignment: The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. India itself is
a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists: Since India itself remained a victim of British
Imperialism, it has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world
peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in the U.N. have tried
to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the national
movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it. When
Holland, after the Second World War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.
When England and France attacked Egypt to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same
way, India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against
the United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour Discrimination, etc. India has always favoured the
abolition of the caste system and it has tried to remove caste-ridden policies from the world also. India has
consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and
severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the Government of South Africa. India also took
up the cause of Negroes in the United States and the non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly Relations with other States: India is always ready to have friendly relations with other
States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with countries of the world
also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries: India tries to unite Asian and African countries to
strengthen economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism
and create an atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries.

6. Faith in Internationalism: One of the principles of India’s foreign policy is its passion for
internationalism. India has full faith in all world organisations such as the U.N., UNESCO, ILO, etc.

7. Importance to the principles of the United Nations: Much importance has been attached to the
principles of the United Nations in India’s foreign policy.
 8. Respect for Human Rights: On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. India has full regard for Human Rights. Almost all the important Human Rights have
been included in the Chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

India is not Neutral in International Politics: Non-alignment is the very basis of India’s foreign policy but it does not
stand for India’s non-participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the
policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru, “We can’t and won’t remain neutral when the freedom is
in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed the
Soviet Union when the Korean war took place and also held America responsible in the Vietnam war.

Do you agree with the statement that the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a
peaceful world”? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
On the basis of the following arguments, we can say that “the foreign policy of independent India has pursued
the dream of a peaceful world”.
1. Non-alignment:

Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment:

1. Firstly, India will remain independent by not joining any group. It will not join even an organisation formed by
different countries of the world.
2. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. A nation, by adopting it, can evade subordination of any
group, and can easily form its opinion about any problem after its thorough analysis.
3. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. In Congress convention held at Jaipur in 1948, it was stated, “The
permanent feature of India’s foreign policy should be to have friendly and co-operative relations with all the
nations so that it may remain aloof from those agreements which divide the world into opposed Blocs and
endanger world peace.”
4. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs.

5. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between eastern and western

ideology. According to Pt. Nehru, “India’s policy of non- alignment doesn’t mean to follow a middle path. It is a
positive as well as a creative policy which aims at achieving some objectives and the elimination of hatred and
enmity between other countries.”

2. Away from the Cold War: During the Cold War era, India’s foreign policy was based on the
principle of non-alignment. It was long before India became free, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, who in charge of External
Affairs in the Interim government, had declared Independent India would keep away from power blocs. In 1946,
he declared again that India would follow an independent foreign policy.

He said, “We propose as far as possible, to keep away from the power politics of groups, aligned against one
another, which have led in the past to world wars and which may again lead to disaster on an even wider scale.”
It was, however, after the attainment of independence by India with unique historical experience, geographical
situation, and two perceptions of its national interest by enlightened leadership that non-alignment as a policy
came to occupy an important position in international relations.

3. Away from the military organisation: India did not join either of the two superpowers in the
military organisation known as NATO and Warsaw Pact.
 Question 4.
Examine the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity.

1. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was marked by the establishment of contacts between India and newly independent states
of Asia and Africa.
2. Nehru was an ardent advocate of Asian Unity and under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations
Conference in March 1947.
3. Efforts were made by India for the freedom of Indonesia from the clutches of the Dutch regime and in support of
Indonesia’s freedom, India arranged an international conference in 1949.
4. India firmly opposed racism apartheid in South Africa.

5. India participated and co-operated in Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955.

6. Pt. Nehru a co-founder of the NAM-Non Aligned Movement and its first summit was held in Belgrade in
September 1961.

Question 5.
Give any three suitable arguments in favour of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation process and
in firm opposition to racialism. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The following argument will be given in support of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation process
and in firm opposition to racialism:

1. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists.

2. The opposition of the Policy of Carte, colour discrimination etc.

3. Unification of Afro-Asian countries.

Note: For a detailed explanation,

(The basic elements of India’s foreign policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is
that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in the Shastri-era.
But a fine combination of idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy has been witnessed under the leadership
of Mrs Gandhi.
Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:
1. Non-alignment: The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. India itself is
a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists: Since India itself remained a victim of British
Imperialism, it has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to
world peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in the U.N.
have tried to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the
national movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it.
When Holland, after the Second World War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.
 When England and France attacked Egypt to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same
way, India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against
the United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour Discrimination, etc. India has always favoured the
abolition of the caste system and it has tried to remove caste-ridden policies from the world also. India has
consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and
severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the Government of South Africa. India also took
up the cause of Negroes in the United States and the non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly Relations with other States: India is always ready to have friendly relations with other
States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with countries of the world
also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries: India tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen
economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism and create an
atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries.
6. 6. Faith in Internationalism: One of the principles of India’s foreign policy is its passion for internationalism. India
has full faith in all world organisations such as the U.N., UNESCO, ILO, etc.
7. Importance to the principles of the United Nations: Much importance has been attached to the principles of the
United Nations in India’s foreign policy.

8. Respect for Human Rights: On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. India has full regard for Human Rights. Almost all the important Human Rights have been included
in the Chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

9. India is not Neutral in International Politics: Non-alignment is the very basis of India’s foreign policy but it does not
stand for India’s non-participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the
policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru, “We can’t and won’t remain neutral when the freedom is
in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed the
Soviet Union when the Korean war took place and also held America responsible in the Vietnam war.

10. Panchsheel: Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The
five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

• Nations should respect each other’s territorial unity and sovereignty.

• No nation should attack another nation.
• No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another nation.
• All the countries of the world would be considered equal irrespective of all distinctions.
• All the countries should have peaceful and harmonious co-existence.

11. National Consensus: India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus.

12. Faith in Disarmament: India has full faith in disarmament. )

Question 6.
Analyse the impact on Sino-Indian relations since 1962 onwards. (C.B.S.E. 2017) Answer:
Before the twentieth century, there was a limited political and cultural interaction between India and China. Till
1962, the relations between the two countries were not very strained. China attacked India on 20 October 1962
over a border dispute. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 21 November 1962. By waging a war, China was
able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s policy of ‘Peace’ was badly affected: Sino-Indian war of 1962 gave a negative impact on
‘Sino-Indian relations.’ China who gave the slogan of ‘Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai’ actually stabbed in the back of India
and from that day the relations between India and China got strained. India, now, no more have faith in China. On
the other hand, Beijing and Karachi established diplomatic relations. 1963 Pakistan cedes the trans- Karakoram
tract to China, ending border disputes. China was showing protective and co- operative attitude towards Pakistan.

However, in 1976, Indo-China relations slightly improved. In 1976, Mr K.R. Narayanan and in 1978 and 1979, Mr
Atal Behari Vajpayee visited China as ambassadors of peace and friendship. In 1988, Prime Minister Mr Rajiv
Gandhi’s visit to China started a new era in Indo-China relations and diplomatic visits cultural exchange, co-
operation in science and technology as well as trade relations made by both the countries further improved the
relations of the two countries.

Question 7.
How far has India been successful in conducting its foreign policy peacefully and avoiding international conflicts?
Explain with the help of examples. (C.B.S.E. 2017) Answer:
In 1947 India won independence and joined comity of sovereign states and thereby qualified to participate as an
actor in international politics and relations. The first prime minister of India Pt. Nehru left a deep impact on the
foreign policy of India. Since independence, India is trying to conducting its foreign policy peacefully and avoiding
inter-national conflicts. After the second world war, the whole world was divided into two major groups.

But India tactfully refused to be the member of any group and followed the policy of Non- alignment-means not to
be aligned with or against any major power bloc. India always sided with truth-it may be Afghan problem or crises
of Suez Canal. Both the big bloc’s US
 and USSR tried to have a friendly relation with India. India co-operated with all
peace- loving nations and with the United Nations to promote international peace and
prosperity without exploitation of one nation by another. India also gives full support
to the principle of freedom of dependent peoples and opposition to racial
discrimination in any form or kind.

Question 8.
Evaluate the impact of the Chinese invasion of 1962 indenting India’s image at home
and abroad both. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The Chinese invasion of 1962 indenting India’s image at home and abroad can be
evaluated in the following way:-

1. India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance to tide
over the crises.
2. During the conflict, the Soviet Union remained neutral.
3. No-doubt, it induced a sense of humiliation. On the

other hand, it also strengthened a spirit of nationalism

among Indians.
4. Some of the top army commanders either resigned or were retired.
5. Then Defence Minister V. Krishna Menon resigned from the cabinet.

6. A no-confidence motion was moved against the government for the first time. Nehru’s

own stature suffered a lot as he was criticised for his defence and foreign policy.

Question 9.
Read the following passage j carefully and answer the following | questions: (Imp.)
(C.B.S.E. 2016) j

When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as a peaceful explosion.
India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for
peaceful purposes. The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult
period in domestic politics. Following the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the entire world
was affected by the Oil Shock due to the massive hike in the oil prices by the Arab
nations. It led to the economic turmoil in India resulting in high inflation.
(i) When did India conduct its first nuclear test and why? Answer:
India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974. India argued that it was committed to the
policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.

(ii) Why was the period, when the nuclear test was conducted in
India, considered to be a difficult period in domestic politics?
Answer:
The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult period in the
domestic politics of India. Due to the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the whole world was
affected by the Oil-shock, which caused the massive hike in the oil-prices by the
Arab-nations. This led to the economic turmoil in India also.

(iii) Which international event of the 1970s was responsible for high
inflation in India? Answer:
The Arab-Israel War of the 1970s caused the massive hike in the oil prices by the
Arab nations was responsible for high inflation in India.

Question 10.
Two development strained this relationship. China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus
removed a historical buffer between the two countries. Initially, the government of
India did not oppose this openly. But as more information came in about the
suppression of Tibetan culture, the Indian government grew uneasy. The Tibetan
spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, sought and obtained political asylum in India in
1959. China alleged that the government of India was allowing anti-China activities to
take place from within India. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016)

Question 11.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. Sample
Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Nehru was against
nuclear weapons, so he pleaded with the superpowers for comprehensive nuclear
disarmament. However, The nuclear arsenal kept rising. When Communist China
conducted nuclear tests in October 1964, the five nuclear weapon powers, the
USSR. USA, UK, France and Chine (Taiwan represented china) impost the Nuclear
Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world. India always
considered the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it. When India
conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as a peaceful explosion. India argued
that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.

What was the plea of Nehru with regard to nuclear energy? Answer:
Nehru wanted to generate energy for peaceful purposes. He was against nuclear
weapons. So he pleaded with superpowers for comprehensive nuclear
disarmament.
 when did India conducts its first nuclear test and why? Answer:
India conducts its first nuclear test in 1974 to generate atomic energy for peaceful
purpose.

Why India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it?
Answer:
India refused to sign NPT because it is selectively applied to the Non-nuclear power
and legitimised the monopoly of the five Nuclear Powers.

Question 12.
In spite of strongly Propagating for nuclear disarmament, India herself conducted a
nuclear test. In 1998. Analyze the possible reasons behind such a development.
Also, state any four important features of India’s Nuclear Policy. (C.B.S.E. Sample
Paper 2018) Answer:
Reasons behind the Nuclear test.

1. India surrounded by two Nuclear states like China and Pakistan.

2. China-Pakistan friendship is a major security threat for India.

Features of India’s Nuclear Policy: India is against the policy of nuclear experiment.
In principle, India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the
framework of the United Nations. Addressing the General Assembly, Mr Rajiv
Gandhi, Prime Minister, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear weapons by
the year 2010. India is the sixth country in the world enjoying atomic power by having
undertaken successful atomic experiments in 1974. There are four Atomic Power
Centres working in India. But this power is being utilised for peaceful and creative
purpose and not for making atomic- bombs.

After India conducted nuclear tests in May 1998 the United States and other
countries urged India to sign CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty)
unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaty is discriminatory, it
is not acceptable to the nation without any change.