LIÊN TỪ

A. RULES

Liên
từ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
kết
hợp

both... and... (vừa... vừa...),

not only... but also... (không những... mà còn...),
Liên either... or (hoặc ...hoặc...),
từ neither... nor (không... cũng không...),
tương whether... or (dù... hay...),
Các as/so... as (như là, bằng/không bằng, không như)
loại quan
no sooner... than... hoặc
liên từ hardly/scarcely/barely... when (vừa mới... thì...),
trong so/such... that (đến mức... đến nỗi)
Tiếng
Anh
after (sau khi), as/when (khi),
as soon as (ngay khi), before (trước khi),
just as (vừa lúc), once (một khi),
since (từ khi), until/till (cho đến khi),
while (trong khi),
because/now that/since/as/seeing that (vì),
so (vì vậy),
Liên therefore/thus/hence/consequently (do đó, do vậy),
từ so that/in order that (để mà),
phụ for fear that/lest (vì e rằng),
thuộc although/even though/though (mặc dù),
however/nevertheless/ nonetheless (tuy nhiên),
whereas/on the contrary/in contrast/on the other
hand (trái lại, trái với),
in other words (nói cách khác),
as long as/so long as/providing that/provided that
(với điều kiện là, miễn là),
or else/otherwise (hoặc là),
in the event that/in case (phòng khi),
suppose/supposing that (giả sử),
B. PRACTICE EXERCISES if (nếu như), unless (trừ khi),
Exercise 1.1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate
even the
if (kểcorrect
cả khi), answer to each
as if/as though (nhưofthể
thelà),
following
…
questions.
Question 1: Many students work to earn money_______their parents are rich
A. because of B. despite C. however D. although
Question 2: The residents of the village are living a happy life_______they lack modem facilities.
A. despite B. alhtough C. therefore D. because of
Question 3: Backpacking is best suited for those who are in good physical condition
A. without being required to walk several miles
B. so that it would require walking several miles
C. so as not to require walking several miles
D. as it may require walking several miles.
Question 4: My uncle tries to spend time playing with his children_______he is very busy.
A. because of B. although C. despite D. moreover
Question 5: Children are encouraged to read books_______they are a wonderful source of knowledge.
A. because of B. in spite of C. because D. although
Question 6: Solar energy is not widely used_______it is friendly to the environment.
A. since B. although C. in spite of D. because of
Question 7: Family members reach out to one another and share_______happy and sad time together.
A. between B. both C. either D. whether
Question 8: Take time to do what needs to be done_______that the family will have time to do fun
things together, too.
A. so B. such C. now D. given
Question 9: Parents should start teaching them how to manage more complicated
duties_______children graduate from toddlerhood and move toward preschool.
A. yet B. when C. and D. so
Question 10: _______ you've made your own lifestyle more environmentally conscious, you can also
engage in_______activism to help educate others on doing the same.
A. Although B. Once C. Because D. Before
Question 11: To my mind housework is boring and_______it takes a lot of time with a hardly visible
result.
A. besides B. then C. yet D. so
Question 12: If you want to eat, give your body the water that is needed_______digest food.
A. in order to B. in order that C. in order of D. in order for
Question 13: Brass players make sound by "buzzing" their lips_______blowing into the mouthpiece,
they change notes with the help of valves or slides.
A. while B. during C. before D. by
Question 14: The conductor_______gives the musicians non-verbal signals_______with his hands or
by using a small stick called a baton.
A. whether B. either C. neither D. both
Question 15:_______the TRUMPET is the smallest brass instrument, it can play the highest notes of
all the brass instruments and often plays in marches or fanfares.
A. Because B. Although C. However D. Since
Question 16: The TROMBONE is the only brass instrument that does not use valves;_______the
player moves a curved tube, called a "slide," back and forth in order to change notes.
A. rather B. other C. instead D. but
Question 17: Volunteer activities bring together people who might not_______have contact with one
another.
A. likewise B. otherwise C. nonetheless D. unless
Question 18: Volunteers have the opportunity to serve in fields such as healthcare, education, and
social services - fields that need visionary leaders,_______are currently facing a severe shortage of
qualified employees.
A. and B. but C. hence D. despite
Question 19: Volunteer work and paid work are best viewed as complementary_______mutually
exclusive.
A. rather than B. other than C. instead of D. in spite of
Question 20: Student volunteer work required for graduation or continuation in a school or training
programme violate the non-compulsory feature of the definition and should_______not be considered
as volunteer work.
A. thereafter B. thereby C. thereunder D. therefore
Question 21: A patent invention is protected by law_______only particular people or companies have
the right to make or sell it.
A. in order for B. in order to C. so that D. such that
Question 22: Among the job postings that included a gender preference, 70 percent specifically
requested that the positions be filled by men_______only 30 percent wanted female applicants.
A. and B. whereas C. or D. so
Question 23: Supporting women and men to build and advance their career_______ is an issue of
gender equality_______makes good business sense.
A. both/ and B. either/or C. not only/ but also D. so/ that
Question 24:_______many international agreements affirming their human rights, women are still
much more likely than men to be poor and illiterate.
A. Although B. Despite C. Because D. Since
Question 25: Cultural diversity supports the idea that every person can make a unique and positive
contribution to the larger society_______their differences.
A. rather than B. instead of C. other than D. in place of
Question 26: Understanding and respecting individuals who are different from one's
self,_______racially, socially, ideologically or spiritually, is a natural outcome of understanding the
vast diversity of God's creation.
A. either B. neither C. whether D. both
Question 27: Students can only use technological devices to complete their work _______investment
on notebooks and books.
A. rather than B. instead of C. but for D. in case
Question 28: Online learning gives you full flexibility to accomplish your goals_______you can
access and learn anything you want, anytime you want.
A. that B. because C. so D. which
Question 29:_______we address the various issues prudently and seriously, we are surely doomed for
disaster.
A. If B. When C. Unless D. Though
Question 30: Recycling minimizes the need for raw materials_______the rainforests can be preserved.
A. so B. so that C. such that D. that
Question 31: My family really loves Japanese food,_______we order it twice a week.
A. yet B. so C. but D. nor
Question 32: These games are challenging,_______it’s not easy to spend little time playing them.
A. so B. and C. for D. or
Question 33: Smoking is extremely detrimental to health, _______many people continue to smoke
anyway.
A. nor B. so C. yet D. then
Question 34: We were lost in the forest,_______luckily my friend had a map in his backpack.
A. and B. so C. for D. but
Question 35: Would you like a cup of milk tea_______a cup of hot chocolate after dinner?
A. and B. or C. yet D. so
Question 36: Minh had his teeth decayed,_______he refused to see the dentist.
A. and B. so C. or D. but
Question 37: Anna thinks she ought to go to the university,_______she wants to get qualifications for
her dream job.
A. and B. yet C. for D. so
Question 38: He invested a lot of money in this business,_______it went bankrupt in a very short time.
A. but B. and C. for D. nor
Question 39: The students didn’t revise for their exams,_______did they realise how important the
exams were.
A. nor B. but C. so D. for
Question 40: Peter wonders he should stay home and watch TV,_______he should go out and have
dinner with his friends.
A. so B. or C. and D. nor
Question 41: _______being the CEO of Microsoft, Bill Gates is also one of the world’s greatest
philanthropists.
A. Aside from B. But for C. Except for D. In addition
Question 42: Women are likely to become trouble-makers_______they are too talkative.
A. in order B. so C. because D. thus
Question 43:_______ASEAN is becoming more integrated, investors should be aware of local
preferences and cultural sensitivities.
A. Because B. However C. Despite D. Although
Question 44: There must be equal opportunity for all,_______ethnicity, gender or religion.
A. regardless of B. nevertheless C. in spite D. besides
Question 45: Generations can be divided_______group's language, technological influences,
workplace attitudes, general consciousness and ways of life.
A. according to B. in response to C. with respect to D. forward to
Question 46: Due to generation gaps, a child may explain to an adult how to use
technology,_______an older man passes the time reading.
A. however B. so C. because D. while
Question 47:_______the institution type, in the United States, students typically earn credits for
courses they take and these credits count towards the completion of a program
A. Regards B. In regard to C. As regards D. Regardless of
Question 48:_______, we can all expect to see great changes during our lives.
A. Even though which generation or which society we belong to
B. No matter which generation or which society we belong to
C. However we belong to which generation or which society
D. Although we belong to which generation or which society
Question 49: Reading book helps me understand many different cultures_______traditions in the
world.
A. as B. nor C. but D. and
Question 50: Priscilla Chan, who is Mark Zuckerber’s wife, is not beautiful,_______she is an
intelligent girl.
A. although B. and C. since D. yet
Question 51: Because it rains heavily, they don’t go on holiday. They stay at home,_______
A. neither B. either C. instead D. although
Question 52: Energy produced from fossil fuels can make our environment polluted,_______the
government encourages people to use energy generated from natural resources.
A. yet B. but C. therefore D. so
Question 53:_______Lina hates the hustle and bustle of city life, she moves to the countryside to live.
A. As B. Although C. Provided that D. however
Question 54: She behaves_______she knew everything about me.
A. Providing B. If C. As if D. So
Question 55: I don’t want to either meet him_______say anything to him because he hurt my heart.
A. or B. and C. nor D. but

Exercise 1.2: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
Question 1: Ha Long Bay has spectacular natural landscapes._______, it attracts many tourists.
A. Hence B. However C. Because D. So
Question 2: He didn’t tell me anything about_______he would come_______not.
A. whether - or B. neither-nor C. either - or D. either - nor
Question 3:_______she went home, she realized that her house had been broken in.
A. As long as B. As far as C. As soon as D. As well as
Question 4: I am thinking about taking a piano class soon_______I love the sound of piano.
A. so that B. owning to C. seeing that D. indeed
Question 5: He always pushes himself to the limit_______he can have the chance to find out who he
really wants to be and where he really wants to go.
A. now that B. so that C. that D. since
Question 6: Lina_______her brother doesn’t like learning English because they have to memorize lots
of new words.
A. or B. as long as C. together with D. and
Question 7: To pass the university entrance exam, she worked_______hard_______she became
exhausted.
A. such - that B. so- that C. both - and D. not- but
Question 8: She has to work harder._______, she will fall the next exam.
A. or else B. otherwise C. Now that D. but for
Question 9: Your task is helping potential customers identify your business._______,you need to
create a brand awareness.
A. On the other hand B. However
C. Although D. In other words
Question 10:_______I feel my brain function most effectively in the morning, I prefer to study during
time of day.
A. Now that B. Because of C. Despite D. In spite of
Question 11:_______advanced in the understanding of genetics, animals can be bred with specific
genetic traits.
A. Because B. Owing to C. As a result D. A result from
Question 12: Nowadays, Erosion is more and more increasing_______the removals of trees.
A. on account of B. on behalf of C. because D. so
Question 13:_______is an intelligent boy_______he can solve all different exercises given by his
teacher.
A. So - that B. Such - that C. As - as D. Not only - but also
st
Question 14: New Year’ Eve is on the night of 31 December. Many people stay up until at least just
after midnight_______see in the New Year.
A. so that B. such that C. in order that D. in order to
Question 15:_______electric cars were quieter, cleaner, and easier to start, there are not many people
using it because they were not able to travel the far distances.
A. Even though B. Despite C. Instead D. In fact
Question 16: You can express your feeling correctly when you talk to your friend on
phone,_______you just see a message on the screen when you chat online.
A. meanwhile B. providing that C. besides D. in case
Question 17: You can enroll in this course_______your application is accepted.
A. so long as B. provide C. as well as D. so well as
Question 18:_______going to bed, you should drink warm milk, which is the best
choice for you to have a good night’s sleep.
A. After B. Before C. Although D. However
Question 19: _______I went home, everything was chaotic. Someone must have broken into my
house.
A. When B. Before C. Because D. Although
Question 20: There are many ways to do multi-choice exercises._______, you can exclude wrong
answers before choosing the best answer.
A. Besides B. For instance C. When D. Therefore
Question 21: Although the fish can hear, they have_______external ears_______ear drums
A. either - or B. either - nor C. whether- or D. neither- nor
Question 22: You are not allowed to drive your car in the city center at rush hour_______there is too
much traffic then.
A. because of B. for fear C. for D. though
Question 23: She studies so hard_______if she falls the next exam, her mother will be sad.
A. lest B. Least C. on fear that D. as
Question 24:_______it had not been for the intolerable heat in the hall, they would have stayed much
longer.
A. unless B. As if C. Supposing D. As though
Question 25:_______liquid_______gases flow freely from a container because they have no definite
shape.
A. Either - or B. Neither - nor C. Whether - or D. Both - and
Question 26: In a new culture, many embarrassing situations happen _______ misunderstanding.
A. because of B. because C. as D. seeing that
Question 27: Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking_______accepting opinions without
questioning them.
A. in addition B. for instance C. instead of D. because of
Question 28: Everybody had heard of Einstein,_______ hardly anyone could understand his theory of
relativity.
A. and B. but C. so D. because
Question 29: It was the first time I had had visitors_______I moved to London.
A. since B. as C. for D. because
Question 30: The new supermarket is so much cheaper than the one in John Street._______, they do
free home deliveries.
A. Moreover B. Consequently C. Nevertheless D. Instead
Question 31:_______, she managed to hide her feelings.
A. However jealous she felt B. if she would feel jealous
C. Despite of her being jealous D. In case she felt jealous
Question 32: My parents lent me the money._______, I couldn’t have afforded the trip.
A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. Only if D. However
Question 33: All applications to courses at tertiary institutions are made through UCAS, a central
agency_______UK universities and colleges of higher education.
A. standing for B. instead of C. on behalf of D. representative of
Question 34:_______he hasn’t had any formal qualifications, he has managed to do very well.
A. Despite B. Although C. If D. Whereas
Question 35:_______, he walked to the station.
A. In spite being tired B. Despite of tiredness
C. Although to be tired D. Despite being tired
Question 36:_______busy she is, she manages to pick her children up after school every day.
A. However B. Although C. Despite D. Because
Question 37: A newborn baby can neither walk nor crawl. A newborn tiger,_______,can run within
minutes of birth.
A. therefore B. even though C. otherwise D. however
Question 38: We’ve had a burglar alarm installed in our holiday cottage_______we will feel happier
about leaving it unoccupied for long periods.
A. for fear that B. so that C. now that D. provided that
Question 39: _______proficiency in German would be of much help, it is not requirement for the
advertised position.
A. Despite B. Otherwise C. Regarding D. Although
Question 40: He couldn’t ride his bike_______there’s no air in one of the types.
A. since B. due to C. though D. despite
Question 41:_______his income of current job is relatively low, he finds it difficult to make ends
meet.
A. Although B. As C. Because of D. In spite of
Question 42:_______Allan’s inexperience as a midfielder, he played well and scored a decisive goal in
the final match.
A. Since B. Although C. Despite D. Because of
Question 43: Her eyes are red and puffy_______she has been crying a lot.
A. although B. since C. because of D. despite
Question 44:_______had the restaurant opened_______people were flocking to eat there.
A. Scarcely/when B. No sooner/when C. No sooner/then D. Hardly/that
Question 45: Peter always takes a map with him_______he loses his way.
A. if B. in case C. so that D. so
Question 46: My parents lent me the money._______, I couldn’t have afforded the trip.
A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Unless
Question 47: Inexperienced_______, she can know the way of operating that system.
A. even though she is B. as she might
C. she may be though D. as she may be
Question 48: You have to take the full course of your antibiotics even if you feel better,_______your
illness will simply return.
A. whereas B. such as C. so that D. otherwise
Question 49: The house felt terribly cold_______the fact that the central heating had been on all day.
A. because of B. in spite of C. because D. although
Question 50: The building work is still on schedule_______a problem_______in digging the
foundation.
A. due to B. despite C. so as D. only if
Question 51:_______she could not say anything.
A. Therefore upset was she that B. However upset was she that
C. So upset was she that D. So upset was that
Question 52:_______badly you treat him, he’ll help you. He’s so tolerant.
A. No matter how B. In addition to C. Even though D. As if
Question 53: A new study by University College London shows that teenager girls are twice as likely
to be depressed_______social media as boys.
A. as a result B. thanks to C. despite D. due to
Question 54:_______there is not enough information on the effects of smoke in the atmosphere,
doctors have proved that air pollution causes lung diseases.
A. In spite of B. Although C. Therefore D. However
Question 55:_______a spoken language dies, it leaves no archaeology, the scientific study of material
remains such as tools, pottery, stone walls and monuments.
A. After B. As long as C. When D. As a result
Question 56: The pop festival passed off peacefully, _______the fears of local residents.
A. despite B. however C. but D. due to

EX3/Circle one letter to indicate the option that best completes each of the following sentences
1. Everybody was shocked_______he announced that his company had gone bankrupt.
A. when B. during C. until D. while
2. I managed to sleep_______ the hotel was noisy.
A. although B. in spite of C. because D. because of
3. _______we comforted her, she didn’t seem to get over the bad experience.
A. Because B. In spite of C. Although D. Because of
4. They started the show according to schedule_______the poor attendance.
A. although B. in spite of C. because D. because of
5. The centre will be closed_______renovation works until further notice.
A. even with B. because C. due to D. despite
6. I was busy doing my homework_______my brothers were playing video games.
A. whenever B. so that C. while D. how
7. _______you can show him the membership card, he will let you in.
A. While B. Unless C. Although D. If
8. They offered to do it for her she declined their help.
A. or B. when C. but D. for
9. Our math teacher gave Anna a punishment_______ she was late for class for third time this week.
A. since B. while C. before D. because of
10. Janet finished her school work excellently_______her leg injury
A. because of B. although C. because D. in spite of
11. My younger brother was awarded a scholarship_______his superior scholastic ability.
A. because of B. because C. despite D. although
12. He never goes to bed_______he finishes his homework.
A. unless B. when C. while D. if
13. She is looking for a new job_______she is tired of doing the same thing every day.
A. even when B. although C. because D. as if
14. I turned off my phone_______I wouldn’t be disturbed while working.
A. because of B. in order to C. although D. so that
15. She didn’t realise that she had mistaken someone’s handbag _______she opened it.
A. while B. until C. during D. after
16. It is easier to study animals and plants than human beings_______plant and animal behaviors can be
controlled and monitored.
A. for B. because of C. although D. despite
17. Your advertisement might look more attractive_______it were printed in colour.
A. even if B. if C. until D. in case
18. Eggs are generally good for your health_______, of course, you eat too much of them.
A. in spite of B. unless C. though D. if
19. My mother gave me some money_______I wanted to buy something during my trip.
A. if B. providing that C. in case D. otherwise
20. Most shampoos include chemicals in them_______I prefer using natural olive oil soap for my hair.
A. and B. if C. so D. but
21. _______people discover my job for the first time, they always ask me for details of the many adventures
they assume I have had.
A. While B. When C. Until D. Before
22. _______plan effectively your work, you need to know how you are doing in that work.
A. Although B. In order to C. So that D. Unless
23. _______a person does not use cigarette, he or she can still be harmed seriously by the smoke in the
cigarette.
A. If B. Because C. Providing that D. Even if
24. Before World War I, the relations among the European countries were very bad_______all were suspicious
about others.
A. but B. though C. and D. while
25. She had little to live on, she lived happily and worked under her old oil lamp.
A. although B. even if C. despite D. but
26. _______the music they make_______the life they are living is a good example of how to be good persons.
A. not only – but also B. both - and C. whether-or D. Only when - then
27. He can speak English_______ Spanish fluently, _______his French is not so good.
A. but-and B. and - but
C. not only - but also D. whether-or
28. I did my best to pass my English exam_______I failed.
A. and B. or C. yet D. because
29. I have to be on time, _______my boss will be annoyed if I’m late.
A. for B. yet C. and D. due to
30. _______the world is becoming increasingly global, many people remain ignorant to other cultures
and languages.
A. In order that B. In case C. Even if D. Because