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DETERMINANTS ( )
Only one option is correct.
x a a
1. The determinant a x a is equal to
a a x
2 2 2 2
(a) ( x + 2a )( x − a ) (b) ( x + a )( x − 2a ) (c) ( x − a )( x + 2a ) (d) ( x − 2a )( x + a )

a a3 a4 −1
2. If a, b, c are all different and b b3 b 4 − 1 = 0 . Then
c c3 c4 − 1

(a) abc ( ab + bc + ca ) = a + b + c (b) ( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) = abc

(c) abc ( a + b + c ) = ab + bc + ca (d) none of these. .

b2 + c 2 ab ac
2 2 2 2 2
3. If a + b + c = 0 and ab c +a bc = ka 2b 2 c 2 , then the value of k is
ac bc a 2 + b2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3
4. If the equation ax + by + cz = 0, bx + cy + az = 0 and cx + ay + bz = 0 have a non-zero solution, then
which one of the following is true?
(a) a + b + c ≠ 0
2 2 2
(b) a = b = c or ( a − b ) + (b − c ) + ( c − a ) = 0 or a + b + c = 0
2 2 2
(c) ( a − b ) + ( b − c ) + ( c − a ) ≠ 0 (d) none of these.
5. Given the equations: ( b + c )( y + z ) − ax = b − c , ( c + a )( z + x ) − by = c − a ,
( a + b )( x + y ) − cz = a − b , ( given a + b + c ≠ 0 ) , then x : y : z is given by
(a) b − c : c − a : a − b (b) b + c : c + a : a + b (c) a : b : c (d) c : b : a

a b c d
a a+b a+b+c a+b+c+d
6. The value of is
a 2a + b 3a + 2b + c 4a + 3b + 2c + d
a 3a + b 6a + 3b + c 10a + 6b + 3c + d
(a) a 4 (b) b 4 (c) a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + d 4 (d) c 4 + d 4 .
y+z z y
7. When z z+x x is divided by xyz , the quotient will be
y x x+ y
(a) 4 xyz (b) 2 xyz (c) 4 (d) 2.

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a b c
8. Let ∆ = b c a , where a, b, c are positive. Then
c a b
(a) ∆ > 0 (b) ∆ ≥ 0 (c) ∆ < 0 (d) ∆ ≤ 0 .
2
( x − 2 ) ( x − 1) x3
3
9. Let ∆ ( x ) = ( x − 1) x2 ( x + 1) . Then coefficient of x in ∆ ( x ) is …..
2 3
x ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
(a) −3 (b) −2 (c) 3 (d) 2
1+ a x 2
(1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x
2 2

10. If a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = −2 and f ( x ) = (1 + a 2 ) x 1 + b x (1 + c ) x
2 2
then f ( x ) is a polynomial of

(1 + a 2
) x (1 + b ) x 1 + c x
2 2

degree
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
a12 + b1 + c1 a1a2 + b2 + c2 a1a3 + b3 + c3 a1 b1 c1
11. b1b2 + c1 b22 + c2 b2b3 + c3 = ( a1b1c1 + a2b2 c2 + a3b3c3 ) a2 b2 c2
c3c1 c3c2 c32 a3 b3 c3
(a) True (b) False.
2r − 1 m
Cr 1
12. Let m be a positive integer and ∆ r = m −1 2
2 m
m +1 (0 ≤ r ≤ m)
sin 2 ( m2 ) sin 2 ( m ) sin 2 ( m + 1)
m
Then the value of ∑∆
r =0
r is given by

(a) 0 (b) m 2 − 1 (c) 2m (d) 2m sin 2 ( 2m )

0 b−a c−a
13. Let ∆ = a − b 0 c − b . Then ∆ is equal to :
a−c b−c 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
xn xn+2 x n +3
1 1 1
14. If y n y n+2 y n +3 = ( y − z )( z − x )( x − y )  + +  then
x y z
zn z n+ 2 z n +3
(a) n = 2 (b) n = −2 (c) n = −1 (d) n = 1
cos (α + β ) − sin (α + β ) cos 2 β
15. The value of the determinant sin α cos α sin β is independent of
− cos α sin α cos β
(a) α (b) β (c) α and β (d) none of these.

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yz zx xy
16. If x, y, z are respectively the pth, 2qth and 3rth terms of an H.P., then p 2q 3r equals ……
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
a1b1 a1b2

17. If f ( x ) = , then coefficient of x in f ( x ) is :

(1 + x ) (1 + x )
ab 2 1 ab 2 2

(a) ( a1 − a2 )( b1 − b2 ) (b) ( a2 − a1 )( b1 − b2 ) (c) ( a1 − a2 )( b2 − b1 ) (d) 0

x+3 x+4 x+λ
18. If x + 4 x + 5 x + µ = 0, (where λ , µ , ν are in A.P.) is
x+5 x+6 x +ν
(a) an identity in x (b) an equation whose all roots are real
(c) an equation with only one real root (d) none of these.
a1 + b1 x a1 x 2 + b1 a1 + b1 x + c1 x 2
19. If ∆ = a2 + b2 x a2 x 2 + b2 a2 + b2 x + c2 x 2 = ( x 2 − x5 ) λ then λ = ....
a3 + b3 x a3 x 2 + b3 a3 + b3 x + c3 x 2
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these.
a1 + b1 x a1 x − b1 c1
20. If ∆ = a2 + b2 x a2 x − b2 c2 = λ (1 + x 2 ) then λ = ……………
a3 + b3 x a3 x − b3 c3
(a) −1 (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) none of these.
a a+d a + 2d
21. Let ∆ = a + d a + 2d a , then
a + 2d a a+d
(a) ∆ is independent of a (b) ∆ is independent of d
(c) ∆ is a constant (d) none of these.
x2 + 4x + 5 x+2 5
2
22. Let ∆ = 2 x + 6 x + 10 2 x + 3 10 , then
4 x 2 − 2 x + 20 4 x − 1 20
(a) y = ∆ represents a parabola passing through the origin
(b) y = ∆ represents a triangle line through the origin
(c) ∆ = 0 has two distinct real roots (d) ∆ = 0 has exactly one real
x x+ y x+ y+ z
23. If x, y, z ∈ R ∆ = 2 x 5 x + 2 y 7 x + 5 y + 2 z = −16, then value of x is
3x 7 x + 3 y 9 x + 7 y + 3z
(a) −2 (b) −3 (c) 2 (d) 3 .
24. If a, b, c are non zero, then the system of equations (α + a ) x + α y + α z = 0 , α x + (α + b ) y + α z = 0 ,
α x + α y + (α + c ) z = 0 has a non-trivial solution if
(a) α −1 = − ( a −1 + b −1 + c −1 ) (b) α −1 = a + b + c

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(c) α + a + b + c = 1 (d) none of these.
2 2
1 + sin x cos x 4sin 4 x
25. Let f ( x ) = 2
sin x 1 + cos x 4sin 4 x then f ( x ) is periodic with period…..
2

sin 2 x 2
cos x 1 + 4sin 4 x
π π
(a) π (b) (c) −π (d) −
2 2
x +1 x x
26. The value of ∆ = x x + 1/ 2 x is :
x x x + 1/ 3
1 1 1 1
(a) x + (b) x − (c) − x − (d) − x +
6 6 6 6
1− x a a2
27. If x ≠ 0 and the determinant ∆ = a a2 − x a3 = 0, then x =
a2 a 3 4
a −x

(a) 1 + a 2 + a 4 (b) 1 − a 2 + a 4 (c) 1 + a 2 − a 4 (d) 1 − a 2 − a 4 .

x1 + a1b1 a1b2 a1b3
28. The value of ∆ = a2b1 x2 + a2b2 a2b3 is
a3b1 a3b2 x3 + a3b3
(a) x1 x2 a3b3 + x1 x3 a2b2 + x2 x3 a1b1 + x1 x2 x3 (b) x1 x2 a3b3 − x1 x3 a2b2 + x2 x3 a1b1 + x1 x2 x3
(c) x1 x2 a3b3 + x1 x3 a2b2 − x2 x3 a1b1 + x1 x2 x3 (d) x1 x2 a3b3 + x1 x3 a2b2 + x2 x3 a1b1 − x1 x2 x3
cos α − sin α 1
29. The value of the determinant sin α cos α 1 is :
cos (α + β ) − sin (α + β ) 1
(a) independent of α (b) independent of β
(c) independent of α and β (d) none of these.
1 1 0
30. If A + B + C = 180°, then − cot C cot A − cot A =
− cot B cot C cot B
(a) 1 + cot A cot B (b) 1 + cot B cot C (c) 1 + cot Ccot A (d) 1 + tan A tan B
1 3cos θ 1
31. If ∆ = sin θ 1 3cos θ , then maximum value of ∆ is :
1 sin θ 1
(a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 16 (d) None of these
a b−c c+b
32. If a + c b c − a = 0, then the line ax + by + c = 0 passes through the fixed point which is :
a −b a +b c
(a) (1, 2 ) (b) (1, 1) (c) ( −2, 1) (d) (1, 0 )

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1 1 1
2 2 2
33. the determinant ( x − a) ( x − b) ( x − c) = 0 (where a ≠ b ≠ c )
( x − b )( x − c ) ( x − c )( x − a ) ( x − a )( x − b )
1 1
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) x = (a + b + c) (c) x = (a + b + c) (d) x = a + b + c
3 2
b 2c 2 bc b+c
2 2
34. If a, b and c are non-zero real numbers, then ∆ = c a ca c + a is equal to :
a 2b 2 ab a + b

(a) abc (b) a 2b 2 c 2 (c) bc + ca + ab (d) none of these

1+ x 1 1
35. If x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0 and 1 + y 1 + 2 y 1 = 0, then x −1 + y −1 + z −1 is equal to :
1+ z 1+ z 3 + 3z
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) –3 (d) none of these
c1 a1 b1
36. If a1b1c1 , a2b2 c2 and a3b3c3 are 3-digit even natural numbers and ∆ = c2 a2 b2 , then ∆ is :
c3 a3 b3
(a) divisible by 2 but not necessarily by 4 (b) divisible by 4 but not necessarily by 8
(c) divisible by 8 (d) none of these
mx mx − p mx + p
37. If f ′ ( x ) = n n+ p n− p , then y = f ( x ) represents :
mx + 2n mx + 2n + p mx + 2n − p
(a) a straight line parallel to x-axis (b) a straight line parallel to y-axis
(c) parabola (d) a straight line with negative slope
x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
38. If 3 6 x = x 7 2 = 5 x 4 = 0, then x is equal to :
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5
(a) 0 (b) –9 (c) 3 (d) none of these
xn x n+ 2 x2n
39. If 1 xa a = 0, ∀ x ∈ R, when n ∈ N , then value of a is :
n +5
x x a+6 x 2 n +5

(a) n (b) n − 1 (c) n + 1 (d) none of these

x −6 −1
40. Which of the following is not the root of the equation 2 −3 x x − 3 = 0?
−3 2 x x+2
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) –3
x a a
41. If f ( x ) = a x a = 0, then :
a a x
(a) f ′ ( x ) = 0 and f ′′ ( x ) = 0 has one common root

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(b) f ( x ) = 0 and f ′ ( x ) = 0 has one common root
(c) sum of roots of f ( x ) = 0 is −3a (d) none of these

0 x2 − a x3 − b
42. If a, b, c are different, then the value of x satisfying x 2 + a 0 x 2 + c = 0 is :
x4 + b x−c 0
(a) a (b) c (c) b (d) 0
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
22 32 42 52
43. The value of the determinant ∆ = 2 is equal to :
3 42 52 62
42 52 62 72
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
λ 2 + 3λ λ − 1 λ + 3
44. If pλ 4 + qλ 3 + r λ 2 + sλ + t = λ 2 + 1 2 − λ λ − 3 , then p is equal to :
λ 2 − 3 λ + 4 3λ
(a) –5 (b) –4 (c) –3 (d) –2
a b− y c−z
45. If x, y, z are different from zero and ∆ = a − x b c − z = 0, then the value of expression
a−x b− y c
a b c
+ + is :
x y z
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2
n−2 n−2 n−2
n
Cr − 2 Cr −1 Cr
∑ ( −2 ) ( n > 2)
r
46. The value of −3 1 1 is :
r =2
2 −1 0
n −1
(a) 2n − 1 + ( −1) (b) 2n + 1 + ( −1) (c) 2n − 3 + ( −1)
n n
(d) none of these

y5 z 6 ( z 3 − y3 ) x4 z 6 ( x3 − z 3 ) x4 y5 ( y3 − x3 ) x y2 z3
47. ∆1 = y 2 z 3 ( y 6 − z 6 ) xz 3 ( z 6 − x 6 ) xy 2 ( x 6 − y 6 ) and ∆ 2 = x 4 y5 z 6 . Then ∆1∆ 2 is equal to :
y 2 z 3 ( z 3 − y3 ) xz 3 ( x3 − z 3 ) x7 y8 z9
(
xy 2 y 3 − x 3 )
(a) ∆ 32 (b) ∆ 22 (c) ∆ 42 (d) none of these
3 1 + f (1) 1 + f ( 2 )
2 2 2
48. If f ( n ) = α + β n n
and 1 + f (1) 1 + f ( 2 ) 1 + f ( 3) = k (1 − α ) (1 − β ) (α − β ) , then k is equal
1 + f ( 2 ) 1 + f ( 3) 1 + f ( 4 )
to :
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) αβ (d) αβγ
n +1
( −1)
n
a ( −1)
n +1
b ( −1)
n +1
c ( −1) a a +1 a −1
( −1) b
n
49. The value of a +1 1− b 1+ c + 1 − b b + 1 is equal to :
a −1 b +1 1− c n+ 2
( −1) c 1+ c 1− c

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(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these
a b c
50. Eliminating a, b, c from x = , y= , z= , we get :
b−c c−a a −b
1 −x x 1 −x x 1 −x x
(a) 1 − y y =0 (b) 1 1 −y = 0 (c) y 1 − y = 0 (d) none of these
1 −z z 1 z 1 −z z 1

x2 + x x +1 x−2
2
51. If 2 x + 3 x − 1 3 x 3 x − 3 = Ax − 12, then the value of A2 must be :
x2 + 2x + 3 2x −1 2x −1
(a) 576 (b) 257 (c) 366 (d) 657
f ( x − 2) f ( x + 5) f ( x − 2)
52. If f ( x ) satisfies the equation 5 4 −5 = 0 for all real x, then f ( x ) is
10 12 30
periodic with period :
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
a1 x1 + b1 y1 a1 x2 + b1 y2 a1 x3 + b1 y3
53. The value of a2 x1 + b2 y1 a2 x2 + b2 y2 a2 x3 + b2 y3 is
a3 x1 + b3 y1 a3 x2 + b3 y2 a3 x3 + b3 y3
(a) a1a2 a3b1b2b3 (b) x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3 (c) 0 (d) None of these
2 y1 z1 y1 z2 + y2 z1 y1 z3 + y3 z1
54. The value of y1 z2 + y2 z1 2 y2 z 2 y2 z3 + y3 z2 , is
y1 z3 + y3 z1 y2 z3 + y3 z2 2 y3 z3
(a) y1 y2 y3 z1 z2 z3 (b) y1 + y2 + y3 (c) z1 + z2 + z3 (d) 0
55. If l1 , m1 , n1 ; l2 , m2 , n2 and l3 , m3 , n3 are direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular lines then,
l1 m1 n1
the value of l2 m2 n2 , is :
l3 m3 n3
(a) l3 m3 n3 (b) ± 1 (c) l1 m1 n1 (d) l2 m2 n2
y2 − xy x2
56. The determinant a b c is equal to
a′ b′ c′
bx + ay cx + by ax + by bx + cy bx + cy ax + by
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
b'x + a' y c'x +b' y a'x + b' y b'x + c' y b'x + c' y a'x +b' y
−1 cos C cos B
57. If A, B and C denote the angles of a triangle, then, ∆ = cos C −1 cos A is independent of
cos B cos A −2
a c
(a) − sin A sin C (b) − sin C sin A (c) − sin C sin A (d) none of these
c a

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58. If X , Y and Z are positive numbers such that Y and Z have respectively 1 and 0 at their unit’s place
and ∆ is the determinant.
X 4 1
Y 0 1
Z 1 0
If ( ∆ + 1) is divisible by 10, then X has at its unit’s place :
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) none of these
m b a m a b
59. If x a y b = e m , x c y d = e n , ∆1 = , ∆2 = and ∆ 3 = , then the values of x and y are
n d c n c d
∆1 ∆ ∆2 ∆ ∆  ∆ 
(a) and 2 (b) and 3 (c) log  1  , log  2  (d) e ∆1 / ∆3 and e ∆2 / ∆3
∆3 ∆3 ∆1 ∆1  ∆3   ∆3 
1 + a2 x (1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x
2 2

60. If a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = −2 and f ( x ) = (1 + a 2 ) x 1 + b x (1 + c ) x , then f ( x ) is a polynomial of degree

2 2

(1 + a 2
) x (1 + b ) x 1 + c x
2 2

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1

61. The system of equations α x + y + z = α − 1 , x + α y + z = α − 1 , x + y + α z = α − 1 has no solution, if
α is :
(a) 1 (b) not −2 (c) either −2 or 1 (d) −2
62. Let a, b, c be such that b ( a + c ) ≠ 0 .

a a +1 a −1 a +1 b +1 c −1
If −b b + 1 b − 1 + a − 1 b −1 c +1 = 0 , then the value of n , is :
c c −1 c + 1 n+ 2
( −1) a ( −1)
n +1
b ( −1)
n
c
(a) Zero (b) Any even integer (c) Any odd integer (d) Any integer
63. The number of 3 × 3 non singular matrices with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is
(a) 6 (b) at least 7 (c) less than 4 (d) 5
1 + ax 1 + bx 1 + cx
64. If 1 + a1 x 1 + b1 x 1 + c1 x = A0 + A1 x + A2 x 2 + A 3 x 3 then A1 is equal to
1 + a2 x 1 + b2 x 1 + c2 x
(a) abc (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None of these
2 2
bc bc b+c
2 2
65. If a, b and c are non-zero real numbers, then ∆ = c a ca c + a is equal to
a 2b 2 ab a + b

(a) abc (b) a 2b 2 c 2 (c) ab + bc + ca (d) 0

1 4 20
66. The roots of the equation 1 −2 5 = 0 are
1 2x 5x2
(a) −1, − 2 (b) −1, 2 (c) 1, − 2 (d) 1, 2

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b+c c b
67. If c c+a a = kabc, then k is equal to
b a a+b
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
68. If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, then the value of the determinant
−1 + cos B cos C + cos B cos B
cos C + cos A −1 + cos A cos A is :
−1 + cos B −1 + cos A −1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 2
a + b + 2c a b
3
69. If c b + c + 2a b = K ( a + b + c ) then K is equal to
c a c + a + 2b
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) None of these
x a a a
a x a a
70. If = ( x + 3a ) f ( x ) , then f ( x ) is equal to
a a x a
a a a x
2 3 2 3
(a) ( x − a ) (b) ( x − a ) ( x + a) (d) ( x + a )

cos2 θ cos θ sin θ − sin θ

71. If f (θ ) = cos θ sin θ sin θ2
cos θ , then for all θ ,
sin θ − cos θ 0

(a) f (θ ) = 1 (b) f (θ ) = 2 (c) f (θ ) = 3 (d) none of these

x + a a2 a3
72. If x + b b 2 b3 = 0 and a ≠ b ≠ c, then x is equal to
x + c c2 c3

(a)
abc
(b) −
abc
(c)
( ab + bc + ca ) (d) −
( ab + bc + ca )
( ab + bc + ca ) ( ab + bc + ca ) abc abc
x 3 7
73. The three roots of the equation 2 x 2 = 0 are :
7 6 x
(a) −9, 2, 7 (b) 9, −2, 7 (c) 9, 2, −7 (d) None of these
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
74. If D1 = x y z and D2 = yz xz xy , then
x y z x y z
(a) D1 = D2 (b) D1 = D2 (c) D1 = −2 D2 (d) D2 = 2 D1
x α 1
75. The roots of the equation β x 1 = 0 are independent of
β γ 1

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(a) α (b) β (c) γ (d) All of these
α −β 0
76. If 0 α β = 0, then
β 0 α
α
(a) is one of the cube roots of unity (b) α is one of the cube roots of unit
β
(c) β is one of the cube root of unity (d) None of the above
1 sin (α − β ) θ cos (α − β ) θ
77. The value of the determinant a sin αθ cos αθ is independent of
a2 sin (α − β ) θ cos (α − β ) θ
(a) α (b) β (c) θ (d) a
78. If the system of equation λ x + ( b − a ) y + ( c − a ) z = 0 , ( a − b ) x + λ y + ( c − b ) x = 0 ,
and ( a − c ) x + ( b − c ) y + λ z = 0 has a non-trivial solution, then the value of λ is :
(a) λ = 0 (b) λ = 1 (c) λ = −1 (d) None of these
my + nz mq + nr mb + nc
79. ∆ = kz − mx kr − mp kb − ma is equal to
− nx − ky − np − kp −na − kb
(a) ∆ = 0 (b) ∆ ≠ 0 (c) ∆ = f ( x, y , z ) (d) None of these

x2 + x x +1 x−2
2
80. Without expanding the determinant at any stage, 2 x + 3 x − 1 3 x 3 x − 3 is equal to :
2
x + 2x + 3 2x −1 2x −1

(a) Ax 2 − B (b) Ax + B (c) Ax (d) None of these

(where A and B are determinants of order 3 not involving x)
x2 + x + 2 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 3x 2 + 5x + 3
81. ∆ = 20 x 2 + 20 x + 59 40 x 2 + 60 x + 20 60 x 2 + 100 x + 70 = Ax 2 + Bx + C
2 x2 + 2 x + 6 4 x2 + 6x + 2 6 x 2 + 10 x + 7
where A and B are determinants of order 3 not involving x, then A, B and C is
(a) A = 2, B = 3, C = 1 (b) A = 3, B = 2, C = −1 (c) A = 4, B = 3, C = −1 (d) None of these
82. The value of the determinant
2 tan A cot B + cot A tan B tan A cot C + cotA tanC
tan B cot A + cot B tan A 2 tan B cot C + cot B tan C is
tan C cot A + cot C tan A tan C cot B + cot C tan B 2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) None of these
5 + sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 sin 2 x
83. If f ( x ) = sin x 2
5 + cos x2
4 sin 2 x , then
sin 2 x cos 2 x 5 + 4 sin 2 x

(a) Domain of function f ( x ) = ( 0, ∞ ) (b) Range of function f ( x ) = ( 0, ∞ )

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f ( x ) − 150
(c) period of function f ( x ) is 2π (d) lim
= 200
x →0 x
84. The value of λ and µ for which the equations x + y + z = 3, x + 3 y + 2 z = 6 and x + λ y + 3z = µ
have
(a) a unique solution ; λ = 5, µ ∈ R (b) no solution; if λ ≠ 5, µ = 9
(c) infinite many solution; if λ = 5, µ ≠ 9 (d) None of the above
sin 2 x e x sin x + x cos x sin x + x 2 cos x
85. IF ∆ ( x ) = cos x + sin x ex + x 1 + x2 , Then
e x cos x e2 x ex

π  π 
(a) ∆ ' ( 0 ) = 0 (b) ∆ '   = 0 (c) ∆ '   = 0 (d) All of these
2 4
1 a b a b c
86. If D = 1 b c , then b c a equals
1 c a 1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) D (c) − D (d) None of these
4 8
1+ x 1+ x −1
7 11
87. The equation x +1 1+ x −1 = 0, will have
2
x + x +1 x −1 x +1
(a) no real root (b) at least one real root (c)exactly 2 real roots (d) None of these
a+c a+b b+c
88. If a , b, c are the roots of x − x − 2004 = 0. Then, the value of a ( b + c ) b ( c + a ) c ( a + b )
3 2
is
2 2 2
a +1 b +1 c +1
equal to
(a) −2ac 3 + 2ac − 4a 2 c + 2ab3 − 2ab + 4abc (b) 2ac3 + 2ac − 4a 2 c + 2ab 3 − 2ab + 4abc
(c) −2ac 3 − ac − 4a 2 c + 2ab 3 + 2ab + 4ac (d) None of the above
1 2 ( x − 1) 3 ( x − 1)( x − 2 )
89. If f ( x ) = x − 1 ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3) . Then, the value of f ( 49 ) is
x x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1)( x − 2 )
(a) 49x (b) −49x (c) 0 (d) 1
cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 4 x
90. When the determinant sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x is expanded in powers of sin x , then the constant
cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 2 x
term in that expansion is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) 2
f ( x − 3) f ( x + 4) f [( x + 1)( x − 2) − ( x − 1) 2 ]
91. If f ( x) satisfies the equation 5 4 −5 = 0 for all real x ,
5 6 15
then :
(a) f ( x) is not periodic (b) f ( x) is periodic and is of periodic 1
(c) f ( x) is periodic and is of periodic 7 (d) f ( x) is an odd function

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x3 + 1 x2 y x2 z
92. The number of positive integral solution of the equation xy 2 y 3 + 1 y 2 z = 30 is
xz 2 yz 2 z 3 + 1
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 9
2 2
x2 ( x − 1) ( x − 2 )
2 2 2
93. If ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3) . Then
2 2 2
( x − 2) ( x − 3) ( x − 4 )
(a) a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = −8 (b) a = −1, b = 2, c = 3, d = −8
(c) a = 0, b = 0, x = 0, d = 8 (d) a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = −8
a cot A / 2 λ
94. If b cot B / 2 µ = 0, where a , b, c, A, B and C are elements of a triangle ABC with usual meaning.
c cot C / 2 γ
Then, the value of a ( µ − γ ) + b (γ − λ ) + c ( λ − µ ) = 0 is
(a) 0 (b) abc (c) ab + bc + ca (d) 2abc
95. If a > b > x and the system of equations ax + by + cz = 0, bx + cy + az = and cx + ay + bz = 0 has a
non-trivial solution, then both the roots of the quadratic equation at 2 + bt + c = 0 are
(a) at least one positive root (b) opposite in sign
(c) positive (d) imaginary

One or more than one options is/are correct.

2a b c
96. Let a, b, c ∈ R such that no two of them are equal and satisfy b c 2a = 0, then equation
c 2a b
24ax 2 + 4bx + c = 0 has :
 1 1
(a) at least one root in [ 0, 1] (b) at least one root in  − , 
 2 2
(c) at least one root in [ −1, 0] (d) at least two roots in [ 0, 2]

( x + 1) (1 + 2 x )
a b
1
If f ( x ) = (1 + x ) (1 + 2 x )
a b
97. 1 , then
(1 + 2 x ) (1 + x )
b a
1

(a) constant term of f ( x ) is 0 (b) the coefficient of x in f ( x ) is zero

(c) constant term of f ( x ) is a + b (d) None of the above

a2 + x2 ab ac
2 2
98. The determinant ∆ = ab b +x bc is divisible by
22
ac bc c +x

(a) x (b) x 2 (c) x3 (d) x 4

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a −1 a a + 1
99. If a, b, c are even natural numbers, then ∆ = b − 1 b b + 1 is a multiple of
c −1 c c +1
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) none of these.
a −1 a a + 1
100. If a, b, c are even natural numbers, then ∆ = b − 1 b b + 1 is multiple of
c −1 c c +1
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) none of these.

1 + sin 2 x cos 2 x 4sin 2 x

101. Let f ( x ) = 2
sin x 1 + cos x 2
4sin 2 x . Then
sin 2 x 2
cos x 1 + 4sin 2 x

(a) Minimum value of f ( x ) is 2 (b) minimum value of f ( x ) is –2

(c) Maximum value of f ( x ) is 6 (d) maximum value of f ( x ) is 2.
 π
102. The value of θ lying in the interval 0,  and satisfying the equation
 2
1 + sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 4sin 4θ
2 2
sin θ 1 + cos θ 4sin 4θ = 0, are :
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1 + sin 4θ
7π 5π 11π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 24 24 24
0 x−a x−b
103. If a ≠ b ≠ c, then the value of x which satisfies the equation x + a 0 x − c = 0, is given by
x+b x+c 0
1/ 2
(a) a, b, c (b) ab + bc + ca (c) ( ab + bc + ca ) (d) 0
4− x 4+ x 4+ x
104. If 4 + x 4 − x 4 + x = 0 then x is equal to
4+ x 4+ x 4− x
(a) 0 (b) –6 (c) 6 (d) –12
105. Let {∆1 , ∆ 2 ,.....∆ k } be the set of third-order determinants that can be made with the distinct non-zero
real numbers a1 , a2 , a3 ,....a9 . Then
k
(a) k = 9! (b) ∑∆
i =1
i =0 (c) at least one ∆ i = 0 (d) none of these.

1 sin θ 1
106. The value of the determinant − sin θ 1 sin θ
−1 − sin θ 1
(a) is never zero (b) lies in the interval [ 2, 4]
(c) is zero for one value of θ ∈ [ 0, 2π ] (d) lies in the interval [ 2, ∞ ) .

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x +1 1 3
107. For the equation 1 x − 4 2 = 0,
3 2 1
(a) the roots are real and distinct (b) the roots are real but coincident
(c) The sum of the roots is a perfect square (d) the difference of the root is divisible by 10.
x 1 1
108. If 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and f ( x ) = −1 x 1 , then
−1 −1 x
(a) least value of f ( x ) is 0 (b) greatest value of f ( x ) is 4
(c) f ( x ) has a local maximum at x = 2 / 3 (d) f ( x ) has a local minimum at x = 1/ 3.
b+c −b 2c
109. Let ∆ = − a c + a −c , then :
2a 2b a + b
(a) c is a factor of ∆ (b) b − a is a factor of ∆
(c) a + b + c is a factor of ∆ (d) a 2 + b 2 is a factor of ∆
a1 + b1 x a1 x + b1 c1
110. Suppose x ∈ R , ai , bi , ci ∈ R for i = 1, 2, 3. The determinant a2 + b2 x a2 x + b2 c2 = 0
a3 + b3 x a3 x + b3 c3
Then which of the following can be true
a1 b1 c1
(a) x = 1 (b) x = −1 (c) a2 b2 c2 = 0 (d) none of these.
a3 b3 c3
a a2 0
2
111. Let ∆ = 1 2a + b (a + b) , then
0 1 2a + 3b

(a) a + b is a factor of ∆ (b) a + 2b is a factor of ∆

(c) 2a + 3b is a factor of ∆ (d) a 2 is a factor of ∆.
a1 − b1 a1 − b2 a1 − b3
112. Suppose a1 , a2 , a3 are in A.P. and b1 , b2 , b3 are in H.P. and let ∆ = a2 − b1 a2 − b2 a2 − b3 , then
a3 − b1 a3 − b2 a3 − b3
(a) ∆ is independent of a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , b3 (b) a1 − ∆, a2 − 2∆, a3 − 3∆ are in H.P.
(c) b1 + ∆, b2 + ∆ 2 , b3 + ∆ are in H.P. (d) none of these.
1 log x y log x z
113. Suppose x, y, z are positive and none of x, y, z is 1. If ∆ = log y x 1 log y z then
sin ( x + y ) − cos ( x + y ) sin 2 z
∆ is independent of
(a) x (b) y (c) z (d) none of these.

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6 2i 3+ 6
114. The value of determinant 12 3 + 8i 3 2 + 6i is
18 2 + 12i 27 + 2i
(a) Complex (b) Real (c) Irrational (d) Rational.
bc ca ab
115. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers such that ca ab bc = 0, then which of the following may be
ab bc ca
true:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) + + 2 =0 (b) + 2+ =0 (c) + 2 + =0 (d) none of these.
a bω cω a bω cω aω bω c
3 3x 3 x 2 + 2a 2
116. If f ( x ) = 3x 3 x 2 + 2a 2 3 x 3 + 6a 2 x , then :
3 x + 2a 2
2 3 2 4 2 2
3 x + 6a x 3 x + 12a x + 2a 4

(a) f ′ ( x ) = 0 (b) y = f ( x ) is a straight line parallel to x-axis

2

∫ f ( x ) dx = 32a
4
(c) (d) none of these
0

yz − x 2 zx − y 2 xy − z 2 r2 u2 u2
117. If xz − y 2 xy − z 2 yz − x 2 = u 2 r2 u 2 , then :
xy − z 2 yz − x 2 zx − y 2 u2 u2 r2

(a) r 2 = x + y + z (b) r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (c) u 2 = yz + zx + xy (d) u 2 = xyz

118. If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are functions such that f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) g ( y ) + g ( x ) f ( y ) , then

f (α ) g (α ) f (α + θ )
f (β ) g (β ) f ( β + θ ) is independent of :
f (γ ) g ( γ ) f (γ + δ )
(a) α (b) β (c) γ (d) θ
a a2 0
2
119. Let f ( a, b ) = 1 ( 2a + b ) ( a + b ) , then :
0 1 ( 2a + 3b )
(a) ( a + b ) is a factor of f ( a, b ) (b) ( a + 2b ) is a factor of f ( a, b )
(c) ( 2a + b ) is a factor of f ( a, b ) (d) a is a factor of f ( a, b )
b c bλ + c
120. The determinant ∆ = c d cλ + d is equal to zero, if :
bλ + c cλ + d aλ 3 + 3cλ
(a) a, c, d are in G.P. (b) b, c, d are in G.P.
(c) b, c, d are in H.P. (d) λ is a root of ax3 − bx 2 + cx − d = 0

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2
x +x x +1 x−2
121. If 2 x 2 + 3 x − 1 3 x 3 x − 3 = Ax + B, where A and B are constants, then :
2
x + 2x + 3 2x −1 2x −1

(a) A + B = 12 (b) A − B = 36 (c) A2 + B 2 = 720 (d) A + 2 B = 0

a1 + b1 x a1 x + b1 c1
122. If a1 , b1 , c1 ∈ R ( i = 1, 2, 3) and x ∈ R and a2 + b2 x a2 x + b2 c2 = 0 then the correct statement can
a3 + b3 x a3 x + b3 c3
be
a1 b1 c1
(a) x = 1 (b) x = −1 (c) a2 b2 c2 = 0 (d) None of these
a3 b3 c3

1 a a2
123. If 1 x x 2 = 0, then the correct statement can be
b2 ab a 2
1 a
(a) x = a (b) x = b (c) x = (d) x =
a b
Passage Type

Passage for Q. 124 to Q.128

Consider an nth order determinant, whose elements are polynomials in x. If in a determinant, two
rows (columns) become identical when x = a, x − a is a factor of the same in general, if r rows
r −1
(columns) become identical, on the substitution x = a, then ( x − a ) is a factor of the determinant.
Here we used the principle if x = a is a multiple root of order ' r ' for the equation given by
f ( x ) = 0, x = a is a multiple root of order ( r − 1) for the equation f ' ( x ) = 0
1 x x2
124. Let ∆ = 1 y y 2 then ∆ =
1 z z2

(a) ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x ) (b) 2 ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )
(c) ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) (d) 4 ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )

x2 + x + 1
x +1 x
3
x +1 x+3
125. If f ( x ) = 1 , then f ' (1) =
2 2
1 2 1

(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4

3− x 2 2
126. Let ∆ ( x ) = 2 4− x 1 , then a factor of ∆ " ( x ) is
−2 −1 −1 − x
2 3
(a) x − 1 (b) ( x − 1) (c) ( x − 1) (d) x − 2

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f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
127. Let f1 ( x ) , f 2 ( x ) , f3 ( x ) be polynomials of degree at least 2. and k ∆ ( x ) = f1 (α ) f 2 (α ) f 3 (α )
f '1 (α ) f '2 ( α ) f '3 (α )
is divisible by
3 4 6 2
(a) ( x − α ) (b) ( x − α ) (c) ( x − α ) (d) ( x − α )
2
(b + c ) a2 a2
2
128. A factor of the determinant b2 (c + a) b2 is
2
c2 c2 (a + b)
2 2 2 2
(a) ( a + b + c ) (b) ( a − b + c ) (c) ( a + b − c ) (d) ( b + c − a )
Passage for Q. 129 to Q.131
p q r
Consider the determinant, ∆ = x y z
l m n
M ij denotes the minor of an element in ith row and jth column
Cij denotes the cofactor of an element in ith row and jth column
129. The value of p. C21 + q. C22 + r. C23 is
(a) 0 (b) −∆ (c) ∆ (d) ∆ 2
130. The value of x. C21 + y. C22 + z. C23 is
(a) 0 (b) −∆ (c) ∆ (d) ∆ 2
131. The value of q. M 12 − y. M 22 + m. M 32 is
(a) 0 (b) −∆ (c) ∆ (d) ∆ 2
Passage for Q.132 to Q.134
If ∆ ( x ) = eij , where eij is the element of ith row & jth column then lim ∆ ( x ) = lim eij
1≤ i ≤ j ≤ n x →a x →a 1≤i ≤ j ≤n

where | | denotes determinant

∆ ( x) ∆ '( x)
Again if lim ∆ ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 0 then lim = lim . privided the limit in the right hand side
x →a x→a x →a f ( x) x→a f '( x)
exists.
(α x + 1) cos 2 x x 1− x
Now consider the determinant ∆ ( x ) = β sin x x 2
2x
(γ x 2
+ 1) tan x x 1 − x2
∆ '( x)
132. The value of ∆ ' ( 0 ) and lim respectively are
x →0 x
(a) 0 and 2 (b) 2 and 0 (c) 0 and −2 (d) 0 and −1
3
1
x
133. The value of lim
x →0 x6 ∫ ∆ ( t ) dt
2
is
x

(a) 0 (b) −1/ 2 (c) 1/ 6 (d) 1/ 3

134. If α = −3 and ∆ (1) = 4 then

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(a) γ = sin 2 − 1and β ∈ R (b) γ = sin1and β ∈ R (c) γ = sin1 − 1and β = 0 (d) γ = 1and β = 0
Passage for Q.135 to Q.137
a 2 + ( b 2 + c 2 ) cos θ ab (1 − cos θ ) ca (1 − cos θ )
If f (θ ) = ab (1 − cos θ ) b 2 + ( c 2 + a 2 ) cos θ bc (1 − cos θ )
ca (1 − cos θ ) bc (1 − cos θ ) c 2 + ( a 2 + b 2 ) cos θ

 π π
When a, b, c are constant and θ ∈  − , 
 2 2
135. Find the range of f ' (θ )

(a) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) , ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )  (b)  − ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) , ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 
2 2 2

   
(c)  − ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) , ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 
3 3
(d) none of these
 
π /2
136. If a 2 , b 2 and c 2 are in A.P. , then find ∫ f (θ ) dθ
−π / 2

27 6
(a) 27b 6 (b) 27b 6π (c) bπ (d) none of these
2
137. Find θ , where f (θ ) is maximum
π π
(a) θ = (b) θ = (c) θ = 0 (d) none of these
6 4
Passage for Q.138 to Q.140
a2 + x ab ac
Consider the function f ( x ) = ab 2
b +x bc
2
ac bc c +x
138. Which of the following is true?
(a) f ( x ) = 0 and f ′ ( x ) = 0 have one positive common root.
(b) f ( x ) = 0 and f ′ ( x ) = 0 have one negative common root.
(c) f ( x ) = 0 and f ′ ( x ) = 0 have no common root. (d) None of these
139. Which of the following is true?
(a) f ( x ) has one point of maxima having x-cordinate +ve
(b) f ( x ) has one point of minima have x-cordiante –ve
(c) f ( x ) = 0 has three distinct roots (d) Local minimum value of f ( x ) is zero.
140. In which of the following interval f ( x ) is strictly increasing?
(a) ( −∞, ∞ ) (b) ( −∞, 0 ) (c) ( 0, ∞ ) (d) none of these
Passage for Q.141 to Q.143
−bc b 2 + bc c 2 + bc
Let ∆ = a 2 + ac −ac c 2 + ac and the equation px3 + qx 2 + rx + s = 0 has roots a, b, c, where
a 2 + ab b 2 + ab −ab
a , b, c ∈ R + .

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141. The value of ∆ is :
r2 r3 s
(a) (b) (c) − (d) none of these
p2 p3 p
142. The value of ∆ is :
(a) ≤ 9r 2 / p 2 (b) ≥ 27 s 2 / p 2 (c) ≤ 27 s 3 / p 3 (d) none of these
143. If ∆ = 27 and a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 3, then :
(a) 3 p + 2q = 0 (b) 4 p + 3q = 0 (c) 3 p + q = 0 (d) none of these
Passage for Q.144 to Q.147
Let ∆ ≠ 0 and ∆ c denotes the determinant of cofactors, then ∆ c = ∆ n−1 , where n ( > 0 ) is the order of
∆.
bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2
144. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 − px 2 + r = 0, then the value of ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2
ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2
is :
(a) p 2 (b) p 4 (c) p 6 (d) p 9
145. If a , b, c are the roots of the equation x3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x + 7 = 0, then the value of
2 2 2
2bc − a c b
2 2
c 2ac − b a2 is :
b2 a2 2ab − c 2

(a) 9 (b) 27 (c) 81 (d) 0

a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ λ c −b
2 2 2 2 2 2
146. If a + b + c = λ , then the value of ab − cλ b + λ bc + aλ × −c λ a is :
ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2 b −a λ
(a) 8λ 6 (b) 27λ 9 (c) 8λ 9 (d) 27λ 6
A B C
2 2 2
147. Suppose a, b, c ∈ R , a, b, c > 0, A = bc − a , B = ca − b and C = ab − c and B C A = 49, then
C A B
a b c
b c a equals :
c a b
(a) −7 (b) 7 (c) −2401 (d) 2401

Assertion Reason Type

INSTRUCTIONS :
In the following question Statement-1 is given followed by Statement-2. Mark your responses from the
following options.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

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a1 b1 c1
0 i ≠ j
148. Consider a 2 b2 c1 = −1, where ai a j + bi b j + ci c j =  and i, j = 1, 2, 3
1 i = j
a3 b3 c3
a1 + 1 b1 c1
Statement -1: The value of a2 b2 + 1 c2 is equal to zero
a3 b3 c3 + 1
Statement-2: If A be a square matrix of odd order such that AAT = I , then A + I = 0.
21 22 23
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
31 32 33
149. Statement -1: f ( x ) = (1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x ) then coefficient of x in f ( x ) is zero.
41 42 43
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
Statement-2: If F ( x ) = A0 + A1 x + A2 x 2 + ... + An x n , then A1 = F ' ( 0 ) , when dash denotes the
differential coefficient.
150. Statement -1: If a, b, c are distinct and x, y, z are not all zero and ax + by + cz = 0,
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0, then a + b + c = 0.
Statement -2: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > ab + bc + ca, if a, b, c are distinct
cos (θ + α ) cos (θ + β ) cos (θ + γ )
151. Statement -1: sin (θ + α ) sin (θ + β ) sin (θ + γ ) is independent of θ .
sin ( β − γ ) sin ( γ − α ) sin (α − β )

Statement -2: If f (θ ) = c, then f (θ ) is independent of θ

152. Statement -1:The product of two diagonal matrices of order 3 × 3 is also a diagonal matrix.
Statement -2:Matrix multiplication is non-commutative.
f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
153. Statement -1:If D ( x ) = a2 b2 c2 where f1 , f 2 , f3 are differentiable functions and
a3 b3 c3

∫ f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx
1 2 3

a2 , b2 , c2 , a3 , b3 , c3 are constants then ∫ D ( x ) dx = a2 b2 c2 +c

a3 b3 c3

Statement-2 : Integration of sum of several function is equal to sum of integration of individual

function.
154. Statement -1:If A is a skew symmetric of order 3, then its determinant should be zero.
Statement -2:If A is square matrix then det A = det A′ = det ( − A′ ) .
155. Consider the system of the equation kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and x + y + kz = k 2 .
Statement-1 : System of equations has infinite number of solutions when k = 1 .
1 1 1
Statement-2 : If the determinant k k 1 = 0, then k = −1 .
k2 1 k
(a) Both the Statements are True and Statements-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
(b) Both the Statements are True but Statement-2 is NOT correct explanation of Statement-1.

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(c) Statement-1 is True and Statement-2 is False. (d) Statement-1 is False and Statement-2 is True.
156. Statement-1 : If the system of equations
λ x + ( b − a ) y + ( c − a ) z = 0, ( a − b ) x + λ y + ( c − b ) z = 0
and ( a − c ) x + ( b − c ) y + λ z = 0 has a non-trivial solution, then the value of λ is 0.
Statement-2 : The value of skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero.
(a) Both the Statements are True and Statements-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
(b) Both the Statements are True but Statement-2 is NOT correct explanation of Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is True and Statement-2 is False. (d)Statement-1 is False and Statement-2 is True.
157. Consider the system of equations ( a − 1) x − y − z = 0 , x − ( b − 1) y + z = 0 , x + y − ( c − 1) z = 0
where a, b and c are non-zero real numbers.
Statement-1: If x, y, z are not all zero ab + bc + ca = abc
Statement-2 : abc ≥ 27
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Column Matching Type

158. Observe the following columns:

Column –I Column –II
(A) Let A = aij ≠ 0. Each element aij is multiplied by k i − j . Let (p) 0
3×3

B the resulting determinant, where k1 A + k2 B = 0.

Then k1 + k2 =
(B) The maximum value of a third order determinant each of its (q) 4
entries are ±1 equals
1 cos α cos β 0 cos α cos β
(C) cos α 1 cos γ = cos α 0 cos β (r) 1
cos β cos γ 1 cos β cos γ 0
if cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ =
x2 + x x +1 x+2
2
(D) 2 x + 3 x − 1 3 x 3 x − 3 = Ax + B where A and B (s) 2
2
x + 2x + 3 2x −1 2x −1
are determinants of order 3. Then A + 2 B =
159. The entries in a 3 × 3 determinant are either 1 or –1, then match the following :
Column I Column II
(A) Total number of such determinants (p) 4
(B) The number of determinants whose values (q) 3
are 6
(C) The maximum value of such a determinant (r) 512
(D) The maximum value of Trace of such (s) zero
Determinants

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160. Match the following columns
(A) If a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 and (p) a
a 2 + ( b 2 + c 2 ) cos φ ab (1 − cos φ ) ac (1 − cos φ )
∆= ba (1 − cos φ ) b 2 + ( c 2 + a 2 ) cos φ bc (1 − cos φ )
ca (1 − cos φ ) cb (1 − cos φ ) c 2 + ( a 2 + b 2 ) cos φ
then ∆ is independent of :
sin a cos a sin ( a + φ )
(B) If ∆ = sin b cos b sin ( b + φ ) , then ∆ is independent of (q) b
sin c cos c sin ( c + φ )

2
1/ c 1/ c − ( a + b ) / c2
(C) If ∆ = − ( b + c ) / a 2 1/ a 1/ a , then ∆ is (r) c
b (b + c ) ( a + 2b + c ) − (a + b)b
− 2
ac ac ac 2
independent of
(s) φ
(t) ∆ = 0
161. Match the following columns
x2 − 5x + 3 2x − 5 3
(A) If ∆ ( x ) = 3 x + x + 4 6 x + 1 9 = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , then
2
(p) 3a + 4b + 5c + d = 141
7 x 2 − 6 x + 9 14 x − 6 21
x −1 5x 7
(B) If ∆ ( x ) = x − 1 x − 1 8 = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , then
2
(q) a + 2b + 3c + 5d = 156
2x 3x 0

2 x3 − 3x 2 5x + 7 2
(C) If ∆ ( x ) = 4 x − 7 x 3
3 x + 2 1 = a + bx + cx 2 + dx3 + ex 4 , then (r) c − d = 119
7 x3 − 8 x 2 x −1 3
(s) b − c = 25
(t) 3a + 2b + 5c + 5d = 187
Subjective Type
a b−c c+b
162. Show that a + c b c − a = ( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) .
a −b b+a c
163. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 . Show that the equation
ax − by − c bx + ay cx + a
bx + ay − ax + by − c cy + b = 0 represents a straight line.
cx + a cy + b − ax − by + c

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a2 + 1 ab ac
164. Prove that ab b 2 + 1 bc = 1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
ac bc c2 + 1

1 x x2 x3 − 1 0 x − x4
164. If x x2 1 = 3, then find the value of 0 x − x4 x3 − 1 .
x2 1 x x − x4 x3 − 1 0
2 2 2
(a − x) (a − y) (a − z )
2 2 2
166. Prove that (b − x ) (b − y ) (b − z )
2 2 2
(c − x) (c − y ) (c − z )
2 2 2
(1 + ax ) (1 + bx ) (1 + cx )
2 2 2
= (1 + ay ) (1 + by ) (1 + cy ) = 2 ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b ) × ( y − z )( z − x )( x − y ) .
2 2 2
(1 + az ) (1 + bz ) (1 + cz )
( b + x )( c + x ) ( c + x )( a + x ) ( a + x )( b + x )
167. Prove that ( b + y )( c + y ) ( c + y )( a + y ) ( a + y )( b + y )
( b + z )( c + z ) ( c + z )( a + z ) ( a + z )( b + z )
= ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b )( y − z )( z − x )( x − y ) .
sin x cos x sin x
dy
168. If y = cos x − sin x cos x , find .
dx
x 1 1
169. If x, y and z are not all zero and connected by the equations a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = 0, a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = 0
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
and ( p1 + λ q1 ) x + ( p2 + λ q2 ) y + ( p3 + λ q3 ) z = 0, show that λ = − a2 b2 c2 ÷ a2 b2 c2 .
p1 p2 p3 q1 q2 q3
170. Solve the system of the equations :
ax + by + z = d , a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z = d 2 , a 3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d 3
Will the solution always exist and be unique?
−2a a+b a+c
171. Prove that b + a −2b b + c = 4 ( b + c )( c + a )( a + b ) .
c+a c + b −2c

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SOLUTION OF DETERMINANTS ( )
Only one option is correct.
1. Ans. (a), Using R1 → R1 + R2
2a + x a a 1 a a
Given determinant = 2a + x x a = ( 2a + x ) 1 x a
2a + x a x 1 a x
0 a−x 0
2 2
= ( 2a + x ) 0 x − a a − x = ( 2a + x )( a − x ) = ( x + 2a )( x − a ) .
1 a x

a a3 a4 a a3 1 1 a2 a3 a a3 1
2. Ans. (a), L.H.S. = b b3 b 4 − b b3 1 = abc 1 b 2 b3 − b b3 1
c c3 c4 c c3 1 1 c2 c3 c c3 1

= abc ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( ab + bc + ca ) − ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( a + b + c )
Since ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) is non-zero. Hence we get have abc ( ab + bc + ca ) = a + b + c .
3. Ans. (c), We have a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 0 .
b2 + c2 ab ac −a 2 ab ac
∴ ab c2 + a2 bc = ka 2b 2 c 2 ⇒ ab −b 2 bc = ka 2b 2 c 2
ac bc a 2 + b2 ac bc −c 2
−a b c −1 1 1
⇒ abc a −b c = ka 2b 2 c 2 ⇒ a 2b 2 c 2 1 −1 1 = ka 2b 2 c 2
a b −c 1 1 −1
−1 0 0
2 2 2
⇒ abc 1 0 2 = ka 2b 2 c 2 [ C2 → C2 + C1 , C3 → C3 + C1 ]
1 2 0
⇒ 4a 2b 2 c 2 = ka 2b 2 c 2 ∴ k = 4.
a b c
4. Ans. (b), The system has a non-zero solution, if b c a =0
c a b
Simplifying the determinate we get
1 2 2 2
⇒ ( a + b + c ) ( a − b ) + ( b − c ) + ( c − a )  = 0
2  
2 2 2
⇒ a + b + c = 0 or ( a − b ) + (b − c ) + ( c − a ) = 0 ∴ a = b = c .
5. Ans. (a), Adding the three equations we get ( a + b + c )( x + y + z ) = 0
⇒x+ y+ z = 0 ∵ a+b+c ≠ 0

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b−c
Using y + z = − x we get the first equation x = − and so on
a+b+c
Hence x : y : z : : ( b − c ) : ( c − a ) : ( a − b ) .
1 b c d
1 a+b a+b+c a+b+c+d
6. Ans. (a), Given = a
1 2a + b 3a + 2b + c 4a + 3b + 2c + d
1 3a + b 6a + 3b + c 10a + 6b + 3c + 4d
Using c2 → c2 − bc1 , c3 → c3 − c4 , c4 → c4 − dc1
1 0 0 0
1 a+b a+b+c
1 a a+b a+b+c
We get a = a 2 2 3a + 2b 4a + 3b + 2c
1 2a 3a + 2b 4a + 3b + 2c
3 6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c
1 3a 6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c
1 a a+b 1 1 a+b 1 1 a 1 1 1 1 0 0
2 3 3 4
= a 2 3a 4a + 3b = a 2 3 4a + 3b = a 2 3 4 = a 2 3 4 = a 2 1 2 = a4
4

3 6a 10a + 6b 3 6 10a + 6b 3 6 10a 3 6 10 3 2 7

7. Ans. (c), Given determinant can be written as
y+z z y y z y z z y
0+ z z+ x x = 0 z+x x + z z+x x
y+0 x x+ y y x x+ y 0 x x+ y
Operating R3 → R3 − R1 on first determinant and R2 → R2 − R1 on second determinant
y z y z z y
= 0 z+x x + 0 x x − y =  xy ( z + x ) − xy ( x − z )  +  xz ( x + y ) − xz ( x − y ) 
0 x−z x 0 x x+ y
= 4xyz . Quotient = 4.
8. Ans. (d), ∆ = 3abc − a 3 − b3 − c3
= − ( a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc ) = − ( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )
1 2 2 2
=− ( a + b + c ) ( a − b ) + ( b − c ) + ( c − a )  ≤ 0 . Hence, correct choice is (d).
2
9. Ans. (a), ∆ ( x ) is clearly a polynomial function. ∴ Differentiating w.r.t. x,
2 2
1 2 ( x − 1) 3x 2 x−2 ( x − 1) x3 x−2 ( x − 1) x3
3 2 3
∆′ ( x ) = x − 1 x2 ( x + 1) + 1 2x 3 ( x + 1) + x − 1 x2 ( x + 1)
2 3 2 3 2
x ( x + 1) ( x + 2) x ( x + 1) ( x + 2) 1 2 ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 2 )

By putting x = 0, we will get the coefficient of x in ∆ ( x )

1 −2 0 −2 1 0 −2 1 0
∆ ′ ( 0 ) = −1 0 1 + 1 0 3 + −1 0 1
0 1 8 0 1 8 1 2 12
∆′ ( 0 ) = −1 + 2 ( −8 ) − 2 ( −3) − 1( 8 ) − 2 ( −2 ) − 1( −12 ) = − 1 − 16 + 6 − 8 + 4 + 12 = − 3 .
10. Ans. (b), Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ,
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1 (1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x
2 2

we get f ( x ) = 1 1 + b x (1 + c ) x
2 2
 Using a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = −2 
1 (1 + b ) x 1 + c x
2 2

1 (1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x
2 2

2
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we get f ( x ) = 0 1− x 0 = (1 − x )
0 0 1− x

Which is a polynomial of degree 2.

11. Ans. (b), Taking c3 common from R3 and applying R2 → R2 − R3 and R1 → R1 − R3 . We obtain
a12 + b1 a1a2 + b2 a1a3 + b3
∆ = c3 b1b2 b22 b2b3
c1 c2 c3
Taking b2 common from R2 and applying R1 → R1 − R2 we get
a12 a1a2 a1a3 a1 b2 c3
∆ = b2 c3 b1 b2 b3 = a1b2 c3 b1 b2 c3 .
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3
m m m

∑ ( 2r − 1) ∑ mCr
r =0 r =0
∑1 r =0
m
12. Ans. (a), Using the sum property we get ∑∆ r = 2
m −1 2 m
m +1
sin ( m )
r =0
2 2
sin ( m ) sin ( m + 1)
2 2

m
1 m m
But ∑ ( 2r − 1) = 2 ( m + 1)( 2m − 1 − 1) = m2 − 1, ∑ mCr = 2m
r =0 r =0
and ∑1 = m + 1.
r =0

m
m2 − 1 2m m +1
Therefore, ∑∆ r = m2 − 1 2m m +1 =0 [Repetition property]
sin 2 ( m 2 ) sin 2 ( m ) sin 2 ( m + 1)
r =0

13. Ans. (a), As given determinant is a skew symmetric determinant of odd order
Hence its value is zero
14. Ans. (c), The degree of any term of the determinant is n + n + 2 + n + 3 = 2 ⇒ n = −1 .
15. Ans. (a), Using R1 → R1 + sin β R2 + cos β R3 , we have, given
0 0 1 + cos 2β
= sin α cos α sin β = 1 + cos 2β .
− cos α sin α cos β
1/ x 1/ y 1/ z A + ( p − 1) D A + ( 2q − 1) D A + ( 3r − 1) D
16. Ans. (a), Given = xyz p 2q 3r = xyz p 2q 3r
1 1 1 1 1 1

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( p − 1) D ( 2q − 1) D ( 3r − 1) D pD 2qD 3rD p 2q 3r
= xyz p 2q 3r = xyz p 2q 3r = xyzD p 2q 3r = 0 .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(1 + x ) (1 + x )
a1b1 a1b2

17. Ans. (a), Let = A + Bx + Cx 2 + .....

(1 + x ) (1 + x )
ab
2 1 ab 2 2

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, then

a b −1 a b −1
a1b1 (1 + x ) 1 1 a1b2 (1 + x ) 1 2 (1 + x ) (1 + x )
a1b1 a1b2

+ a b −1 a b −1
= 0 + B + 2Cx + .....
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) a2b1 (1 + x ) a2b2 (1 + x )
a2b1 a2b2 2 1 2 2

a1b1 a1b2 1 1
Put x = 0, then + =B ⇒ a1b1 − a1b2 + a2b2 − a2b1 = B
1 1 a2b1 a2b2
∴ Coefficient of x in f ( x ) = B = ( a1 − a2 )( b1 − b2 ) .
x+3 x+4 x+λ
18. Ans. (a), Given x+4 x+5 x+ µ = 0.
x + 5 x + 6 x +ν
x+3 x+4 x+λ
 R + R3   λ +ν 
Applying, R2 → R2 −  1  ⇒ 0 0 µ −  =0
 2   2 
x+5 x+6 x +ν
x+3 x+4 x+λ
λ +ν
But λ , µ , ν are in A.P. ∴ µ = . ∴ 0 0 0 =0 ∀ x∈R.
2
x+5 x+6 x +ν
∴ An identity in x.
a1 b1 c1 1 x 0 a1 b1 c1
2
19. Ans. (d), Clearly given determinant = a2 b2 c2 x 1 0 Hence λ = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 1 x x2 a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 1 x 0
20. Ans. (d), Clearly given = a2 b2 c2 ⋅ x −1 0
a3 b3 c3 0 0 1
1 a+d a + 2d
21. Ans. (d), Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 we get, ∆ = 3 ( a + d ) 1 a + 2d a
1 a a+d
Operating R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1
1 a+d a + 2d
= 3(a + d ) 0 d −2d = − 9d 2 ( a + d ) .
0 −d −d
x
22. Ans. (b), Applying C1 → C1 − xC2 − C3 and C2 → C2 − C3 we obtain
5

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2x 2 5
∆ = 3x 3 10 = 0 [∵ C1 and C2 are proportional] ∴ y = ∆ represents x-axis.
− x −1 20
23. Ans. (c), Taking x common from C1
1 x x+ y
And applying C2 → C2 − yC1 , C3 → C3 − zC1 we get, ∆ = x 2 5 x 7 x + 5 y
3 7x 9x + 7 y
Taking x common from C2 and applying C3 → C3 − yC2 we get,
1 1 x 1 1 1 1 0 0
∆ = x 2 5 7 x = x 2 5 7 = x 2 3 1 = −2 x3 [Using C3 → C3 − C2 and C2 → C2 − C1 ]
2 3 3

3 7 9x 3 7 9 3 4 2
⇒ −2 x3 = −16 ⇒ x3 = 8 ⇒ x = 2.
24. Ans. (a), For the system of equations to have a non-trivial solution.
α +a α α
We must have, ∆ α α +b α = 0
α α α +c
Operating R2 → R2 − R1 & R3 → R3 − R1
α +a α α
−a b α +a α
L.H.S. = −a b 0 = α +c = α ab + c (α b + ab + aα )
−a 0 −a b
−a 0 c
1  1 1 1
= α ( bc + ca + ab ) + abc . ∴ ∆=0 ⇒ = − + + .
α a b c
2 cos 2 x 4 sin 4 x
25. Ans. (b), Applying C1 → C1 + C2 , we get f ( x ) = 2 1 + cos x 2
4 sin 4 x
2
1 cos x 1 + 4 sin 4 x
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we get
2 cos 2 x 4 sin 4 x
f ( x) = 0 1 0 = 2 + 4sin 4 x , which is periodic with period π / 2.
−1 0 1

x +1 x x 1 x x
1 x x
1 1
26. Ans. (a), We can write ∆ as x + 0 x + x = x 1 x + 1/ 2 x + 0 x+ x
2 2
1 x x + 1/ 3
1 1
x+0 x x+ 0 x x+
3 3
Operating R2 → R2 − R1 & R3 → R3 − R1

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1 x x 1 x x
1 1 1 5x 1 1
=x 0 0 + 0 x+ x = x+ + = x+
2 2 6 6 6 6
1 1
0 0 0 x x+
3 3
27. Ans. (a), We can write ∆ as ∆1 − x∆ 2
1 a a2 1 a a2
where ∆1 = a a2 − x a3 and ∆ 2 = 0 a 2 − x a3
a2 a3 a4 − x 0 a3 a4 − x

But ∆ 2 = ( a 2 − x )( a 4 − x ) − a 6 = x 2 − a 2 x − a 4 x

1 0 0
2
In ∆1 , use C2 → C2 − aC1 and C3 → C3 − a C1 to obtain ∆1 = a − x 0 = x2 .
a2 0 −x
Thus, ∆ = x 2 − x 3 + ( a 2 + a 4 ) x 2 = (1 + a 2 + a 4 ) x 2 − x 3 .

∆ = 0, x ≠ 0 ⇒ x = 1 + a 2 + a 4 .
28. Ans. (a), We can write ∆ = x1∆1 + b1∆ 2 , where
1 a1b2 a1b3
∆1 = 0 x2 + a2b2 a2b3 = ( x2 + a2b2 )( x3 + a3b3 ) − a3b2 a2b3 = x2 x3 + ( x2 a3b3 + x3 a2b2 )
0 a3b2 x3 + a3b3
a1 a1b2 a1b3 a1 0 0
and ∆ 2 = a2 x2 + a2b2 a2b3 = a2 x2 0 [Using C2 → C2 − b2C1 and C3 → C3 − b3C1 ]
a3 a3b2 x3 + a3b3 a3 0 x3
= a1 x2 x3 . Thus ∆ = x1 x2 a3b3 + x1 x3 a2b2 + x2 x3 a1b1 + x1 x2 x3 .
cos α − sin α 1
29. Ans. (a), Given sin α cos α 1
cos (α + β ) − sin (α + β ) 1
cos α − sin α 1
Operating R3 → R3 − R1 ( cos β ) + R2 ( sin β ) , = sin α cos α 1
0 0 1 + sin β − cos β
Expand along R3 we get
= (1 + sin β − cos β ) ( cos 2 α + sin 2 α ) = 1 + sin β − cos β , which is independent of α .
30. Ans. (a), = cot A cot B + cot C cot A + cot A cot B + cot B cot C
= cot A cot B + 1
(∵in any ∆∑ cot A cot B = 1)
1 3cos θ 1
31. Ans. (d), We have, ∆ = sin θ 1 3cos θ [Applying R3 → R3 − R1 ]
1 sin θ 1

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1 3cos θ 1
2
= sin θ 1 3cos θ = − ( sin θ − 3cos θ )( 3cos θ − sin θ ) = ( 3cos θ − sin θ )
0 sin θ − 3cos θ 0
2
But we know that − 9 + 1 ≤ 3cos θ − sin θ ≤ 9 + 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ ( 3cos θ − sin θ ) ≤ 10 .
32. Ans. (b), Applying C1 → aC1 and then C1 → C1 + bC2 + cC3 , and taking ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) common from
1 b−c c+b
C , we get, ∆ =
(a 2
+ b2 + c2 )
1 b c−a
1
a
1 b+a c
1 b−c c+b
(a 2
+ b2 + c2 )
= 0 c −a − b [ R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R1 ]
a
0 a+c −b

(a 2
+ b2 + c 2 )
=
a
( −bc + a 2
+ ab + ac + bc ) [Expanding along C1 ]

= ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) ( a + b + c )

As a, b, c ∈ R Hence a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≠ 0
Note that a = b = c = 0 is not possible as in that case ax + by + c = 0 will not represent line
Hence, ∆ = 0 ⇒ a + b + c = 0 . Therefore, line ax + by + c = 0 passes through the fixed point (1, 1) .
1 1 1
33. Ans. (b), We know that a b c = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( a + b + c )
a3 b3 c3
1 a b 1c 1
a b c 1 1 1
1 3 3
Hence a b c = 2
a b c = a 3 b3
23 2 3
c = a b c
abc
bc ac ab abc abc abc 1 1 1 a 3 b3 c3
1 1 1
2 2 2
Using above D = ( x − a) ( x − b) ( x − c) = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( 3x − a − b − c )
( x − b )( x − c ) ( x − c )( x − a ) ( x − a )( x − b )
1
(a + b + c)
Now given that a, b, c are all different, then D = 0 . ∴ x =
3
34. Ans. (d), Applying R1 → aR1 , R2 → bR2 and R3 → cR3 , we get,
ab 2 c 2
abc ab + ac bc 1 ab + ac
1 2 2 a 2b 2 c 2
∆= a bc abc bc + ab = ac 1 bc + ab
abc 2 2 abc
a b c abc ac + bc ab 1 ac + bc

Applying C3 → C3 + C1 and taking ( bc + ca + ab ) common, we get,

bc 1 1
∆ = abc ( bc + ca + ab ) ac 1 1 = 0 [∵ C2 and C3 are identical]
ab 1 1

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1 1 1
1+
1+ x 1 1 x x x
1 1 1
35. Ans. (c), 1 + y 1 + 2 y 1 = xyz 1 + 2+ Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
y y y
1 + z 1 + z 3 + 3z
1 1 1
1+ 1+ 3+
z z z
1 1 1
Now let = α, = β, = γ
x y z
1 1 1
We get = xyz ( 3 + α + β + γ ) 1 + β 2+β β
1+ γ 1+ γ 3+γ
1 0 0
= xyz ( 3 + α + β + γ ) 1 + β 1 −1 Applying C2 → C2 − C1 , C3 → C3 − C1
1+ γ 0 2
= 2 xyz ( 3 + α + β + γ ) . Hence, the given equation gives α + β + γ = 0 ⇒ x −1 + y −1 + z −1 = −3 .
36. Ans. (a), As a1b1c1 , a2b2 c2 and a3b3c3 are even natural numbers, each of c1 , c2 , c3 is divisible by 2.
k1 a1 b1
Let ci = 2ki for i = 1, 2, 3 . Thus, ∆ = 2 k2 a2 b2 = 2m, where m is some natural number.
k3 a3 b3
Thus, ∆ may not be divisible by 4 can be seen by taking the three numbers as 112, 122 and 134.
2 1 1
Note that ∆ = 2 1 2 = 2 , which is divisible by 2 but not by 4.
4 1 3
37. Ans. (b), R3 → R3 − 2 R2 , hence two identical rows ⇒ f ( x ) = constant.
38. Ans. (b), In each determinant applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
and then taking out ( x + 9 ) common, we get, x + 9 = 0 ⇒ x = −9 .
39. Ans. (c), Taking x5 common from last row, we get,
xn x n+ 2 x2n
x5 1 xa 0 = 0, ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ a +1 = n + 2 ⇒ a = n +1
xn x a +1 x2n
(as it will make first and third row is identical)
40. Ans. (b), Operating R1 → R1 − R2 , gives
x − 2 3( x − 2) − ( x − 2) 1 3 −1
∆= 2 −3 x x −3 = ( x − 2 ) 2 −3 x x−3
−3 2x x+2 −3 2 x x+2
1 3 −1
= ( x − 2 ) 0 −3 ( x + 2 ) x − 1 [ R2 → R2 − 2 R1 , R3 → R3 + 3R1 ]
0 2x + 9 x −1

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= ( x − 2 )  − ( 3 x + 6 )( x − 1) − ( x − 1)( 2 x + 9 )  = − ( x − 2 )( x − 1)( 5 x + 15)

Therefore, ∆ = 0 gives x = 2, 1, − 3 .
x + 2a a a 1 a a
41. Ans. (b), Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get, ∆ = x + 2a x a = ( x + 2a ) 1 x a
x + 2a a x 1 a x
Applying R1 → R1 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R3 , we get,
0 a−x 0
2
∆ = ( x + 2 a ) 0 x − a a − x = ( x − a ) ( x + 2a )
1 a x
5a
Roots of f ( x ) = a, a, − 2a and roots of f ′ ( x ) = a, .
3
So, f ( x ) = 0 and f ′ ( x ) = 0 have one common root.
42. Ans. (d), Since for x = 0, the determinant reduces to the determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of
odd order which is always zero, hence x = 0 is the solution of the given equation.
1 4 9 16
4 9 16 25
43. Ans. (b), ∆ = [ R3 → R3 − R2 , R4 → R4 − R1 ]
9 16 25 36
16 25 36 49
1 4 9 16 1 4 9 16
4 9 16 25 4 9 16 25
= =3 =0 [ R4 → R4 − R3 ]
5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11
15 21 27 33 5 7 9 11
44. Ans. (b), We divide L.H.S. by λ 4 and C1 by λ 2 , C2 by λ and C3 by λ on the R.H.S. to obtain

2 3 4 1 + 3 / λ 1 − 1/ λ 1 + 3 / λ
1 1 1 1
p + q   + r   + s   + t   = 1 + 1/ λ 2 2 / λ − 1 1 − 3 / λ
λ λ λ  λ
1− 3 / λ2 1+ 4 / λ 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
 Applying R2 → R2 − R3 , 
Taking limit as λ → ∞, we get, p = 1 −1 1 = 0 −2 0 = −4 R → R − R 
1 1 3 0 0 2  3 3 1 

b a c
−1 −1
y x 2
a b c
45. Ans. (d), Take x, y, z common from C1 , C2 and C3 we get xyz − 1 −1 = 0
x y 2
a b c
−1 −1
x y 2
α β −1 γ −1
a b c
Now write = α , = β , = γ we get α − 1 β γ −1 = 0
x y z
α −1 β −1 γ

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1 β −1 γ −1 1 β −1 γ −1
⇒ (α + β + γ − 2 ) 1 β γ − 1 = 0 ⇒ (α + β + γ − 2 ) 0 1 0 =0
1 β −1 γ 0 0 1
⇒ α + β + γ − 2 = 0 ⇒α + β + γ = 2
46. Ans. (a), Applying C1 → C1 + 2C2 + C3 , we get,
n n−2 n−2
n
Cr Cr −1 Cr n
S = ∑ ( −2 ) = ∑ ( −2 ) ⋅ n C r
r r
0 1 1
r=2 r =2
0 −1 0
n
= ∑ ( −2 ) Cr − ( nC0 − 2 nC1 ) = (1 − 2 ) − (1 − 2n ) = 2n − 1 + ( −1)
r n n n

r =0

47. Ans. (a), The given determinant ∆1 is obtained by corresponding cofactors of determinant ∆ 2 ;
hence ∆1 = ∆ 22 . Now, ∆1∆ 2 = ∆ 22 ∆ 2 = ∆32 .
3 1+ α + β 1+ α 2 + β 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
48. Ans. (a), ∆ = 1 + α + β 1 + α 2 + β 2 1 + α 3 + β 3 = 1 α β 1 α β
1+ α 2 + β 2 1+ α 3 + β 3 1+ α 4 + β 4 1 α2 β2 1 α2 β2
2 2 2
Hence k = 1 = (1 − α ) (1 − β ) (α − β ) .

n +1
( −1) a ( −1) a
n
a + 1 a −1 a + 1 a −1
n +1
( −1) b ( −1) b
n
49. Ans. (d), 1− b b +1 + 1− b b +1
n +1 n+2
( −1) c 1+ c 1− c ( −1) c 1+ c 1− c
(Interchanging rows in columns in 1st determinant)
0 a +1 a −1
= 0 1− b b +1 = 0
0 1+ c 1− c
a b c
50. Ans. (b), ∵ x = , y= , z=
b−c c−a a −b
or − a + bx − cx = 0, − ay − b + cy = 0, az − bz − c = 0
−1 x −x
Now, eliminating a, b, c, we get − y −1 y = 0
z − z −1
1 −x x 1 −x x
3
⇒ ( −1) y 1 − y = 0 or y 1 −y = 0
−z z 1 −z z 1
1 −x x
Also applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , then we get, 1 1 −y .
1 z 1

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2 2 −1
51. Ans. (a), Put x = 1, we get, 4 3 0 = A − 12
6 1 1
2
or −1( 4 − 18 ) − 0 + 1( 6 − 8 ) = A − 12 ⇒ 14 − 2 = A − 12 ⇒ A = 24 ∴ A2 = ( 24 ) = 576
52. Ans. (a), Applying R3 → R3 + 2 R2 and taking 20 common from R3 , then
f ( x − 2) f ( x + 5) f ( x − 2)
5 4 −5 =0
1 1 1

f ( x − 2) f ( x + 5) − f ( x − 2 ) 0
Now, applying C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 , then 5 −1 −10 = 0
1 0 0

f ( x + 5) − f ( x − 2 ) 0
⇒ = 0 ⇒ − 10 { f ( x + 5 ) − f ( x − 2 )} = 0 ⇒ f ( x + 5) = f ( x − 2 )
−1 −10
Replacing x by x + 2, then f ( x + 7 ) = f ( x ) . ∴ Period = 7 .

a1 b1 0 x1 y1 0
53. Ans. (c) We have, a2 b2 0 x2 y2 0 = 0× 0 = 0
a3 b3 0 x3 y3 0
a1 x 1 + b1 y1 + 0 a1 x2 + b1 y2 + 0 a1 x3 + b1 y3 + 0
⇒ a2 x1 + b2 y1 + 0 a2 x2 + b2 y2 + 0 a2 x3 + b2 y3 + 0 = 0 [Using row-by-row multiplication]
a3 x1 + b3 y1 + 0 a3 x2 + b3 y2 + 0 a3 x3 + b3 y3 + 0
a1 x 1 + b1 y1 a1 x2 + b1 y2 a1 x3 + b1 y3
⇒ a2 x1 + b2 y1 a2 x2 + b2 y2 a2 x3 + b2 y3 = 0
a3 x1 + b3 y1 a3 x2 + b3 y2 a3 x3 + b3 y3
2 y1 z1 y1 z2 + y2 z1 y1 z3 + y3 z1
54. Ans. (d) Given determinant = y1 z2 + y2 z1 2 y2 z 2 y2 z3 + y3 z2
y1 z3 + y3 z1 y2 z3 + y3 z2 2 y3 z3
y1 z1 + y1 z1 y1 z2 + y2 z1 y1 z3 + y3 z1 y1 z1 0 z1 y1 0
= y1 z2 + y2 z1 y2 z 2 + y2 z 2 y2 z3 + y3 z2 = y2 z2 0 z2 y2 0 = 0× 0 = 0
y1 z3 + y3 z1 y2 z3 + y3 z2 y3 z3 + y3 z3 y3 z3 0 z3 y3 0
55. Ans. (b) Since l1 , m1 , n1 ; l2 , m2 , n2 and l3 , m3 , n3 are direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular
lines
∴ l12 + m12 + n12 = 1, l2 2 + m2 2 + n2 2 = 1
l32 + m32 + n3 2 = 1, l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0
l1 l3 + m1 m3 + n1 n3 = 0, l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = 0
l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1
2
Let ∆ = l2 m2 n2 . Then, ∆ = l2 m2 n2 l2 m2 n2
l3 m3 n3 l3 m3 n3 l3 m3 n3

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2 2 2
l1 + m + n11 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3 1 0 0
= l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 l2 2 + m2 2 + n2 2 l2l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = 0 1 0 = 1 . ∴ ∆ = ±1
l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3 l2l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 l32 + m32 + n32 0 0 1

y2 − xy x2
56. Ans. (b), Let ∆ = a b c . Then,
a' b' c'

xy 2 − xy x2 y
1
∆= ax b cy .  Applying C1 → C1 ( x ) , C3 → C3 ( y ) 
xy
a'x b' c' y
0 − xy 0
1
= ax + by b bx + cy [ Applying C1 → C1 + y C2 , C3 → C3 + xC2 ]
xy
a'x +b' y b' b'x + c' y
ax + by bx + cy
=
a′x + b′y b′x + c′y
57. Ans. (b), Multiplying C1 by a and then applying C1 → C1 + b C2 + c C3 , we get,
−a + b cos C + c cos B cos C cos B
1 ∵ a = b cos C + c cos B 
∆= a cos C − b − c cos A −1 cos A  b = c cos A + a cos C 
a  
a cos B + b cos A − 2c cos A −2
0 cos C cos B
1 c cos ( A + C ) = cos (π − B ) 
⇒ ∆= 0 −1 cos A ⇒ ∆=− ( cos C cos A + cos B )  
a
−c cos A −2
a cos A.cos C + cos B = sin A.sin C 

c
⇒ ∆ = − sin C sin A, which is independent of B.
a
58. Ans. (c), Let X = 10 x + λ , Y = 10 y + 1 and Z = 10 z , where x, y, z ∈ N .
X 4 1 10 x + λ 4 1 10 x 4 1 λ 4 1
Then, ∆ = Y 0 1 ⇒ ∆ = 10 y + 1 0 1 = 10 y 0 1 + 1 0 1
Z 1 0 10 z + 0 1 0 10 z 1 0 0 1 0
x 4 1 x 4 1
⇒ ∆ = 10 y 0 1 + (1 − λ ) ⇒ ∆ + 1 = 10 y 0 1 + ( 2 − λ )
z 1 0 z 1 0
x 4 1
⇒ ∆ + 1 = 10k + ( 2 − λ ) , where k = y 0 1
z 1 0
It is given that ∆ + 1 is divisible by 10. Therefore, 2 − λ = 0 i.e. λ = 2.
∴ X = 10 x + 2 ⇒ 2 is at unit’s place of X .
59. Ans. (d) We have, x a y b = e m , x c y d = en ⇒ a log x + b log y = m , c log x + d log y = n

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m b a m
n d c n
Using Cramer’s rule, we have, log x = and log y =
a b a b
c d c d
∆1 ∆
⇒ log x = and log y = 2 ⇒ x = e ∆1 / ∆3 and y = e ∆2 / ∆3
∆3 ∆3
60. Ans. (a), Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we have,
1 + x ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 + 2)
(1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x 2 2

f ( x ) = 1 + x ( a + b + c + 2 ) 1 + b x (1 + c ) x
2 2 2 2 2

1 + x ( a + b + c + 2 ) (1 + b ) x 1 + c x
2 2 2 2 2

1 (1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x 2 2

⇒ f ( x ) = 1 1 + b x (1 + c ) x 2 2
∵ a + b 2 2
+ c 2 + 2 = 0 
1 (1 + b ) x 1 + c x 2 2

1 (1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x 2 2

⇒ f ( x) = 0 1− x 0 Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R1
0 0 1− x
2
f ( x ) = (1 − x ) , which is a polynomial of degree 2.
61. Ans. (d), For α = 1 , the system reduces to a homogeneous system which is always consistent.
So, α ≠ 1 .
For α ≠ 1 , we get
α α +2 α +2 α +2
1 1
D= 1 α 1 = 1 α 1 Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 α 1 1 α
1 1 1 1 0 0
⇒ D = (α + 2 ) 1 α 1 = (α + 2 ) 1 α − 1 0 Applying C2 → C2 − C1 , C3 → C3 − C1
1 1 α 1 0 α −1
α −1 1 1 1 1 1
2
⇒ D = (α + 2 )(α − 1) and D1 = α − 1 α 1 = (α − 1) 1 α 1
α −1 1 α 1 1 α
1 0 0
⇒ D1 = (α − 1) 1 α − 1 0 Applying C2 → C1 − C1 , C3 → C3 − C1
1 0 α −1
3
⇒ D1 = (α − 1) . Clearly, D = 0 for α = −2 but D1 ≠ 0 .
So, the system is inconsistent for α = −2 .

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a a +1 a −1 a +1 b +1 c −1
62. Ans. (c), We have, −b b + 1 b − 1 + a − 1 b −1 c +1 =0
c c −1 c + 1 n+ 2
( −1) a ( −1)
n +1
b ( −1)
n
c
a −b c a + 1 b +1 c −1
⇒ a + 1 b + 1 c − 1 + ( −1) a − 1 b − 1 c + 1 = 0
n
[Using A = AT in first determinant]
a −1 b −1 c +1 a −b c
a −b c a −b c
n+2  Applying R1 ↔ R3 
⇒ a + 1 b + 1 c − 1 + ( −1) a +1 b + 1 c −1 = 0 and then R → R 
a −1 b −1 c +1 a −1 b −1 c +1  2 3 

a −b c
⇒ a + 1 b + 1 c − 1 1 + ( −1) { n+ 2
}=0
a −1 b −1 c +1
a −b c
⇒ 1 2b + 1 −1 1 + ( −1) { n+ 2
}=0 Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R1
−1 2b − 1 1
a −b c
n+2
⇒ 1 2b + 1 −1 1 + ( −1)  = 0 Applying R3 → R3 + R2
 
0 4b 0

{
⇒ − 4b ( − a − c ) 1 + ( −1)
n+ 2
}=0 {
⇒ b ( a + c ) 1 + ( −1)
n+2
}=0
n+2
⇒ 1 + ( −1) =0 ⇒ n is any odd integer.
63. Ans. (b), Taking each leading diagonal entry as 1 and remaining all entries as zero expect one which is
equal to 1, we get 6 non-singular matrices as given below :
1 1 0  1 0 1  1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0 
 0 1 0  ,  0 1 0  ,  0 1 1  , 1 1 0  ,  0 1 0 
         
0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1  1 0 1 

0 0 1   0 0 1 
Similarly, we obtain following non-singular matrices 0 1 1  , 1 0 1  etc.
1 0 0  1 0 0 
So, option (b) is correct.
1 + ax 1 + bx 1 + cx
64. Ans. (b), We have, 1 + a1 x 1 + b1 x 1 + c1 x
1 + a2 x 1 + b2 x 1 + c2 x

1 + ax (b − a ) x ( c − a ) x
= 1 + a1 x ( b1 − a1 ) x ( c1 − a1 ) x Applying C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1
1 + a2 x ( b2 − a2 ) x ( c2 − a2 ) x
1 + ax b−a c−a
2
= x 1 + a1 x b1 − a1 c1 − a1
1 + a2 x b2 − a2 c2 − a2

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Which is clearly in the form λ x + µ
= x 2 ( λ x + µ ) ; where λ and µ are constants
= µ x 2 + λ x3 . Hence, A0 = A1 = 0.
b 2c 2 bc b+c
2 2
65. Ans. (d), We have, ∆ = c a ca c + a
a 2b 2 ab a + b

ab 2 c 2 abc ab + ac
1
⇒ ∆= bc 2 a 2 abc bc + ba Applying R1 → R1 ( a ) , R2 → R2 ( b ) , R3 → R3 ( c )
abc
ca 2b 2 abc ca + cb

2 bc 1 ab + ac
⇒ ∆=
( a bc ) ca 1 bc + ba
abc
ab 1 ca + cb
bc 1 ab + ac + bc
⇒ ∆ = abc ca 1 bc + ba + ca Applying C3 → C3 + C1
ab 1 ca + cb + ab
bc 1 1
⇒ ∆ = abc ( ab + bc + ca ) ca 1 1 = 0.
ab 1 1
1 4 20
66. Ans. (b), We have, 1 −2 5 =0
1 2x 5x2
1 4 20
⇒ 0 −6 −15 = 0 Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R1
0 2 x − 4 5 x 2 − 20
1 2 4
⇒ 20 ( x − 2 ) 0 −3 −3 = 0 , Taking ( x − 2 ) and 5 common from R3 and C3 respectively
0 2 x+2
⇒ 20 ( x − 2 )( −3x − 6 + 3) = 0 ⇒ − 60 ( x − 2 )( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, − 1
Or clearly the given equation is satisfied for x = −1and 2 .
Alternative
Clearly the roots of above equation are −1, 2
b+c c b 0 −2 a −2 a
67. Ans. (d), We have, c c+a a = c c+a a [ Applying R1 → R1 − ( R2 + R3 ) ]
b a a+b b a a+b
0 1 1
= 2a c c + a a [Taking −2a common from R1 ]
b a a+b
= ( −2a )( −bc − bc ) [Expanding along R1 ]

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16 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
= 4abc . ∴ K =4
−1 + cos B cos C + cos B cos B
68. Ans. (a), We have, cos C + cos A −1 + cos A cos A
−1 + cos B −1 + cos A −1
−1 cos C cos B
= cos C −1 cos A [ Applying C1 → C1 − C3 and C2 → C2 − C3 ]
cos B cos A −1
−a cos C cos B 0 cos C cos B
1 1
= a cos C −1 cos A = 0 −1 cos A [ Applying C1 → C1 + bC2 + cC3 ] =0
a a
a cos B cos A −1 0 cos A −1
a + b + 2c a b
69. Ans. (b), We have, c b + c + 2a b
c a c + a + 2b
1 a b
= 2 ( a + b + c ) 1 b + c + 2a b
1 a c + a + 2b

 Applying C1 → C2 + C3 and taking 2 ( a + b + c ) common from C1 

1 a b
= 2 (a + b + c) 0 b + c + a 0 [ Applying R1 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 ]
0 0 c+a+b
3
= 2 (a + b + c) [Expanding along C1 ]
∴ K =2
x a a a 1 a a a
a x a a 1 x a a
70. Ans. (b), We have, = ( x + 3a )
a a x a 1 a x a
a a a x 1 a a x
 Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 and taking ( x + 3a ) common from C1 
1 a a a
0 x−a 0 0
= ( x + 3a ) [ Applying R1 → R2 − R1 , R3 − R1 and R1 → R4 − R1 ]
0 0 x−a 0
0 0 0 x−a
3
= ( x + 3a )( x − a ) [Expanding along C1 ]
3
∴ f ( x) = ( x − a)

cos2 θ cos θ sin θ − sin θ

71. Ans. (a), f (θ ) = cos θ sin θ sin θ 2
cos θ
sin θ − cos θ 0

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 17
1 0 − sin θ
= 0 1 cos θ [ Applying C1 → C1 − sin θ C3 , C2 → C2 + cos θ C3 ]
sin θ − cos θ 0
1 0 − sin θ
= 0 1 cos θ [ Applying R3 → R3 − sin θ R1 + cos θ R2 ]
0 0 1
= 1 for all θ
x + a a2 a3
72. Ans. (b), We have, x + b b 2 b3 = 0
x + c c2 c3

x a2 a3 a a2 a3 1 a2 a3 1 a a2
⇒ x b2 b3 + b b 2 b3 = 0 ⇒ x 1 b2 b3 + abc 1 b b2 = 0
x c2 c3 c c2 c3 1 c2 c3 1 c c2

⇒ x ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( ab + bc + ca ) + abc ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) = 0
abc
⇒ x=− (∴ a ≠ b ≠ c )
( ab + bc + ca )
x 3 7
73. Ans. (a), We have, 2 x 2 =0
7 6 x
1 1 1
⇒ ( x + 9) 2 x 2 = 0  Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 and taking ( x + 9 ) common from R1 
7 6 x
1 0 0
= ( x + 9) 2 x − 2 0 =0 [ Applying C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 ]
7 −1 x − 7
⇒ ( x + 9 )( x − 7 )( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = −9, 2, 7.
1 1 1 x y z
1
74. Ans. (a), We have, D2 = yz xz xy = xyz xyz xyz
xyz 2
x y z x y2 z2
x y z 1 1 1 1 1 1
xyz
= 1 1 1 =− x y z = x2 y2 z 2 = D1
xyz 2
x y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x y z
x α 1 x−β α−x 0
75. Ans. (a), We have, β x 1 =0⇒ 0 x −γ 0 [ Applying R1 → R1 − R2 , R2 → R2 − R3 ]
β γ 1 β γ 1
⇒ ( x − β )( x − γ ) = 0. [ Expanding along C3 ] . Clearly, the roots are independent of α .

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18 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
α −β 0
76. Ans. (a), We have, 0 α β = 0 ⇒α3 − β3 = 0
β 0 α
3
α  α
⇒   = 1 ⇒ is one of the cube roots of unit.
β  β
1 sin (α − β ) θ cos (α − β ) θ
77. Ans. (a), We have, a sin αθ cos αθ
a2 sin (α − β ) θ cos (α − β ) θ

1 sin (α − β ) θ cos (α − β ) θ
= a sin αθ cos αθ [ Applying R3 → R3 − R1 ]
a2 − 1 0 0

= ( a 2 − 1)  sin (α − β ) θ cos αθ − cos (α − β ) θ sin αθ 

= − ( a 2 − 1) sin βθ , which is independent of α .

78. Ans. (a), As the given system of equation has non-trivial
λ b−a c−a
⇒ a−b λ c−b =0
a−c b−c λ
When λ = 0, then determinants becomes skew-symmetric determinants of old order, which is equal to
zero. Thus, λ = 0 .
x y z 0 m n 0 m n
79. Ans. (a), ∆ = p q r −m 0 k , where −m 0 k is skew-symmetric ∴ ∆ = 0
a b c −n −k 0 −n −k 0

x2 + x x +1 x−2
2
80. Ans. (b), LHS = 2 x + 3 x − 1 3 x 3x − 3
2
x + 2x + 3 2x −1 2x −1
4 0 0
By operating R1 → R1 + R3 − R2 , we get, LHS = 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 3x 3x − 3
2
x + 2x + 3 2x −1 2x −1
4 0 0
2
By operating C1 → C1 − C3 and C2 → C2 − C3 , we have, LHS = 2 x + 2 3 3x − 3
x2 + 4 0 2x −1
x2 x2
By operating R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1
2 4
4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0
LHS = 2 3 3x − 3 = 2 3 3x + 2 3 −3 = 2 3 3 + 2 3 −3 = Ax + B
4 0 2x −1 4 0 2x 4 0 −1 4 0 2 4 0 −1
81. Ans. (a), Apply R2 → R2 − 10 R3 , R3 → R3 − 2 R1

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 19

x 2 + x + 2 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 3x 2 + 5 x + 3
∆= 1 0 0
2 0 1

= 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 ∴ A = 2, B = 3, C = 1
82. Ans. (c), The given determinant breaks in the product of two determinants
tan A cot A 0 cot A tan A 0
tan B cot B 0 × cot B tan B 0 = 0.
tan C cot C 0 cot C tan C 0
83. Ans. (d), Applying R1 → R1 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R3
5 −5 0 1 −1 0
f ( x) = 0 5 −5 = 25 0 1 −1
2 2 2 2
sin x cos x 5 + 4sin 2 x sin x cos x 5 + 4sin 2 x
⇒ f ( x ) = 150 + 100sin 2 x
f ( x ) − 150
Clearly, (a) domain ( −∞, ∞ ) (b) range [50, 250] (c) period π (d) lim = 200
x →0 x
84. Ans. (d), Given, x + y + z = 3, x + 3 y + 2 z = 6 and x + λ y + 3z = µ
1 1 1
∆ = 1 2 3 = 5 − λ . If ∆ ≠ 0 ie, λ ≠ 5 the solution is unique.
1 λ 3
Case I : If λ ≠ 5 and µ is any real number given set of equations gives unique solution.
Case II : If λ = 5 ⇒ ∆ = 0
3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
∆1 = 6 3 2 = −µ + 9 , ∆2 = 1 6 2 = −µ + 9 , ∆3 = 1 3 6 = 2 ( µ − 9)
µ 5 3 1 µ 3 1 5 µ
If µ ≠ 9. The system has no solution.
Case III : If λ = 5 and µ = 9 equation has infinite solutions.
85. Ans. (d), We can write ∆ ( x ) as product of two determinants as follows
sin x cos x 1 cos x sin x 0
∆ ( x) = 1 1 1 × ex x 0 = 0 , which is independent of ( x )
ex 0 0 1 x2 0
⇒ ∆ ' ( x ) = 0, ∀x
a b c a b 1
86. Ans. (b), b c a = b c 1 =D
1 1 1 c a 1
87. Ans. (b), On expanding, we get an odd degree equation. So, atleast one real root.
88. Ans. (a), Since, x 3 − x 2 − 2004 = 0 has three roots a , b, c
Hence, a + b + c = 1 , ab + bc + ca = 0 , abc = 2004
Now, given determinant

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20 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
a+c a+b b+c 1− b 1− c 1− a
a ( b + c ) b ( c + a ) c ( a + b ) = −bc − ca − ab Apply C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
2 2 2
a +1 b +1 c +1 a + 1 b + 1 c2 + 1
2 2

2 1− c 1− a 1 1− c 1− a
= 0 − ca − ab = −2a 0 c b Apply R3 → R3 − 2 R3
4 b2 + 1 c 2 + 1 2 b2 + 1 c 2 + 1
= ( −2a ) ( c 3 − c + 2ac − b 2 + b − 2bc ) = −2ac 3 + 2ac − 4a 2c + 2ab3 − 2ab + 4abc

1 2 ( x − 1) 3 ( x − 1)( x − 2 )
2
89. Ans. (c), Given, f ( x ) = x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3)
x x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1)( x − 2 )

1 2 3
= ( x − 1)( x − 1)( x − 2 ) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 Applying R3 → R3 − R1 we get
x x x
1 2 3
x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 = 0 ⇒ f ( x ) = 0 ∴ f ( 49 ) = 0
x −1 x − 2 x − 3
1 − 2sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 − 8sin 2 x (1 − sin 2 x)
90. Ans. (c), f ( x) = sin 2 x 1 − 2sin 2 x 1 − sin 2 x
1 − 8sin 2 x (1 − sin 2 x) 1 − sin 2 x 1 − 2 sin 2 x

1 0 1 1 0 0
⇒ The required constant term is f (0) = 0 1 1 = 0 1 1 = 1(0 − 1) = −1
1 1 1 1 1 0
91. Ans. (c), The determinant of L.H.S. on expansion = 90 f ( x − 3) − 100 f ( x + 4) + 10 f ( x − 3).
So, f ( x) satisfies the question f ( x + 4) = f ( x − 3).
Replace x by x + 3, we get f ( x + 7) = f ( x) for all x . Hence f ( x) is periodic with period 7.
x3 + 1 x2 y x2 z x3 x2 y x2 z 1 x2 y x2 z
92. Ans. (c), xy 2 y 3 + 1 y 2 z = xy 2 y3 + 1 y2z + 0 y3 + 1 y2z
xz 2 yz 2 z3 + 1 zx 2 yz 2 z3 + 1 0 yz 2 z3 + 1

x2 x2 y x2 z
= x y2 y 3 + 1 y 2 z + ( y 3 + 1)( z 3 + 1) − y 3 z 3
z2 yz 2 z3 + 1
C2 → C2 − yC1 and C3 → C3 − zC1
x2 0 0
2
=x y 1 0 + y3z3 + z3 + y 3 + 1 − y3z3 = x3 + y 3 + z3 + 1
z2 0 1

Given, x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 1 = 30 ⇒ x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 29
As, 29 = 33 + 13 + 13 , then solution are ( 3,1,1) , (1,3,1) , (1,1,3) .

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 21
93. Ans. (d), Apply C1 → C1 − C2 , C2 → C2 − C3
2
( 2 x − 1) ( 2 x − 3) ( x − 2 )
2
= ( 2 x − 3) ( 2 x − 5 ) ( x − 3) R1 → R1 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R3
2
( 2 x − 5) ( 2 x − 7 ) ( x − 4 )
2 2 ( 2 x − 5)
= 2 2 ( 2 x − 7) R1 → R1 − R 2
2
( 2 x − 5) ( 2 x − 7 ) ( x − 4 )
0 0 2
= 2 2 ( 2 x − 7) = −8
2
( 2 x − 5) ( 2 x − 7 ) ( x − 4 )
∴ Value of determinant is independent of x . ∴ a = b = c = 0 and d = −8
a cot A / 2 λ a s (s − a) / ∆ λ
94. Ans. (a), Given, b cot B / 2 µ = 0 = b s ( s − b) / ∆ µ =0
c cot C / 2 γ c s ( s − c) / ∆ γ
a s−a λ
1
⇒ b s−b µ =0 Apply C2 → C2 + C1
r
c s−c γ
a s λ
1
⇒ b s µ = 0, ⇒ a ( µ − γ ) + b (γ − λ ) + c ( λ − µ ) = 0
r
c s γ
a b c
95. Ans. (d), b c a = ( a + b + c ) ( a + bω + cω 2 )( a + bω 2 + cω )
c a b
⇒ at 2 + bt + c = 0 has both imaginary roots ω , ω 2 or both equal roots 1,1
a b c
96. Ans. (a,b), using the formula b c a
c a b
1 2 2 2
=− ( a + b + c ) ( a − b ) + ( b − c ) + ( c − a )  we get given determinant
2
2 2 2
⇒ ( 2a + b + c )  ( 2 a − b ) + ( b − c ) + ( c − 2 a )  = 0
 
⇒ 2a + b + c = 0 [∵ b ≠ c ]
1 b c 2a + b + c
Let f ( x ) = 8ax 3 + 2bx 2 + cx and f ( 0 ) = 0 ; f  =a+ + = =0
2 2 2 2
So, f ( x ) satisfies the Rolle’s theorem and hence, f ′ ( x ) = 0 has at least one root in the interval
 1
 0,  .
 2

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22 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
(1 + x ) (1 + 2 x )
a b
1
Ans. (a,b), f ( x ) = (1 + x ) (1 + 2 x )
a b
97. 1 = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ...
(1 + 2 x ) (1 + x )
b a
1

1 1 1
Putting x = 0 to get the value of A Hence 1 1 1 = A + 0 + ... ⇒ A = 0
1 1 1
∴ Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x. we get
a −1 b −1
a (1 + x ) 2b (1 + 2 x ) (1 + x ) (1 + 2 x )
a b
0 1
a −1 b −1
(1 + x ) (1 + 2 x ) a (1 + x ) 2b (1 + 2 x )
a b
1 + 0
(1 + 2 x ) (1 + x ) (1 + 2 x ) (1 + x )
b a b a
1 1

(1 + x ) (1 + 2 x )
a b
1
(1 + x ) (1 + 2 x )
a b
+ 1 = B + 2Cx + ...
b −1 a −1
2b (1 + 2 x ) 0 a (1 + x )

a 2b 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
Putting x = 0 , 1 1 1 + 0 a 2b + 1 1 1 = B ⇒ B=0
1 1 1 1 1 1 2b 0 a
98. Ans. (a, b, c, d), Let a ≠ 0.
a2 + x2
b c
a
2 2
a2 + x2 b2 c2
b +x
Given = abc a c = a2 b2 + x2 c2
b
a2 b2 c2 + x2
c2 + x2
a b
c
a 2 + b2 + c2 + x2 b2 c2 1 b2 c2
= a 2 + b2 + c2 + x2 b2 + x2 c2 (
= a 2 + b2 + c2 + x 2 1 b2 + x 2 ) c2
a 2 + b2 + c2 + x2 b2 c2 + x2 1 b2 c2 + x2

1 b2 c2
(
= a 2 + b2 + c2 + x2 0 x2 ) (
0 = a 2 + b2 + c2 + x2 x4 )
0 0 x2

∴ ∆ is divisible by x, x 2 , x3 and x 4 . If a = 0,
then it can be easily seen that ∆ is divisible by x, x 2 , x3 and x 4 .
3a a a + 1
99. Ans. (a, b, c), Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get ∆ = 3b b b + 1 = 0 .
3c c c +1
3a a a + 1
100. Ans. (a, b, c), Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get ∆ = 3b b b + 1 = 0 .
3c c c +1

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2 cos 2 x 4 sin 2 x
101. Ans. (a, c), Using C1 → C1 + C2 , f ( x ) = 2 1 + cos 2 x 4 sin 2 x
2
1 cos x 1 + 4 sin 2 x

2 cos 2 x 4sin 2 x
Now, R2 → R2 − R1 , we have f ( x ) = 0 1 0 = 2 + 8sin 2 x − 4sin 2 x = 2 + 4 sin 2 x .
2
1 cos x 1 + 4sin 2 x

Hence, maximum value of f ( x ) = 6 and minimum value of f ( x ) = −2 .

2 cos 2 θ 4 sin 4θ
2
102. Ans. (a, c), Using C1 → C1 + C2 we have given = 2 1 + cos θ 4 sin 4θ = 0
2
1 cos θ 1 + 4 sin 4θ

2 cos 2 θ 4sin 4θ
Now R2 → R2 − R1 then we have 0 1 0 =0
1 cos 2 θ 1 + 4sin 4θ
1
⇒ 2 (1 + 4sin 4θ ) − 4sin 4θ = 0 ⇒ 1 + 2 sin 4θ = 0 ⇒ sin 4θ = −
2
π nπ n π
⇒ 4θ = nπ − ( −1) − ( −1)
n
⇒ θ= .
6 4 24
7π 11π
Now put n = 1, we have θ = and n = 2 ⇒ θ = . Hence, correct choices are (a) and (c).
24 24
103. Ans. (c, d), Opening by star method, ( x + a )( x − b )( x + c ) + ( x − a )( x + b )( x − c ) = 0
⇒ 2 x 3 + x 2 ( a − b + c − a + b − c ) + x ( − ab − bc + ac − ab − bc + ac ) − abc + abc = 0
⇒ x  2 x 2 + 2ac − 2ab − 2bc  = 0 ⇒ x = ± ab + bc − ac or x = 0 . ∴ Correct choices are (c), (d).
104. Ans. (a, d), Using R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 we have
12 + x 12 + x 12 + x 1 1 1
4+ x 4− x 4+ x = 0 ⇒ ( x + 12 ) 4 + x 4 − x 4 + x = 0
4+ x 4+ x 4− x 4+ x 4+ x 4− x
Operating R2 → R2 − R1 & R3 → R3 − R1
1 0 0
⇒ ( x + 12 ) 4 + x −2 x 0 = 0 ⇒ 4 x 2 ( x + 12 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or −12
4+ x 0 −2 x
⇒ Correct choices are (a) and (d).
105. Ans. (a, b), The number of third-order determinants = the number of arrangements of nine different
numbers in nine places = 9!.
Corresponding to each determinant made, there is a determinant obtained by interchanging two
consecutive rows (or columns). So, the sum of this pair will be 0.
9!
∴ the sum of all the determinants = 0 + 0 + 0 + ..... to times = 0.
2
106. Ans. (a, b), Operating R3 → R3 + R1

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24 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
1 sin θ 1
= − sin θ 1 sin θ = 2 (1 + sin 2 θ ) > 0 ⇒ The correct choices are (a) and (b).
0 0 2
x +1 1 3
107. Ans. (a, c, d), 1 x−4 2 =0
3 2 1
x −8 −5 0
2
Operating R1 → R1 − 3R3 & R2 → R2 − 2 R3 ⇒ −5 x − 8 0 = ( x − 8 ) − 52 = 0
3 2 1
Giving the roots 13 and 3 which satisfy (a), (c) and (d).
108. Ans. (a, b), Expanding along R1 we get
x 1 −1 1 −1 x
f ( x) = x − + = x ( x 2 + 1) − ( − x + 1) + (1 + x ) = x3 + 3 x .
−1 x −1 x −1 −1
Now f ′ ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 3 = 3 ( x 2 + 1) > 0 for 0 < x < 1. ∴ f ( x ) increases on [ 0, 1] .

Thus, the least value of f ( x ) is f ( 0 ) = 0 and the greatest value of f ( x ) is f (1) = 13 + 3 (1) = 4.
109. Ans. (a, b, c), Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 we get,
3c −b 2c c −b 2c
∆= 0 c + a −c = 3 0 c + a −c
3 ( a + b ) 2b a + b a + b 2b a + b
Applying C3 → C3 − C1 followed by R2 → R2 + R1 , we get,
c −b c c −b c
∆=3 0 c + a −c = 3 c c +a −b 0
a + b 2b 0 a+b 2b 0
c c +a −b
= 3c = 3c  2bc − ( a + b )( c + a − b )  = 3c ( b − a )( a + b + c ) .
a+b 2b
110. Ans. (b, c), Denote the given determinant by ∆ and write it as the sum of two determinants
a1 a1 x + b1 c1 b1 x a1 x + b1 c1
∆ = a2 a2 x + b2 c2 + b2 x a2 x + b2 c2
a3 a3 x + b3 c3 b3 x a3 x + b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 x + b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 x c1
= a2 b2 c2 + x b2 a2 x + b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + x b2 a2 x c2
a3 b3 c3 b3 a3 x + b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 b3 a3 x c3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
2
= a2 b2 c2 − x a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 25
a1 b1 c1
∆ = (1 − x ) ∆1. where ∆1 = a2
2
b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
Since ∆ equals zero, we therefore get (1 − x 2 ) ∆1 = 0, i.e., x = ±1, or ∆1 = 0.
111. Ans. (a, b), Applying C2 → C2 − aC1 we get,
a 0 0
2

∆ = 1 a+b ( a + b)
2
=a
a+b (a + b)
1 2a + 3b
0 1 2a + 3b

Operating C2 → C2 − C1 ( a + b )
a+b 0
=a = a ( a + b )( a + 2b ) . This shows that a + b and a + 2b are factors of ∆. .
1 a + 2b
112. Ans. (a, b, c), Using R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 we obtain
a1 − b1 a1 − b2 a1 − b3
∆ = a2 − a1 a2 − a1 a2 − a1 = 0, [∵ R2 and R3 are proportional].
a3 − a1 a3 − a1 a3 − a1
113. Ans. (a, b, c), Using the change of base formula, log a b = log b / log a,
log x log y log z
log x log x log x
log x log y log z
we can write
log y log y log y
sin ( x + y ) − cos ( x + y ) sin 2 z

log x log y log z

1
∆= log x log y log z = 0 , [∵ R1 and R2 are identical]
log x log y
sin ( x + y ) − cos ( x + y ) sin 2 z

6 2i 3+ 6
114. Ans. (a, b, d), ∆ = 12 3+ 8i 3 2 + 6i
18 2 + 12 i 27 + 2 i

6 2i 3+ 6
Applying R2 → R2 − 2 R1 , R3 → R3 − 3 R1 , we get ∆ = 0 3 6 i − 12
0 2 2i − 18

= 6. 3 2 {( 2 i −3 − ) ( 2i−2 )} = 6{−1} = −6 ,
which is a complex as well as a real number and rational number.
bc ca ab
3 3 3
115. Ans. (a, b, c), ca ab bc = 0 ⇒ ( ab ) + ( bc ) + ( ca ) − 3 ( ab )( bc )( ca ) = 0
ab bc ca

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26 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
⇒ ( ab + bc + ca ) ( ab + bcω + caω 2 ) . ( ab + bcω 2 + caω ) = 0

⇒ ab + bc + ca = 0 or ab + bcω + caω 2 = 0 or ab + bcω 2 + caω = 0.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ + + = 0 or + 2 + = 0 or + + 2 = 0.
a b c c aω bω c aω bω
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
or + + = 0 or + + 2 = 0 or 2
+ + = 0 . ∴ (a), (b), and (c) are correct.
a b c cω a bω cω a bω
116. Ans. (a, b), Applying C3 → C3 − xC2 , C2 → C2 − xC1 , we obtain
3 0 2a 2
∆ ( x) = 3x 2a 2 4a 2 x
3 x + 2a 2
2
4a 2 x 6 a 2 x 2 + 2 a 2

3 0 1
Applying C3 → C3 − xC2 , we get, ∆ ( x ) = 4a 4
3x 1 x
3 x + 2a 2
2
2x x + 2a 2
2

0 0 1
Applying C1 → C1 − 3C3 , we get, ∆ ( x ) = 4a 4 0 1 x = 16a 6
−4 a 2 2x x 2 + 2a 2
117. Ans. (b, c), In the left-hand determinant, each element is the cofactor of the elements of the
x y z
determinant y z x = ∆ * (say)
z x y
x y z x y z x2 + y2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx xz + yx + zy
2 2
Hence, ∆ * = y z x y z x = Σxy Σx Σxy
z x y z x y Σxy Σxy Σx 2

r2 u2 u2
= u2 r2 u2 [Since, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 , xy + yz + zx = u 2 ]
u2 u2 r2

118. Ans. (a, b, c, d), Now applying C3 → C3 − g (θ ) C1 − f (θ ) C2

f (α ) g (α ) 0
f (β ) g (β ) 0 = 0 ∵ f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) g ( y ) + g ( x ) f ( y ) 
f (γ ) g (γ ) 0
119. Ans. (a, b, d), Applying C2 → C2 − aC1
a 0 0
2

Then f ( a, b ) = 1 (a + b)
2
(a + b) = a ( a + b) ( a + b)
0 1 ( 2a + 3b )
1 ( 2a + 3b )

1 a+b
= a (a + b) = a ( a + b )( a + 2b )
1 2a + 3b
120. Ans. (b, d), Applying C3 → C3 − λ C1 − C2 .

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 27
b c 0
Then, ∆ = c d 0 = ( aλ 3 − bλ 2 + cλ − d )( bd − c 2 ) = 0 [given]
bλ + c cλ + d aλ 3 − bλ 2 + cλ − d
∴ bd − c 2 = 0 ⇒ b, c, d are in G.P. or if aλ 3 − bλ 2 + cλ − d = 0 ,
then λ is a root of ax3 − bx 2 + cx − d = 0
121. Ans. (a, b, c, d), Put x = 0 in both sides, then
0 1 −2
−1 0 −3 = B ⇒ 0 − 1(1 + 9 ) − 2 (1) = B ⇒ B = −12
3 −1 −1
2 2 −1
and put x = 1 in both sides, then 4 3 0 = A+ B
6 1 1
⇒ 2 ( 3) − 2 ( 4 ) − 1( 4 − 18) = A − 12 ⇒ − 2 + 14 = A − 12 ⇒ A = 24 , i.e., A = 24, B = −12
122. Ans. (a, b, c), Applying C1 → C1 − xC2 , then
a1 (1 − x 2 ) a1 x + b1 c1 a1 a1 x + b1 c1
a2 (1 − x 2 ) a2 x + b2 c2 = 0 ⇒ (1 − x 2 ) a2 a2 x + b2 c2 = 0
a3 (1 − x 2 ) a3 x + b3 c3 a3 a3 x + b3 c3

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
Now, applying C2 → C2 − xC1 , then (1 − x 2
)a 2 b2 c2 = 0 . ∴ x = ±1 or a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

1 a a2
123. Ans. (a, d), R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R1 gives ( x − a )( b − 1) 0 1 x + a open by c1
b +1 a 0
and get the value of x = a / b, x = a
Alternatively : Take b 2 common from third row it is clear that roots are a and a / b .

Passage Type

Passage for Q. 124 to Q.128

124. Ans. (a), Put x = y, first two rows are identical ∴ x − y is a factor of ∆
Similarly y − z & z − x are also factors
∆ is of third degree in x, y, z & can have atmost one numerical factor k .
Let ∆ = k ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )
1 0 0
Take x = 0; y = 1; z = 2, we get, ∆ = 1 1 1 = 2
1 2 4
Determinant = k ( 0 − 1)(1 − 2 )( 2 − 0 ) = 2k ∴k = 1
125. Ans. (b), When we put x = 1, all the 3 rows become identical

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28 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
2
∴( x − 1) is a factor of f ( x ) ∴ f ' (1) = 0
0 2 2
126. Ans. (d), Put x = 3, ∆ = 2 1 1 =0
−2 −4 −4
Similarly x = 0 ⇒ ∆ = 0 ∴ x ( x − 3) is a factor f ( x ) .
∆ is cubic in x & therefore, it has one more linear factor of the form ax + b
∴∆ ( x ) = x ( x − 3)( ax + b )
2
Taking x = 1, x = 2, we get a = 1, b = −3 . ∴∆ ( x ) = x ( x − 3) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x
∆ " ( x ) = 6 x − 12 = 6 ( x − 2 )

f1 (α ) f 2 (α ) f 3 (α )
127. Ans. (d), ∆ (α ) = f1 (α ) f 2 (α ) f 3 (α ) = 0
f '1 (α ) f '2 ( α ) f '3 (α )
2
Similarly we can prove that ∆ ' (α ) = 0 . ∴( x − α ) is a factor of ∆ ( x ) .

a2 a2 a2 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
128. Ans. (a), Put a + b = −c, ∆ = b b b =a b c 1 1 1
c2 c2 c2 1 1 1

Three rows becomes identical ∴( a + b + c ) 2 is a factor of ∆

Passage for Q. 129 to Q.131
129. Ans. (a), p, q, r are the entries of first row and C21 , C22 , C23 are cofactors of second row.
∴ p. C21 + q. C22 + r. C23 = 0 [As C21 , C22 , C23 are cofactor of x, y, z i.e., parallel row]

130. Ans. (c), x, y, z are the entries of second row

and C21 , C22 , C23 are cofactors of second row ∴ x.C21 + y. C22 + z. C23 = ∆
131. Ans. (b), q. M 12 − y. M 22 + m. M 32 = − q. C12 − y.C22 − m.C32
= − ( q.C12 + y.C22 + m.C32 ) = −∆
{∵q, y, m are entries of second column and C12 , C22 , C32 are cofactor second column}
Passage for Q.132 to Q.134
(α x + 1) cos 2 x 1 1− x
∆ ( x) ∆ ( x)
132. Ans.(c), As = β sin x x 2x ⇒ Lt =0
x x →0 x
(γ x 2
+ 1) tan x 1 1 − x2
∆ ( x) ∆ '( x)
Clearly lim = 0 ⇒ lim = 0 ⇒ ∆ ' ( 0) = 0
x →0 x x →0 1
(α x + 1) cos 2 x 1 1− x
∆ ( x) sin x ∆ ( x)
2
= β 1 2 so, lim 2 = −1
x x x →0 x
(γ x + 1) tan x 1 1 − x
2 2

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 29
∆ ( x) ∆ '( x) ∆ '( x)
Hence clearly lim 2
= −1 ⇒ lim = −1 ⇒ lim = −2
x →0 x x →0 2x x→0 x
1
x3
3 x 2 .∆ ( x 3 ) − 2 x∆ ( x 2 )
133. Ans.(d), Using L ' Hospital’s rule, lim 6
x →0 x ∫ ∆ ( t ) dt = lim x →0 6 x5
x2

1 ∆ ( x3 ) 1 ∆ ( x2 ) 1 1 1
= lim − lim . = ( 0 ) − ( −1) = .
2 x → 0
(x ) 3 (x )
3 x → 0 2 2
2 3 3

−2 cos 2 1 1 0
134. Ans.(a), As α = −3 and ∆ (1) = 4 ⇒ β sin1 1 2 =4
( γ + 1) tan1 1 0
⇒ 2 ( γ + 1) tan1 + 2 cos 2 1 = 4 ⇒ ( γ + 1) tan1 + 2 cos 2 1 = 2

⇒ ( γ + 1) tan1 = 2 − 2 cos 2 1 = 2 ( sin 2 1) ⇒ ( γ + 1) = 2sin1cos1 = sin 2

⇒ γ = sin 2 − 1 and β may be any real number.
Passage for Q.135 to Q.137

a 2 + ( b 2 + c 2 ) cos θ ab (1 − cos θ ) ca (1 − cos θ )

135. Ans.(c), ab (1 − cos θ ) b 2 + ( c 2 + a 2 ) cos θ bc (1 − cos θ )
ca (1 − cos θ ) bc (1 − cos θ ) c 2 + ( a 2 + b 2 ) cos θ
Taking a common from first row, b common from second row, c common from third row

a+
(b 2
+ c 2 ) cos θ
b (1 − cos θ ) c (1 − cos θ )
a

= abc a (1 − cos θ ) b+
(c 2
+ a 2 ) cos θ
c (1 − cos θ )
b

a (1 − cos θ ) b (1 − cos θ ) c+
(a 2
+ b 2 ) cos θ
c
Multiplying a by first column, b by second column, c by third column
a 2 + ( b 2 + c 2 ) cos θ b 2 (1 − cos θ ) c 2 (1 − cos θ )
= a 2 (1 − cos θ ) b 2 + ( c 2 + a 2 ) cos θ c 2 (1 − cos θ )
a 2 (1 − cos θ ) b 2 (1 − cos θ ) c 2 + ( a 2 + b 2 ) cos θ
Operating C1 → C1 + C2 + C3

1 b 2 (1 − cos θ ) c 2 (1 − cos θ )
= ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 1 b 2 + ( c 2 + a 2 ) cos θ c 2 (1 − cos θ )
1 b 2 (1 − cos θ ) c 2 + ( a 2 + b 2 ) cos θ
Operating R3 → R3 − R1 & R2 → R2 − R1

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30 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
1 b 2 (1 − cos θ ) c 2 (1 − cos θ )
= ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) 0 (b 2
+ c 2 + a 2 ) cos θ 0
0 0 (a 2
+ b 2 + c 2 ) cos θ

Hence f (θ ) = ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) cos 2 θ , f ' (θ ) = − ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) sin 2θ

3 3

Range ∈  − ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) , ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )  .
3 3

 
π /2
 a2 + c2 
( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) cos2 θ
3
∫
2
136. Ans.(c), ∵ b = ⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 3b 2 
−π / 2  2 
π /2 π /2
π
( 3b2 ) cos2 θ = 54b6
3
∫ ∫ cos
2
=2 θ = 27b 6
0 0
2
137. Ans.(c), f (θ ) = ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) cos 2 θ f (θ ) is maximum, if θ = 0
Solution for Q.138 to Q.140
Ans. 138. (d), 139. (d), 140. (c),
x
a+ a a
a a2 + x a2 a2
x
Given = abc b b+ b = b2 b2 + x b2
b
c2 c2 c2 + x
x
c c c+
c
a 2 + b2 + c2 + x a2 + b2 + c2 + x a 2 + b2 + c2 + x
= b2 b2 + x b2
c2 c2 c2 + x

1 1 1
( 2
= a +b +c + x b 2 2
) 2 2
b +x b2
c2 c2 c2 + x
1 0 0
( 2
= a +b +c + x b 2 2
) 2
x 0 = x2 a2 + b2 + c 2 x( )
c2 0 x
y
4

2
Thus, ∆ is divisible by x and x 2 . Also, graph of f ( x ) is,
x
− 3 −2 0 2

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 31
Solution for Q.141 to Q.143
Ans. 141. (a), 142. (b), 143. (c),
Multiplying R1 , R2 , R3 by a, b, c, respectively, and then taking a, b, c common from C1 , C2 and C3 ,
−bc ab + ac ac + ab
we get, ∆ = ab + bc − ac bc + ab
ac + bc bc + ac − ab
Now, using C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 , and then taking ( ab + bc + ca ) common from C2 and
−bc 1 1
2
C3 , we get, ∆ = ab + bc −1 0 ( ab + bc + ca )
ac + bc 0 −1
−bc 1 1
2
Now, applying R2 → R2 + R1 , we get, ∆ = ab 0 1 ( ab + bc + ca )
ac + bc 0 −1
Expanding along C2 , we get,

∆ = ( ab + bc + ca ) [ ac + bc + ab ] = ( ab + bc + ca ) = ( r / p ) = r 3 / p 3
2 3 3

Now, given a, b, c are all positive, then A.M. ≥ G.M.

ab + bc + ac
⇒ ( ab + bc + ac ) ≥ 27 ( s 2 / p 2 )
1/ 3 3 3
⇒ ≥ ( ab × bc × ac ) ⇒ ( ab + bc + ac ) ≥ 27 a 2b 2 c 2
3
If ∆ = 27, then ab + bc + ca = 3,
2
and given that a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 3, from ( a + b + c ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) , we have,
a + b + c = ±3 ⇒ a + b + c = 3 (Since all the roots are positive)
⇒ 3p + q = 0
Passage for Q.144 to Q.147
144. Ans. (c), Given in formation ⇒ a + b + c = p, ab + bc + ca = 0
2
∴ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ( a + b + c ) − 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) = p 2 − 0 = p 2
a b c bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2
If ∆ = b c a . ∴ ∆ c = ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 = ∆3−1
c a b ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2
2
a b c a b c a b c a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
2
=∆ = b c a = b c a × b c a = ab + bc + ca a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
c a b c a b c a b ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca a 2 + b2 + c2

p2 0 0
2
= 0 p 0 = p6
0 0 p2
3 3 3
145. Ans. (d), ∵ x 3 − 3 x 2 + 3 x + 7 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1) + 8 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1) = ( −2 )
3
 x −1  x −1 1/ 3
⇒   =1 ⇒ = (1) = 1, ω , ω 2 ⇒ x − 1 = −2, − 2ω , − 2ω 2 or x = −1, 1 − 2ω , 1 − 2ω 2
 −2  −2
∴ a = −1, b = 1 − 2ω , c = 1 − 2ω 2

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32 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
2
a b c a b c a b c a b c −a c b
∵ b c a = b c a × b c a = b c a × −b a c [row by row]
c a b c a b c a b c a b −c b a
2
2bc − a 2 c2 b2 a b c
= ( a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc )
2
= c2 2ac − b 2 a2 = b c a
b2 a2 c2 c a b

{( a + b + c ) ( a }
2
= 2
+ b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )
1 9
=
4
(a + b + c)
2
{( a − b ) 2 2
+ (b − c) + (c − a ) }
2 2
=
4
{
−12 (1 + ω + ω 2 ) = 0 }
λ c −b a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ
146. Ans. (c), ∆ = −c λ a ∴ ∆ = ab − cλ b + λ bc + aλ = ∆ 2
c 2 2

b −a λ ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2

a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ λ c −b
2 2
⇒ ab − cλ b + λ bc + aλ × −c λ a = ∆ 2 × ∆ = ∆3
ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2 b −a λ

= ∆ 3 = λ 3 ( λ 2 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = λ 3 ( 2λ 2 ) = 8λ 9
3 3

2
A B C bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2 a b c
147. Ans. (a), B C A = ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 = b c a = 49
2 2 2
C A B ab − c bc − a ca − b c a b

a b c
∴ = b c a = −7 ∵ if a, b, c are +ve then a 3 + b3 + c3 ≥ 3abc
c a b

Assertion Reason Type

148. Ans. (c), Statement -2: AAT = I

2
A AT = 1 ⇒ A = 1 ⇒ A = ±1
3 3 3
( I + A)
T
A + I = A + AAT = A I + AT = A = A I+A

When A = −1 ⇒ A + I = − A + I ⇒ 2 A+ I = 0 ⇒ A+ I = 0
When A = 1 ⇒ A + I = A + I . ∴ Statement -2 is false.
 a1 b1 c1   a1 + 1 b1 c1 
Statement -1:Let A =  a2 b2 c2  
⇒ A + I =  a2 b2 + 1 c2 
 a3 b3 c3   a3 b3 c3 + 1
 a1 b1 c1   a1 a2 a3  1 0 0
AAT =  a2 b2 c2   b1 b2 b3  = 0 1 0 = 1
 a3 b3 c3   c1 c2 c3  0 0 1 
AAT = 1 ⇒ A = ±1 but A = −1

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 33
3
∴ A + I = A + AAT = A I + AT = − A + I ∴ A + I = 0

149. Ans.(a), Let f ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ... ∴ f ' ( 0 ) = a1 + 2a2 x + ... or f ' ( 0 ) = a1

21 22 23 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴a1 = 1 1 1 + 31 32 33 + 1 1 1 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0.
1 1 1 1 1 1 41 42 43
a b c
150. Ans.(a), ∵∆ = b c a = − ( a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc )
c a b
= − ( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ) = 0 (∵a + b + c = 0 ) (non trivial)
1
and a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca =
2
{ 2 2 2
( a − b) + (b − c ) + ( c − a ) > 0 }
cos (θ + α ) cos (θ + β ) cos (θ + γ )
151. Ans.(a), f (θ ) = sin (θ + α ) sin (θ + β ) sin (θ + γ ) (Differentiating w.r.t. θ )
sin ( β − γ ) sin ( γ − α ) sin (α − β )

− sin (θ + α ) − sin (θ + β ) − sin (θ + γ )

∴ f ' (θ ) = sin (θ + α ) sin (θ + β ) sin (θ + γ )
sin ( β − γ ) sin ( γ − α ) sin (α − β )

cos (θ + α ) cos (θ + β ) cos (θ + γ ) cos (θ + α ) cos (θ + β ) cos (θ + γ )

+ cos (θ + α ) cos (θ + β ) cos (θ + γ ) + sin (θ + α ) sin (θ + β ) sin (θ + γ )
sin ( β − γ ) sin ( γ − α ) sin (α − β ) 0 0 0
= 0+0+0 = 0
f ' (θ ) = 0 ∴ f (θ ) = c .
 d1 0 0   d1′ 0 0   d1d1′ 0 0 
    
152. Ans. (b), Since A is  0 d 2 0   0 d 2′ 0  =  0 d 2 d 2′ 0  , which is also a diagonal
 0 0 d   0 0 d′   0 0 d3 d3′ 
 3  3 
matrix. Thus reason R is true but is not applicable in proving assertion A.
153. Ans. (a), D ( x ) = λ1 f1 ( x ) − λ2 f 2 ( x ) + λ3 f 3 ( x ) ,
where λ1 = ( b2 c3 − b3c2 ) , λ2 = a2 c3 − a3c2 , λ3 = a2b3 − a3b2
then ∫ D ( x ) dx = ∫ λ f ( x ) dx + ∫ λ f ( x ) dx + ∫ λ f ( x ) dx + C
1 1 2 2 3 3 …. (i)

∫ f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx
1 2 3

= a2 b2 c2 +C .
a3 b3 c3

Thus assertion A is true and follows from reason R which we have applied at (i).
3
154. Ans. (c), The reason R is false since det A′ = det ( − A′ ) is not true. Indeed det ( − A′ ) = ( −1) det A′ .
Now as A = − A′ ( A is skew symmetric)
det A = det ( − A′ ) = −det ( A′ ) = det A ⇒ det A = 0 . The assertion A is true.

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34 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
155. Ans. (b), The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k , x + y + kz = k 2 is inconsistent if
k 1 1
∆ = 1 k 1 = 0 and one of ∆1 , ∆ 2 , ∆3 is non-zero
1 1 k
1 1 1 k 1 1 k 1 1
where, ∆1 = k k 1 , ∆2 = 1 k 1 , ∆3 = 1 k k
2
k 1 k 1 k2 k 1 1 k2
2 2
We have, ∆ = ( k + 2 )( k − 1) , ∆1 = − ( k + 1)( k − 1)
2 2 2
∆ 2 = −k ( k − 1) , ∆ 3 = ( k + 1) ( k − 1)
The determinant given in statement-2 is ∆1 = 0, for which k = 1 or k = −1 .
k = 1 makes all the determinant zero. But for k = −1, determinant ∆ is are not zero.
Hence, both statements are true but statement-2 is not correct explanation of statement-1.
156. Ans. (a), As the given system of equations has non-trivial solutions, hence,
λ b−a c−a
a −b λ c −b = 0
a−c b−c λ
When λ = 0, then the determinant becomes skew-symmetric of odd order, which is equal to zero.
Thus, λ = 0 .
157. Ans.(b), It is given that x, y , z are not all zero.
So, the given system of equations has a non-trivial solutions.
a −1 −1 −1
∴ 1 − ( b − 1) 1 =0
1 1 − ( c − 1)

a 0 −1
⇒ 0 −b 1 =0 Applying C1 → C1 − C3 , C2 → C2 − C3
c c 1− c
⇒ a ( −b + bc − c ) − ( 0 + bc ) = 0 ⇒ ab + bc + ac = abc
ab + bc + ca 2/3 2/3
Using A.M. ≥ G.M., we get ≥ ( abc ) ⇒ abc ≥ 3 ( abc ) ⇒ abc ≥ 27
3
So, both statements are true.

Column Matching Type

158. Ans. (A) (p); (B) (q); (C) (r); (D) (p)
a11 a12 a13 a11 k −1a12 k −2 a13 k 2 a11 ka12 a13
−1 1
(A) A = a21 a22 a23 , B = ka11 a22 k a23 = 3 k 2 a21 ka22 a33 = A
2 k 2
a31 a32 a33 k a31 ka32 a33 k a31 ka32 a33

k1 A + k2 B = 0 ⇒ k1 = 1, k2 = −1 Hence k1 + k2 = 0

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 35
1 −1 1
(B) 1 1 −1 = 4
1 1 1
1 cos α cos β 0 cos α cos β
(C) cos α 1 cos γ = cos α 0 cos γ
cos β cos γ 1 cos β cos γ 0
⇒ sin 2 γ − cos α ( cos α − cos β cos γ ) + cos β ( cos α cos γ − cos β )
= − cos α ( − cos β cos γ ) + cos β ( cos α cos γ )
⇒ sin 2 γ − cos 2 α + 2 cos α cos β cos γ − cos 2 β = 2 cos α cos β cos γ
⇒ sin 2 γ = cos 2 α + cos 2 β ⇒ cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1
x2 + x x +1 x−2
2
(D) 2 x + 3 x − 1 3 x 3x − 3
x2 + 2x + 3 2 x −1 2x −1

R2 → R2 − ( R1 + R3 )

x2 + x x +1 x−2
x +1 x − 2 x + 1 −3
= −4 0 0 =4 = = ( 24 x − 12 )
2 x − 1 2 x − 1 2 x − 1 0
x2 + 2 x + 3 2x −1 2x −1
∴ A = 24, B = −12∴ A + 2 B = 0
Or just put x = 0 to get B and put x = 1 to get A + B
159. Ans. (A) (r); (B) (s); (C) (p); (D) (q)
(A) → (r), Since every entry can take 2 value. Total possible determinants = 29 = 512. The value six
will be attained only when three positive terms are 1 and negative terms = −1
( D = a1b2 c3 + a2b3c1 + a3b1c2 − a1b3c2 − a3b2c1 − a2b1c3 )
which is impossible since D = 6 is possible if a1 b2 c3 = a2 b3 c1 = a3 b1 c2 = 1
And a1 b3 c2 = a3 b2 c1 = a2 b1 c3 = −1
But first case means a1 a2 a3 = b1 b2 b3 c1 c2 c3 = 1 and second case means a1 a2 a3 b1 b2 b3 c1 c2 c3 = −1
(B) → (s), (C) → (p), (D) → (q).
1 −1 1
The maximum value of such a determinant is 4 attained by 1 1 −1 .
−1 1 1
Note that value of determinant cannot be 5 as sum of six odd numbers cannot be odd
The matrix trace is obviously three.
160. Ans. (A) (p, q, r), (B) (p, q, r, s, t), (C) (p, q, r, s, t)
(A) Taking common a, b, c from R1 , R2 and R3 respectively and then multiplying in C1 , C2 and C3 by
a 2 + ( b 2 + c 2 ) cos φ b 2 (1 − cos φ ) c 2 (1 − cos φ )
a, b, c respectively, then ∆ = a 2 (1 − cos φ ) b 2 + ( c 2 + a 2 ) cos φ c 2 (1 − cos φ )
a 2 (1 − cos φ ) b 2 (1 − cos φ ) c 2 + ( a 2 + b 2 ) cos φ

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36 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ,

1 b 2 (1 − cos φ ) c 2 (1 − cos φ )
then ∆ = 1 b 2 + ( c 2 + a 2 ) cos φ c 2 (1 − cos φ ) ∵ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1
1 b 2 (1 − cos φ ) c 2 + ( a 2 + b 2 ) cos φ
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 ,
1 b 2 (1 − cos φ ) c 2 (1 − cos φ )
then ∆ = 0 cos φ 0 ∵ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1
0 0 cos φ

= cos 2 φ
sin a cos a 0
(B) Applying C3 → C3 − cos φ C2 − sin φ C1 , then ∆ = sin b cos b 0 = 0
sin c cos c 0
(C) Multiplying C1 by a, C2 by b and C3 by c, then
a/c b/c − (a + b) / c
1
∆= − (b + c ) / a b/a c/a
abc
−b ( b + c ) / ac b ( a + 2b + c ) / ac − ( a + b ) b / ac
Now, applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , then
0 b/c − ( a + b) / c
1
∆= 0 b/c c/a =0
abc
0 b ( a + 2b + c ) / ac − ( a + b ) b / ac
161. Ans. (A) (p), (B) (q, s), (C) (r, t)
2x − 5 2x − 5 3 x2 − 5x + 3 2 3
(A) ∆′ ( x ) = 6 x + 1 6 x + 1 9 + 3 x + x + 4 6 9 2

14 x − 6 14 x − 6 21 7 x 2 − 6 x + 9 14 21

=0 [∵ C1 = C2 ] [ C2 and C3 are proportional]

3 −5 3
∴ ∆ ( 0 ) = constant ∴ a = 0, b = 0, c = 0 . ∴ ∆ ( 0 ) = 4 1 9 = d . ∴ d = 141
9 −6 21
−1 0 7
(B) At x = 0 , ∆ ( 0 ) = −1 −1 8 = d ∴ d = 0
0 0 0
1 5x 7 x −1 5 7
and ∆′ ( x ) = 2 x x − 1 8 + x − 1 1 8 = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
2

2 3x 0 2x 3 0
1 0 7 −1 5 7
Put x = 0, then 0 −1 8 + −1 1 8 = c . ∴ 2 ( 0 + 7 ) − 3 ( −8 + 7 ) = c ⇒ c = 17
2 0 0 0 3 0

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 37
0 5x 7 1 5 7 1 5 7
and ∆′′ ( x ) = 2 x − 1 8 + 2 x 1 8 + 2 x 1 8 = 6ax + 2b
0 3x 0 2 3 0 2 3 0
⇒ −2 ( 0 − 21x ) + 2 ( 33) − 3 ( 8 − 14 x ) + 2 ( 33) − 3 ( 8 − 14 x ) = 6ax + 2b
⇒ 42 x + 132 − 48 + 84 x = 6ax + 2b . ∴ a = 21, b = 42 .
(C) Applying R1 → R1 − 2 R2 and R3 → R3 − 3R2
−6 x3 − 3 x 2 + 14 x −x + 3 0
Then ∆ ( x ) = 4x − 7 x 3
3x + 2 1
23
−5 x − 8 x + 21x −8 x − 7 0

{
= − ( −6 x3 − 3 x 2 + 14 x ) ( −8 x − 7 ) − ( −5 x 3 − 8 x 2 + 21x ) ( − x + 3) }
= − {( 6 x 3
+ 3 x 2 − 14 x ) ( 8 x + 7 ) − ( 5 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 21x ) ( x − 3) }
= − {43 x 4 + 73 x 3 − 46 x 2 − 161x} = −43 x 4 − 73 x3 + 46 x 2 + 161x
∴ a = 0, b = 161, c = 46, d = −73, e = −43
Subjective Type
a b−c c+b a2
b−c c+b
1 2
162. Let, ∆ = a + c b c−a ⇒ ∆ = a + ac b c−a [Multiplying first column by a]
a 2
a −b b + a c a − ab b + a c

a 2 + b2 + c 2 b−c c+b
1
= a 2 + b2 + c 2 b c−a [Applying C1 → C1 + bC2 + cC3 ]
a 2
a + b2 + c 2 b+a c

1 b−c c+b
1 2
= (a + b + c ) 1
2 2
b c−a [Taking a 2 + b 2 + c 2 common from C1 ]
a
1 b+a c
1 b−c c+b
1 2
= ( a + b2 + c2 ) 0 c −a − b [Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 ]
a
0 a+c −b
1 2 c −a − b
=
2
( a + b 2 + c 2 ) × 1×
a+c −b
[Expanding along C1 ]

1 2
=
a
( a + b 2 + c 2 )( −bc + a 2 + ac + ba + bc ) = ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ( a + b + c )

ax − by − c bx + ay cx + a
163. Given, bx + ay −ax + by − c cy + b =0
cx + a cy + b −ax − by + c

(a + b + c ) x
2 2 2
bx + ay cx + a
⇒ (a + b + c ) y
2 2 2
− ax + by − c cy + b =0 [Applying C1 → aC1 + bC2 + cC3 ]

(a + b + c )
2 2 2
cy + b − ax − by + c

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38 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
x bx + ay cx + a
⇒ y −ax + by − c cy + b =0 ∵ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1
1 cy + b −ax − by + c
x ay a
⇒ y −ax − c b =0 [Applying C2 → C2 − bC1 and C3 → C3 − cC1 ]
1 cy −ax − by
x ay a
⇒ y −ax − c b = 0 [Applying R3 → R3 + xR1 + yR2 ]
2
2
x + y +1 0 0
⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 + 1)( aby + a 2 x + ac ) = 0 ⇒ ax + by + c = 0

a2 + 1 ab ac a ( a 2 + 1) ab 2 ac 2
1  Multiplying C1 , C2 , C3 
164. ab b2 + 1 bc = a 2b b ( b 2 + 1) bc 2  by a, b, c, respectively 
c2 + 1
abc  
ac bc a 2c b 2c c ( c 2 + 1)

a2 +1 b2 c2
abc
= a2 b2 + 1 c2 [Taking common a, b, c from R1 , R2 , R3 , respectively]
abc 2 2 2
a b c +1

1 + a 2 + b2 + c 2 b2 c2
= 1 + a 2 + b2 + c 2 b2 + 1 c2 [C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
1 + a 2 + b2 + c 2 b 2 2
c +1

1 b2 c2
= (1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 1 b 2 + 1 c 2
1 b2 c2 + 1

1 b2 c2
= (1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 0 1 0 [Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 ]
0 0 1

= (1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

x3 − 1 0 x − x4
164. Dc = 0 x − x4 x 3 − 1 is the determinant formed by the cofactors of determinant.
x − x4 x3 − 1 0

1 x x2
D= x x2 1 . Hence, Dc = D 2 = 32 = 9 .
x2 1 x
2 2 2
( a − x) (b − x ) (c − x) a 2 − 2ax + x 2 b 2 − 2bx + x 2 c 2 − 2cx + x 2
2 2 2
166. ∆ = ( a − y ) (b − y ) (c − y ) = a 2 − 2ay + y 2 b 2 − 2by + y 2 c 2 − 2cy + y 2
2 2
( a − z ) (b − z ) (c − z )
2
a 2 − 2az + z 2 b 2 − 2bz + z 2 c 2 − 2cz + z 2

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 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 39

1 x x2 a2 −2 a 1 1 x x2 a2 2a 1
= 1 y y 2 × b2 −2b 1 = − 1 y y 2 b2 2b 1
2 2 2 2
1 z z c − 2c 1 1 z z c 2c 1

1 x x 2 1 2a a 2
= 1 y y 2 1 2b b 2 [In second determinant C1 ↔ C2 ]
2 2
1 z z 1 2c c

1 x x2 1 2a a 2
= 1 y y 2 × 1 2b b 2 = 2 ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) .
1 z z2 1 2c c2
Multiplying row by row, we get,
2 2 2
1 + 2ax + a 2 x 2 1 + 2bx + b 2 x 2 1 + 2cx + c 2 x 2 (1 + ax ) (1 + bx ) (1 + cx )
2 2 2
∆ = 1 + 2ay + a 2 y 2 1 + 2by + b 2 y 2 1 + 2cy + c 2 y 2 = (1 + ay ) (1 + by ) (1 + cy )
1 + 2az + a 2 z 2 1 + 2bz + b 2 z 2 1 + 2cz + c 2 z 2 2 2
(1 + az ) (1 + bz ) (1 + cz )
2

( b + x )( c + x ) ( c + x )( a + x ) ( a + x )( b + x )
167. L.H.S. = ( b + y )( c + y ) ( c + y )( a + y ) ( a + y )( b + y )
( b + z )( c + z ) ( c + z )( a + z ) ( a + z )( b + z )
bc + ( b + c ) x + x 2 ac + ( a + c ) x + x 2 ab + ( a + b ) x + x 2
= bc + ( b + c ) y + y 2 ac + ( a + c ) y + y 2 ab + ( a + b ) y + y 2
bc + ( b + c ) z + z 2 ac + ( a + c ) z + z 2 ab + ( a + b ) z + z 2

1 x x2 bc ac ab
= 1 y y 2
(b + c ) ( a + c ) ( a + b ) Applying row by column multiplication
2
1 z z 1 1 1
cos x − sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x sin x cos x sin x
dy
168. = cos x − sin x cos x + − sin x − cos x − sin x + cos x − sin x cos x
dx
x 1 1 x 1 1 1 0 0
sin x cos x sin x
cos x sin x
= 0 − sin x cos x sin x + 1 = 0 + ( cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) = 1 .
− sin x cos x
x 1 1
169. Since x, y and z are not all zero, the determinant of the coefficient of the given set of equations must
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
satisfy a2 b2 c2 =0 ⇒ a2 b2 c2 ÷ a2 b2 c2
p1 + λ q1 p2 + λ q2 p3 + λ q3 p1 p2 p3 q1 q2 q3
a b c 1 1 1
2 2 2
170. ∆ = a b c = abc a b c Taking a, b, c common from C1 , C2 , C3 respectively
a3 b3 c3 a2 b2 c2
Hence we have ∆ = abc ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b ) .
For unique solution ∆ ≠ 0 , so, a, b, c ≠ 0 and a ≠ b ≠ c .

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40 ( ) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
−2a a+b a+c
171. Let, ∆ = b + a −2b b + c
c+a c + b −2c
−2a 0 a+c
Putting a + b = 0 or b = − a, we get, ∆ = 0 2a c − a
c + a c − a −2c

{ }
Expanding along R1 , ∆ = −2a −4ac − ( c − a ) − 0 + ( a + c ) {0 − 2a ( c + a )}
2

2 2
= 2 a ( c + a ) − 2a ( c + a ) = 0
Hence, a + b is a factor of ∆ . Similarly, b + c and c + a are the factors of ∆ .
On expansion of determinant, we can see that each term of the determinant is a homogeneous
expression in a, b, c of degree 3 and also R.H.S. is a homogeneous expression of degree 3.
−2a a+b a+c
∴ ∆ = k ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) = b + a −2b b + c = k ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
c+a c + b −2c
0 1 2
Now to find the value of k we put a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, we get, 1 −2 3 = k ( 0 + 1)(1 + 2 )( 2 + 0 )
2 3 −4
⇒ 0 − 1( −4 − 6 ) + 2 ( 3 + 4 ) = 6k ⇒ 24 = 6k ⇒ k =4
−2a a+b a+c
Hence, b + a −2b b + c = 4 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a )
c+a c + b −2c

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