5 Austral AS 4100:2020 cA] Amity con “ Steel structuresAS 41002020, This Australian Standard ® was prepared by BD-001, Stee! Structures. It was approved ‘on behalf of the Counc of Standards Australia on 31 July 2020. ‘This Standard was published on 21 August 2020. The following are represented on Committee BD-001 ‘Australian Building Codes Board ‘Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Industry Group Australian Steel Asscciation Australian Steel Institute Austroads Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia, Consult Australia Engineers Australia Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board University of New South Wales University of Sydney Weld Australia Western Sydney University ‘This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 4100:2019. Keeping Standards up-to-date Ensure you have the latest versions of our publications and keep up-to-date about ‘Amendments, Rulings, Withdrawals, and new projects by visiting: wu. standariis.org.au ISBN 978 1 76072 947 9AS 4100:2020 Steel structures Originated in part as SAA INT 351-1956. Previous edition AS 4100—1998, Third edition 2020. © Standards Austialia Limited 2020 All rights are reserved No part ofthis work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the vntten permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright ct 1968 (Cin).AS 4100:2020 ii Preface This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-001, Steel Structures, to supersede AS 4100—1998, The objective of this Standard is to provide designers of steel structures with specifications for steel structural members used for load-carrying purposes in buildings and other structures. Major changes to the 1998 edition include the following: @) (o) @) o (a) (hy @ Oo Reference to the “construction specification” (as the document containing the particular design data and details to be provided) as one deliverable from the design process. A definition of the construction specification consistent with that in AS/NZS 5131 has also been provided (Clauses 1.3.16 and 1.6.2). Introduction of the definition of “construction category” and an informative appendix providing guidance on selection of the appropriate construction category, both consistent with AS/NZS 5131 (Clauses 1.3.15 and 1.7.2, and Appendix L). Definition and description of ‘architecturally exposed structural steelwork” (AES) (Clauses 1.3.3 and 1.7.3) Definition and treatment of “lamellar tearing” consistent with AS/NZS 1554.1 (Clauses 1.3.40 and 3.8, and Appendix M). Alignment with AS/NZS 5100.6:2017 (various clauses). Referencing of AS/NZS 5131:2016 for the majority of requirements in the fabrication and erection sections of this Standard (Sections 14 and 15), Alignment with AS/NZS 1252.1:2016, which includes introduction of an “alternative bolt assembly type” to EN 14399-3 System HR for grade 8.8 bolts and an “additional bolt assembly type’ to EN 14399-3 System HR for grade 10.9 bolts, The Australian Stee! Institute (ASI), ‘Technical Note TN-001, High strength structural bale assemblies ta AS/NZS 1252:2016, provides background and basis for the revision to AS/NZS 1252:1996 (Clauses 9.1.6, 9.3, 15.2). New specification of geometrical tolerances for fabrication and erection aligned with AS/NZS 5131 (Clauses 144 and 15.3) New Appendix K "Statistical data’, aligned with AS/NZS $100.6. Inclusion of shear modulus G at elevated temperature in Clause 12.4.2 and anew Clause 12.4.3, Slenderness at elevated temperature Table M.2, Criteria affecting the target value of Zza, was adapted with permission from Table 3.2 of EN 1993-1-10. Copyright © 2005. CEN, Belgium. www.cen.cu ‘The terms “normative” and “informative” are used in Standards to define the application of the appendices to which they apply. A "normative" appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an “informative ” appendix is only for information and guidance, {© Standards Australia Limited 2020i Contents Preface Section 1 4d 17 Section 2 21 22 23 24 Section 3 a4 32 Scope and general... oon Scope and exclusions HT: (Scopesssascmmasema . 112 Exclusions on Normative references Terms and definitions.--.-vennnmnennn Notation. Use of alternative materials or methods US. GeMeLal samen nnn 15.2 Existing structures Delhi neces 1.6.1 Design data 1.62 Design details. Workmanship a = 17.1 General 1.7.2 Construction category... 1.73. Architecturally exposed structural steelwork 1.7.4 Fabrication and ereetion. Materials si aati Yield stress and tensile strength used in design Bld “Yield Brees racenanaminccinac 2.1.2 Tensile strength Structural steel anon - 2.2.1 Australian Standards 2.2.2 Acceptance of steels 2.2.3 Unidentified steel... 22.4 Properties of steel 2.25 Through-thickness deformation properties. Fasteners. 2.3.1 Steel bolts, nuts and washers 2.3.2 Equivalent high strength fasteners. 233 Welds 234 Welded Studs nnn 2.3.5. Explosive fasteners 2.3.6 Anchor bolts. 2.3.7 Mechanical and chemical anchors Steel castings General design requirements... . Design 3.11 Aim 3.1.2 Requirements, Loads and other actions 321, Losdywceenaneecannau “ 3.2.2 Other actions, 3.2.3 Design load combinations........... 3.24 Notional horizontal forces... 3.2.5 Structural robustness Stability limit state ..oncnnienewnnunsnnn Strength limit state Serviceability limit state. 3.5.1 General... 3.5.2 Method 3.5.3 Deflection li AS 4100-2020AS 4100:2020 w 43 44 4S 46 47 Section 5 SL 52 5A 3.5.4 Vibration of beams 3.5.5 Bolt serviceability limit state 3.5.6 Corrosion protection Strength and serviceability limit states by load testing Brittle fracture Lamellar tearing Fatigue Fire Earthquake. Other design requirements. Reliability management Methods of structural analysis. Methods of determining action effects. 4.11 General - 4.1.2 Definitions Forms of construction assumed for structural analysis 4.2.1 General 4.2.2 Rigid construction. 4.2.3. Semicrigid construction 4.2.4 Simple construction 4.2.5 Design of connections Assumptions for analysis. 43.1 General 43.2. Spanlength 4.3.3. Arrangements of live loads for buildings. 43.4 Simple construction Elastic analysis, 44.1 General 4.4.2 First-order elastic analysis. Plastic analysis. 45.1 Application 45.2. Limitations = 4.5.3 Assumptions of analysis 45.4 Second order effects... Member buckling analysts 46.1 General 4.6.2 Member elastic buckling load... 4.6.3. Member effective length factor. Frame buckling analysis 4.7.4 General 47.2 In-plane frame buckling Members subject to bending........ Design for bending moment Section moment capacity for bending about a principal axis. 5.2.1 General . 5.2.2 Section slenderness 5.2.3 Compact sections. - 5.2.4 Non-compact sections 5.25. Slender sections 5.26 Blasticand plastic section moduli Member capacity of segments with full lateral restraint 5.3.1 Member capacity. 5.3.2 Segments with full lateral restraint 533. Critical section Restraints 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Restraints ata cross-section55 56 5.40 Sal 52 5.43 Sat sas 5.4.3 Restraining elements, Critical flange . = 5.5.1 General... eat 5.5.2 Segments with both ends restrained 5.53. Segments with one end unrestrained Member capacity of segments without full lateral restrain 5.6.1 Segments fully or partially restrained at both ends 5.6.2 Segments unrestrained at one end 5.6.3 Effective length 5.6.4 Design by buckling analysis. ai Bending in a non-principal plane 5.7.1 Deflections constrained! to a non-principal plane 5.7.2 Deflections unconstrained. Separators and diaphragms... si - Design of webs... - 5.9.1 General 5.9.2 Definition of web panel... - 5.9.3. Minimum thickness of web panel Arrangement of webs 5.10.1 Unstiffened Webs... 5.10.2 Load bearing stiffeners 5.10.3 Side reinforcing plates 5.104 Transversely stiffened webs 5.10.5 Webs with longitudinal and transverse stiffeners 5.10.6 Webs of members designed plastically... 5.10.7 Openings in webs Shear capacity of webs... “ 5.11.1 Shear capacity 5.112. Approximately uniform shear stress distribution 5.11.3 Non-uniform shear stress distribution... 5.114 Shear yield capacity S.115 Shear buckling capacity ..o.-e.-n-— Interaction of shear and bending 5.12.1 General... - - 5.12.2 Proportioning method... a 5.123 Shearand bending interaction method Compressive bearing action on the edge of a web ... 5.13.1 Dispersion of force to web, 5.13.2 Bearing capacity... 5.13.3 Bearing yield capacity .wemnnnnnnnem 5.134 Bearing buckling capacity AS 4100-2020 5.135 Combined bending and bearing of rectangular and square hollow sections. Design of load bearing stiffeners. 5.141 Yield capacity. 5.14.2 Buekding capacity... 5.143 Outstand of stiffeners 5.144 Fitting of load bearing stiffener... 5.14.5 Design for torsional end restraint. = Design of intermediate transverse web stiffeners. 5.15.1 General... oo 5.15.2 Spacing 5.15.3. Minimum area... = 5.154 Buckling capacity 5.15.5 Minimum stiffness. 5.15.6 Outstand of stiffeners... co 5.15.7 External forces 5.158 Connection of intermediate stiffeners to web 5.15.9 End postsAS 4100:2020 vi 5.16 Design of longitudinal web stiffeners Section 6 61 62 63 64 65 84 Section 9 5.16.1 General 5.16.2 Minimum stiffness. Members subject to axial compression Design for axial compression Nominal section capacity. 6.2.1 General 6.2.2 Form factor 6.2.3. Plate element slenderness.. 6.2.4 Effective width... a Nominal member capacity 6.3.1 Definitions 6.3.2 Bffective length 63.3 Nominal capacity of a member of constant cross-section subject to flexural buckling. 6.3.4 Nominal capacity of a member of varying cross-section Laced and battened compression members oo 64.1 Design forces: 64.2 Laced compression members 6.4.3 Battened compression member Compression members back to back 6.5.1 Components separated. 6.5.2 Components in contact Restraints 6.6.1 Restraint systems 6.6.2 Restraining members and connections. 6.6.3 Parallel braced compression members Members subject to axial tension Design for axial tension Nominal section capacity. Distribution of forces 7.3.1 End connections providing uniform force distribution. 73.2. End connections providing non-uniform force distribution ‘Tension members with two or more main components = 7441 General 742 Design forces for connections 7.43 Tension member composed of two components back-to-back. 7.44 Laced tension member. 7.45 Battened tension member Members with pin connections. Members subject to combined actions General Design actions Section capacity 83.1 General 83.2 Uniaxial bending about the major principal x-axis 8.3.3 Uniaxial bending about the minor principal y-axis. 8.3.4 Biaxial bending, Member capacity. 841 General 84.2 In-plane capacity — Elastic analysis 8.43 In-plane capacity — Plastic analysis, 844 Ontof-plane capacity 8.4.5 Biaxial bending capacity... 8.4.6 Eecentrically loaded double bolted or welded single angles in trusses Connections 104, 104 105 105 105 106 107 109 110 it 113oO 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Section 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 105 Section 11 AS 4100-2020 General 113 9.1.1 Requirements for connections... 13 9.1.2 Classification of connections... 113 9.1.3 Design of connections 113 9.1.4 Minimum design actions on connections... 14 9.1.5 Intersections 115 9.1.6 Choice of fasteners... - ne LAS 9.1.7 Combined connections 115 9.1.8 Prying forces 15 9.1.9 Connection components - 115 9.1.10 Deductions for fastener holes 116 9.1.11 Hollow section connections 17 Design of bolts 117 9.2.1 Bolts and bolting category... on. 17 9.2.2 Bolt strength limit states. - 118 9.2.3 Bolt serviceability limit state 421 Assessment of the strength of a bolt group. 122 9.3.1. Bolt group subject to in-plane loading 122 9.3.2 Bolt group subject to out-of-plane loading. 123 9.3.3 Bolt group subject to combinations of in-plane and out-of-plane loadings.......123 Design of a pin connection 123 94.1 Pinin shear 123 9.4.2. Pinin bearing, 123 9.4.3 Pinin bending 124 944A Ply in BEATING oem nme 7 nna 24 Design details for bolts and pins 124 9.5.1 Minimum pitch...» . . 124 9.5.2 Minimum edge distance 128 9.5.3 Maximum pitch 125 9.5.4 Maximum edge distance Sasa 125 955 Holes 125 Design of welds... mene . 125 9.6.1 Scope 125 9462 Complete and incomplete penetration butt weds 126 S63 Mlletwelds oe 129 9.6.4 Plugand slot welds 135 9.6.5 Compound Weld. ommn ea mane 136 Assessment of the strength ofa weld group 137 9.7.1 Weld group suidject to in-plane loading 137 9.7.2 Weld group subject to out-of-plane loading... 137 97.3 Weld group subject to nplane and out-of pane loading. 138 9.7.4 Combination of weld types. 138 Packing in construction, 138 Brittle fracture 139 Methods. = 139 Notch-ductile range method 139 Design service temperature... co - 139 103.1 General 139 103.2 Basic design temperature - 139 10.3.3 Modifications to the basic design temperature 140 Material selection 140 10.4.1 Selection of steel type... co 140 10.4.2. Limitations. 1 10.4.3 Modification for certain applications... 141 1044 Selection of steel grade cee 142 Fracture assessment 144 Fatigue oon one M45,AS 4100:2020 111 General 111 1.12 1.13 114 ALL 1116 Requirements. Notation, Limitation. Designation of weld category. Method. ‘Thickness effect 11.2. Fatigue loading 113 Design spectrum 11.3.1 113.2 Stress determination Design spectrum calculation 11.4 Exemption from assessment. 115 Detail category. 15.1 11.5.2 Detail categories for normal stress Detail categories for shear stress, 116 Fatigue strength. 1.6.1 11.6.2 Definition of fatigue strength for normal stress. co Definition of fatigue strength for shear stress. 11.7 _ Exemption from further assessment. 118 Fatigue assessment, 1181 11.8.2 Constant stress range Variable stress range. 11.9 Punching limitation, Section 12 Fire 12.1 Requirements 12.2 Definition: 123. Determination of period of structural adequacy 124 Variation of mechanical properties of steel with temperature 124.1 12.4.2 Variation of modulus of elasticity and shear modulus with temperature. 124.3 Variation of yield stress with temperature Slenderness at elevated temperature 125 Determination of limiting steel temperature... 12.6 Determination of time at which limiting temperature is attained for protected members. 12.6.1 12.6.2 12.6.3 Methods. ‘Temperature based on test series “Temperature based on single test... zs 412.7 Determination of time at which limiting temperature is attained for unprotected members 12.8 Determination of PSA from a single test. 129 Three-sided fire exposure condition 12.10 Special considerations. 12.10.1 12,102 Connections Web penetrations Section 13 Earthquake 13.1 General 13.2 Definitions. 13.3. Design and detailing requirements 13.3.1 13.3.2 1333 13.3.4 13.35 13.3.6 13.3.7 General Stiff elements Non-structural elements Structural ductility factor and structural performance factor Requirements for “limited ductile" steel structures (1 = 2) Requirements for “moderately ductile” steel structures ( Requirements for “fully ductile” structures (> 3). Section 14. Fabrication. 14.1 General. Boon 145 145 145 146 146 146 147 147 148 148 148 149 149 149 149 158 158 159 160 160 160 161 161 162 162 162 163 163 163 163 164 164 165 165 166, 167 167 168 168 169 169 169 171 a7. a7. 71 a7. 171 172 172 172 172 173 4174 17414.2 Material 1421 General = 14.2.2 Identification 143. Fabrication procedures. 143.1 General 1432. Hole size. 1433 _Bolting 14.4 Geometrical tolerances. 144.1 General 14.4.2 Nonconformance of tolerances Section 15. Erection 15.1 General 15.1.1 Rejection of an erected item 15.12. Safety during erection 15.2 Erection procedures 1521 General 15.2.2 Assembly of a connection involving bolts 15.3. Geometrical tolerances. 153.1 General 15.3.2 Nonconformance of tolerances Section 16 Modification of existing structures 161 General 16.2 Materials Section 17. Testing of structures or elements. 17.1 General 17.1 Scope of Section 17.1.2 Circumstances requiring tests, 17.2 Definitions 17.3. Test requirements. 17.4 Prooftesting 17.4.1 Application. a 174.2. Testload 1743 Criteria for acceptance 17.5 Prototype testing 175.1 Test specimen 1752. Test load 1753 Criteria for acceptance. 1754 Acceptance of production units 17.6 Report of tests. a Appendix A (normative) Not used Appendix B (informative) Suggested deflection limits. Appendix € (informative) Selection of corrosion protection requirements Appendix D (normative) Advanced structural analysis Appendix E (normative) Second order elastic analysis. Appendix F (normative) Moment amplification for a sway member Appendix G (normative) Braced member buckling in frames Appendix H (informative) Elastic resistance to lateral buckling Appendix I (informative) Strength of stiffened web panels under combined actions. Appendix J (normative) Standard test for evaluation of slip factor Appendix K (normative) Statistical data. Appendix L (informative) Guidance on determination of the construction category AS 4100-2020 174 174 174 174 174 174 176 176 176 177 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 179 179 179 180 180 180 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 182 182 182 182 182 182 182, 184 185 187 189 190 191 192 194, 200 203 207 209AS 4100:2020 x Appendix M (informative) Selection of materials for the avoidance of lamellar tearing 212 Bibliography. 2151 AS 4100:2020 Australian Standard® Steel structures Section 1 Scope and general 1.1 Scope and exclusions 14.1 Scope ‘This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design and the engineering aspects of fabrication and erection, and modification of steelwork in structures in accordance with the limit states, design method, This Standard applies to buildings, structures and cranes constructed of steel. NOTE Fordesign of box and longitudinally stiffened girders, refer to AS/NZS 5100.6. 1.1.2 Exclusions ‘This Standard does not apply to the following structures and materials: (a) _ Steel elements less than 3 mm thick, with the exception of sections in accordance with AS/NZS 1163 and packers. (0) Steel members for which the value of the yield stress used in design () exceeds 690 MPa (9 Cold-formed members, other than those in accordance with AS/NZS 1163, which are designed in accordance with AS/NZS 4600. (4) Composite steel-concrete members, which are designed in accordance with AS/NZS 2327. © Road, railway and pedestrian bridges, which are designed in accordance with AS 5100.1, ‘AS 5100.2 and AS/NZS 5100.6. NOTE ‘The general principles of design, fabrication, erection, and modification embodied in this Standard may be applied to steel-framed structures or members not specifically mentioned herein. 1.2 Normative references ‘The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document, NOTE Documents for informative purposes are listed inthe Bibliography. AS 1101.3, Graphical symbols for general engineering, Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination AS 1110.1, 180 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grades A and B, Part 1: Bolts AS 1110.2, 150 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grades A and B, Part 2: Screws AS 1111.1, [SO metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grade C, Part 1: Bolts AS 1111.2, 150 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grade C, Part 2: Screws AS 1112.1, 150 metric hexagon nuts, Part 1: Style 1—Product grades A and B AS 1112.2, 150 metric hexagon nuts, Part 2: Style 2—Product grades A and B AS 1112.3, ISO metric hexagon nuts, Part 3: Product grade C AS 11124, ISO metric hexagon nuts, Part 4: Chamfered thin nuts—Product grades A and B (© Standards Australia Limited 2020AS 4100:2020 2 AS 11704, Structural design actions, Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia AS 12374, Plain washers for metric holts, crews and nuts for general purposes, Part 1: General plan AS 1275, Metric screw threads for fasteners AS 1391, Metallic materials—Tensile testing at ambient temperature AS 1418.1, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 1: General requirements AS 1418.3, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 3: Bridge, gantry and portal (including container cranes) and jib cranes AS 1418.5, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 5: Mobile cranes AS 1418.18, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 18: Crane runways and monorails AS 1530.4, Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures, Part 4: Fire-resistance test ofelements of construction AS 1657, Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders—Design, construction and installation AS 1735, Lifts, escalators and moving watks (series) AS 1858.1, Electrodes and fluxes for submerged-are welding, Part 1: Carbon steels and carbon manganese steels AS 1958.2, Electrodes and fluxes for submerged-are welding, Part 2: Low and intermediate alloy steels AS 2074, Cast steels AS 2670, Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (series) AS 3597, Structural and pressure vessel steel—Quenched and tempered plate AS 5100.1, Bridge design, Part 1: Scope and general principles AS 5100.2, Bridge design, Part 2: Design loads AS 5216, Design of post-installed and cast-in fastenings in concrete AS/NZS 1170.0, Structural design actions, Part 0: General principles AS/NZS 1170.1, Structural design actions, Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions AS/NZS 1170.2, Structural design actions, Part 2: Wind actions AS/NZS 1170.3, Structural design actions, Part 3: Snow and ice actions AS/NZS 1252.1, High strength steel fastener assemblies for structural engineering—Bolts, nuts and washer, Part 1: Technical requirements AS/NZS 1163,Cold-formed structural steel hollow sections AS/NZS 1554.1, Structural steel welding, Part 1: Welding of steel structures AS/NZS 1554.2, Structural steel welding, Part 2: Stud welding (steel studs to steel) AS/NZS 1554.4, Structural steel welding, Part 4: Welding of high strength quenched and tempered steels AS/NZS 1554.5, Structural steel welding, Part 5: Welding of steel structures subject to high levels of fatigue loading AS/NZS 1559, Hot-dip galvanized steel bolts with assoctated nuts and washers for tower construction (© Standards Australia Limited 20203 AS 4100-2020 AS/NZS 1594, Hor-rolled steel flat products AS/NZS 1873, Powder-actuated (PA) hand-held fastening tools (All parts) AS/NZS 2327, Composite structures— Composite steel-concrete construction in buildings AS/NZS 2717.1, Welding—tlectrodes—Gas metal arc, Part I: Ferritic steel electrodes AS/NZS 3678, Structural steel—Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs AS/NZS 3679.1, Structural steel, Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections AS/NZS 3679.2, Structural steel, Part 2: Welded I sections AS/NZS 4600, Cold-formed steel structures AS/NZS 4855, Welding consumables—Covered electrodes for manual metal are welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels—Classification AS/NZS 4857, Welding consumables—Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of high-strength steels— Classification AS/NZS 5100.6, Bridge design, Part 6: Steel and composite construction AS/NZS 5131, Structural steelwork—Fabrication and erection AS ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories AS/NZS 1SO 17632, Welding consumables—Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas shielded ‘metal are welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels—Classification AS/NZS ISO 18276, Welding consumabies—Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas-shielded ‘metal are welding of high-strength steels—Classification NZS 1170.5, Structural design actions—Part 5: Earthquake actions—New Zealand NZS 3404, Steel structures standard—Parts 1 and 2 180 636, Welding consumables — Rods, wires and deposits for tungsten inert gas welding of non-alloy and fine-grain steels — Classification 150 13918, Welding — Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding 150 14341, Welding consumables — Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels — Classification 150 16834, Welding consumables — Wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for gas shielded arc welding of high strength steels — Classification EN 13381-4, Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members — Part 4: Applied passive protection products to steel members EN 13381-8, Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members — Part 8: Applied reactive protection to steel members: 1.3. Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. Definitions peculiar to a particular Clause or Section are given in that Clause or Section. 134 action cause of stress or deformations in a structure (© Standards Australia Limited 2020AS 4100:2020 4 1.3.2 action effect or load effect internal force or bending moment due to actions or loads 1.3.3 architecturally exposed structural steelwork. AESS structural steelwork that is exposed to view and considered a fundamental component of the architectural intent of the structure 1.34 authority body having statutory powers to control the design and erection ofa structure 13.5 bearing-type connection connection effected using either snug-tight bolts, or high-strength bolts tightened to induce a specified minimum bolt tension, in which the design action is transferred by shear in the bolts and bearing on the connected parts at the strength limit state 1.3.6 bearing-wall system see AS 11704 1.3.7 braced frame see AS 1170.4 1.3.8 braced frame, concentric see AS 11704 1.3.9 braced frame, eccentric see AS 11704 1.3.10 braced member one for which the transverse displacement of one end of the member relative to the other is effectively prevented 13.11 capacity factor factor used to multiply the nominal capacity to obtain the design capaci 1.3.12 complete penetration butt weld butt weld in which fusion exists between the weld and parent metal throughout the complete depth of the joint 1.3.13 connection joint between components of a structural member or a joint between separate structural members, including splices 1.3.14 constant stress range fatigue limit highest constant stress range for each detail category at which fatigue cracks are not expected to propagate (see Figure 11.6.1) 19 Standards Australia Limited 20205 AS 4100-2020 1.3.45 construction category Classified set of requirements specified for construction of the works as a whole, of an individual component or of a detail of a component Note 1 to entry: Hoth 10 2394 and European Standards use the term “execution” to describe all activities performed for the physical completion of the works (ie. procurement, fabrication, welding, mechanical fastening, transportation, erection, surface treatment and the inspection and documentation) and this term may be assumed to be equivalent to "fabrication and erection’. "Execution Class” (EXC) is the term used in European Standards to refer to a risk-based categorization of a structure, similar in intent to the construction category adopted in this Standard. It should be noted, however, that the two categorizations are not based on the same risk matrix assessment and cannot be used interchangeably. 1.3.16 construction specification set of documents covering technical data and other requirements for a particular steel structure, including those specified to supplement and qualify the provisions ofthis Standard 1.3.47 cut-offlimit for each detail category, the highest variable stress range which does not require consideration when carrying out cumulative damage calculations (see Figures 11.6.1 and 11.6.2) 1.3.18 design action effect design load effect action or load effect computed from the design actions or design loads. 1.3.19 design action design load combination of the nominal actions or loads and the load factors specified in AS/NZS 1170.0, AS/NZS 1170.1, AS/NZS 1170.2, AS/NZS 1170.3, AS 1170.4 or other standards referenced in Clause 3.2.1 1.3.20 design capacity product of the nominal capacity and the capacity factor 1.3.21 design life period over which a structure or structural element is expected to fulfil its intended function 1.3.22 design resistance effect resistance effect computed from the loads and design capacities contributing towards the stability limit state resistance 1.3.23 design spectrum sum of the stress spectra from all of the nominal loading events expected during the design life 1.3.24 detail category designation given to a particular detail to indicate which of the S-N curves is to be used in the fatigue assessment Note 1 to entry: The detail category takes into consideration the local stress concentration at the detail, the size and shape of the maximum aeceptable discontinuity, the loading condition, metallurgical effects, residual stresses, the welding process and any post weld improvement. Note 2 to entry: The detail category number is defined by the fatigue strength at 2 * 108 cycles on the S-N curve (Gee Figures 11.6.1 and 11.6.2), (© Standards Australia Limited 2020AS 4100:2020 6 1.3.25 discontinuity absence of material, catisinga stress concentration Note 1 to entry: Typical discontinuities Include cracks, scratches, corresion pits, lack of penetration, slag inclusions, cold laps, porosity and undercut. 1.3.26 ductility see AS 11704 1.3.27 exposed surface area to mass ratio ratio of the surface area exposed to the fire to the mass of steel 1.3.28 fatigue damage caused by repeated fluctuations of stress leading to gradual cracking ofa structural element 1.3.29 fatigue loading set of nominal loading events described by the distribution of the loads, their magnitudes and the numbers of applications of each nominal loading event 1.3.30 fatigue strength stress range defined in Clause 11.6 for each detail category (see Figur the number of stress cycles '§ 11.6.1 and 11.6.2) varying with 1.3.31 ire exposure condition extent of exposure of member surfaces to the fire 1.3.31.1 three-sided fire exposure condition steel member incorporated in or in contact with a concrete or masonry floor or wall 13.312 four-sided fire exposure condition steel member exposed to fire on all sides 1.3.32 fire protection system fire protection material and its method of attachment to the steel member 1.3.33 ire-resistance level FRL fire-resistance grading period for structural adequacy only, in minutes, which is required to be attained In the standard fire test, 1.3.34 firm contact condition that exists between plies in a bolted connection where the plies are solidly seated against each other, but may not be in continuous contact. 19 Standards Australia Limited 20207 AS 4100-2020 1.3.35 friction-type connection connection effected using high-strength bolts tightened to induce a specified minimum bolt tension such that the resultant clamping action transfers the design shear forces at the serviceability limit state acting in the plane of the common contact surfaces by the friction developed between the contact surfaces 1.3.36 full tensioning ‘method of installing and tensioning a bolt in accordance with AS/NZS 5131 1.3.37 geometrical slenderness ratio heir ratio taken as the effective length ([,), specified in Clause 6.3.2, divided by the radius of gyration (r) computed for the gross section about the relevant axis 1.3.38 incomplete penetration butt weld butt weld in which the depth of penetration is less than the complete depth of the joint 1.3.39 in-plane loading loading for which the design forces and bending moments are in the plane of the connection, so that the design action effects induced in the connection components are shear forces only 1.3.40 lamellar tearing cracking in the parent metal adjacent to the weld and arising from weld stresses in the through thickness direction of the plate. The cracking occurs in a stepped configuration, associated with lamellar non- metallic inclusions in the plate, parallel to the fusion boundary [SOURCE: As 2012—2005, 8.043] 1.3.41 Tength actual length (1) of an axially loaded compression member, taken as the length centre-to-centre of intersections with supporting members, or the cantilevered length in the case ofa free-standing member 1.3.42 mit state any limiting condition beyond which the structure ceases to fulfil it intended function 1.3.43 load externally applied force 1.3.44 miner's summation cumulative damage calculation based on the Palmgren-Miner summation or equivalent 1.3.45 moment-resisting frame seeAS 11704 1.3.46 moment-resisting frame, intermediate see AS 11704 (© Standards Australia Limited 2020AS 4100:2020 8 1.3.47 moment-resi see AS 11704 ing frame, ordinary 1.3.48 moment-resisting frame, special see AS 11704 action or load, as specified in Clause 3.2.1 or 3.2.2 1.3.50 nominal capacity capacity of a member or connection computed using the parameters specified in this Standard 13.51 nominal loading event loading sequence for the structure or structural element Note 1 to entry: One nominal loading event may produce one or more stress cycles depending on the type of load and the point in the structure under consideration, 1.3.52 non-slip fasteners. fasteners that do not allow slip to occur between connected plates or members at the serviceability limit state so that the original alignment and relative positions are maintained, 1.3.53 out-of-plane loading loading for which the design forces or bending moments result in design action effects normal to the plane of the connection 1.3.54 period of structural adequacy PSA sfire> time (8), in minutes, for the member to reach the limit state of structural adequacy in the standard fire test 1.3.55 pin unthreaded fastener manufactured out of round bar 1.3.56 plastic hinge yielding zone with inelastic rotation which forms in a member when the plastic moment is reached 1.3.57 ply plate that forms part ofa bolted connection 1.3.58 prequalified weld preparation joint preparation prequalified in terms of AS/NZS 1554.1 1.3.59 proof testing application of test loads to a structure, sub-structure, member or connection to ascertain the structural characteristics of only that one unit under test (© Standards Australia Limited 2020,9 AS 4100-2020 1.3.60 prototype test specimen representing a steel member and its fire protection system which is subjected to the standard fire test 1.3.61 prototype testing application of test loads to one or more structures, sub-structures, members or connections to ascertain the structural characteristics of that class of structures, sub-structures, members or connections which, are nominally identical to the units tested 1.3.62 prying force additional tensile force developed as a result of the flexing of a connection component in a connection subjected to tensile force, External tension force reduces the contact pressure between the component and the base, and bending in part of the component develops a prying force near the edge of the connection component 1.3.63 quenched and tempered steel high strength steel manufactured by heating, quenching, tempering and levelling steel plate 1.3.64 segment length between adjacent cross-sections which are fully or partially restrained, or the length between an unrestrained end and the adjacent cross-section which is fully or partially restrained 1.3.65 serviceability limit state ttstate of acceptable in-service condition 1.3.66 shall indicates that a statement is mandatory 1.3.67 should indicates a recommendation 1.3.68 shear wall wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall 1.3.69 S-Neurve curve defining the limiting relationship between the number of stress cycles and stress range for a detail category 1.3.70 snug tight tightness in the bolts in a bolted connection attained by a few impacts of an impact wrench or by the full effort of a person using a standard podger spanner to bring the plies into firm contact, 1.3.71 space frame see AS 11704 1.3.72 splice connection between two parts of a structural member (© Standards Australia Limited 2020