LABORATORY MANUAL
SUBJECT- ILLUMINATION
PRACTICE
SUBJECT CODE: EEIP/307
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
NAME:
ENROLLMENT NO:
BATCH NO:
YEAR:
EXPERIMENT-1
General Format for DiaLux 4.13.1.2 simulations
Title-
Problem-statement-
Lamp used- IES file of lamps ( photometric/ technical description)
Result -(photometric outcomes from DIALUX simulation
experiments).
Calculations -
Discussions -
Experiment -2
TITLE – Verification of Inverse Square Law of Illumination using DIALUX 4.3
Objectives- To verify the inverse square law of illumination by calculating the Maximum
Illuminance (EMax) and illuminace at a given point using the law of illumination and
Lamberts cosine law and also check and verify with the simulated values obtained from
Dialux 4.3.1 software.
Theory- This law states that the Illuminance (E) at any point on a plane perpendicular to the
line joining the point and source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the source and plane.
Where, I is the luminous intensity in a given direction.
E = 𝐼/𝑑^2
The Cosine Law of IlluminanceThe law states that Illuminance at a point on a plane is
proportional to the cosine of the angle of light incident (the angle between the direction of the
incident light and the normal to the plane). It is the point source Illuminance equation. Where,
Iθ is the luminous intensity of the source in the direction of the illuminated point, 𝜃 is the
angle between the normal to the plane containing the illuminated point and the line joining
the source to the illuminated point, and d is the distance to the illuminated point.
E= 𝐼𝜃 /𝑑^2 cos𝜃
DIALUX data - Considering an indoor room of dimensions (5.486, 3.657, 2.743) and using
the ies file of PL-C13w 865 ( luminous flux =900 lumen , power = 17.3 watt).
Calculation
[ by using Inverse quare law and lamberts cosine law]
Results
Simulated data from Dialux:
Emax =
E (Illumination at any point) =
Calculated data ( by Inverse square law of illumination and Lamberts cosine Law):
Emax=
E=
Discussion
EXPERIMENT-3
Title - A STUDY ON ULTRASONIC SENSOR AND PIR SENSOR
PIR SENSOR - PIR sensor or passive infrared sensor is a type of electronic sensor that can
measure the IR light radiating from objects in its field of view. Often, these sensors are useful
in PIR-based motion detectors. PIR sensors are useful in security alarms and automatic
lighting applications, as well. Typically, these sensors can detect general movement.
When considering the operating principle of a PIR sensor, all objects typically having a
temperature above absolute zero can emit heat energy in the form of electromagnetic
radiation that is not visible to the human eye (because it comprises IR wavelengths) but is
detectable using an electronic device designed for this purposes, such as PIR sensor.
Therefore, we can detect the movement of people, animals, or other objects using these
sensors.
There is a wide variety of applications of PIR sensors that causes these sensors to come in
many configurations. Most commonly, PIR sensor models with numerous Fresnel lenses or
mirror segments have a range of 10 meters and a wide field of view. However, there are some
large PIR sensors made of single-segment mirrors, and they can sense changes in IR energy
over 30 meters.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An ultrasonic sensor is a type of sensor that can measure the distance to an object using
ultrasonic sound waves. This is one of the best ways of sensing proximity and detecting
levels with high reliability. Ultrasonic sensors typically use a transducer to send and receive
ultrasonic pulses that tends to relay back information regarding the proximity of an object.
The operating mechanism of an ultrasonic sensor works by sending a sound wave having a
higher frequency than the frequencies human can hear. The sensor has a transducer that can
act as a microphone to receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Typically, these sensors use a
single transducer to send a pulse and receive the echo. Moreover, the sensor can determine
the distance to a target through the measurement of time lapses between sending and
receiving of the ultrasonic pulse.
EXPERIMENT-4 : Identify the different lighting accessories required for types of lamp
fittings.
I Practical Significance
Intensity of light has an impact on emotion of the people.
Optimum illuminationmakes the people to feel warmer.
Diploma Electrical Engineers will be able to provide optimum illumination levels by proper
selection of lighting schemes.
II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)
: Engineering Tools: Apply relevant electrical technologies and tools with the understanding
of the limitations.
The Engineer and society: Assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to practice in the field ofelectrical engineering.
Environment and Sustainability: Apply electrical engineering solutions also for sustainable
development practices in societal and environmental context.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles for commitment to professional ethics,responsibilities and
norms of the practice also in the field of electrical engineering.
Electric Power Systems: Maintain different types of electric power systems.
Minimum Theoretical Background
Good illumination scheme should have minimum glare and shadows.
Following are the types of lighting schemes/ light fitting:
a) Direct lighting
b) Semi direct lighting
c) Indirect lighting
d) Semi Indirect lighting
e) General Lighting
Practical Set up :
Identify the lighting scheme of the given fitting.
Precautions to be followed
• Light fittings should be properly identified.
• Handle the accessories with proper care.
Procedure
1) Collect the information about various light fittings of various lighting schemes.
2) Identify each scheme.
3) Fill the observation table with the respective values.
Types of lamp specification lighting scheme
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULTS :
CONCLUSIONS:
EXPERIMENT-5
Title- Measure illumination at different places in college using lux meter.
I Practical Significance
The illumination level for each location is recommended by IS 3646.The values are
related to the visual requirements of the task, to user's satisfaction, to practical
experience and to the need for cost effective use of energy. In order to design a good
illumination scheme, diploma electrical engineer should be able to measure the illumination
at different locations.
II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)
• Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to
use the results to solve broad-based Medical electronics engineering problems.
• Engineering Tools: Apply relevant electrical technologies and tools with
the understanding of the limitations.
• The Engineer and society: Assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural
issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to practice in the field of
electrical engineering.
• Environment and Sustainability: Apply electrical engineering solutions
also for sustainable development practices in societal and environmental context.
• Ethics: Apply ethical principles for commitment to professional ethics,
responsibilities and norms of the practice also in the field of electrical engineering.
• Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as a leader and team member in
diverse/ multidisciplinary teams.
III Competency and Skills
This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency ‘Maintain different types of electrical utilities and systems’.
• Use lux meter.
• Measure illuminance or illumination at different location in the college.
• Follow safe practices.
IV Relevant Course Outcomes
• Maintain the functioning of different types of lamps and fittings.
V Practical Learning Outcome
• Measure illumination at different places in college using lux meter.
VI Minimum Theoretical Background
Illumination (E): It is the luminous flux falling on surface per unit area. It is expressed
in lux. Illumination of one lumen per square metre is called lux.
Good light quality and appropriate illuminance are a necessary requirement for safe
work and leisure time. Lux meter measures illumination in terms of lux.
Some of recommended illumination level at different locations is given in the table.
Utilization of Electrical Energy (22626)
Practical set up
Resources required
IX Precautions to be followed
1. Never operate the lux meter in an environment filled with explosive gas or dust.
2. Check the functioning of lux meter before taking actual measurement.
3. Replace the battery periodically.
X Procedure
1. Identify various locations in the Institute where illumination level is to be
measured.
2. Place the lux meter on the working surface.
3. Switch on the display of lux meter.
4. Note down the reading.
5. Repeat the above steps for the other locations of your Institute.
Sr. No. Location Recommended
Illumination level (Lux)
1 Corridor 100
2 Library, reading hall 500
3 Cafetaria 200
4 Rest rooms 200
5 Staff room 300
6 Standard class room 500
7 Laboratory 500
8 Conference hall 500
9 Drawing Hall 750
Practical setup
Lux-meter
I Resources required
Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Quantity
Specification
No.
1 Digital Lux meter 0-50000 lux 1
II Precautions to be followed
1. Never operate the lux meter in an environment filled with explosive gas or
dust.
2. Check the functioning of lux meter before taking actual measurement.
3. Replace the battery periodically.
III Procedure
1. Identify various locations in the Institute where illumination level is to be
measured.
2. Place the lux meter on the working surface.
3. Switch on the display of lux meter.
4. Note down the reading.
5. Repeat the above steps for the other locations of your Institute.
XI Resources used (with major specifications)
Sr.
No. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks (If any)
1.
2.
3.
4.
XII Actual procedure followed
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
XIII Precautions followed
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
XIV Observations and Calculations:
Sr. No. Location Measured Lux Level Recommended Lux level Remarks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Results:
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. ...............
................................................................................................................... ..........................
Interpretation of results
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Conclusion
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Practical related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1) State the effect of improper illumination.
2) Give the illumination level in the descending order for the following areas i)Proof
reading ii) bedroom iii) hospital ward iv) railway platform
3) Give the units of luminous intensity and luminous flux.
4) State applications of lux meter.
5) Classroom lux level is more compared to the lux level of corridor. Justify.
IV References / Suggestions for Further Reading
1. www.electrical4u.com
2. www.khanacademy.com
3. Art and Science of Utilization of Electrical Energy- H.Partab
V Assessment Scheme
Performance Indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of Lux meter 20 %
2 Selection of different locations 10 %
3 Reading meters accurately 15 %
4 Follow safe practices 15 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 10 %
6 Conclusions 10 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %
Guidelines to Teachers
1. Teacher need to ensure that a dated log book for the whole semester, apart
from the laboratory manual is maintained by every student which s/he has to
submit for assessment to the teacher in the next practical session.
2. There will be two sheets of blank pages after every practical for the
student to reportother matters (if any), which is not mentioned in the printed
practicals.
3. For difficult practicals if required, teacher could provide the demonstration
of the practical emphasizing of the skills which the student should achieve.
4. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on after the demonstration.
5. Assess the skill achievement of the students and COs of each unit.
6. One or two questions ought to be added in each practical for different
batches. For this teachers can maintain various practical related question
bank for each course.
7. If some repetitive information like data sheet, use of software tools etc. has
to be provided for effective attainment of practical outcomes, they can be
incorporated in Appendix.
8. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, teacher
ought to ensure that in the beginning itself of each practical, students must
read through the complete write-up of that practical sheet.
9. During practical, ensure that each student gets chance and takes active part in
taking observations/ readings and performing practical.
10. Teacher ought to assess the performance of students continuously.
Instructions for Students
1. For incidental writing on the day of each practical session every student
should maintain a dated log book for the whole semester, apart from this
laboratory manual which s/he has to submit for assessment to the teacher
in the next practical session.
2. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, in the
beginning itself of each practical, students need to read through the
complete write-up including the practical related questions and assessment
scheme of that practical sheet.
3. Student ought to refer the data books, IS codes, Safety norms, Electricity
act/rules, technical manuals, etc.
4. Student should not hesitate to ask any difficulties they face during the
conduct of practicals.
5. Select the proper range of meters referring to the machine/s
specifications/ratings.
