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Information and Knowledge in Internet of Things Guarda

Internet of Things and Its Applications

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EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing

Teresa Guarda
Sajid Anwar
Marcelo Leon
Filipe Jorge Mota Pinto Editors

Information
and Knowledge
in Internet
of Things
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing

Series Editor
Imrich Chlamtac, European Alliance for Innovation, Ghent, Belgium
Editor’s Note
The impact of information technologies is creating a new world yet not fully
understood. The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes
already perceived in everyday life is hard to estimate without understanding the
technological driving forces behind it. This series presents contributed volumes
featuring the latest research and development in the various information engineering
technologies that play a key role in this process.
The range of topics, focusing primarily on communications and computing
engineering include, but are not limited to, wireless networks; mobile communica-
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This content, complemented with open calls for contribution of book titles and
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Indexing: This series is indexed in Scopus, Ei Compendex, and zbMATH.

About EAI
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Teresa Guarda • Sajid Anwar • Marcelo Leon
Filipe Jorge Mota Pinto
Editors

Information and Knowledge

in Internet of Things
Editors
Teresa Guarda Sajid Anwar
Systems and Telecommunication Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Santa Elena Provincial State University Centre for Excellence in IT,
Santa Elena, Ecuador Institute of Management Sciences
Peshawar, Pakistan
Marcelo Leon
Universidad Tecnológica Filipe Jorge Mota Pinto
Empresarial de Guayaquil Instituto Politécnico de Leiria
Guayaquil, Ecuador Bidoeira de Cima, Portugal

ISSN 2522-8595 ISSN 2522-8609 (electronic)

EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-75122-7 ISBN 978-3-030-75123-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75123-4

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Preface

Internet of Things (IoT) is currently one of the most challenging areas of the Inter-
net, enabling communication and ubiquitous computing between global citizens,
networked machines, and physical objects, providing a promising vision of the
future integrating the real world of knowledge agents and things with the virtual
world of information. IoT is seen as a network of trillions of agents and machines
that communicate with each other, being a profound technological revolution, which
is the current reality and the future of computing and communications, supported
by a dynamical technological evolution in many fields, from wireless sensors and
wireless sensor networks to nanotechnology. Due to its broad impact in many fields,
it has rapidly gained global attention from academia, governments, industry, and the
citizenry. This change in the network of agency profoundly modifies the landscape
of human activity, particularly as regards to knowledge acquisition and production,
offering new possibilities but also challenges that need to be explored and assessed.
This book contains a selection of chapters accepted for publication in the
book Information and Knowledge in Internet of Things, belonging to EAI/Springer
Innovations in Communication and Computing series.
The program committee was composed of a multidisciplinary group of more than
90 experts from 30 countries, with the responsibility for evaluating, in a “double-
blind review” process, the chapters received for each of the main themes proposed
for the book: Decision Support Systems in IoT; IoT Knowledge Management; IoT
Sensing Technology and Applications; Security and Privacy; and Smart Environ-
ments.
We received 55 contributions from 14 countries around the world. The accep-
tance rate was 38%.
The accepted chapters are published by EAI/Springer Innovations in Commu-
nication and Computing series, and will be submitted for indexing in Scopus, Ei
Compendex, and zbMATH.

v
vi Preface

We acknowledge all of those who contributed to this book: authors, program

committee, and editors. We deeply appreciate their involvement and support that
were crucial for the success of this book Information and Knowledge in Internet of
Things.

Santa Elena, Ecuador Teresa Guarda

Peshawar, Pakistan Sajid Anwar
Guayaquil, Ecuador Marcelo Leon
Bidoeira de Cima, Portugal Filipe Jorge Mota Pinto
March 2021
Contents

Part I IoT Knowledge Management

1 Data Science and Advanced Analytics in Commercial
Pharmaceutical Functions: Opportunities, Applications,
and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Antonio Pesqueira
2 Smart TV-Based Lifelogging Systems: Current Trends,
Challenges, and the Road Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Mumtaz Khan, Shah Khusro, and Iftikhar Alam
3 Knowledge Management in Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ricardo Jorge Gomes Raimundo,
Albérico Manuel Fernandes Travassos Rosário,
and Ana Luísa Marques Rocha
4 Game-Based Interventions as Support for Learning
Difficulties and Knowledge Enhancement in Patients
with Dyslexia: A Systematic Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Aliza Saeed, Khubaib Amjad Alam, Awais Azam, Maria Khalid,
and Osama Tauni
5 Knowledge and Data Acquisition in Mobile System for
Monitoring Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tetiana Biloborodova, Inna Skarga-Bandurova,
and Illia Skarha-Bandurov
6 How to Manage Knowledge within Hotel Chains in the Era
of COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Sofia Almeida, Maria José Sousa, and Susana Mesquita

vii
viii Contents

Part II Decision Support Systems in IoT

7 An Efficient Supervised Machine Learning Technique for
Forecasting Stock Market Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Asad Khattak, Adil Khan, Habib Ullah, Muhammad Usama Asghar,
Areeba Arif, Fazal Masud Kundi, and Muhammad Zubair Asghar
8 Artificial Intelligence Trends: Insights for Digital Economy
Policymakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Maria José Sousa, Gabriel Osório de Barros, and Nuno Tavares
9 Methodological Proposal for the Construction of a Decision
Support System (DSS) Applied to IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Geovanna M. Chela, Miguel Flores, Tania G. Gualli,
and Roberto Andrade
10 IoT-Based Pervasive Sentiment Analysis: A Fine-Grained
Text Normalization Framework for Context Aware Hybrid
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Asad Habib and Arslan Ali Raza

Part III IoT Sensing Technology and Applications

11 Stadium 2.0: Framework to Improve Sports Fans’
Experience in Stadium Through IoT Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Miguel Filipe Beatriz and Vítor Santos
12 Smartphone-Based Lifelogging: Toward Realization
of Personal Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Shaukat Ali, Shah Khusro, Akif Khan, and Hayat Khan
13 Development of a Mobile IoT Device for Supervision
and Alert BPM Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Luis Chuquimarca, Dahyana Roca, Washington Torres,
Luis Amaya, Jaime Orozco, and David Sánchez
14 Evaluation of Data Transfer from PLC to Cloud
Platforms-Based Real-Time Monitoring Using the Industrial
Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Luis Chuquimarca, Alba Asencio, Washington Torres,
Samuel Bustos, José Sánchez, and Carlos Saldaña
15 Relationship of Body Mass Index to Body Composition
and Somatotype of Infantry Personnel from the Ecuadorian
Air Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Luis Palacios and Rosalba Rodríguez
Contents ix

Part IV Smart Environments

16 Water Management in the Territorial Development
Organization Plans of the Provinces of Bolívar and Cañar . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Marcelo Leon, Jessica Ayala, Leidy Alexandra Lozano,
and Juan Pérez-Briceño
17 IoT-Based Smart Agriculture and Poultry Farms for
Environmental Sustainability and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Paola G. Vinueza-Naranjo, Hieda A. Nascimento-Silva, Rubén
Rumipamba-Zambrano, Igor Ruiz-Gomes, David Rivas-Lalaleo,
and Navinkumar J. Patil
18 Conceptualization of a Dialectic Between an Internet
of Things System and Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Ana Melro, Lídia Oliveira, and Ana Carla Amaro

Part V Security and Privacy

19 Participative Sensing Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Teresa Guarda, Maria Fernanda Augusto, Isabel Lopes,
and Luis Mazon
20 Novel Heuristic Scheme to Enforce Safety
and Confidentiality Using Feature-Based Encryption
in Multi-cloud Environment (MCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
N. Thillaiarasu, S. Chenthur Pandian, and Naveenbalaji Gowthaman
21 From the Traditional Police Model to Intelligence-Led
Policing Model: Comparative Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Ana Rosa Pires Pereira, David Pascoal Rosado,
and Helga Santa Comba Lopes

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
 Part I
IoT Knowledge Management
Chapter 1
Data Science and Advanced Analytics
in Commercial Pharmaceutical
Functions: Opportunities, Applications,
and Challenges

Antonio Pesqueira

1.1 Introduction and Conceptualization

In recent years, we have been witnessing an exponential growth of technological

advances and new processes based on data science (DS) and advanced analytics
(AA), attracting significant attention from pharmaceutical executives and industry
decision-makers due to the immense opportunities to provide real-time insights,
solutions to complex problems, and competitive information inputs for decision
processes.
With this widespread use of DS and AA in the pharmaceutical industry and
across different global regions, there is a significant need for new research and
following all the new developments and implementations from the last 20 years.
With the sheer dimensions and value of data generated within the pharmaceutical
industry, more than even several organizations are being pushed to discover new
methods and processes to proceed with data and systems integration for competitive
advantage gain and to be able to make more effective use of data in business-driven
decision processes and connected with activities, resulting in better business models
and an increase in competitive advantage [1].
The pharmaceutical industry registers a significant influence from regulators,
HCPs, and patients, which has led to the emergence of the importance of strategic
functions like DS and AA in better understanding scientific exchange insights from
medical interactions and information support from commercial activities. With these
new developments in the current times, DS and AA have assumed a central role in
several different pharma operations and the responsibility to create effective insights

A. Pesqueira ()
Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 3

T. Guarda et al. (eds.), Information and Knowledge in Internet of Things,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75123-4_1
4 A. Pesqueira

and outcomes to critical business questions that can prevent deadly pitfalls and
challenges.
Data in any kind of shape is considered an extremely asset for pharmaceutical
organizations, and DS allows pharma organizations to identify meaningful insights
and business value outcomes, using a considerable set of methods and techniques in
AA contexts.
We continue to witness a growing investment in new processes and technology
connected with both terms but more space for processes structure and better
insights architecture. Without exception, we also see a growing need from pharma
organizations to manage different challenges from different spectrums of the
business strategy [2].
Moreover, the current digital transformation processes are stimulating the growth
of digital data, encompassing different aspects like the capacity to aggregate large
quantities of data to be managed and stored on distributed computation or integrated
software platforms.
In a pre-COVID-19 timeline, we were already assisting with an escalating
pressure on pharma revenue streams, R&D pipelines, and organizational business
units to be more agile in the processes and methods that are generating new
capabilities in new decisions and market positioning [3].
Hence, as we will better understand in this research study, DS and AA can be
the correct answer to some of these challenges with efficient utilization of resources
and efficient data storage [4].
Pharmaceutical organizations are facing currently many strategic and operational
challenges, and this article is positioned to explore DS and AA potential in the
support of decision-making processes and commercial strategies definitions. This
research study also aims to develop a systematic approach to DS and AA through
the following research question: Which advanced analytics and data science
opportunities, challenges, and use cases are being most relevant and decisive to
pharmaceutical commercialization processes and capabilities?
In that manner, the selected RQ aims to identify advanced analytics and data
science projects that most influence commercialization processes and capabilities
within the pharmaceutical industry. The defined RQ first aims to understand how
pharmaceutical organizations’ ability to effectively adopt and implement novel
DS and AA technologies with the right value to the commercialization processes.
Hence, this research study aims to achieve the understanding and provide answers to
these research objectives, through a relevant literature review and a focus group with
a group of decision-makers and relevant professionals from the selected industry.
To analyze the problem under study, the chapter is structured as follows: after the
introduction of the problem, a section with the research approach and methodology,
then the results of the systematic literature review, followed by the findings and
contributions from the second methodology selected, and finally the conclusions
[5].
1 Data Science and Advanced Analytics in Commercial Pharmaceutical. . . 5

1.2 Preliminary Literature Review

1.2.1 Data Science in a Commercial Pharmaceutical Context

For pharmaceuticals companies, a strategic and modern decision-making process

needs to be able to map out and identify industry trends, areas of improvement, and
business opportunities and to anticipate future trends and behaviors of healthcare
professions (HCPs) and decision-makers, key opinion leaders (KOLs), and other
stakeholders to better create a competitive positioning on the market [6].
In this context, some variables need to be considered by organizations to define
a data science (DS) strategy, like data volume and value, computing, and human
capacity in obtaining valuable information from large and heterogeneous data
sources (e.g., patients, hospitals, physicians, suppliers, and others) data mining
capacity to apply multimodal learning methodologies and to produce promptly
insights from combined information sources in supporting decision-making pro-
cesses [7].
Furthermore, the use of external data such as patient lifestyle information or
biomarkers for research and development and also for marketing is a vital process to
gain knowledge from that information and define the strategies and the new trends
on research and development of new products [8].
Without surprise, we also see a growing need from the industry to better being
prepared for new market demands, challenges, and needs from different spectrums
of stakeholders that might involve payers, governmental institutions, regulators,
clinical and nonclinical decision-makers, key opinion leaders, patient groups or
associations, and other relevant healthcare organizations [9].
From a more technical spectrum, data quality is a significant issue as the
decisions are taken based on data that is sensitive, and there are high responsibilities
and expectations regarding data accuracy and the quality of analytics tools [10].
The increasing data captured through public data sources and internal data
sourcing projects needs analysis about also data ownership and as a key needed
a trigger to raise awareness around data protection and privacy laws and legislation
to protect patients and companies [11].
Currently and according to the literature, privacy and security are key primary
concerns for any pharmaceutical company and mainly due to the sensitivity and
confidentiality of all the involved pharma data such as medical data is highly
sensitive information; besides, there are strong regulations at national and global
levels.
The privacy challenges currently that pharma faces for the practical imple-
mentation of a data science strategy also require specific considerations and
deep discussions with several different internal departments like legal, privacy,
compliance, and medical affairs [12].
The evolution and dynamics of commercial data needs that most of the time
create the necessary space for DS projecting result in complex questions that now
6 A. Pesqueira

require different types of data sources and analytics to perform even the basic tasks
and responsibilities in the sales and marketing context.
With pharma, all data resources can be sometimes a very complex topic, where
we can find different perspectives on the use of electronic medical records (EMRs),
electronic health records (EHRs) biosimilars, registries, medical claims, and patient-
or physician-level data almost daily.
Currently, DS is already allowing pharma companies to bring new developments
in core commercial excellence processes, like segmentation and targeting, reporting
and analytics, and patient flows and journey tracking. From a five-year perspective,
the sophisticated, informed, and knowledgeable sales and marketing processes with
full data privacy and compliance alignment will be a strong reality, where mobile
apps, analytical systems, and web services along with digital offering will allow
confident solutions to sales and marketing functions (e.g., commercial operations,
marketing intelligence) that simply need another type of data consumption services,
mixing more information into the data visualization models [13].
According to the literature review, we were also able to better understand some
of the DS use cases and business applications. Let’s have a review of those examples
and business cases of DS in sales and marketing:
• Data science for disease trends analysis and HCP’s behaviors/needs/preferences
patterns understanding
• Market/sales data analysis and sales forecasting and competitive intelligence-
associated data
• Monitor biosimilar markets due to biologic patent expirations
• DS to monitor the influence and relevance of new KOLs and decision-makers and
other influencers, using public data sources like medical publications, clinical
trials, and decision groups platforms
• New clinical and medical influencers and scientific classification and profiling
models that can better anticipate the likelihood of relevant industry experts in
accepting an advisory board or congress invitation
• Automation trial design having iterations with KOLs to help define a trial
population to ensure meaningful endpoints and reimbursement
• Intelligent systems that use machine learning and AI to integrate HCP portals,
marketing automation tools, and incorporating new technologies like chatbots
into customer relationship management (CRM) systems to support internal
medical education and plan scientific exchange follow-ups effectively
• Using remote Webinars and virtual events throughout the products lifecycle to
interact virtually with regulators, key stakeholders, and opinion leaders
• Text interpretation and analysis using natural language processing techniques
Actionable and meaningful data can be used for a variety of purposes in trying
to identify the highest groups of opportunities, customer clusters, sales forecasting
options, or patients’ journeys.
As DS advance within pharma, there will be many opportunities to develop
cost-effective and better-targeted systems and solutions for sales and marketing
functions, such as competitive intelligence, commercial excellence, or event market
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