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Collection Highlights

Encyclopedia of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food

Print 1st ed Edition Heldman

Encyclopedia of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food 1st

Edition Dennis R. Heldman

Engineering Aspects of Food Biotechnology 1st Edition Jose

A. Teixeira (Editor)

Advances in Food Diagnostics 2nd Edition Fidel Toldrã¡

Advances in Food and Nutrition Research Vol 45 1st Edition
Steve Taylor

Advances in Food and Nutrition Research Vol 47 1st Edition

Steve Taylor

Innovative Food Processing Technologies Advances in

Multiphysics Simulation 1st Edition Kai Knoerzer

Innovative Food Processing Technologies Advances in

Multiphysics Simulation 1st Edition Kai Knoerzer

Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural Food and

Environmental Applications Mycology Series Volume 21 1st
Edition Dilip K. Arora
Advances in Food Biotechnology 1st Edition Rai Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Rai, V. Ravishankar
ISBN(s): 9781118864500, 1118864506
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 52.22 MB
Year: 2016
Language: english
 Advances in
Food Biotechnology
• GMOs and food security issues
• Applications of enzymes in food processing
• Fermentation technology
• Functional food and nutraceuticals
• Valorization of food waste
• Detection and control of foodborne pathogens
• Emerging techniques in food processing

is Professor at the Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of

Mysore, India.

Edited by Cristina M. Sabliov, Hongda Chen, Rickey Y. Yada

ISBN: 978-1-118-46220-1

, 2nd Edition
Byong H. Lee
ISBN: 978-1-118-38495-4
Edited by Ravishankar Rai V.

Filename: RAI_9781118864555_ID112909W • Size - 189 x 246 - PPC

Advances in Food Biotechnology
Advances in Food Biotechnology

Edited by

RAVISHANKAR RAI V.
Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
This edition first published 2016
 2016 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Advances in food biotechnology / [edited by] Ravishankar Rai V.

pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-86455-5 (cloth)
1. Food–Biotechnology. I. Rai, V. Ravishankar, editor.
TP248.65.F66A36 2016
664–dc23
2015031975

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Set in 9/11pt TimesLTStd by Thomson Digital, Noida, India

1 2016
 Contents

Contributors xxi
Preface xxvii

I GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY: ARE GMOS THE SOLUTION TO THE FOOD SECURITY ISSUE? 1

1 Biotechnological Approaches for Nutritionally Enhanced Food Crop Production 3

Kathleen L. Hefferon and Abdullah Makhzoum
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The Case for Biofortified Food 3
1.2.1 Biofortified Rice 4
1.2.2 Biofortified Maize and Cassava 4
1.2.3 Biofortified Wheat 5
1.2.4 Oilcrops Biofortified with Omega-3 Fatty Acids 5
1.3 Nutritionally Enhanced Feed Crops 6
1.4 Plants with Other Health Benefits 6
1.5 Biopharmaceuticals Produced in Plants 6
1.6 Genome Editing for Nutritionally Enhanced Plants 7
1.7 Epigenetics and Nutritionally Enhanced Plants 7
1.7.1 Epigenetics in Human Nutrition and Genetic Diseases 8
1.7.2 Epigenetic Approaches to Improving Crops for Human Health 8
1.8 Risk Assessment and Regulation of Nutritionally Enhanced Crops 9
1.9 Conclusions 9
References 10

2 Current and Emerging Applications of Metabolomics in the Field of Agricultural Biotechnology 13

Camilla B. Hill, Daniel A. Dias, and Ute Roessner
2.1 Introduction 13
2.1.1 Metabolomics and Agriculture 13
2.1.2 Metabolomic Technologies 14
2.2 Metabolomics of Cereals for Food Production 16
2.2.1 Targeted Metabolomics 16
2.2.2 Untargeted Metabolomics 16
2.2.3 Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops 17
2.3 Metabolomics and its Application in the Production of Wine 18
2.3.1 In the Vineyard 18
2.3.2 Wine Fermentation 20
2.3.3 Wine Characterization 21
2.4 Final Remarks 23
Acknowledgements 23
References 23
vi Contents

3 Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Foods 27

Gijs A. Kleter and Maryvon Y. Noordam
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Safety Assessment of GM-Crop-Derived Foods 28
3.3 Recurrent Items Addressed during the Food and Feed Safety Assessment 28
3.3.1 Molecular Characterization 29
3.3.2 Comparative Analysis of Agronomic, Phenotypic and Compositional
Characteristics 30
3.3.3 Potential Toxicity 31
3.3.4 Potential Allergenicity 32
3.3.5 Nutritional Assessment 34
3.4 Outlook and Future Challenges 35
3.5 Conclusions 36
Acknowledgements 36
References 36

4 Towards a Universal Molecular Approach for the Quality Control of New Foodstuffs 37
Andrea Galimberti, Anna Sandionigi, Antonia Bruno, Ilaria Bruni, Michela Barbuto, Maurizio Casiraghi,
and Massimo Labra
4.1 Food Quality and Safety Assessment in the Era of Genomics 37
4.2 DNA Barcoding: General Characteristics and Applications for the Analysis of Modern Foodstuffs 38
4.3 Microbiological Composition of Foodstuffs 38
4.3.1 Fermentation 40
4.3.2 Biopreservation 41
4.3.3 Functionalization 42
4.4 Pathogenic Microorganisms and Food Spoilage 43
4.5 Towards a Molecular Identification of Food-Related Microorganisms 44
4.6 Towards a Standardized Molecular Identification of Food Raw Materials 45
4.6.1 From Molecular-Based Approaches to DNA Barcoding 45
4.6.2 Advantages and Limitations of Food DNA Barcoding in Food Traceability 48
4.6.3 DNA Barcoding and Food Traceability: An Overview 49
4.7 Next-Generation Technologies to Characterize Complex Food Matrices and
their Microbiome 50
4.8 Conclusions 51
References 51

5 Mass Spectrometry-Based Approaches in Food Safety 61

Pasquale Ferranti and Gianluca Picariello
5.1 Background 61
5.2 Instrumentation 61
5.3 Mass Spectrometry and Food Safety 63
5.4 Effects of Technological Processing 64
5.5 Microbiological Issues 65
5.6 Genetically Modified Organisms 65
5.7 Food Allergy 66
5.8 Food Metabolomics 67
5.9 Food Lipidomics 67
5.10 Current Challenges and Perspectives 68
References 68
 Contents vii

6 Feeding the World: Are Biotechnologies the Solution? 71

Yves Bertheau
6.1 Introduction 71
6.2 Current Situation 72
6.2.1 Is the Diagnosis of World Population Growth Shared? 73
6.2.2 How Many People Can Our Earth Provide For? 74
6.2.3 Is There a Causal Relationship Between Increasing Population Growth and Food Needs? 74
6.2.4 Food as an Element of Speculation and Enrichment 76
6.3 Proposed Solutions 76
6.3.1 Common and General Solutions 77
6.3.2 Reduction of Losses along Supply Chains 78
6.3.3 Increase in the Cultivated Surfaces 80
6.3.4 Increase in Output 81
6.3.5 Biotechnologies to Nourish the World 85
6.4 Conclusion 94
References 95

II APPLICATION OF ENZYMES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 103

7 Application of Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industry 105

Alane Beatriz Vermelho, Verônica Cardoso, Rodrigo Pires Nascimento, Anderson S. Pinheiro,
and Igor Rodrigues de Almeida
7.1 Introduction 105
7.2 The Main Enzymes 106
7.2.1 Hydrolases (EC3) 106
7.2.2 Lyases (EC4) 108
7.2.3 Transferases (EC2) 109
7.3 Main Microorganism Producers of Enzymes 111
7.4 Marine Microbial Enzymes 115
7.5 Dairy Industry 116
7.6 Microbial Enzymes Applied in the Beverage Industry 118
7.6.1 Pectinases 119
7.7 Animal Feed 121
7.8 Targeting Microbial Enzymes of Industrial Interest 123
7.9 Mathematical Models for Enhanced Enzyme Production 124
Acknowledgements 124
References 125

8 Enzymatic Modification of Proteins and Starches for Gluten-Free and Low-Glycaemic-Index

Foods for Special Dietary Uses 133
A.M. Calderón de la Barca, A.R. Islas-Rubio, N.G. Heredia, and F. Cabrera-Chávez
8.1 Introduction 133
8.2 Foods for Special Dietary Uses 134
8.3 Wheat Constituents that may Trigger Adverse Reactions 134
8.4 Gluten Proteins: Role in Pathogenesis of Gluten-Related Disorders 135
8.5 Enzymatic Modification of Proteins 136
8.5.1 Hydrolysis of Gluten 137
8.5.2 Transamidation and Transpeptidation of Gluten Proteins 138
viii Contents

8.6 Polysaccharides and the Glucose Response 139

8.6.1 Polysaccharide Hydrolysis by Human Digestion 139
8.6.2 Glucose Response Depending on Food Matrices 140
8.7 Polysaccharide Enzymatic Modification 140
8.7.1 Saccharidases for Producing Resistant Starches 140
8.7.2 Enzyme Cyclization to Reduce Starch Digestion 141
8.8 Conclusions 141
References 141

9 Enzyme Immobilization and its Application in the Food Industry 145

Ahmad Homaei
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 History of Enzyme Immobilization 145
9.3 Carrier Materials for Enzyme Immobilization 146
9.3.1 Biopolymers 146
9.3.2 Synthetic Polymers 146
9.3.3 Hydrogels 146
9.3.4 Inorganic Supports 147
9.3.5 Smart Polymers 147
9.3.6 Conducting Polymers 147
9.3.7 Gold Nanoparticles 147
9.3.8 Magnetic Nanoparticles 148
9.4 Enzyme Immobilization Techniques 148
9.4.1 Protein Adsorption 149
9.4.2 Covalent Binding 149
9.4.3 Physical Entrapment 151
9.4.4 Bioaffinity Interactions 152
9.4.5 Immobilized Multienzymes and Enzyme-Cell Co-Immobilizates 152
9.5 Commercialization and Use of Immobilized Enzymes in the Food Industry 153
9.5.1 Applications of Immobilized Protease 153
9.5.2 Applications of Immobilized Amino Acylase 155
9.5.3 Applications of Immobilized Glucose Isomerase 156
9.5.4 Applications of Immobilized Glucosidases Enzymes 156
9.5.5 Applications of Immobilized Enzymes in the Flavour Industry 158
9.6 Conclusions 159
References 159

10 Enzymes for Food and Beverage Industries: Current Situation, Challenges

and Perspectives 165
Antonella Amore and Vincenza Faraco
10.1 Introduction 165
10.2 Application of Enzymes in Food and Beverage Industries 166
10.2.1 Glycoside Hydrolases 166
10.2.2 Pectinase 173
10.2.3 Proteases 173
10.2.4 Lipase 174
10.2.5 Laccase 176
10.2.6 Enzymes for Production of Functional Foods 177
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 Ethics - Term Paper
Fall 2021 - School

Prepared by: Researcher Smith

Date: August 12, 2025

Background 1: Literature review and discussion

Learning Objective 1: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
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[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
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[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 8: Current trends and future directions
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Example 9: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 11: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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Example 14: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 19: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
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- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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• Key terms and definitions
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[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 25: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 4: Key terms and definitions
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
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Note: Historical development and evolution
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Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 34: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 35: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 39: Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Unit 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Practice Problem 40: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 44: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 45: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 6: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 53: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
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Definition: Research findings and conclusions
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 57: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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