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Chemistry The Central Science Plus MasteringChemistry
with eText Access Card Package 12th Edition Edition
Theodore E. Brown Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Theodore E. Brown, H. Eugene H LeMay, Bruce E. Bursten,
Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward
ISBN(s): 9780321741059, 0321741056
Edition: 12th Edition
File Details: PDF, 44.28 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
 TWELFTH EDITION

CHEMISTRY
T H E C E N T R A L S C I E N C E
 TWELFTH EDITION

CHEMISTRY
T H E C E N T R A L S C I E N C E

Theodore L. Brown
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

H. Eugene LEMay, Jr.

University of Nevada, Reno

Bruce E. Bursten
University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Catherine J. Murphy
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Patrick M. Woodward
The Ohio State University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chemistry: the central science / Theodore L. Brown ... [et al.]—12th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-321-69672-4 (alk. paper)
1. Chemistry—Textbooks. I. Brown, Theodore L. (Theodore Lawrence), 1928-

QD31.3.C43145 2012
540—dc22
2010043754

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN-10: 0-321-69672-7/ISBN-13: 978-0-321-69672-4 (Student Edition)

ISBN-10: 0-321-76754-3/ISBN-13: 978-0-321-76754-7 (Exam Copy)
 To our students,
whose enthusiasm and curiosity
have often inspired us,
and whose questions and suggestions
have sometimes taught us.
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface xxv
About the Authors xxxv
1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement 2
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 38
3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical
Formulas and Equations 76
4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution 114
5 Thermochemistry 158
6 Electronic Structure of Atoms 206
7 Periodic Properties of the Elements 248
8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 288
9 Molecular Geometry and
Bonding Theories 330
10 Gases 382
11 Liquids and Intermolecular Forces 424
12 Solids and Modern Materials 462
13 Properties of Solutions 512
14 Chemical Kinetics 556
15 Chemical Equilibrium 610
16 Acid–Base Equilibria 650
17 Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria 702
18 Chemistry of the Environment 748
19 Chemical Thermodynamics 784
20 Electrochemistry 826
21 Nuclear Chemistry 874
22 Chemistry of The Nonmetals 916
23 Transition Metals and Coordination
Chemistry 962
24 The Chemistry of Life: Organic and
Biological Chemistry 1004
APPENDICES
A Mathematical Operations 1051
B Properties of Water 1058
C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected
Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C) 1059
D Aqueous Equilibrium Constants 1062
E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C 1064
Answers to Selected Exercises A-1
Answers to Give it Some Thought A-33
Answers to Go Figure A-41
Glossary G-1
Photo/Art Credits P-1
vi Index I-1
CONTENTS
PREFACE xxv
About the Authors xxxv

1 Introduction: Matter
and Measurement 2
1.1 THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY 4
The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry 4
Why Study Chemistry? 5

1.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER 7

States of Matter 7 Pure Substances 7 Elements 7
Compounds 8 Mixtures 10

1.3 PROPERTIES OF MATTER 11

Physical and Chemical Changes 12 Separation of Mixtures 13

1.4 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 14

SI Units 15 Length and Mass 16 Temperature 17
Derived SI Units 18 Volume 18 Density 19

1.5 UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT 20

Precision and Accuracy 21 Significant Figures 22
Significant Figures in Calculations 23

1.6 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 25

Using Two or More Conversion Factors 27 Conversions Involving
Volume 28
CHAPTER SUMMARY AND KEY TERMS 30 KEY SKILLS 31
KEY EQUATIONS 31 VISUALIZING CONCEPTS 31
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES 35
CHEMISTRY PUT TO WORK Chemistry and the Chemical Industry 6
A CLOSER LOOK The Scientific Method 15
CHEMISTRY PUT TO WORK Chemistry in the News 20
STRATEGIES IN CHEMISTRY Estimating Answers 26
STRATEGIES IN CHEMISTRY The Importance of Practice 29
STRATEGIES IN CHEMISTRY The Features of this Book 30

2 Atoms, Molecules,
and Ions 38
2.1 THE ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER 40

2.2 THE DISCOVERY OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 41

Cathode Rays and Electrons 41 Radioactivity 43 The Nuclear
Model of the Atom 43

vii
viii CONTENTS

2.3 THE MODERN VIEW OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 44

Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes 46

2.4 ATOMIC WEIGHTS 47

The Atomic Mass Scale 47 Atomic Weight 48

2.5 THE PERIODIC TABLE 49

2.6 MOLECULES AND MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS 52
Molecules and Chemical Formulas 52 Molecular and Empirical
Formulas 53 Picturing Molecules 54

2.7 IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS 54

Predicting Ionic Charges 55 Ionic Compounds 56

2.8 NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 59

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds 59 Names and
Formulas of Acids 64 Names and Formulas of Binary
Molecular Compounds 65

2.9 SOME SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 66

Alkanes 66 Some Derivatives of Alkanes 66
CHAPTER SUMMARY AND KEY TERMS 67 KEY SKILLS 68
VISUALIZING CONCEPTS 69 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES 73
A CLOSER LOOK Basic Forces 46
A CLOSER LOOK The Mass Spectrometer 49
A CLOSER LOOK Glenn Seaborg and Seaborgium 52
CHEMISTRY AND LIFE Elements Required by Living Organisms 58
STRATEGIES IN CHEMISTRY Pattern Recognition 58

3 Stoichiometry:
Calculations with
Chemical Formulas
and Equations 76
3.1 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 78
Balancing Equations 78 Indicating the States of Reactants
and Products 81

3.2 SOME SIMPLE PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIVITY 81

Combination and Decomposition Reactions 82 Combustion
Reactions 83

3.3 FORMULA WEIGHTS 84

Formula and Molecular Weights 85 Percentage Composition from
Chemical Formulas 85

3.4 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER AND THE MOLE 86

Molar Mass 88 Interconverting Masses and Moles 90
Interconverting Masses and Numbers of Particles 91

3.5 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FROM ANALYSES 92

Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas 94
Combustion Analysis 95

3.6 QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION FROM BALANCED

EQUATIONS 96
 CONTENTS ix

3.7 LIMITING REACTANTS 99

Theoretical Yields 102
CHAPTER SUMMARY AND KEY TERMS 104 KEY SKILLS 104
KEY EQUATIONS 104 VISUALIZING CONCEPTS 105
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES 111 INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES 113
STRATEGIES IN CHEMISTRY Problem Solving 86
CHEMISTRY AND LIFE Glucose Monitoring 90
STRATEGIES IN CHEMISTRY How to Take a Test 103

4 Reactions in Aqueous
Solution 114
4.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 116
Electrolytic Properties 116 Ionic Compounds in Water 117
Molecular Compounds in Water 118 Strong and Weak Electrolytes 118

4.2 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS 119

Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds 120 Exchange
(Metathesis) Reactions 121 Ionic Equations 122

4.3 ACIDS, BASES, AND NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS 124

Acids 124 Bases 125 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 125
Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes 126 Neutralization
Reactions and Salts 127 Neutralization Reactions with Gas
Formation 129

4.4 OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS 131

Oxidation and Reduction 131 Oxidation Numbers 132 Oxidation
of Metals by Acids and Salts 133 The Activity Series 135

4.5 CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS 139

Molarity 139 Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte 140
Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume 140 Dilution 141

4.6 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 144

Titrations 145
CHAPTER SUMMARY AND KEY TERMS 149 KEY SKILLS 149
KEY EQUATIONS 149 VISUALIZING CONCEPTS 150
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES 154 INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES 156
CHEMISTRY PUT TO WORK Antacids 130
A CLOSER LOOK The Aura of Gold 138
STRATEGIES IN CHEMISTRY Analyzing Chemical Reactions 138
CHEMISTRY AND LIFE Drinking too much Water Can Kill You 143

5 Thermochemistry 158
5.1 THE NATURE OF ENERGY 160
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy 160 Units of Energy 162
System and Surroundings 162 Transferring Energy: Work
and Heat 163

5.2 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 164

Internal Energy 164 Relating ¢E to Heat and Work 165
Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 167 State
Functions 167
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Literature - Problem Set
Summer 2024 - Department

Prepared by: Professor Garcia

Date: July 28, 2025

References 1: Interdisciplinary approaches

Learning Objective 1: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 2: Best practices and recommendations
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 11: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 13: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 19: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 3: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 20: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 22: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 26: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 4: Experimental procedures and results
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 35: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 37: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 5: Current trends and future directions
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 42: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 43: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 47: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 6: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Practice Problem 50: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 51: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 52: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 57: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 58: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 59: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
Practice Problem 60: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 61: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 62: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 64: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 66: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 67: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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