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 N O N - A S S O C I AT I V E N O R M E D A L G E B R A S

Volume 2: Representation Theory and the Zel’manov Approach

This first systematic account of the basic theory of normed algebras, without
assuming associativity, includes many new and unpublished results and is sure to
become a central resource for researchers and graduate students in the field.
This second volume revisits JB*-triples, covers Zel’manov’s celebrated work in
Jordan theory, proves the unit-free variant of Vidav–Palmer theorem, and develops
the representation theory of alternative C*-algebras and non-commutative
JB*-algebras. This completes the work begun in the first volume, which introduced
these algebras and discussed the so-called non-associative Gelfand–Naimark and
Vidav–Palmer theorems.
This book interweaves pure algebra, geometry of normed spaces, and
infinite-dimensional complex analysis. Novel proofs are presented in complete
detail at a level accessible to graduate students. The book contains a wealth of
historical comments, background material, examples, and an extensive bibliography.

Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications

This series is devoted to significant topics or themes that have wide application in
mathematics or mathematical science and for which a detailed development of the
abstract theory is less important than a thorough and concrete exploration of the
implications and applications.

Books in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications cover their

subjects comprehensively. Less important results may be summarized as exercises
at the ends of chapters. For technicalities, readers can be referred to the
bibliography, which is expected to be comprehensive. As a result, volumes are
encyclopedic references or manageable guides to major subjects.
 Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications

All the titles listed below can be obtained from good booksellers or from Cambridge Univer-
sity Press. For a complete series listing visit
www.cambridge.org/mathematics.
119 M. Deza and M. Dutour Sikirić Geometry of Chemical Graphs
120 T. Nishiura Absolute Measurable Spaces
121 M. Prest Purity, Spectra and Localisation
122 S. Khrushchev Orthogonal Polynomials and Continued Fractions
123 H. Nagamochi and T. Ibaraki Algorithmic Aspects of Graph Connectivity
124 F. W. King Hilbert Transforms I
125 F. W. King Hilbert Transforms II
126 O. Calin and D.-C. Chang Sub-Riemannian Geometry
127 M. Grabisch et al. Aggregation Functions
128 L. W. Beineke and R. J. Wilson (eds.) with J. L. Gross and T. W. Tucker Topics in Topological
Graph Theory
129 J. Berstel, D. Perrin and C. Reutenauer Codes and Automata
130 T. G. Faticoni Modules over Endomorphism Rings
131 H. Morimoto Stochastic Control and Mathematical Modeling
132 G. Schmidt Relational Mathematics
133 P. Kornerup and D. W. Matula Finite Precision Number Systems and Arithmetic
134 Y. Crama and P. L. Hammer (eds.) Boolean Models and Methods in Mathematics, Computer
Science, and Engineering
135 V. Berthé and M. Rigo (eds.) Combinatorics, Automata and Number Theory
136 A. Kristály, V. D. Rădulescu and C. Varga Variational Principles in Mathematical Physics,
Geometry, and Economics
137 J. Berstel and C. Reutenauer Noncommutative Rational Series with Applications
138 B. Courcelle and J. Engelfriet Graph Structure and Monadic Second-Order Logic
139 M. Fiedler Matrices and Graphs in Geometry
140 N. Vakil Real Analysis through Modern Infinitesimals
141 R. B. Paris Hadamard Expansions and Hyperasymptotic Evaluation
142 Y. Crama and P. L. Hammer Boolean Functions
143 A. Arapostathis, V. S. Borkar, and M. K. Ghosh Ergodic Control of Diffusion Processes
144 N. Caspard, B. Leclerc, and B. Monjardet Finite Ordered Sets
145 D. Z. Arov and H. Dym Bitangential Direct and Inverse Problems for Systems of Integral and
Differential Equations
146 G. Dassios Ellipsoidal Harmonics
147 L. W. Beineke and R. J. Wilson (eds.) with O. R. Oellermann Topics in Structural Graph Theory
148 L. Berlyand, A. G. Kolpakov, and A. Novikov Introduction to the Network Approximation Method
for Materials Modeling
149 M. Baake and U. Grimm Aperiodic Order I: A Mathematical Invitation
150 J. Borwein et al. Lattice Sums Then and Now
151 R. Schneider Convex Bodies: The Brunn–Minkowski Theory (Second Edition)
152 G. Da Prato and J. Zabczyk Stochastic Equations in Infinite Dimensions (Second Edition)
153 D. Hofmann, G. J. Seal, and W. Tholen (eds.) Monoidal Topology
154 M. Cabrera Garcı́a and Á. Rodrı́guez Palacios Non-Associative Normed Algebras I: The
Vidav–Palmer and Gelfand–Naimark Theorems
155 C. F. Dunkl and Y. Xu Orthogonal Polynomials of Several Variables (Second Edition)
156 L. W. Beineke and R. J. Wilson (eds.) with B. Toft Topics in Chromatic Graph Theory
157 T. Mora Solving Polynomial Equation Systems III: Algebraic Solving
158 T. Mora Solving Polynomial Equation Systems IV: Buchberger Theory and Beyond
159 V. Berthé and M. Rigo (eds.) Combinatorics, Words and Symbolic Dynamics
160 B. Rubin Introduction to Radon Transforms: With Elements of Fractional Calculus and Harmonic
Analysis
161 M. Ghergu and S. D. Taliaferro Isolated Singularities in Partial Differential Inequalities
162 G. Molica Bisci, V. Radulescu, and R. Servadei Variational Methods for Nonlocal Fractional
Problems
163 S. Wagon The Banach–Tarski Paradox (Second Edition)
164 K. Broughan Equivalents of the Riemann Hypothesis I: Arithmetic Equivalents
165 K. Broughan Equivalents of the Riemann Hypothesis II: Analytic Equivalents
166 M. Baake and U. Grimm (eds.) Aperiodic Order II: Crystallography and Almost Periodicity
167 M. Cabrera Garcı́a and Á. Rodrı́guez Palacios Non-Associative Normed Algebras II:
Representation Theory and the Zel’manov Approach
168 A. Yu. Khrennikov, S. V. Kozyrev and W. A. Zúñiga-Galindo Ultrametric Pseudodifferential
Equations and Applications
 Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications

Non-Associative Normed Algebras

Volume 2: Representation Theory and
the Zel’manov Approach

M I G U E L C A B R E R A G A R C Í A
Universidad de Granada

Á N G E L R O D R Í G U E Z PA L A C I O S
Universidad de Granada
 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA
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It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107043114
DOI: 10.1017/9781107337817
© Miguel Cabrera Garcı́a and Ángel Rodrı́guez Palacios 2018
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2018
Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cabrera Garcı́a, Miguel.
Non-associative normed algebras / Miguel Cabrera Garcı́a, Universidad de Granada,
Ángel Rodrı́guez Palacios, Universidad de Granada.
volumes cm. – (Encyclopedia of mathematics and its applications)
ISBN 978-1-107-04306-0 (hardback)
1. Banach algebras. 2. Algebra. I. Rodrı́guez Palacios, Ángel. II. Title.
QA326.C33 2014
512 .554–dc23 2013045718
ISBN 978-1-107-04306-0 Hardback
ISBN - 2 Volume Set 978-1-108-67907-7 Hardback
ISBN - Volume I 978-1-107-04306-0 Hardback
ISBN - Volume II 978-1-107-04311-4 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
To Ana Marı́a and Inés
 Contents for Volume 2

Contents for Volume 1 page xi

Preface xvii
5 Non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebras, JB∗ -triples revisited, and
a unit-free Vidav–Palmer type non-associative theorem 1
5.1 Non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebras 2
5.1.1 The results 3
5.1.2 Historical notes and comments 18
5.2 Preliminaries on analytic mappings 19
5.2.1 Polynomials and higher derivatives 20
5.2.2 Analytic mappings on Banach spaces 32
5.2.3 Holomorphic mappings 43
5.2.4 Historical notes and comments 53
5.3 Holomorphic automorphisms of a bounded domain 53
5.3.1 The topology of the local uniform convergence 53
5.3.2 Holomorphic automorphisms of a bounded domain 61
5.3.3 The Carathéodory distance on a bounded domain 77
5.3.4 Historical notes and comments 87
5.4 Complete holomorphic vector fields 88
5.4.1 Locally Lipschitz vector fields 88
5.4.2 Holomorphic vector fields 99
5.4.3 Complete holomorphic vector fields and
one-parameter groups 126
5.4.4 Historical notes and comments 135
5.5 Banach Lie structures for aut() and Aut() 137
5.5.1 The real Banach Lie algebra aut() 137
5.5.2 The real Banach Lie group Aut() 151
5.5.3 Historical notes and comments 174
5.6 Kaup’s holomorphic characterization of JB∗ -triples 174
5.6.1 Bounded circular domains 175

vii
viii Contents for Volume 2

5.6.2 The symmetric part of a complex Banach space 187

5.6.3 Numerical ranges revisited 193
5.6.4 Concluding the proof of Kaup’s theorem 197
5.6.5 Historical notes and comments 207
5.7 JBW ∗ -triples 211
5.7.1 The bidual of a JB∗ -triple 211
5.7.2 The main results 224
5.7.3 Historical notes and comments 236
5.8 Operators into the predual of a JBW ∗ -triple 245
5.8.1 On Pełczyński’s property (V ∗ ) 245
5.8.2 L-embedded spaces have property (V ∗ ) 253
5.8.3 Applications to JB∗ -triples 263
5.8.4 Historical notes and comments 266
5.9 A holomorphic characterization of non-commutative
JB∗ -algebras 268
5.9.1 Complete normed algebras whose biduals are
non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 268
5.9.2 The main result 271
5.9.3 Historical notes and comments 272
5.10 Complements on non-commutative JB∗ -algebras and
JB∗ -triples 274
5.10.1 Selected topics in the theory of non-commutative
JBW ∗ -algebras 275
5.10.2 The strong∗ topology of a JBW ∗ -triple 298
5.10.3 Isometries of non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 315
5.10.4 Historical notes and comments 329
6 Representation theory for non-commutative JB∗ -algebras
and alternative C∗ -algebras 347
6.1 The main results 347
6.1.1 Factor representations of non-commutative
JB∗ -algebras 348
6.1.2 Associativity and commutativity of non-commutative
JB∗ -algebras 352
6.1.3 JBW ∗ -factors 359
6.1.4 Classifying prime JB∗ -algebras: a Zel’manovian
approach 363
6.1.5 Prime non-commutative JB∗ -algebras are centrally
closed 367
6.1.6 Non-commutative JBW ∗ -factors and alternative
W ∗ -factors 374
6.1.7 Historical notes and comments 398
6.2 Applications of the representation theory 411
6.2.1 Alternative C∗ - and W ∗ -algebras 412
 Contents for Volume 2 ix

6.2.2 The strong topology of a non-commutative

JBW ∗ -algebra 416
6.2.3 Prime non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 418
6.2.4 Historical notes and comments 421
6.3 A further application: commutativity of non-commutative
JB∗ -algebras 422
6.3.1 Le Page’s theorem, and some non-associative
variants 422
6.3.2 The main result 428
6.3.3 Discussion of results and methods 432
6.3.4 Historical notes and comments 436
7 Zel’manov approach 437
7.1 Classifying prime JB∗ -triples 437
7.1.1 Representation theory for JB∗ -triples 438
7.1.2 Building prime JB∗ -triples from prime C∗ -algebras 441
7.1.3 The main results 444
7.1.4 Historical notes and comments 458
7.2 A survey on the analytic treatment of Zel’manov’s prime
theorems 461
7.2.1 Complete normed J-primitive Jordan algebras 462
7.2.2 Strong-versus-light normed versions of the
Zel’manov prime theorem 467
7.2.3 The norm extension problem 470
8 Selected topics in the theory of non-associative normed algebras 477
8.1 H ∗ -algebras 477
8.1.1 Preliminaries, and a theorem on power-associative
H ∗ -algebras 480
8.1.2 Structure theory 484
8.1.3 Topologically simple H ∗ -algebras are ‘very’ prime 489
8.1.4 Automatic continuity 495
8.1.5 Isomorphisms and derivations of H ∗ -algebras 502
8.1.6 Jordan axioms for associative H ∗ -algebras 508
8.1.7 Real versus complex H ∗ -algebras 510
8.1.8 Trace-class elements in H ∗ -algebras 523
8.1.9 Historical notes and comments 545
8.2 Extending the theory of H ∗ -algebras: generalized annihilator
normed algebras 561
8.2.1 The main result 562
8.2.2 Generalized annihilator algebras are multiplicatively
semiprime 571
8.2.3 Generalized complemented normed algebras 577
8.2.4 Historical notes and comments 583
x Contents for Volume 2

8.3 Continuing the theory of non-associative normed algebras 586

8.3.1 Continuity of homomorphisms into normed algebras
without topological divisors of zero 586
8.3.2 Complete normed Jordan algebras with finite
J-spectrum 589
8.3.3 Historical notes and comments 595
8.3.4 Normed Jordan algebras after Aupetit’s paper [40]:
a survey 597
8.4 The joint spectral radius of a bounded set 603
8.4.1 Basic notions and results 605
8.4.2 Topologically nilpotent normed algebras 620
8.4.3 Involving nearly absolute-valued algebras 638
8.4.4 Involving tensor products 642
8.4.5 Historical notes and comments 650

Bibliography of Volume 1 (updated) 664

References – Papers 664
References – Books 691
Additional Bibliography to Volume 2 699
References – Papers 699
References – Books 712
Symbol index for Volume 1 715
Subject index for Volume 1 719
Symbol index for Volume 2 725
Subject index for Volume 2 727
 Contents for Volume 1

Preface page xi
1 Foundations 1
1.1 Rudiments on normed algebras 1
1.1.1 Basic spectral theory 1
1.1.2 Rickart’s dense-range-homomorphism theorem 16
1.1.3 Gelfand’s theory 20
1.1.4 Topological divisors of zero 27
1.1.5 The complexification of a normed real algebra 30
1.1.6 The unital extension and the completion of a normed
algebra 33
1.1.7 Historical notes and comments 36
1.2 Introducing C∗ -algebras 38
1.2.1 The results 38
1.2.2 Historical notes and comments 52
1.3 The holomorphic functional calculus 53
1.3.1 The polynomial and rational functional calculuses 53
1.3.2 The main results 58
1.3.3 Historical notes and comments 68
1.4 Compact and weakly compact operators 70
1.4.1 Operators from a normed space to another 70
1.4.2 Operators from a normed space to itself 75
1.4.3 Discussing the inclusion F(X, Y) ⊆ K(X, Y) in the
non-complete setting 83
1.4.4 Historical notes and comments 86
2 Beginning the proof of the non-associative Vidav–Palmer theorem 94
2.1 Basic results on numerical ranges 94
2.1.1 Algebra numerical ranges 94
2.1.2 Operator numerical ranges 104
2.1.3 Historical notes and comments 114

xi
xii Contents for Volume 1

2.2 An application to Kadison’s isometry theorem 120

2.2.1 Non-associative results 120
2.2.2 The Kadison–Paterson–Sinclair theorem 124
2.2.3 Historical notes and comments 130
2.3 The associative Vidav–Palmer theorem, starting from a
non-associative germ 131
2.3.1 Natural involutions of V-algebras are algebra
involutions 132
2.3.2 The associative Vidav–Palmer theorem 138
2.3.3 Complements on C∗ -algebras 143
2.3.4 Introducing alternative C∗ -algebras 151
2.3.5 Historical notes and comments 156
2.4 V-algebras are non-commutative Jordan algebras 160
2.4.1 The main result 161
2.4.2 Applications to C∗ -algebras 166
2.4.3 Historical notes and comments 171
2.5 The Frobenius–Zorn theorem, and the generalized Gelfand–
Mazur–Kaplansky theorem 176
2.5.1 Introducing quaternions and octonions 176
2.5.2 The Frobenius–Zorn theorem 177
2.5.3 The generalized Gelfand–Mazur–Kaplansky theorem 192
2.5.4 Historical notes and comments 198
2.6 Smooth-normed algebras, and absolute-valued unital algebras 203
2.6.1 Determining smooth-normed algebras and
absolute-valued unital algebras 203
2.6.2 Unit-free characterizations of smooth-normed
algebras, and of absolute-valued unital algebras 212
2.6.3 Historical notes and comments 216
2.7 Other Gelfand–Mazur type non-associative theorems 223
2.7.1 Focusing on complex algebras 223
2.7.2 Involving real scalars 227
2.7.3 Discussing the results 238
2.7.4 Historical notes and comments 244
2.8 Complements on absolute-valued algebras and algebraicity 249
2.8.1 Continuity of algebra homomorphisms into
absolute-valued algebras 250
2.8.2 Absolute values on H ∗ -algebras 251
2.8.3 Free non-associative algebras are absolute-valued
algebras 257
2.8.4 Complete normed algebraic algebras are of bounded
degree 262
 Contents for Volume 1 xiii

2.8.5 Absolute-valued algebraic algebras are

finite-dimensional 270
2.8.6 Historical notes and comments 274
2.9 Complements on numerical ranges 283
2.9.1 Involving the upper semicontinuity of the duality
mapping 284
2.9.2 The upper semicontinuity of the pre-duality mapping 291
2.9.3 Involving the strong subdifferentiability of the norm 299
2.9.4 Historical notes and comments 310
3 Concluding the proof of the non-associative Vidav–Palmer theorem 319
3.1 Isometries of JB-algebras 319
3.1.1 Isometries of unital JB-algebras 319
3.1.2 Isometries of non-unital JB-algebras 324
3.1.3 A metric characterization of derivations of JB-algebras 327
3.1.4 JB-algebras whose Banach spaces are convex-transitive 332
3.1.5 Historical notes and comments 336
3.2 The unital non-associative Gelfand–Naimark theorem 340
3.2.1 The main result 340
3.2.2 Historical notes and comments 344
3.3 The non-associative Vidav–Palmer theorem 344
3.3.1 The main result 345
3.3.2 A dual version 351
3.3.3 Historical notes and comments 356
3.4 Beginning the theory of non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 359
3.4.1 JB-algebras versus JB∗ -algebras 359
3.4.2 Isometries of unital non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 366
3.4.3 An interlude: derivations and automorphisms of
normed algebras 370
3.4.4 The structure theorem of isomorphisms of
non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 381
3.4.5 Historical notes and comments 388
3.5 The Gelfand–Naimark axiom a∗ a = a∗ a, and the
non-unital non-associative Gelfand–Naimark theorem 392
3.5.1 Quadratic non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 393
3.5.2 The axiom a∗ a = a∗ a on unital algebras 397
3.5.3 An interlude: the bidual and the spacial numerical
index of a non-commutative JB∗ -algebra 404
3.5.4 The axiom a∗ a = a∗ a on non-unital algebras 411
3.5.5 The non-unital non-associative Gelfand–Naimark
theorem 414
xiv Contents for Volume 1

3.5.6 Vowden’s theorem 418

3.5.7 Historical notes and comments 421
3.6 Jordan axioms for C∗ -algebras 425
3.6.1 Jacobson’s representation theory: preliminaries 426
3.6.2 The main result 432
3.6.3 Jacobson’s representation theory continued 435
3.6.4 Historical notes and comments 444
4 Jordan spectral theory 450
4.1 Involving the Jordan inverse 450
4.1.1 Basic spectral theory for normed Jordan algebras 451
4.1.2 Topological J-divisors of zero 460
4.1.3 Non-commutative JB∗ -algebras are JB∗ -triples 463
4.1.4 Extending the Jordan spectral theory to
Jordan-admissible algebras 473
4.1.5 The holomorphic functional calculus for complete
normed unital non-commutative Jordan complex
algebras 480
4.1.6 A characterization of smooth-normed algebras 487
4.1.7 Historical notes and comments 490
4.2 Unitaries in JB∗ -triples and in non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 497
4.2.1 A commutative Gelfand–Naimark theorem for
JB∗ -triples 498
4.2.2 The main results 505
4.2.3 Russo–Dye type theorems for non-commutative
JB∗ -algebras 518
4.2.4 A touch of real JB∗ -triples and of real non-
commutative JB∗ -algebras 521
4.2.5 Historical notes and comments 527
4.3 C∗ - and JB∗ -algebras generated by a non-self-adjoint
idempotent 536
4.3.1 The case of C∗ -algebras 536
4.3.2 The case of JB∗ -algebras 552
4.3.3 An application to non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 560
4.3.4 Historical notes and comments 562
4.4 Algebra norms on non-commutative JB∗ -algebras 565
4.4.1 The Johnson–Aupetit–Ransford uniqueness-of-norm
theorem 566
4.4.2 A non-complete variant 571
4.4.3 The main results 573
4.4.4 The uniqueness-of-norm theorem for general
non-associative algebras 577
4.4.5 Historical notes and comments 592
 Contents for Volume 1 xv

4.5 JB∗ -representations and alternative C∗ -representations of

hermitian algebras 604
4.5.1 Preliminary results 605
4.5.2 The main results 611
4.5.3 A conjecture on non-commutative JB∗ -equivalent
algebras 630
4.5.4 Historical notes and comments 632
4.6 Domains of closed derivations 636
4.6.1 Stability under the holomorphic functional calculus 636
4.6.2 Stability under the geometric functional calculus 644
4.6.3 Historical notes and comments 665

References – Papers 671

References – Books 696
Symbol index 704
Subject index 707
 Preface

The core of the book revisited

In the preface to Volume 1 we proposed as the ‘leitmotiv’ of our work to remove asso-
ciativity in the abstract characterizations of unital (associative) C∗ -algebras given
either by the Gelfand–Naimark theorem or by the Vidav–Palmer theorem, and to
study (possibly non-unital) closed ∗-subalgebras of the Gelfand–Naimark or Vidav–
Palmer algebras born after removing associativity.
To be more precise, for a norm-unital complete normed (possibly non-associative)
complex algebra A, we considered the following conditions:
(GN) (Gelfand–Naimark axiom). There is a conjugate-linear vector space involu-
tion ∗ on A satisfying 1∗ = 1 and a∗ a = a2 for every a in A.
(VP) (Vidav–Palmer axiom). A = H(A, 1) + iH(A, 1).
In both conditions, 1 denotes the unit of A, whereas, in (VP), H(A, 1) stands for the
closed real subspace of A consisting of those elements h ∈ A such that f (h) belongs
to R for every bounded linear functional f on A satisfying f  = f (1) = 1.
Contrary to what happens in the associative case [696, 725, 787, 930], in the non-
associative setting, (GN) and (VP) are not equivalent conditions. Indeed, as proved
in Lemma 2.2.5, it is easily seen that (GN) implies (VP), but, as shown by Example
2.3.65, the converse implication is not true. Therefore, after introducing ‘alternative
C∗ -algebras’ and ‘non-commutative JB∗ -algebras’, and realizing that the former are
particular cases of the latter, we specified how, by means of Theorems GN and VP
which follow, the behaviour of the Gelfand–Naimark and the Vidav–Palmer axioms
in the non-associative setting are clarified.
Theorem GN Norm-unital complete normed complex algebras fulfilling the Gelfand–
Naimark axiom are nothing other than unital alternative C∗ -algebras.
Theorem VP Norm-unital complete normed complex algebras fulfilling the Vidav–
Palmer axiom are nothing other than unital non-commutative JB∗ -algebras.

xvii
xviii Preface

Then we announced as the main goal of our work to prove Theorems GN and VP,
together with their unit-free variants, and to ‘describe’ alternative C∗ -algebras and
non-commutative JB∗ -algebras by means of the so-called representation theory.
Since Theorems GN and VP and the unit-free variant of Theorem GN were already
proved in Theorems 3.2.5, 3.3.11, and 3.5.53, respectively, it remains the main
objective of our work to prove the unit-free variant of Theorem VP, and to develop the
representation theory of alternative C∗ -algebras and non-commutative JB∗ -algebras.
We now do this in Chapters 5 and 6 respectively. Indeed, the unit-free variant of
Theorem VP is proved in Theorem 5.9.9, whereas the representation theory of
alternative C∗ -algebras and non-commutative JB∗ -algebras can be summarized by
means of Corollaries 6.1.11 and 6.1.12, Theorem 6.1.112, and Corollary 6.1.115.

The content of Volume 2

As we commented in the preface of Volume 1, the dividing line between the two
volumes could be drawn between what can be done before and after involving the
holomorphic theory of JB∗ -triples and the structure theory of non-commutative JB∗ -
algebras. Then the content of Volume 1 was described in some detail, and a tentative
content of Volume 2 was outlined. Now we are going to specify with more precision
the content of the present second volume.

Chapter 5
The main goal of this first chapter of Volume 2 is to prove what can be seen as
a unit-free version of the non-associative Vidav–Palmer theorem, namely that non-
commutative JB∗ -algebras are precisely those complete normed complex algebras
having an approximate unit bounded by one, and whose open unit ball is a homoge-
neous domain [365] (see Theorem 5.9.9). Some ingredients in the long proof of this
result were already established in Volume 1. This is the case of the Bohnenblust–
Karlin Corollary 2.1.13, the non-associative Vidav–Palmer theorem proved in Theo-
rem 3.3.11 as well as its dual version shown in Corollary 3.3.26, Proposition 3.5.23
(that every non-commutative JB∗ -algebra has an approximate unit bounded by one),
Theorem 4.1.45 (that non-commutative JB∗ -algebras are JB∗ -triples in a natural
way), and the equivalence (ii)⇔(vii) in the Braun–Kaup–Upmeier Theorem 4.2.24.
♣ The new relevant ingredients which are proved in the chapter are the following:
(i) Edward’s fundamental Fact 5.1.42, which describes how JBW-algebras and
JBW ∗ -algebras are mutually determined, and implies, via [738], the unique-
ness of the predual of any non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebra (see Theorem
5.1.29(iv)).
(ii) The Kaup–Stachó contractive projection theorem for JB∗ -triples (see Theorem
5.6.59).
(iii) Kaup’s holomorphic characterization of JB∗ -triples as those complex Banach
spaces whose open unit ball is a homogeneous domain (see Theorem 5.6.68).
 Preface xix

(iv) Dineen’s celebrated result that the bidual of a JB∗ -triple is a JB∗ -triple (see
Proposition 5.7.10).
(v) The Barton–Horn–Timoney basic theory of JBW ∗ -triples establishing the sep-
arate w∗ -continuity of the triple product of a given JBW ∗ -triple (see Theorem
5.7.20) and the uniqueness of the predual (see Theorem 5.7.38).
(vi) The Barton–Timoney theorem that the predual of any JBW ∗ -triple is
L-embedded (see Theorem 5.7.36).
(vii) The Chu–Iochum–Loupias result that bounded linear operators from a JB∗ -
triple to its dual are weakly compact (see Corollary 5.8.33) or, equivalently,
that all continuous products on the Banach space of a JB∗ -triple are Arens
regular (see Fact 5.8.39).

The original references for the results just listed are [222], [382, 597], [381], [213],
[854, 979], [854], and [172], respectively. Our proof of these results are not always
the original ones, although sometimes the latter underlie the former. This is the case
of results (ii) and (iii), which in our development depend on the foundations of the
infinite-dimensional holomorphy done in [710, 751, 814, 837, 1113, 1114, 1124]
(see Sections 5.2 to 5.6), on the design of proof suggested in [710, Section 2.5], and,
at the end, on numerical range techniques included in Subsection 5.6.3. On the other
hand, our proof of result (v) is new, and, contrary to what happens in the original
one, it avoids any Banach space result on uniqueness of preduals. Indeed, our proof
of Theorem 5.7.20 involves only result (ii) and the Barton–Timoney Theorem 5.7.18,
whereas our proof of Theorem 5.7.38 depends only on Theorem 5.7.20 (whose proof
has been just remarked on), result (i), and Horn’s Corollary 5.7.28(i)(b).
Concerning result (vii), it is noteworthy that a much finer theorem is proved in
[172]. Namely, that every bounded linear operator from a JB∗ -triple to its dual factors
through a complex Hilbert space. The proof of this more general theorem (a sketch
of which can be found in §5.10.151) is very involved, and shall not be completely
discussed in our work. As a matter of fact, we re-encounter result (vii) by combining
results (iv) and (vi) with Corollary 5.8.19 (asserting that, if Y is a Banach space such
that Y  has property (V ∗ ), then every bounded linear operator from Y to Y  is weakly
compact) and Theorem 5.8.27 (that L-embedded Banach spaces have property (V ∗ )).
Corollary 5.8.19 and Theorem 5.8.27 just reviewed are due to Godefroy–Iochum
[957] and Pfitzner [1044], respectively. Nevertheless, the proof of Corollary 5.8.19
in [957] relies heavily on Proposition 5.8.14, whose arguments have been lost in
the literature (see §5.8.42). Our proof of Proposition 5.8.14 is taken from Pfitzner’s
private communication [1047].
Once the main objective of the chapter is reached in Section 5.9, the chapter
concludes with a section devoted to some complements on non-commutative JB∗ -
algebras and JB∗ -triples.
In Subsection 5.10.1 we introduce the strong∗ topology of a non-commutative
JBW ∗ -algebra [19] and apply it to build up a functional calculus at each normal
element a of a non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebra A, which extends the continuous
xx Preface

functional calculus (cf. Corollary 4.1.72) and has a sense for all real-valued bounded
lower semicontinuous functions on J-sp(A, a). Then we follow [366] to prove a
variant for non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebras of Kadison’s isometry theorem for
unital C∗ -algebras (cf. Theorem 2.2.29), a consequence of which is that linearly
isometric non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebras are Jordan-∗-isomorphic. (We recall
that linearly isometric (possibly non-unital) C∗ -algebras are Jordan-∗-isomorphic (a
consequence of Theorem 2.2.19), but that linearly isometric (even unital) non-
commutative JB∗ -algebras need not be Jordan-∗-isomorphic (cf. Antitheorem
3.4.34).) We also prove the generalization to non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebras
of Akemann’s theorem [826] asserting the coincidence of the strong∗ and Mackey
topologies on bounded subsets of any W ∗ -algebra.
In Subsection 5.10.2 we introduce and study the strong∗ topology of a JBW ∗ -
triple as done by Barton and Friedman [853, 60], and follow [1061] to prove that,
when a non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebra is viewed as a JBW ∗ -triple, its new (triple)
strong∗ topology coincides with the (algebra) strong∗ topology introduced in Sub-
section 5.10.1. We also prove Zizler’s refinement [1137] of Lindenstrauss’s theorem
[1001] on norm-density of operators whose transpose attain their norm, and apply
it to prove a variant for JBW ∗ -triples of the so-called little Grothendieck’s theorem
[853, 964, 1040, 1052].
In Subsection 5.10.3 we provide the reader with a full non-associative discussion
of the Kadison–Paterson–Sinclair Theorem 2.2.19 on surjective linear isometries
of (possibly non-unital) C∗ -algebras [366]. To this end we introduce the multiplier
non-commutative JB∗ -algebra M(A) of a given non-commutative JB∗ -algebra A,
and prove that M(A) coincides with the JB∗ -triple of multipliers [873] of the JB∗ -
triple underlying A. Then we also prove that the Kadison–Paterson–Sinclair theorem
remains true verbatim for surjective linear isometries from non-commutative JB∗ -
algebras to alternative C∗ -algebras, and that no further verbatim generalization is
possible.

Chapter 6
Implicitly, the representation theory of JB-algebras underlies our work since, without
providing the reader with a proof, we took from the Hanche-Olsen–Stormer book
[738] the very deep fact that the closed subalgebra of a JB-algebra generated by two
elements is a JC-algebra (cf. Proposition 3.1.3). In that way we were able to develop
the basic theory of non-commutative JB∗ -algebras (including the non-associative
Vidav–Palmer Theorem 3.3.11 and Wright’s fundamental Fact 3.4.9 which describes
how JB-algebras and JB∗ -algebras are mutually determined) without any further
implicit or explicit reference to representation theory. In fact, we avoided any depen-
dence on representation theory throughout all of Volume 1, and to the end of Chapter
5 of the present volume.
Now, in Chapter 6, we conclude the basic theory of non-commutative JB∗ -
algebras, and follow [19, 124, 125, 222, 481, 482, 641] to develop in depth the
 Preface xxi

representation theory of non-commutative JB∗ -algebras and, in particular, that

of alternative C∗ -algebras. To this end, in Subsection 6.1.1 we introduce non-
commutative JBW ∗ -factors and non-commutative JBW ∗ -factor representations of a
given non-commutative JB∗ -algebra, and prove that every non-commutative JB∗ -
algebra has a faithful family of type I non-commutative JBW ∗ -factor representations.
When these results specialize for classical C∗ -algebras, type I non-commutative
JBW ∗ -factors are nothing other than the (associative) W ∗ -factors consisting of all
bounded linear operators on some complex Hilbert space [738, Proposition 7.5.2],
and, consequently, type I W ∗ -factor representations of a C∗ -algebra A are precisely
the irreducible representations of A on complex Hilbert spaces. Subsection 6.1.2
deals with a first application of the representation theory outlined above, which
allows us to show that non-commutative JB∗ -algebras are associative and commu-
tative if (and only if) they have no nonzero nilpotent element. As a consequence,
we obtain that alternative C∗ -algebras are commutative if and only if they have
no nonzero nilpotent element [340]. This generalizes Kaplansky’s associative
forerunner [761, Theorem B in Appendix III]. In Subsection 6.1.3, we involve the
theory of JB-algebras [738], and invoke result (i) in ♣ to classify all (commutative)
JBW ∗ -factors. This classification is applied to prove that i-special JB∗ -algebras
are JC∗ -algebras. In Subsection 6.1.4, we combine the result just reviewed with
Zel’manovian techniques [437, 662] to prove that, if J is a prime JB∗ -algebra, and
if J is neither quadratic (cf. Corollary 3.5.7) nor equal to the unique JB∗ -algebra
whose self-adjoint part is H3 (O) (cf. Example 3.1.56 and Theorem 3.4.8), then
either there exists a prime C∗ -algebra A such that J is a closed ∗-subalgebra of
the JB∗ -algebra M(A)sym containing A, or there exists a prime C∗ -algebra A with
a ∗-involution τ such that J is a closed ∗-subalgebra of M(A)sym contained in
H(M(A), τ ) and containing H(A, τ ) [255]. In Subsection 6.1.5, we introduce totally
prime normed algebras and ultraprime normed algebras, and prove that totally prime
normed complex algebras are centrally closed, and that ultraprime normed algebras
are totally prime [149]. Then we combine the classification theorem of prime
JB∗ -algebras reviewed above with the fact that prime C∗ -algebras are ultraprime
[1012] to show that prime non-commutative JB∗ -algebras are ultraprime, and hence
centrally closed. In Subsection 6.1.6, we combine the central closedness of prime
non-commutative JB∗ -algebras with a topological reading of McCrimmon’s paper
[436] to prove that non-commutative JBW ∗ -factors are either commutative or simple
quadratic or of the form B(λ) for some (associative) W ∗ -factor B and some 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1.
This theorem is originally due to Braun [124]. As a consequence, alternative W ∗ -
factors are either associative or equal to the alternative C∗ -algebra of complex
octonions (cf. Proposition 2.6.8).
Now that we have reviewed Section 6.1 in detail, we will explain the content of
the remaining sections of Chapter 6. Section 6.2 deals with the main applications
of the representation theory, namely the structure of alternative C∗ -algebras [125,
331, 481], the definition and properties of the strong topology of a non-commutative
JBW ∗ -algebra [482], and the classification of prime non-commutative JB∗ -algebras
xxii Preface

[363]. Finally, Section 6.3 deals with a rather incidental application. Indeed, we
follow [860] to prove a Le Page type theorem for non-commutative JB∗ -algebras,
and discuss Le Page’s theorem [999] in a general non-associative and non-star
setting.

Chapter 7
This chapter deals with the analytic treatment of Zel’manov’s prime theorems for
Jordan structures, thus continuing the approach begun in Subsection 6.1.4.
In Subsection 7.1 we follow [448, 449] to prove as the main result that, if X is a
prime JB∗ -triple which is neither an exceptional Cartan factor nor a spin triple factor,
then either there exist a prime C∗ -algebra A and a self-adjoint idempotent e in the C∗ -
algebra M(A) of multipliers of A such that X is a closed subtriple of M(A) contained
in eM(A)(1 − e) and containing eA(1 − e), or there exist a prime C∗ -algebra A, a self-
adjoint idempotent e ∈ M(A), and a ∗-involution τ on A with e + eτ = 1 such that X
is a closed subtriple of M(A) contained in H(eM(A)eτ , τ ) and containing H(eAeτ , τ ).
Among the many tools involved in the proof of the above classification theorem,
we emphasize Horn’s description of Cartan factors [330], the core of the proof of
Zel’manov’s prime theorem for Jordan triples [663, 1133, 1134], and the comple-
mentary work by D’Amour and McCrimmon on the topic [920, 921]. Proofs of these
tools are not discussed in our development. The main results in the Friedman–Russo
paper [270], whose proofs are outlined in our development, are also involved. It is
noteworthy that, through the description of prime JB∗ -algebras proved in Subsection
6.1.4, Zel’manov’s work underlies again the proof of the classification theorem of
prime JB∗ -triples we are dealing with.
In Section 7.2 we survey in detail other applications of Zel’manov’s prime theo-
rems on Jordan structures to the study of normed Jordan algebras and triples.
In Subsection 7.2.1 we include the general complete normed version [146] of the
Anquela–Montaner–Cortés–Skosyrskii classification theorem of J-primitive Jordan
algebras [21, 585], as well as the more precise classification theorem of J-primitive
JB∗ -algebras [255, 525].
In Subsection 7.2.2 we include structure theorems for simple normed Jordan
algebras [151] (see also [539]) and non-degenerately ultraprime complete normed
Jordan complex algebras [152] (see also [428, 855]). This subsection deals also with
the limits of normed versions of Zel’manov prime theorems, a question which was
first considered in [893], and culminates in the paper of Moreno, Zel’manov, and
the authors [147] where it is proved that an associative polynomial p over K is a
Jordan polynomial if and only if, for every algebra norm  ·  on the Jordan algebra
M∞ (K)sym , the action of p on M∞ (K) is  · -continuous (see also [447, 1082]).
Subsection 7.2.3 deals with the so-called norm extension problem, which in its
roots is crucially related to normed versions of Zel’manov’s prime theorems. The first
significative progress on this problem (reviewed of course in this subsection) is
due to Rodrı́guez, Slinko, and Zel’manov [538], who as the main result prove that,
 Preface xxiii

if A is a real or complex associative algebra with linear algebra involution ∗, if A

is a ‘∗-tight envelope of H(A, ∗)’, if the Jordan algebra H(A, ∗) is semiprime, and if
 ·  is a complete algebra norm on H(A, ∗), then there exists an algebra norm on A
whose restriction to H(A, ∗) is equivalent to  · . The appropriate versions for Jordan
triples of the results of [538], due to Moreno [1025, 1026], are also included. The
subsection concludes with a full discussion of results on the norm extension problem
in a general non-associative setting. The main reference for this topic is [1029]. Other
related results in [1027, 1059, 1064] are also reviewed.

Chapter 8
We devote this concluding chapter to developing some of our favourite parcels of the
theory of non-associative normed algebras, not previously included in our work.
The first section of the chapter deals with H ∗ -algebras, incidentally introduced in
Volume 1 of our work. The reasonably well-behaved co-existence of two structures,
namely that of an algebra and that of a Hilbert space, becomes the essence of semi-
H ∗ -algebras. Indeed, they are complete normed algebras A endowed with a (vector
space) conjugate-linear involution ∗, and whose norm derives from an inner product
in such a way that, for each a ∈ A, the adjoint of the left multiplication La is precisely
La∗ , and the adjoint of the right multiplication Ra is Ra∗ . Since Ambrose’s pioneering
paper [20], it is well-known that associative semi-H ∗ -algebras with zero annihilator
are H ∗ -algebras, i.e. their involutions are algebra involutions. But this is no longer
true in general.
We begin Subsection 8.1.1 by recalling those results on semi-H ∗ -algebras, which
were already proved in Volume 1 of our work. Then we introduce the classical
topologically simple associative complex H ∗ -algebra HS (H) of all Hilbert–
Schmidt operators on a nonzero complex Hilbert space H, and show how this
algebra allows us to construct natural examples of Jordan and Lie H ∗ -algebras.
After showing how the norm of a semi-H ∗ -algebra with zero annihilator determines
its involution, we prove that power-associative H ∗ -algebras are non-commutative
Jordan algebras [714].
In Subsection 8.1.2, we establish two fundamental structure theorems for a semi-
H ∗ -algebra A, which, in two successive steps, reduce the general case to the one that
A has zero annihilator, and the case that A has zero annihilator to the one that A is
topologically simple [199].
According to the structure theory commented in the preceding paragraph, topo-
logically simple semi-H ∗ -algebras merit being studied in depth. This is done in
Subsection 8.1.3. To this end we introduce totally multiplicatively prime normed
algebras, show that they are totally prime, and prove that topologically simple com-
plex semi-H ∗ -algebras are totally multiplicatively prime [889]. Since, as we already
commented in our review of Subsection 6.1.5, totally prime normed complex alge-
bras are centrally closed, it follows that topologically simple complex H ∗ -algebras
are centrally closed [148, 149].
xxiv Preface

The central closedness of topologically simple complex H ∗ -algebras just reviewed

becomes the key tool of Subsection 8.1.4, where we prove that derivations of com-
plex semi-H ∗ -algebras with zero annihilator are continuous [624], and that dense-
range algebra homomorphisms from complete normed complex algebras to complex
H ∗ -algebras with zero annihilator are also continuous [526].
In Subsection 8.1.5 we show that isomorphic complex H ∗ -algebras with zero anni-
hilator are ∗-isomorphic, and that bijective algebra ∗-homomorphisms between topo-
logically simple complex H ∗ -algebras are positive multiples of isometries (hence,
essentially, a topologically simple complex H ∗ -algebra has a unique H ∗ -algebra
structure) [198]. These results follow from a structure theorem for bijective alge-
bra homomorphisms between complex H ∗ -algebras with zero annihilator, which
becomes the appropriate H ∗ -variant of the structure theorem for bijective algebra
homomorphisms between non-commutative JB∗ -algebras proved in Theorem 3.4.75.
In Subsection 8.1.6, we prove the appropriate H ∗ -variant of the Jordan characteri-
zation of C∗ -algebras established in Theorem 3.6.30 [518]. A more than satisfactory
H ∗ -variant of Theorem 3.6.25 is also obtained [624].
Subsection 8.1.7 is devoted to providing us with the appropriate tools to transfer
results from complex semi-H ∗ -algebras to real ones. The basic tool asserts that
the complexification of any real (semi-)H ∗ -algebra becomes a complex (semi-)H ∗ -
algebra in a natural way. This quite elementary fact already allows to convert many
complex results into real ones, all of them involving the assumption that the algebra
has zero annihilator. The treatment of topologically simple real (semi-)H ∗ -algebras
is more elaborated: there are no topologically simple real (semi-)H ∗ -algebras other
than topologically simple complex (semi-)H ∗ -algebras, regarded as real algebras,
and the real (semi-)H ∗ -algebras of all fixed points for an involutive conjugate-linear
algebra ∗-homomorphism on a topologically simple complex (semi-)H ∗ -algebra
[142]. This reduction of topologically simple real (semi-) H ∗ -algebras to complex
ones allows us to transfer the remaining results known in the complex setting to the
real setting. In particular, we prove that dense-range algebra homomorphisms from
H ∗ -algebras with zero annihilator to topologically simple H ∗ -algebras are surjective.
Then, after introducing H ∗ -ideals of an arbitrary normed ∗-algebra, we prove that
topologically simple normed ∗-algebras have at most one H ∗ -ideal [687].
We begin Subsection 8.1.8 by introducing the complete normed complex ∗-algebra
(T C (H),  · τ ) of all trace-class operators on a complex Hilbert space H, as well
as the  · τ -continuous trace-form on it. Then we show that (T C (H),  · τ ) can be
intrinsically determined into the H ∗ -algebra (HS (H),  · ) of all Hilbert–Schmidt
operators on H. This fact allows us to replace HS (H) with an arbitrary real or
complex (possibly non-associative) semi-H ∗ -algebra A with zero annihilator, to build
an appropriate substitute of (T C (H),  · τ ) into A, denoted by (τ c(A),  · τ ), and
to discuss whether or not a  · τ -continuous trace-form on τ c(A) does exist. We
prove that, for a semi-H ∗ -algebra A with zero annihilator, τ c(A) is a ∗-invariant
ideal of A, (τ c(A),  · τ ) is both a normed algebra and a dual Banach space, and the
existence of a  · τ -continuous trace-form on τ c(A) depends on the existence of
 Preface xxv

an ‘operator-bounded’ approximate unit in A [424]. This, together with deep results

established in Volume 1 (namely Theorem 3.5.53 and Proposition 4.5.36(ii)), allows
us to prove that a complex H ∗ -algebra A with zero annihilator is alternative if and
only if (A,  · ) has an approximate unit operator-bounded by 1, and the predual of
(τ c(A),  · τ ) is a non-associative C∗ -algebra.
In the concluding Subsection 8.1.9, we survey the classification theorems of
topologically simple H ∗ -algebras in the most familiar classes of algebras. Thus,
starting from the well-known fact that there are no topologically simple associa-
tive complex H ∗ -algebras other than those of the form HS (H) for a nonzero
complex Hilbert space H [20, 374], the corresponding theorems for topologically
simple alternative [1042], Jordan and non-commutative Jordan [199, 1118, 1119],
Lie [197, 460, 687], Malcev [141], or structurable [140, 144] H ∗ -algebras are
established.
Section 8.2 deals with generalized annihilator normed algebras, which become
non-star generalizations of H ∗ -algebras with zero annihilator. We prove that any
generalized annihilator complete normed real or complex algebra with zero weak
radical (cf. Definition 4.4.39) is the closure of the direct sum of its minimal
closed ideals, which are indeed topologically simple normed algebras [259].
We also show that the weak radical of any real or complex semi-H ∗ -algebra
coincides with its annihilator, so that the structure theorem for semi-H ∗ -algebras
with zero annihilator proved in Subsection 8.1.2 is rediscovered. We introduce
multiplicatively semiprime algebras (i.e. algebras such that both they and their
multiplication algebras are semiprime), and show that generalized annihilator
normed algebras are multiplicatively semiprime [876]. Even more, we characterize
generalized annihilator normed algebras among those normed algebras which
are multiplicatively semiprime. We introduce generalized complemented normed
algebras, which are particular cases of generalized annihilator normed algebras, and
prove that, if A is a generalized complemented complete normed algebra with zero
weak radical, and if {Ai }i∈I stands for the family of its minimal closed ideals, then
for each a ∈ A there exists a unique summable family {ai }i∈I in A such that ai ∈ Ai

for every i ∈ I, and a = i∈I ai [259, 846].
Section 8.3 deals with other complements into the theory of non-associative
normed algebras. In Subsection 8.3.1 we prove that algebra homomorphisms from
complete normed complex algebras to complete normed complex algebras with no
nonzero two-sided topological divisor of zero are continuous [529]. In Subsection
8.3.2 we show that complete normed J-semisimple non-commutative Jordan complex
algebras, each element of which has a finite J-spectrum, are a finite direct sum of
closed simple ideals which are either finite-dimensional or quadratic, and derive
that complete normed semisimple alternative complex algebras, each element of
which has a finite spectrum, are finite-dimensional [91]. After the usual subsection
devoted to historical notes and comments, we include a comprehensive survey on the
more significant results on normed Jordan algebras which have been not previously
developed in our work.
xxvi Preface

The concluding Section 8.4 deals with the non-associative discussion done in
[452, 453] of the Rota–Strang paper [544] (so in particular of Proposition 4.5.2, cf.
p. 632 of Volume 1), and of the theory of topologically nilpotent normed (associa-
tive) algebras developed in [927, 928, 929, 1020] (see also [786, pp. 515–7], [1156,
Section 11], and §8.4.121). The section discusses also non-associative versions of
related results published in [569, 615, 1083] (see also [1030]), and incorporates
proofs of most auxiliary results invoked but not proved in [452, 453]. Among these
proofs, we emphasize that of Theorem 8.4.76, courtesy of Shulman and Turovskii.
In Subsection 8.4.1 we introduce the notion of (joint) spectral radius r(S) of a
bounded subset S of any normed algebra A. Then we prove one of the key results
in the whole section, namely that, if A is a normed algebra, and if S is a bounded
subset of A with r(S) < 1, then the multiplicatively closed subset of A generated by S
is bounded, and has the same spectral radius as S.
In Subsection 8.4.2, we introduce topologically nilpotent normed algebras as those
normed algebras whose closed unit balls have zero spectral radius. Among the results
obtained, we emphasize the following:
(i) A normed associative algebra A is topologically nilpotent if and only if so is the
normed Jordan algebra Asym obtained by symmetrization of its product.
(ii) Every non-topologically nilpotent normed algebra can be equivalently algebra-
renormed in such a way that the spectral radius of the corresponding closed unit
ball is arbitrarily close to 1.
(iii) Every topologically nilpotent complete normed algebra is equal to its weak
radical.
In Subsection 8.4.3, we show that, for every member A in a large class of normed
algebras (which contains all commutative C∗ -algebras, all JB-algebras, and all
absolute-valued algebras), the conclusion in Proposition 4.5.2 has the following
stronger form: for each bounded and multiplicatively closed subset S of A we have
that sup{s : s ∈ S} ≤ 1.
In Subsection 8.4.4, we involve in our development tensor products of algebras.
Thus we prove that the projective tensor product of two normed algebras is topolog-
ically nilpotent whenever some of them are topologically nilpotent, and that in fact
the converse is true whenever some of them are associative. Moreover, associativity
in the above converse cannot be removed. We also prove that a normed algebra A is
topologically nilpotent if and only if so is the normed algebra C0 (E, A) for some
(equivalently, every) Hausdorff locally compact topological space E. The results
obtained about tensor products of normed algebras are then applied to show that
most notions introduced in the section can be non-trivially exemplified into a class
of algebras almost arbitrarily prefixed.

On the historical notes

As in Volume 1, each section of the present volume concludes with a subsection
devoted to historical notes and comments. Paraphrasing Dinnen [1155, p. X], in these
 Preface xxvii

notes ‘we provide information on the history of the subject and references for the
material presented. We have tried to be as careful as possible in this regard and
take responsibility for the inevitable errors. Accurate and comprehensive records of
this kind are not a luxury but essential background information in appreciating and
understanding a subject and its evolution’.
Errata: A list of errata for Volume 1 can be found in the web page of Volume 2:
www.cambridge.org/9781107043114. We hope to continue this for both Volumes.
Please send corrections to: [email protected] and/or [email protected].

Acknowledgements
We are indebted to many mathematicians whose encouragement, questions, sug-
gestions, and kindly-sent reprints greatly influenced us while we were writing this
work: M. D. Acosta, J. Alaminos, C. Aparicio, R. M. Aron, B. A. Barnes, J. Becerra,
H. Behncke, G. Benkart, A. Browder, M. J. Burgos, J. C. Cabello, A. J. Cabrera,
A. Cañada, C.-H. Chu, M. J. Crabb, J. Cuntz, C. M. Edwards, F. J. Fernández Polo,
J. E. Galé, E. Garcı́a, G. Godefroy, M. Gómez, A. Y. Helemskii, R. Iordanescu,
V. Kadets, O. Loos, G. López, J. Martı́nez Moreno, M. Mathieu, C. M. McGregor,
P. Mellon, A. Morales, J. C. Navarro Pascual, M. M. Neumann, R. Payá, J. Pérez
González, H. P. Petersson, J. D. Poyato, A. Rochdi, A. Rueda, B. Schreiber,
I. P. Shestakov, M. Siles, A. M. Sinclair, A. M. Slinko, R. M. Timoney, A. J. Ureña,
M. V. Velasco, M. Villegas, A. R. Villena, B. Zalar, and W. Zelazko.
Special thanks should be given to D. Beltita, J. A. Cuenca, H. G. Dales, R. S. Doran,
A. Fernández López, A. Kaidi, W. Kaup (RIP), M. Martı́n, J. F. Mena, J. Merı́,
A. Moreno Galindo, A. M. Peralta, H. Pfitzner, V. S. Shulman, Yu. V. Turovskii,
H. Upmeier, J. D. M. Wright, and D. Yost, for their substantial contributions to the
writting of our work.
We would also like to thank the staff of Cambridge University Press for their
help and kindness, and particularly R. Astley, C. Dennison, N. Yassar Arafat,
R. Munnelly, N. Saxena, and the copy-editor K. Eagan.
This work has been partially supported by the Spanish government grant
MTM2016-76327-C3-2-P.
 5
Non-commutative JBW ∗ -algebras, JB∗ -triples
revisited, and a unit-free Vidav–Palmer type
non-associative theorem

Non-commutative JB∗ -algebras (cf. Definition 3.3.1) have become central objects in
the first volume of our work since, in the unital case, they are the solution to the
general non-associative Vidav–Palmer theorem (see Theorem 3.3.11), aned contain
alternative C∗ -algebras (cf. §2.3.62) which in their turn become the solution to the
general non-associative Gelfand–Naimark theorem (see Theorem 3.5.53). As a con-
cluding main result in the present chapter, we will prove a general non-associative
characterization of non-commutative JB∗ -algebras (see Theorem 5.9.9), a germ of
which could be the following.

Fact 5.0.1 A norm-unital complete normed complex algebra is a non-commutative

JB∗ -algebra (for some involution) if and only if it is linearly isometric to a JB∗ -triple.

The proof, which only involves results established in the first volume of our work,
goes as follows.

Proof The ‘only if’ part follows from Theorem 4.1.45. To prove the ‘if’ part, let us
recall that, given a complex normed space X and a norm-one element u ∈ X, H(X, u)
denotes the set of all hermitian elements of X relative to u (cf. Definition 2.1.12).
Now let A be a norm-unital complete normed complex algebra such that there exists
a linear isometry φ from A onto some JB∗ -triple J. Then, by Corollary 2.1.13, φ(1)
is a vertex of BJ , and hence, by the implication (vii)⇒(ii) in Theorem 4.2.24, J is
the underlying Banach space of a JB∗ -algebra with unit φ(1). Therefore, by Lemma
2.2.8(iii), we have
J = H(J, φ(1)) + iH(J, φ(1)),

and hence
A = H(A, 1) + iH(A, 1).

Now, by the non-associative Vidav–Palmer theorem (cf. Theorem 3.3.11), A is a non-

commutative JB∗ -algebra. 

1
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