GUESS PAPER 06 ESSAY

5. fldr,a mr iy uqyqo m;=, ksÍlaIKh lsÍu i|yd lsñÿïlrejka m%jdykh lrk fndaÜgqjl
wdlD;sh i,luq'fujeks fndaÜgq ;=, wjodkï wjia:dj,§ Ndú;d lsÍu ioyd jeä mßud iy
ialkaOh b;d l=vd jk áhqn mj;sk w;r wjYH wjia:dj, th c,hg .efgk mßÈ fndaÜgqfõ
iú lsÍfuka wu;r Wvql=re f;rmqï imhd.; yel.fujeks fndaÜgqjl msgqmig iúlr we;s
tkaðu u.ska bkaok oykh lr fudagrhlg iïnkaO wjr fm;a;la N%uKh lrk w;r
tu.ska c,h miqmig ;,a¨ lsÍfï § ,nd.kakd f;rmqfuka fndaÜgqj bÈßhg .uka lsÍu isÿfõ'

ñksiqka yd lsñÿï WmlrK rys;j fndaÜgqjl uq¿

ialkaOh 600kg jk w;r thg 70kg ne.ska
ialkaOhla iys; ñksiqka wg fofkl= yd 10kg
ne.ska n/;s lsñÿï lÜg, wgla Wmßu f,i
kxjd .kq ,nhs' by; Ndrh fhdod we;s úg§
fndaÜgqfõ áhqn lsisjla .s,S fkdue;s w;r
fndaÜgqfõ .s,sh yels mßudfjka 50] m%udKhla
.s,S mj;S' uqyqÿ c,fha >k;ajh 1000kgm-3 o
wjr fm;s u.ska wdjrKh jk m%lafIamK
j¾.M,h 0'05m² f,io i,luq'

(a) (i) wdlsñäia kshuh yd bms¨ï uQ,O¾uh ,shd olajkak'

(ii) fndaÜgqfõ ys ñksiqka yd lsñÿï lÜg, mj;sk wjia:djla fndaÜgqj c,fha ksYap,j
mdùu i,ld fndaÜgqj u; ksoyia n, igyk weo olajkak ' ^W;ama,djl;d flakao%h yd
fndaÜgqj ia:dhS kï .=re;aj flakaøho ksjerÈj ,l=Kq lrkak'&
(iii) fujeks wjia:djl fndaÜgqj .s,S we;s mßudj .Kkh lrkak'
(iv) fï wkqj fndaÜgqfõ uq¿ mßudj fldmuKo@

(b) tla áhqnhl mßudj 1m³ ne.ska jk áhqn 6la fndaÜgqfõ wka;¾.; fõ ' wjYH wjia:d
j,§ th fndaÜgqfõ c,h .efgk me;s mDIaGhg iïnkaO lsÍfuka fndaÜgqfõ msg;g fmfkk
mßudj jeä lr.; yel' áhqn ;=, jd;h mj;sk w;r áhqnj, ialkaOh fkd.sKsh yels
fõ wjYH wjia:d j,§ fïjd u.ska wu;r Wvql=re f;rmqula imhd yels neúka túg
fndaÜgqj .sf,k Wi wvq lr .ekSu fyda wu;r Ndrhla /f.k hdu isÿ l< yel'

1
 (i) by<g (a) ys mßÈ .uka .kakd fndaÜgqfõ isák lsñÿïlrejl= lsñ§ uqyqÿ m;=f,ka
fidhd.kakd ,o 4000kg ialkaOhla yd 1m³ l mßudjla iys; ÿ¾,N fldr,amr lene,a,la
fndaÜgqj ;=<g /f.k tk ,§' fuh fndaÜgqjg hdka;ñka mgjd .ekSug my; rEmfh
mßÈ lUhg fhÈh hq;= wd;;sh .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) fuh fndaÜgqj ;=<g mgjd .ekSfuka miq fndaÜgqj .s,S we;s mßudj fkdfjkiaj mj;ajd
.ekSug kï fndaÜgqfjka áhqn fldmuK ixLHdjla uqyqfoa .sf,k mßÈ ielish hq;=o @

(c), (d), (e) ioyd fldr,amrho mgjd.;a fk!ldj i,lkak'

(c) fndaÜgqj bÈßhg .uka lsÍfï § wjr fm;s u.ska ksYaM,

uqyqÿ c,hg V fõ.hla miqmig ,nd fokq ,efí'
(i) uqyqÿ c,fha >k;ajh 𝜌 f,i f.k uqyqÿ c, is,skavrhla
i,ld wjrfm;s u.ska uqyqÿ c,h u; fhfok n,h
.Kkh lrkak '
(ii) V ys w.h 10ms-1 ksh;j mj;s kï yd uqyqÿ c,h u.ska
fndaÜgqj u; fhfok p,s; m%;sfrdaOh 0.6Nkg-1 kï ñksiqka
yd lsñÿï lÜg, mgjd.;a fndaÜgqjg ,efnk wdrïNl
;ajrKh .Kkh lrkak'

(d) (i) fndaÜgqj bÈßhg .uka lsÍfï § 0.6Nkg-1 m%;sfrdaOhg wu;rj c,fh ÿiai%dù n,
8𝜋
ksh; ^f& m%;sfrdaë n,hla yg .kakd w;r 𝑓 = 12 𝜂𝐴𝑢 u.ska ,efí' fuys u hkq tu
fudfydf;a fndaÜgqj bÈßhg .uka lrk m%fõ.hhs' 𝜂 c,fhys ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh o A
c,h iuÕ .efgk fndaÜgqfõ j¾.M,h o fõ'
A} 4m² o 𝜂} 2Pas o 𝜋 }3 f,i o i,ld fndaÜgqj ,nd.kakd wdka; m%fõ.h
.Kkh lrkak'
(ii) fndaÜgqfõ p,s;h i|yd m%fõ. ld, m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

(e) fndaÜgqjg bÈßfhka úYd, fk!ldjla .uka lsÍu ksh; fk!ldfõ wjr fm;s N%uKh ùfuka
uqyqÿ c,h ;=, by< jdhq nqnq¨ m%;sY;hla we;s wjia:djla i,luq' fujeks wjia:djl§
wdikak jYfhka c,h 1m³ ;=, mßudj 1cm³ jk jdhq nqnq¿ 2×10⁴ la mj;sk w;r jdhq
nqnq,l ialkaOh fkd.sksh yel'

(i) fujeks jdhq nqnq¨ iys; m%foaYhl c,fh iM, >k;ajh .Kkh lrkak'

(ii) fujeks l,dmhlg (a) fndaÜgqj we;=¿

jqjfyd; áhqn 6u Ndú;d lrk wjia:djl
fndaÜgqj .s,Shkafkao hkak .Kkhlsk a
fmkajkak a

6. foaÿkakla we;sùu iajNdjfha isÿjk b;du;a

w,xldr isÿùuls'fïjd we;s jkafk jeys ìxÿ
u.ska iQ¾h wdf,dalh ix>gl j¾K njg
wmlsrKh ùfuks'wdf,dalh jeys ìxÿ u.sk a
jk j¾;k l%shdj,s ksid wmlsrKh jk w;r
jeys ìxÿ u.ska isÿjk wNHka;r mrdj¾;k
l%shdj,s ksid wm.ukhkag ,lafõ' fuu
l%shdj,s fol fya;=fjka jeysnr wjia:dj,
fmd,fõ isg iQ¾hhdg msgqmd wE; wyi
ksÍlaIKh lrkafkl=g iqÿ wdf,dalfha

2
ix>gl j¾K j,ska iukaú; jD;a;dldr pdmhla fyda folla ksÍlaIKh l, yel. m%d:ñl foaÿkq
^primary rainbows& iy oaú;shsl foaÿkq ^secondary rainbows& jYfhka foaÿkq j¾. follg
fnokq ,efí' m%d:ñl foaÿkq we;s jkafka jeys ìxÿjla ;=,g we;=,a jk j¾Kj;a wdf,dal
lsrKhla thska ks¾.ukh ùug m%:ufhka j¾;k l%shdj,s follg;a tla wNHka;r mrdj¾;k
l%shdj,shlg;a ,laùfuks' tu foaÿkqj, msg; odrh r;= meyefhka hqla; jk w;r th fmdf<dfõ
isák ksÍlaIlfhl=f.a wefiys 42.8° fldaKhla wdmd;kh lrhs' b;sß j¾K fuu ÿr fol w;r
j¾Kdj,shl fuka wkqms,sfj,ska j¾;kdxlh fjkia jk mßÈ jHdma; fõ '

foaÿkak we;sùu yd wod, my; m%Yak j, ms,s;=re imhkak

(a) (i) iQ¾hhdf.ka ,efnk iqÿ wdf,dalh j¾K y;lska iukaú; fõ tajd fudkjdo@
(ii) wyfiys foaÿkakla we;s ùu i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d
fudkjdo@
(iii) jeys ì÷ ;=<g iqÿ wdf,dalh we;=,a ùfuka m%Odk jYfhka
foaÿkq lShla we;sfõo@ tajd we;sjk wdldrh ,shd i
olajkak'
(iv) foaÿkq iE§fï l%shdj,sfha idrdxYh f,i wdf,dal lsrK r
jd;fha isg c, ìxÿj ;=,g j¾;kh ù meñK c,
ìxÿj ;=,§ mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;khka isÿù kej; c,
ìxÿfjka jd;hg j¾;kh ùfuka isÿjk l%shdj,shla nj
YsIHfhla mjihs fï ms<sn| Tnf.a woyi ,shd olajkak'
(b) m%d:ñl foaÿkakl we;sjk my; lsrK igyko Wmfhda.S
lrf.k ms,s;=re imhkak
(i) c,fha j¾;kdxlh 4$3 kï c, ) jd; w;=re uqyqK; i|yd
wjê fldaKh .Kkh lrkak' i
(ii) fuu wjia:dfõ§ talj¾K wdf,dal lsrKhla i m;k fldaKhlska r
c, ìxÿj ;=<g we;=¿ jkafka kï yd tys j¾;k fldaKh r
kï" lsrKh ,lajk uq¿ wm.ukh d ioyd m%ldYkhla i iy
r weiqßka ,nd.kak
(lsrkh rEmfha mrsos iuus;slj .uka lrk nj i,lkak&
(iii) jvd;a §ma;sula jkafka m%d:ñl foaÿkaklao" oaú;sl foaÿkaklao
hkak fya;= iys;j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

(c) oaú;sl foaÿkakla we;s úfï§ c, ìxÿjla ;=<ska wdf,dal

lsrKhla .uka lrk wdlrh my; oelafõ
(i)tal j¾K lsrKhla i|yd uq¿ wm.uKh ^d& i|yd
m%ldYkhla i iy r weiqßka ,nd .kak'
(ii)oDYH wdf,dal mrdifha jQ lsrKj, r;= j¾Kfha isg oï
j¾Kh olajd lsrKj, ;rx. wdhdu ms<sfj,ska wvqfõ kï
tlu m;k fldaKhla i|yd fuys§ Wmßu wm.ukhg
,lajkafka l=uk j¾Kho@
(iii)oaú;Sl foaÿkafka by,skau Èiajkafka l=uk j¾Kho@

3
7. YS% ,dxlslhska i;=j w;S;fha§ meje;s w;s úYsIag fN!;sl úoHd;aul ;dlaIKh f,djg úoyd
olajk ks¾udKhla f,i oeÈ.u iQ;s>r ffp;Hh ;=, ;sì yuqjQ oeÈ.u we;a myK oelaúh
yelsh 'th my; mßÈ ir, rEm igykla u.ska oelaúh yelsh
m%Odk jYfhkau we;a myK i;=jk jHqyh f,i fuu we;a leghu oelaúh yelsh 'tu
leghu i;=j ksh; mßudjla ork .¾Nhla o ksh; yrialv j¾.M,hla ork ^A& È.=
f,day k,hlao ^ol=Kq mdoh yryd .uka .kakd& ,s.=j yryd oelafjk ksh; yrialv
j¾.M,hla ork ^B& ;j;a k,hlao mj;S'

fuys§ m%:ufhkau we;d hál=re lr .¾Nh ;=,g f;,a A k,h yryd mqrjkq ,efnhs'tys§
.¾Nh ;=,g f;,a mqrjk úg th A k,h i;= b újrhg my,ska mj;sk mßÈ msfrk nj
ikd: ù ;sfí'

by; a rEmfhys jQ jHQyh by; mßÈ úia;rd;aulj bÈßm;a l, yelsh 'fuys§ we;a
leghug my,ska f,dayuh ;eáhla ;nd we;s w;r th ;=, jQ fmd,af;,a wdodrfhka
oe,afjk myka;sr rdYshla ;eáfha ia:dk rdYshl msysghs'my; oelafjk l%shdj,shg m%:u A
k,fhys a újrhg m%:u my,ska jk mßÈ f,day ;eáh ;=,g fmd,af;,a mqrjkq ,nhs' B
k,h yryd fmd,af;,a my,g hkq ,nkafka B k,fhy Q yd R ,laIHka w;r mj;sk
mSvk wka;rhka fya;=fjks'

túg a újrh yryd A k<h ;=<ska .¾Nh fj; jdhqf.da,sh"ndysr jd;h .,dhhs'túg
fmd,af;,a j,g by<ska jQ jd;fhys mSvkh jdhqf.da,sh mSvkh jk P 0 olajd ,Õdjk
w;r tksid Q yd R ,laIHhka w;r mSvk wka;rhla ygf.k B yryd fmd,af;,a ;eáh
fj; ìxÿ jYfhka PQ}PR wjia:djg h<s m;ajk ;=re m;a;= fjhs'

fmd,a f;,a ;eáfha j¾.M,h =10cm2

fmd,a f;,a j, >k;ajh =800kgm-3
Po
2h
A k,fha wrh= 4mm
Q h B k,fha wrh = 4mm
Po = 1x105
R
fmd,af;,a j, mDIaÀl wd;;sh = 8x10-2

A B
1 rEmh

4
(a) (i) A ngfha my, flrj, f;,aj, .s,S fkdue;s úg P1 ys mSvkhg jdhqf.da,Sh
mSvkhg iudk fõ (P1=P0) kï Q ,laIHfha uq¨ mSvkhg m%ldYhla ,shkak'
(ii)Q Q yd R ys mSvk fjki Wmßu úg ta i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkak'
(fmd,af;,aj, mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh T fõ' B k,fha wrh RB &
(iii) R ys mSvkh jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhgu iudk jk neúka B k,fhka o%jh jEiaiSu i|yd
h g mej;sh hq;= wju Wi .Kkh lrkak'

(b) by; (a) ^iii& ys Wi fuka oi .=Khla (10h) Wig fmd,af;,a mj;ajdf.k we;s
wjia:djla i,luq'
(i) n’kq,s iólrKh Ndú;fhka fujeks wjia:djl B k,fhka fmd,af;,a msg ùfï
YS>%;dj .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) fï wkqj .¾Nh ;=< fmd,af;,a mßudj wvq ùfï wdrïNl YS>%;dj .Kkh lrkak.
(iii) myka;sr u.ska fmd,af;,a mßfNdack YS>%;dj 40 x 10-6 m3s-1 fõ' fï wkqj f,day
;eáfha fmd,af;,a uÜgu by< hdfï YS>%;dj .Kkh lrkak'
(iv) wdrïNfha§ ;eáfha f;,a uÜgu isg A k,fha my, fl,jrg mej;s Wi 1 cm kï
wdrïNfha isg fldmuK ld,hlg miqj fmd,af;,a my<g jEiaiSu k;r fõo @

Q
2 rEmh
R
h0 Z

(c) fuf,i fmd,af;,a uÜgu by, f.dia A k<fha my< fl<jr f,day ;eáfha f;,aj, .s,S
we;s wjia:djla i,luq' fujeks
wjia:djl .¾Nh yd jdhqf.da,h w;r iïnkaOh ìf|k neúka .¾Nh ;=< mSvkh
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg wiudk fõ'
(i) A k,fha wrh RA o fmd,af;,a yd k,h w;r iam¾Y fldaKh Y=kH o f,i ie,lsh
yel' .¾Nh ;=< mSvkh P1 kï P1 yd Z ,laIfha mSvkh ^Pz& w;r
iïnkaO;djla ,shkak'
(ii) A k<h ;=,h ;=< fmd,a f;,a by< ke. we;s Wi ho kï Pz yd jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh
^Po& w;r iïnkaO;djla ,shd olajkak'
(iii) fï wkqj ho w.h 10mm kï .¾Nh ;=< mSvkh .Kkh lrkak'
(iv) fujeks wjia:djl .¾Nh ;=< fmd,af;,a Wi 2 h kï Q ,laIfha kj mSvkh
.Kkh lrkak'
(v) Q yd R w;r udjlh i,ld ta yryd mej;sh yels Wmßu mSvk wka;rh .Kkh
lrkak'
(vi) by; (d) ^iv& yd ^v& ys ms<s;=re weiqßka fujeks wjia:djl fmd,af;,a B yryd my<g
fkdjeiafik nj fmkajkak'

5
8. 2019'04'10 jk Èk NASA wdh;kh úiska l¿ l=yrhl PdhdrEmhla .ekSu f,dj mqrd uy;a
wdkafoda,khlg ,lajQ m%jD;a;shla úh' mDÓúhg wdf,dal j¾I ñ,shk 53 la wE;ska msysá
fuish¾ 87 (M87) kï l¿ l=yrh tfia PdhdrEm.; lrk ,oS' tu l¿ l=yrfha ialkaOh
iQ ¾ hhdf.a ial kaOh fuka ì,sh k 6 muK fõ' l¿ l=yrhl msg;u iSudj event horizon
f,i y÷kajhs' l¿ l=yrhg msg; isg lvd jefgk jia;=jla tu iSudfõ§ wdf,dalfha
m%fõ.hg <Õd fõ' event horizon iSudj ;=,§ ±kg wm Ndú; lrk fN!;sl úoHd;aul
kshu j,x.= fkdfõ' thg fya;=j jkafka ksj%fgdakshdkq fN!;sl úoHdj f.dvke.S we;af;a
ld,h iajdh;a; úp,Hhla f,i i,ld jk neúks' wdf,dalfha m%fõ.h blaujd hdu;a iu.
ld,fha iajdh;a; nj wfydais fõ' l¿ l=yr ms<sn|j wOHhkh l< Karl Schwarzschild
kue;s fN!;sl úoHd{hd úiska l¿ l=yr uOHfha isg event horizon iSudjg we;s ÿr
i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd fok ,§' ( G=20/3 x 10-11 m3 Kg-1s-2 , 1 billion= 1x 109 ,
√12 = 3.46)

l¿ l=yrhla uOHfha isg event horizon iSudj olajd we;s ÿr fuka ;= k a .= K hl

ÿrlska innermost stable orbit msysgd we;' tkï .% y jia; =jlg ia: dhS f,i l¿ l= y rh jgd
llaI .; úh yels wju iSudj fõ' l¿ l=yr uOHfha isg event horizon iSudjg we;s ÿr
fuka 1'5 .=Khl ÿrlska photon sphere msysgd we;' tys§ wdf,dalh l¿ l=yrh jgd
llaI.; fõ' tA wkqj photon sphere ys isgf.k isák ñksfil=g ;u bÈßfhka msgqmi ±l
n,d .; yels úh hq;= fõ' l¿ l=yrhla ks¾udKh ù we;af;a b;d úYd, ialkaOhla l=vd
mßudjl weisÍu u.sks' fuf,i úYd, ialkaOhla l=vd mßudjlg weisÍfï § tys úfhda.
m%fõ.h jeä fõ' l¿ l=yrhla u; § úfhda. m%fõ.h wdf,dalfha m%fõ.hg jvd jeäh' tA
fya;=j ksid wdf,dalhg mjd l¿ l=yrfhka ñ§ bj;aúh fkdyel' tu ksid NASA wdh;kh
u.ska PdhdrEmh ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa wdf,dal lsrK fkdj mDÓúfha
ia:dms; lrk ,o f¾äfhda ÿf¾laI u.ska ksl=;a lrk ,o f¾äfhda ;rx. fõ' wdf,dalfha
fuu ixisoaêh meyeÈ,s l< yelafla whskaiaghskaf.a idOdrK idfmaCI;djdofhks'
(i) ksõgkaf.a .=re;ajdl¾IK kshuh i|yka lr tA weiqfrka .%yf,dalhl mDIaGfhaos
úfhda. m%fjs.h i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak' (G, M, R weiqfrka )
(ii) wm iQ¾hhdf.a mDIaGh u; jsfhda. m%fjs.h wdf,dalfha m%fõ.h blaujd f.dia l¿
l=yrhla njg m;aùug kï iQ¾hhdg mej;shh yels Wmßu úIalïNh fldmuK fõo@

6
 ^iQ¾hhdf.a ialkaOh – 2x1030kg& G=6.67x10-11 = r ^20⁄3x10-11&
(iii) l¿ l=yrhl idudkH ÿf¾laI PdhdrEmhla ,nd.; fkdyelafla wehs@
(iv) wfm%a,a 10 Èk PdhdrEm.; l< l¿ l=yrfha Schwarzschild wrh .Kkh lrkak
(1 billion= 1x 109)
(v) ialkaOh M jk l,q l=yrfha wlaIfha isg r oqrlska llaI.; jS we;s ialkaOh m jk
.%yjia;=jl llaISh m%fõ.hg m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak
(vi) M87 l,q l=yrh jgd llaI.; jsh yels .%y jia;=jla ioyd ,nd.; yels Wmrsu
m%fjs.h fldmuKo
(vii)mDÓúfha wrh 9mm ;rï l=vd jqjfyd;a mDÓúh l¿ l=yrhla njg m;ajk nj
.Kkhla u.ska fmkajkak' (Mearth – 6 x 1024 kg, R – 6400km)
(viii) l¿ l=yrhg event horizon iSudj ;=,§ wm fN!;sl úoHd;au kshuhka
j,x.=fkdùug fya;=j l=ulao@

9.(A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig fyda muKla ms< s;=re imhkak.
(A) fldgi

(a) úÿ,s cklhla u.ska" cklfhka 2 km wE;ska we;s l¾udka;Yd,djl WmlrKhl 24 Ω

m%;sfrdaO Ndrhlg 240 V fjda,aàh;djhla ,ndfoa'
(i) m%;sfrdaO Ndrh úÿ,s cklhg iïnkaO lr we;af;a 2 mm úYalïNhla we;s
weÆñkshï lïìj,ska kï úÿ,s cklfha fjda,aàh;dj .Kkh lrkak'
^weÆñkshï úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOl;dj 3 x 10-8 Ωm& (𝜋 = 3)
(ii) lïìj, W;ai¾ckh jk laIu;djh l=ulao@
(iii) úÿ,s cklh u.ska iemhsh yelafla 245V muKla kï by; fjda,aàh;dju ^240V& tu
o%jHfhkau ie§ lïì u.ska m%;sfrdaO Ndrhg ,ndÈh yelafla flfiao@ .Kkh lsÍula
u.ska ms<s;=r myokak'

(b) cj iïfma%IK moaO;sfha ld¾hlaIu;djh jeä lsÍu i|yd my; oelafjk mßÈ cj
iïfma%IK moaO;sh kùlrKh lrkq ,eîh'

jsoq,s flan,a

2km

ckl hka;%h wêlr wjlr úÿ,s WmlrKh

úÿ,s cklfhka ksmofjk fjda,aàh;djh wêlr mßkdulhla u.ska jeälr cjh

iïfma%IKh lrk w;r 1200V fjda,aàh;djhla wjlr mßkdulhla u.ska 240V olajd
wvqlr l¾udka; Yd,djlg wjYH fjda,aàh;djh ,ndfoa' fï i|yd fhdod.;a wêfjda,aàh;d
úÿ,s flan,h iukaú; jkafka ;U ikakdhlhla iy ta jgd we;s weÆñkshï ikakdhl
yhlsks' ;U iy weÆñkshï lïìj, úIalïNh iudk jk w;r tl lïìhl úIalïNh

7
 1mm fjhs' ;Uj, m%;sfrdaOl;dj 2 x 10-8 Ωm fjhs' (π = 3)
(i) flan,fha iul m%;sfrdaOh .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) wjlr mßkdulfha m%d:ñl iy oaù;shsl o.rfha fmdgj,a w;r wkqmd;h .Kkh
lrkak'
(iii) Ndú;d l, mßkdulh 100% mßmq¾K fõ kï kj cj iïfma%IKfha§ ydksjk cj
laIu;djh fldmuKo@
(iv) §¾> ÿr laIu;d iïfma%IKfha§ m%;Hdj¾: wêfjda,aàh;djhla Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu
jdisodhl wehsoehs fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

(B) fldgi

(a) (i) mrsmQ¾K osfhdavhl yd ;d;ajsl osfhdavhl V-I ,dlaIKslh fjk fjku weo kus lrkak.
(ii) idudkH osfhdavhlg jvd fik¾ osfhdavhl mj;sk jsfYaI;ajh meyeoss,s lrkak.
(iii) fik¾ osfhdavhl V-I ,dlaIKslh weo kus lrkak.
(iv) rEmjdyskS hka;%hla ;=, jQ fjd,agSh;d .dul mrsm:hla my; mrsos jk w;r tysoS
nsojegqus fjd,agSh;djh 20V jQ fik¾ osfhdavhla fhdod we;.

(b) fmr keUqrej osfhdav yryd

fjd,agSh;djh 0.7V fjs.
(i) Rs = 1kΩ jk jsg , Rs yryd
Is1
wdrusNl Odrdj fidhkak.
(ii) RL yryd jsNjh ,nd.kak. (RL
ys w.h 3.72kΩ jk nj
Vs 50V Rs Is
.kak) IL
Iz
(iii) RL yryd Odrdj fidhkak.
(iv) fik¾ osfhdavh yryd Odrdj RL
fidhkak.
(v) fik¾ osfhdavh i;= miq keUqre
m%;sfrdaOh yd laIu;dj
,nd.kak.
(vi) moaO;sfha mj;sk w;s; Odrd yd
fjd,agSh;djhkaf.ka wdrlaId lsrSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jk m%;sfrdaOh l=ulao@
(vii) moaO;sfha fik¾ osfhdavh yryd Odrdj Y=kH jk mrsos mj;ajd.; yels wju VS w.h
fidhkak.

+20V
(c) (i) D1 yd D2 j, fmr keUqre jsNjh 2V ne.ska
jk w;r tysoS D1 yd D2 yryd .,k Odrdj
fidhkak. D
(ii) D1 yd D2 j, laIu;dj fidhkak. W;ai¾ckh
.Kkh lrkak.
D
20kΩ

A C
10kΩ

B
-20V
8
 (d) Odrd ,dNh 𝛽 jk RB
gd%kaisiagrhl mdou m%;sfrdaOh RC
RB, ix.d%ysll m%;sfrdaOh RC , C
jsfudapl m%;sfrdaOh RE o jk
jsg iemhqus jsNjh V o mdous
jsNjh VB o fjhs. IB V=VCC
gd%kaiaisiagrha ls%hdldrs mrdih E
V
;=, mj;sk jsg VCE = CC o
2
mdous Odrdj IB of,i .kak. R
(i) ix.d%yl Odrdj ioyd
m%ldYkhla ,nd.kak.
(ii) RC ys jsNj wka;rh fldmuKo@
(iii)RE jsfudapkfhys jsNj wka;rh fidhkak.
V
(iv)IB = 2CβR +(1+β)R nj fmkajkak.
C E

10.(A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig fyda muKla ms< s;=re imhkak.

(A) fldgi

isj q myr wNHka; r oyk

tkað u
fmg%,a)jdhq ñY%Khlska l%shdlrk
m%dfhda.sl wNHka;r oyk
tkaðu msiagkhla yd lmdg
follska hq;a is,skavrhlska hqla;
fõ' fuys l%shdj,sh msiagkfha
myr y;rlska hq;a by< my<
p,s;hlska úia;r l< yel'
msiagkh u.ska oඟr lඳ
u; wjYH n,h ,nd fok w;r
tu.ska tkaðu ld¾hh isÿ lrhs'
fuys tla pl%hla myr y;rlska
iukaú; jqjo m%dfhda.sl tkaðula yඳුkd.; yels wjia:djka yhla Tiafia l%shdlrk w;r
pl%fha tla tla wjia:dfõ mj;sk is,skavr lsysmhl we;'

1 pQIK myr : fjk;a is,skavrhlska oඟr lඳg ,nd rfok lrleùu fya;=fjka msiagkh
my<g p,kh fõ' fuu.ska is,skavrfha wNHka;r mSvkh ie,lsh hq;= ;rñka wvq lrk w;r
th pQIK lmdgh újr jQ úg ndysr jdhq mSvkh u.ska fmg%,a)jdhq ñY%Kh is,skavrh ;=<g
;,aÆ lsÍug fya;= fõ'
2' iïmSvk myr : O yryd hk ;sria wlaIhla jgd N%uKh úh yels oඟr lඳ oeka msiagkh
kej; by<g ;,aÆ lrhs' fuys§ fmg%,a)jdhq ñY%Kh wධිl mSvkhlg ,lajk w;r tys
WIaK;ajh o ie,lsh hq;= ;rñka by, hhs' is,skavr ì;a;sh yryd isÿjk ikakhkh fukau
>¾IKho fuu l%shdj,sfha ld¾hlaIu;dj my, ouhs'
3' msmsreu : mq<sඟු fmakqj u.ska we;s lrk mq<sඟුj wêl mSvkhla hgf;a we;s fmg%,a)jdhq
ñY%Kh tlajru wjq,jd ,kafka mSvkh ;j;a jeä lrñks' msiagkh ish myf¾ by<u
ia:dkhg meñ”ug fudfyd;lg fmr fuu Êj,kh l< hq;=h' ta oykh wjika jk úg
msiagkh tys by<u msysgqug meñK k;r ù n, myr iඳyd iQodkï j mej;sh hq;= neúks'

9
4' n, myr : oykh wjidkfha WKqiqïj we;s jdhqj tla jru msiagkh my<g ;,aÆ lrñka
m%idrKh fõ' túg jdhqfõ mSvkh fukau WIaK;ajho tla jru my< niS' msiagkfha p,s;hg
we;sjk >¾IKh yd ;dm ikakhkh fuys ld¾hlaIu;dj my< ouhs' fuu pl%fha
m%fhdackj;a ld¾hhla isÿ jkafka fuu fldgfia §h'
5' msgdrh : is,skavrh ;=< we;s msgdr jdhqj ;ju;a jdhqf.da,hg jvd jeä mSvkhl yd
WIaK;ajhl mj;S' tneúka fï wjia;dfõ§ msgdr jE,ajh újD; jQ miq msgdr jdhqj bj;g
.,d hdu wdrïN fõ'
6' msgdr myr : oඟr lඳ fkdkj;ajd N%uKh ùu fya;=fjka kej; msiagkh by<g ;,aÆ jk
úg is,skavrfha b;sßj we;s msgdr jdhqjo bj;g ;,aÆ fõ' fuu pl%fha § isÿjk l%shdoduh
b;du;a ixlS¾K jk w;r .Ks;uh wdldrfhka meyeÈ,s lsÍu wmyiqh'

fï ms<snඳj ir, woyila ,nd .ekSu iඳyd 1876 § J'Tfgda úiska bÈßm;a lrk
,ofmrudo¾YS pl%h Ndú; l< yelsh' fuys§ jd;h mßmQ¾K jdhqjla f,io moaO;sh
>¾IKfhka f;dr hehso Wml,amkh flf¾'
OD → pQIK myr
DA → iïmSvk myr
(a) (i) fuu tkaðu isjq myr tkaðu f,i AB → msmsreu
yඳුkajkafka wehs oehs iඳyka lr tys§ BC → n, myr
we;sjk myrj,a yඳුkd .kak CD → msgdrh
DO → msgdr myr
(ii) iïmSvk myf¾§ msiagkh by<u
t msysgqug t<öug fudfyd;lg yfmr
Êj,kh isÿ lrkafka wehs@

(iii) iïmSvk myf¾ § we;sjk l%shdj,sh

ia:sr;dmS o ifudaIaK o hkak yd th
iïmSvkhla o m%idrKhla o hkak
iඳyka lrkak'

(iv) n, myf¾ § we;sjk l%shdj,sh

ia:sr;dmS o ifudaIaK o hkak yd th
iïmSvkhla o m%idrKhla o hkak
iඳyka lrkak

𝑃1 𝑉1𝑘 } 𝑃2 𝑉2𝑘
𝑃1 𝑉
} ( 2 )𝑘
𝑃2 𝑉1

500cm3 𝑃1 } 1 x 105 Pa
100cm3
𝑃4 } 50 x 105 Pa

fuys DA iy BC fldgia ia:sr;dmS l%shdj,s fõ' ia:sr ;dmS l%shdj,shla i|yd iólrKh
𝑃1 𝑉
} (𝑉2 )𝑘 jk w;r fuys k hkq jdhq ñY%Kh u; r|d mj;sk ksh;hls' .Kkh lsÍfï
𝑃2 1

10
 myiqj i|yd k ≈ 2 f,i.; yelsh'
(b) (i) 𝑃1 } 1 x 106 kï 𝑃2 fidhkak'
(ii) DA l%shdj,sfha wNHka;r Yla;s fjki;a l%shdj,sfha§ isÿjk ld¾hh;a .Kkh
lrkak'
(iii) 𝑃4 } 50 x 106 kï 𝑃3 fidhkak'
(iv) BC l%shdj,sfha § wNHka;r Yla;s fjki;a ld¾hh;a .Kkh lrkak'
(v) AB l%shdj,sfha § ndysßka ,nd ÿka ;dm m%udKh fidhkak'
(vi) CD l%shdj,sfha§ ndysrg msgl< ;dm m%udKh fidhkak'

(c) tla msiagkhla u.ska isÿ lrk ld¾h laIu;djh my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yel'
iM, laI u;dj } jl% h l § msi ag kh lrk ld¾hh x ;;am rhg jg .Kk
(i) (b)^ii& yd (b)^iv& ms<s;=re Wmfhda.S lrf.k tla jl%hl § msiagkh isÿlrk iM,
ld¾hh fidhkak'
(ii) is,skavr 4la iys; fudag¾ r:hla 2400 rpm iS>%;djfhka tkaðu Odjkh lrk úg§
tkaðfuka ksmojk iM, laIu;djh .Kkh lrkak'
(iii) fudag¾ r:hl is,skavr Odß;djh hkq tla is,skavrhl l%shdj,shlg wod< iM,
mßudj ^𝑉2 ) 𝑉1& yd fudag¾ r:fha is,skavr .Kk w;r .=Ks;h fõ' fuh
cc } cubic centimeter tallfhka bÈßm;a flf¾' by; fudag¾ r:fha is,skavr
Odß;djh .Kkh lrkak'

(B) fldgi

úlsrKYS,S ^x& kï uQ, øjHhla m%:ufhkau 1×10⁵ s w¾O wdhq ld,h ld,hla iys;j laIh
ùfuka Y kï uQ, øjHhla iEfok w;r tu Y M,ho ;jÿrg;a wia:dhs ksid 2×10⁵
wd¾O whq ld,hla iys;j laIh jSfuka Z kus wjika ia:dhS M,hla idokq ,efns. wdrusNfhaoS x
kus mS;D kHIAgsh 4x108 la muKla wka;¾.; jQ ixjD; noqkl x,Y,Z kHIagsj, jsp,kh
my; m%ia:drfhka olajd we;.
අනුගමන

4x108

A B
8 C
2x10

t1 t
(a) (i) A,B,C, m%ia:drj,g wod, uQ,o%jH j¾.h fjk fjku yoqkd.kak
(ii) t1 ys w.h .Kkh lrkak
00 7
(iii) A uQ,o%jHg wod, laIh ksh;h .Kkh lrkak 𝜆 = 𝑇1⁄
2
(iv) A uQ,o%jHfha wdrusNl ilS%h;dj .Kkh lrkak
(v) t1 ld,fhaoS idusm,fha A yd B uQ,o%jHj, ilS%h;d wdikakj .Kkh lrkak
(vi) wdusNfha isg 50s lg miqj idusm,fha A kHIags fldmuK mj;So@ (e-0.35 =0.704)

11
(b) (i) idïm,fha A:B wkqmd;h 1:3 ùu i|yd .;jk ld,h .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) wdrïNfha isg jir 6lg miq X,Y,Z ys m%;sY; wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg ,shd
olajkak'
(iii) fï wkqj jir oyhlg miq idïm,h ;jÿrg;a úlsrKYS,s jkafka o@
(iv) jir oyhlg miq idïm,h ;=, mj;sk uq,q kHIags ixLHdj .Kkh lrkak .
234 234 234 0
(c) by; X uQ, øjH Th iuia:dkslh jk w;r Y hkq Pa fõ' Th u.ska B
90 90 90 −1
wxY=jla yd 0 r wxY=jla msysàfuka ia:dhs Z kï jk hqf¾kshï iuia:dkslh idohs
0
(i) X→Y njg m;aùfï ;=,s; kHIaál m%;sl%shdj ,shd olajkak'
(ii) Y→ Z njg m;aùfï ;=,s; kHIaál m%;sl%shdj ,shd olajkak'Z ys ialkaO yd mrudKql
l%udxl ksjerÈj olajkak '
(iii) by; c (iii) m%;sl%shdjg wod< lajdla iólrKh ,shd olajkak'

12