GOOD MORNING!

Blood might be thicker than

water, but love was the most
powerful magic of all.
~ Lucy Connors
APRIL JEAN F. CABALLERO
Incomplete
codominance
Dominance
❑ Solve problems
involving multiple
alleles
❑ Infer the unknown
phenotypes of
individuals on the basis
of the known
phenotypes of their
family members
 Multiple Alleles
a type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern
that involves more than just the typical two
alleles that usually code for a certain
characteristic in a species.
 Multiple Alleles
Examples:
✓ Human-leukocyte-associated-antigen (HLA) genes.
✓Human ABO blood type
Blood types: Genotypes:
A IAIA or IAi
B IBIB or IBi
AB IAIB
O ii
Human blood types are determined by genes that follow the CODOMINANCE pattern
of inheritance. There are two dominant alleles (IA and IB ) and one recessive allele (i).

Blood Type Genotype Can Donate blood to: Can receive blood
(Phenotype) from:

O ii A, B, AB and O O
(universal donor)

AB IAIB O, AB A, B, AB and O
(universal receiver)

A IAIA or IAi AB, A O, A

B IBIB or IBi AB, B O,B
Multiple alleles
Group Activity
Assign a groupmate to make record of the different blood
Assign a groupmate to make record of the different blood
types of the group members and prepare a tally using the given
types of the group members and prepare a tally using the given
table
table
Names A B AB O
Multiple alleles

Am I their child?

Are you sure that

your parents now are
really your biological
parents? ☺
IMBESTIGADOR
Suppose a newborn baby was accidentally mixed up in the hospital. In
an effort to determine the parents of the baby, the blood types of the
baby and two sets of parents were determined.

Baby Wan had type O, Mrs. Brown had type B, Mr. Brown had type AB.
Mrs. Smith had type B and Mr. Smith had type B.

To which parents does baby Wan belong? Why? Hint you may want to
refer to your
Punnett squares.
Solve this case: Show your solution using a Punnett square

1. A man with type B blood marries a woman with type A

blood. They have the first child with blood type O.

What are the genotypes of the father and the

mother?

What is the genotype and phenotype of the baby?

 5 IMPORTANT REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD KNOW YOUR
BLOOD TYPE
1. Medical Emergencies –
Doctors need to know what blood type you have in order to prevent
the risk of giving you an incompatible blood type during surgery or
for another medical need. Getting an incompatible blood type can
cause your blood cells to clump, which can be life-threatening. In
almost all cases, hospitals will run a blood test first. In the case of an
emergency, a blood transfusion of the universal donor blood type, O-
negative, may be done. However, for some circumstances, the exact
blood type may be needed for transfusion. It’s always good to be able
to tell them what your blood type is, even if they will test it to be sure.
5 IMPORTANT REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD KNOW
YOUR BLOOD TYPE

2. Pregnancy -
In pregnant women, it is important to know whether their blood is
positive or negative. If a pregnant woman and her baby do not have the
same Rh blood type (positive or negative), Rh-incompatibility may
occur.
5 IMPORTANT REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD KNOW
YOUR BLOOD TYPE

3. Donating –
There is a constant need for blood donations. Sometimes certain blood
types will be called out to the public to donate if possible due to an
emergency or low supply. It’s important to know your blood type so you
can donate for that particular need! People with type O-negative are
universal blood donors, meaning they can give blood to any blood type.
Whether you’re O-negative or another blood type, each is needed. Also,
having a blood test done is the first step to becoming a bone marrow
donor, which could save someone’s life as well.
5 IMPORTANT REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD KNOW
YOUR BLOOD TYPE
4. Predicting Disease Risks –
Not all of the results are conclusive, but studies have shown that some blood types have
slightly higher risks of certain diseases. Type AB, A, and B have increased risks for blood
clots. Studies have shown that these blood types were 40% more at risk of having deep-vein
thrombosis, blood clots in the lower legs that can be dangerous. Type AB, A, and B also have
increased risks for heart disease. Type A has an increased risk of stomach cancer, but also,
a higher rate of fertility. Type AB and B have higher risk for pancreatic cancer and type O
has the lowest stroke risk. The results of some of these studies are preliminary, and of
course there are more risk factors like high blood pressure, weight, diet, and so on.
Regardless, it’s good to be in the know, and it gives you an incentive to control the other risk
factors.
5 IMPORTANT REASONS WHY YOU
SHOULD KNOW YOUR BLOOD TYPE
5. Improving Your Diet and Workout –
• Some believe eating a diet based on your blood type could
make you healthier. There’s actually a diet called the Blood Type
Diet. It is based on the claim that foods you eat react with your
blood type. For example, type O blood is suggested to have a
high-protein diet with lean meats and light on grains. Type A is
encouraged to eat meat-free and focus on fruits, vegetables, and
beans. Studies have not been conducted to confirm whether or not
this diet has had a huge impact on one’s health, but there are
many people who believe it does, particularly with weight loss and
energy boosting! If you have had your blood tested or drawn, your
blood type will be on file with your physician. Otherwise, have a
blood test done at Labtest Diagnostics!
Why is it important to know or learn about blood
typing?

How Punnett squares using blood typing helps to

prove why someone is not the parent or parent of a
child?
A. Given the blood types of mother and the child, identify the possible blood
type of the father. Show your Punnett squares to justify your answer.

Mother’s Father’s Blood Type Child’s

Blood Type Blood Type

A A, B, AB and O A
B AB
AB B
O O
A. Given the blood types of mother and the child, identify the possible blood
type of the father. Show your Punnett squares to justify your answer.

Mother’s Father’s Blood Type Child’s

Blood Type Blood Type

A A, B, AB and O A
B AB
AB B
O O
I A
 i i

I A
A. Given the blood types of mother and the child, identify the possible blood
type of the father. Show your Punnett squares to justify your answer.

Mother’s Father’s Blood Type Child’s

Blood Type Blood Type

A A, B, AB and O A
B A, AB AB
AB A, B, AB and O B
O A, B, O O
B. Show the possible alleles that can be found in each offspring and write the
blood type for each offspring.
Possible genotypes from the Father
Phenotypes Phenotypes Phenotypes
A B O
Possible A IAIB, IAi, AB, A,
allelles IAIA, IAi, ii A, O IBi, ii B, O IAi, ii A, O
from
B IAIB, IAi, IBIB,
Mother AB, A,
B, O IBi, ii B, O
IBi, ii B, O IBi, ii
O
A
I i, ii A, O IBi, ii B, O ii O
C. Three babies were born at the same time at the same
hospital. The nurse who was assigned to check on the babies who
happened to remove all the baby’s’ nametag on purpose. Now, the
problem is, when she wants to put back the nametag of the babies,
she realizes that the three babies cannot be easily identified. The
parents want to be sure they get the right ones back. So, the
doctors do a blood test. A particular mom is homozygous type A
and the dad is type O. The babies have blood types AB, A and O.
Show your punnett squares and indicate which baby must be
theirs?