SPARKLE SOLUTIONS

14 BIOMOLECULES
WEIGHTAGE IN BOARD’S PARER
1] Marks with option : 06
2] Marks without option : 04

INTRODUCTION
Food is one of the most important fundamental need of any living organism. Our food mainly consist of
carbohydrates , proteins and fats which are called as biomolecules. Carbohydrates and fats are provides us the energy
and proteins are essential for building our tissue and maintainance of body.

Q.1. What are Biomolecules ?

Ans: Biomolecule :
The complex organic molecule which are used to build up living organism and also required for their
growth and maintainance are known as biomolecules.
Ex.: Carbohydrates , Proteins , Fats , Vitamines , Enzymes etc.

A] CARBOHYDRATES

Q.2. What are Carbohydrates ? How are they classified ?

OR
What are carbohydrates ? Classify the sugars based on their hydrolysis product.
Ans: Carbohydrates:
i) The polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone or the substance which gives these compound on hydrolysis
is called as carbohydrates.
Ex.: Sucrose (C12H22O11) , Glucose (C6H12O6) , Fructose (C6H12O6) etc.
ii) The carbohydrates constitute a group of naturally occuring substance containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H) &
oxygen (O) element.
iii) They are essential for the growth and maintainance of animal life.
Classification of Carbohydrates :
The classification of carbohydrates are explain in the following flow chart.
Carbohydrates

Sugar (Saccharides) Non-sugar (Poly-saccharides)

(Soluble, sweet & crystalline) (Insoluble, tasteless & amorphous)
Hydrolysis

Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides
(Basic unit of carbohydrates & (Can be hydrolysis further & gives
can not be further hydrolysis) 2 to 10 units of monosaccharides.)

Aldoses Ketoses
(Contain -CHO group) (Contain -CO- group)

Aldopentoses Aldohexoses
(Contain five carbon atom) (Contain six carbon atom)
Ex. Arabinose (C5H10O5) Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)

Ketopentoses Ketohexoses
(Contain five carbon atom) (Contain six carbon atom)
Ex. Ribulose (C5H10O5) Ex. Fructose (C6H12O6)

Disaccharides Trisaccharides Tetrasaccharides

(Contain two monosaccharides units) Contain two monosaccharides units) (Contain two monosaccharides units)
Ex. Sucrose (C12H22O11) Ex. Raffinose (C18H32O16) Ex. Stachyose (C24H42O21)
Sparkle Solutions -2- Biomolecules

Depending upon the taste and solubility, the carbohydrates are consist of following two types.
a) Sugar (Saccharides) :
They are soluble in water, sweet in taste and crystalline in nature.
Depending upon the hydrolysis, the sugar are classified into following two types.
1) Monosaccharides :
These are the carbohydrates which cannot be further hydrolysed. They are the basic unit of
carbohydrates.
According to the functional group and the number of carbon atom, the monosaccharides are classified
into following two types.
i) Aldoses :
The aldoses containing the aldehydic group (- CHO).
The aldoses which containing five carbon atom is called as aldopentoses.
Ex.: Arabinose (C5H10O5).
The aldoses which containing six carbon atom is called as aldohexoses.
Ex.: Glucose (C6H12O6).
ii) Ketoses :
The ketoses containing ketonic (- CO -) group.
The ketoses which containing five carbon atom is called as ketopentoses.
Ex.: Ribulose (C5H10O5).
The ketoses which containing six carbon atom is called as ketohexoses.
Ex.: Fructose (C6H12O6).
2) Oligosaccharides :
These are the carbohydrates which on hydrolysis to give the formation of 2 to 10 units of monosaccha-
rides.
Depending upon the number of monosaccharides units formed on hydrolysis, the oligosaccharides are
classified into following three types.
i) Disaccharides :
These carbohydrates gives two molecule of monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
Ex.: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose (C12H22O11).
ii) Trisaccharides :
These carbohydrate gives three units of monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
Ex.: Raffinose (C18H32O16).
iii) Tetrasaccharides :
These carbohydrate gives four units of monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
Ex.: Stachyose (C24H42021).
b) Non-sugar (Poly-saccharides) :
These carbohydrates are insoluble in water, tasteless and amorphous (Shapeless) in nature. These
carbohydrates gives large number of monosaccharides unit. Their general formula is (C6H10O5)X.

PREPARATION OF GLUCOSE
I] From Sucrose ( Laboratory Method ) :
Q.3. How will you prepared glucose from Sucrose ( Cane sugar) ?
OR
What happens when sucrose is hydrolyzed with alcoholic HCl ?
Ans: When the sucrose (Cane sugar) is heated with concentrated alcoholic solution of HCl at about 323 k on water
bath for 2 hrs, then after hydrolysed it will gives the formation of glucose and fructose.
 conc. alc.HCl
C12H22O11 + H2O 323 k , 2 hrs.
C6H1206 + C6H12O6
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
(Cane sugar)

On cooling the hydrolysed solution, the crystal of glucose is seperate out. Since the glucose is insoluble
in alcohol than fructose, it is filtered off from the solution , while fructose remains in the solution.
The filtered crystal of glucose are washed with alcohol.

II] From Starch ( Large scale preparation ) :

Q.4. How will you prepared Glucose from starch ?
OR
What happen when the starch is hydrolyzed under pressure with dilute H2SO4 ?
Ans: When the starch is heated with dilute H2SO4 solution at about 413 k under 5 atmospheric pressure, then it will
undergoes the process of hydrolysis to give the formation of glucose.
Sparkle Solutions -3- Biomolecules

 dil. H2SO4

(C6H10O5)n + n H2O n C6H12O6
413 k , 5 atm.
Starch Glucose

After the completion of hydrolysis, the excess of dilute H2SO4 is neutralised by the addition of charcoal
(CaCO3) and give the formation of solid CaSO4 which is insoluble and can be filtered out. Then the filtered containing
glucose is decolourised by animal charcoal and the clear solution so obtained is evoporated under vaccume to give the
thick syrup of glucose. On cooling the syrup, the crystal of glucose monohydrate (C6H12O6 . H2O) is obtained which is
further purified by the recrystallisation using methyl alcohol.
Chalk Filteration Decolourisation
Mixed solution CaCO3
Glucose + CaSO4 Glucose solution by charcoal
(Glucose + H2SO4) (ppt.)

Evoporated Cooled
Colourless Glucose solution Thick syrup Solid glucose monohydrate
(C6H12O6 . H2O)
Crystallisation
in alcohol Glucose.

Q.5. Classify the following into monosaccharide, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides:

i) Starch ii) Cellulose iii) Fructose iv) Glucose
v) Sucrose vi) Raffinose vii) Stachyose viii) Arabinose
ix) Maltose x) Lactose.
Ans: The classification is as follows :
Monosaccharides oligosaccharides Polysaccharides
- Fructose - Sucrose - Starch
- Glucose - Raffinose - Cellulose
- Arabinose - Stachyose
- Maltose
- Lactose

Q.6. Give the structure of Glucose.

Ans: The general formula of glucose is C6H12O6. It contain one aldehydic (-CHO) group , one primary alcoholic
group (-CH2-OH) and four secondary alcoholic group ( CH-OH).
The structure of glucose is CHO
(CHOH)4
CH2OH.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUCOSE

a) Reducing property of glucose :
Q.7. Explain the reducing property of glucose.
OR
What is the action of following reagent on glucose ?
i) Sodium amulgum & water (Na-Hg + H2O )
ii) Hydrogen iodide (HI)
Ans: i) Action of sodium amalgum & water :
When glucose is reacted with sodium amalgam in water , then it will undergoes the process of reduction
to give the formation of sorbitol.
CHO Na-Hg + H2O
CH2-OH
(CHOH)4 + 2 [H] Reduction (CHOH) 4
CH2-OH CH2-OH
Glucose Sorbitol

ii) Action of Hydrogen iodide (HI) :

When glucose is heated with hydrogen iodide , then it will undergoes the process of reduction to give
the formation of n-hexane .
CHO

(CHOH)4 + 14 [H] Hot HI CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 + 6 H2O
CH 2-OH n - hexane
Glucose
Sparkle Solutions -4- Biomolecules

b) Oxidising property of glucose :

Q.8. Explain the oxidising properties of glucose.
OR
What is the action following reagent on glucose ?
i) Bromine water (Mild oxidising agent)
ii) Nitric acid (strong oxidising agent).
Ans: i) Action of bromine water (mild oxidising agent) :
When the glucose is reacted with bromine water which acts as a mild oxidising agent , then it will
undergoes the process of oxidation to give the formation of gluconic acid.
CHO COOH
Bromine water
(CHOH) 4 + [O] Oxidation
(CHOH) 4
CH2-OH CH2-OH
Glucose Gluconic acid

ii) Action of Nitric acid (Strong oxidising agent) :

When the glucose is reacted with nitric acid which acts as a strong oxidising agent , then it will
undergoes the process of oxidation to give the formation of saccharic acid (glucaric acid).
CHO COOH
Nitric acid (HNO3)
(CHOH) 4 + 3 [O] Oxidation
(CHOH) 4 + H2O
CH2-OH COOH
Glucose Saccharic acid
(Glucaric acid)

c) Action of Hydroxyl amine (NH2-OH) :

Q.9. What is the action of hydroxyl amine on glucose ?
Ans: Action of hyroxyl amine on glucose :
When the glucose is reacted with hydroxyl amine , then it will give the formation of glucose oxime.
H-C = O H-C = N-OH
(CHOH)4 + NH2-OH (CHOH)4 + H2O
CH2-OH COOH
Glucose Glucose oxime

d) Action of Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) :

Q.10. What is the action of hydrogen cyanide on glucose ?
Ans: Action of hydrogen cyanide on glucose :
When the glucose is reacted with hydrogen cyanide , then it will give the formation of glucose
cynohydrine.
CN
H-C = O H-C - OH
(CHOH)4 + HCN (CHOH)4 + H2O
CH2-OH CH2 - OH
Glucose Glucose Cynohydrine

e) Acylation (Acetylation) of glucose :

Q.11. Write a short note on acylation (acetylation) of glucose. OR
What is the action of following reagent on glucose ?
i) Acetyl chloride ii) Acetic anhydride.
Ans: i) Action of acetyl chloride :
When glucose is reacted with acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous ZnCl2 , then it will gives the
formation of glucose penta acetate.
CHO CHO
Anhydrous
(CHOH)4 + 5 CH3-COCl ZnCl2
(CH-O-COCH3)4 + 5 HCl
CH2-OH CH2-O-COCH3
Glucose Glucose penta acetate

ii) Action of acetic anhydride :

When glucose is reacted with acetic anhydride in presence of anhydrous ZnCl2 , then it will gives the
formation of glucose penta acetate.
CHO Anhydrous CHO
CH3-CO
(CHOH)4 + 5
CH3-CO
O ZnCl2 (CH-O-COCH3)4 + 5 CH3-COOH
CH2-OH CH2-O-COCH3
Glucose Glucose penta acetate
Sparkle Solutions -5- Biomolecules

Q.12. Write the hydrolysis product of : i) Lactose ii) Sucrose.

Ans: i) Hydrolysis of lactose :
Lactose on hydrolysis in presence of an acid or enzymes gives one molecule each of glucose and
galactose. Acid
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H1206 + C6H12O6
Lactose Glucose Galactose

ii) Hydrolysis of sucrose :

Sucrose on hydrolysis in presence of an acid or enzymes gives one molecule each of glucose and
fructose. Acid
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H1206 + C6H12O6
Sucrose Glucose Fructose

Q.13. What are reducing & non-reducting sugar ?

Ans: 1) Reducing sugar :
Carbohydrates which reduce Tollen’s reagent to black ppt. of metalic silver or Fehling solution to red
ppt. of cuprous oxide are called as reducing sugar. All monosaccharides and oligosaccharides except sucrose are
reducing sugar.
2) Non-reducing sugar :
Carbohydrates which do not reduce Tollen’s reagent & Fehling solution are called as non-reducing
sugar.
e.g. Sucrose.

Q.14. Why are carbohydrates important in diet ?

Ans: Carbohydrates form a major part of our food such as potatoes rise , beans , corn , peas & store chemical
energy in it. It is an important source of energy for living organism.
Hence carboyhydrate are important in our diet.

Q.15. Draw the structure of : i) Dihydroxy acetone (a keto triose)

ii) Glyceraldehyde (an aldotriose).
Ans: i) Structure of dihydroxy acetone (a keto triose) : ii) Structure of Glycealdehyde (an aldotriose) :
CH2 - OH CHO
C=O CH - OH
CH2 - OH CH2 - OH

Q.16. Draw the mirror image of : i) Glucose

ii) Fructose.
Ans: i) Mirrior image of glucose : ii) Mirror image of Fructose :
CHO CHO CH2 - OH CH2 - OH
H - C - OH OH - C - H -C=O -C=O
OH - C - H H - C - OH OH - C - H H - C - OH
H - C - OH OH - C - H H - C - OH OH - C - H
H - C - OH OH - C - H H - C - OH OH - C - H
CH2 - OH CH2 - OH CH2 - OH CH2 - OH
d - glucose l - glucose d - fructose l - fructose

Q.17. Write the structure of : i) D(+)glucopyranose.

ii) D(+)glucopyranose.
Ans: i) Structure of D(+)glucopyranose : ii) Structure of D(+)glucopyranose :

H - C - OH OH - C - H
H - C - OH H - C - OH
O O
OH - C - H OH - C - H
H - C - OH H - C - OH
H-C H-C
CH2 - OH CH2 - OH

Q.18. Write the structure of : i) Cellobiose

ii) Lactose
iii) Starch.
iv) Cellulose.
 Sparkle Solutions -6- Biomolecules

Ans: i) Structure of Cellobiose :

Cellulose on partial hydrolysis gives cellobiose. In cellobiose , C1 of one -D-glucopyranose is linked to
C4 of another -D-glucopyranose molecule by glycosidic linkage.
C6H2 - OH H OH
O
5
H C O C3 C2 H
H 4 OH H
C4 C 1
C C1
OH H H
OH H H OH
C3 C2 C5 O
H OH C6H2 - OH
-D-glucopyranose -D-glucopyranose

ii) Structure of Lactose :

Lactose is a disaccharide. It is found in milk. Therefore it is called as milk sugar. In Lactose, C1 of one
-D-galactopyranose is linked to C4 of another -D-glucopyranose molecule by glycosidic linkage. It is a reducing
sugar as it produces a free aldehydic group at C1 in -D-glucopyranose molecule.
C6H2 - OH H OH
O
3
H C 5
O C C2 H
H OH H
C4 C 1
C 4
C1
OH H H
OH H H OH
C3 C2 C5 O
H OH C6H2 - OH
-D-galactopyranose -D-glucopyranose

iii) Structure of Starch :

Starch is found in grains , roots , potatoes etc. It is a polymer of -D-glucopyranose & consist of two
component , amylose and amylopectin.
Amylose is water soluble component and constitutes about 20% of starch. Amylose contain 200 to
1000 -D-glucopyranose molecule linked together by glycosidic linkage between C1 of 1 unit & C4 of another unit.
Amylopectin is insoluble in water and constitute 80% starch. In amylopectin , -D-glucopyranose
molecule are linked together by glycosidic linkage between C1 of 1 unit & C4 of another unit to form long chain and
branching occur by glycosidic linkage between C1 & C6 glycosidic linkage.

C6H2 - OH C6H2 - OH C6H2 - OH

H C5 O H H C5 O H H C5 O H
H H H
C4 C1 C4 C1 C4 C1
OH H OH H OH H
O C2 O C2 O C2 O
C3 C3 C3
H OH H OH H OH
Amylose

C6H2 - OH C6H2 - OH

H C5 O H H C5 O H
H H
C4 C1 C4 C1
OH H OH H
OH C2 O C2
C3 C3
H OH H OH
O

C6H2 - OH C 6H 2 C6H2 - OH

H C5 O H H C5 O H H C5 O H
H H H
C4 C1 C4 C1 C4 C1
OH H OH H OH H
O O O
C3 C2 O C3 C2 C3 C2
H OH H OH H OH
Amylopectin

iv) Structure of Cellulose :

Cellulose mainly occurs in plants. Cell wall of plant cells is made up of cellulose. It is a long chain
polymer. In cellulose , -D-glucopyranose molecule are linked by glycosidic linkage between C1 of one unit of glucose
and C4 of another glucose unit.
Sparkle Solutions -7- Biomolecules

H OH O
C3 C2 H
4 OH H
C C1
H
H O
C6H2 - OH C5
O C6H2 - OH
H C5 O
H
C4 C1
OH H
C2 H
O C3
H OH

B] PROTEINS

Q.19. What are proteins ? How are they classified ?

Ans: Proteins :
Proteins are the naturally occuring nitrogenous complex compound with vary high molecular weight
and containing the peptide linkage (-CO-NH-) which on hydrolyzed to give the formation of amino acid.
The proteins contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) element.
Classification of Proteins :
Depending upon the solubility and physical property, the proteins are classified into following three
type.
1) Simple proteins :
The proteins which on hydrolysis to give the formation of only amino acid is called as Simple
proteins.
The simple proteins are of two type.
i) Fibrous proteins:
The proteins which have fibre like structure and are insoluble in water is called as fibrous proteins.
Ex.: Keratin.
ii) Globular proteins :
The proteins which have spherical, elliptical or oval like structure and are soluble in water is called as
globular proteins.
Ex.: Albumin.
2) Conjugated proteins :
The proteins which on hydrolysis to give the formation of amino acid along with some non -
proteins part ,called as prosthetic group, is known as conjugated proteins.
The conjugated proteins are again classified into following four type.
i) Glycoproteins :
The proteins which contain carbohydrates as a prosthetic group is called as glycoproteins.
Ex.: Mucin.
ii) Nucleoproteins :
The proteins which contain nucleic acid as a prosthetic group is called as nucleoproteins.
Ex.: Chromosomes.
iii) Chromoproteins :
The proteins which contain a metal like Fe, Mg, Cu etc. as a prosthetic group is called as chromoproteins.
Ex.: Haemoglobin.
iv) Phosphoproteins :
The proteins which contain phosphoric acid as a prosthetic group is called as phosphoproteins.
Ex.: Casein of milk.
3) Derived proteins :
These are the degradation product which is obtained by hydrolysis of simple proteins or conjugated
proteins (natural proteins).
When the simple proteins or conjugated proteins (natural proteins) are reacted with acid, alkalies or
enzymes, then it will undergoes the process of hydrolysis to give the formation of following stage - wise product.
Proteins Proteoses Peptones Polypeptide Simple peptide

Amino acid
Sparkle Solutions -8- Biomolecules

Q.20. Classify the following proteins by giving suitable reasons :

i) Heamoglobin ii) Keratin iii) Casein iv) Peptones
v) Albumin vi) Nucleoprotein vii) Globulin viii) Polypepetide
ix) Phosphoprotein x) Mucin xi) Chromosomes.
Ans:
i) Heamoglobin :
It is a chromoprotein (conjugated proteins) because it contain a metal like Fe, Mg, Cu etc. as a
prosthetic group.
ii) Keratin :
It is a fibrous protein (simple proteins) because it has a fibre like structure and are insoluble in water.
iii) Casein :
It is a phosphoprotein (conjugated proteins) because it contain a phosphoric acid as a prosthetic
group.
iv) Peptones :
It is a derived proteins because it is a degradation product which is obtained by hydrolysis of simple
or conjugated proteins.
v) Albumin :
It is a globular proteins (simple proteins) because it has sperical, elliptical or oval structure and are
soluble in water.
vi) Nucleoprotein :
It is a conjugated proteins because it contain nucleic acid as a prosthetic group.
vii) Globulin :
It is a simple globular proteins (simple proteins) because it has sperical, elliptical or oval structure and
are soluble in water.
viii) Polypepetide :
It is a derived proteins because it is a degradation product which is obtained by hydrolysis of simple or
conjugated proteins.
ix) Phosphoprotein :
It is a conjugated proteins because it contain a phosphoric acid as a prosthetic group.
x) Mucin :
It is a glycoproteins (conjugated proteins) because it contain carbohydrate as a prosthetic group.
xi) Chromosomes :
It is a nucleoproteins (conjugated proteins) because it contain nucleic acid as a prosthetic group.

Q.21. Distinguish between globular protein & fibrous protein.

Ans:

Globular protein Fibrous protein

These are elliptical , oval or spherical structure. These are fibre like structure.
These are soluble in water. These are insoluble in water.
They are sensitive to small changes of temperature They are stable to moderate changes of temperature
& pH. & pH.
They possess biological activity. They do not possess biological activity.

Q.22. Write a short note on hydrolysis of proteins.

Ans: When the proteins molecule is hydrolysed by acids, alkalies or enzymes, then it will gives the formation of large
number of - amino acid which is joined together through a linkage - CO - NH - which is called as peptide linkage.

[  NH - CHR - CO - NH - CHR - CO - NH - CHR - CO - NH  ]

(A proteins molecule)
Hydrolysed H+

H2N - CHR - COOH + H2N - CHR - COOH + ----------

(A mixture of - amino acid)
The structure of  - amino acid is given as follows.
H
H2N - C - COOH
R
Hydrolysed
Thus , Proteins A mixture of  - amino acid.
Sparkle Solutions -9- Biomolecules
Q.23. What is peptide linkage ? How it is formed ?
OR
What are the fundamental units in proteins ? Explain the formation of dipeptide.
OR
Describe the formation of peptide linkage between two molecule of amino acid.
OR
Explain the type of linkage formed when two molecule of  - amino acid condense together.
Ans: Proteins are composed of  - amino acid. Hence the  - amino acid are the fundamental units of proteins.
When the proteins molecule is hydrolysed by acids, alkalies or enzymes, then it will gives the formation
of large number of - amino acid which is joined together through a linkage - CO - NH - which is called as peptide
linkage.
The peptide linkage is formed by the ellimination of water (H2O) molecule from - COOH group of one
- amino acid and - NH2 group of another - amino acid molecule.
H H  H2O H H
H2N - C - COOH + H - NH - C - COOH H2N - C - CO - NH - C - COOH
R R R R

- amino acid - amino acid
Peptide linkage
(Dipeptide molecule)

Q.24. Give the primary structure of proteins.

Ans : The structure of proteins is given as follows :
O
||
R H O
||
R H
C CH N C CH N
N C| | CH N C| |
H O R H O
(Structure of proteins molecule)

Q.25. What are - amino acid ? How are they classified ?

Ans : - amino acid :
i) - amino acid are the derivatives of carboxylic acid , obtained by replacing -H atom by amino group.
ii) The structural formula of -amino acid is NH2 - CHR - COOH.
OH
iii) They are bifunctional compound containing acidic - C = O & basic - NH2 group.
iv) They are colourless , crystaline , water soluble and high melting solid.
Classification of - amino acid :
The - amino acid are classified into following three types.
1) Acidic amino acid :
If carboxylic group are more in number than amino group , then such amino acid are acidic in nature.
Ex.: HOOC - CH2 - , HOOC - CH2 - CH2 - etc.
Aspartic acid Glutamic acid
2) Basic amino acid :
If amino group are more in number than carboxylic group , then such amino acid are basic in nature.
Ex.: H2N - (CH2)4 - , H2N = C - NH - (CH2)3 - etc.
Lysine NH2
Arginine
3) Neutral amino acid :
The amino acid having equal number of amino group & carboxylic group are called as neutral amino
acid.
Ex.: CH3 - , (CH3)2 - CH etc.
Alanine Valine

Q.26. What are essential & non-essential amino acid ? Give two example of each.
Ans: 1) Essential amino acid :
The amino acid which can not be synthesised in the body and are supplied through diet are called as
essential amino acid.
Ex.: H2N - (CH2)4 - , (CH3)2 - CH etc.
Lysine Valine
2) Non-essential amino acid :
The amino acid which are synthesised in the body are called as non-essential amino acid.
Ex.: HOOC - CH2 - CH2 - , OH - CH2 - etc.
Glutamic acid Serine
Sparkle Solutions - 10 - Biomolecules

Q.27. Explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acid.

Ans: Amphoteric behaviour of amino acid :
i) The substance which behave like an acid as well as base is called as amophoteric substance.
ii) Amino acids are bifunctional compound containing acidic carboxylic group (- COOH) & basic amino group
(- NH2) within the same molecule.
iii) In aqueous solution , the carboxylic group loses a proton , while the amino group accepts it , as a result zwitter
ion is formed.
 H2O
H+ + H2N - CHR - COOH + OH H3N+ - CHR - COO
Zwitter ion

Q.28. Write the structure of all posible dipeptide which obtained from glycine and alanine.
Ans: 1) Dipeptide from glycine :
Carboxyl group of glycine reacting with amino group of another molecule of glycine to form dipeptide.
 H2O
H2N - CH2 - COOH + H - NH - CH2 - COOH H2N - CH2 - CO - NH - CH2 - COOH
Glycine Glycine Dipeptide
2) Dipeptide from Alanine :
Carboxyl group of alanine reacting with amino group of another molecule of alanine to form dipeptide.
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH 3
 H2O
H2N - CH - COOH + H - NH - CH - COOH H2N - CH - CO - NH - CH - COOH
Alanine Alanine Dipeptide
3) Dipeptide from Glycine & Alanine :
Carboxyl group of Glycine reacting with amino group of another molecule of alanine to form dipeptide.
CH3 CH3
 H2O
H2N - CH2 - COOH + H - NH - CH - COOH H2N - CH2 - CO - NH - CH - COOH
Glycine Alanine Dipeptide

Q.29. Write a short note on secondary structure of proteins.

OR
Write a short note on formation of - 1) - helix structure
2) - pleated sheet.
Ans: 1) - helix structure :
i) In - helix structure , a polypeptide chain get coiled
by twisting into right handed spiral known as
- helix.
ii) The hydrogen bonding between - COOH & - NH2
group occurs in different parts of the same chain
resulting in folding of polypeptide chain.
2) - pleated sheet :
i) The polypeptide chain lie side by side and are held
together by intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
ii) The polypeptide chains are stretched out resulting
in a flat sheet.
iii) The contraction result in a pleated sheets called
as - pleated sheet.

Q.30. Write a short note on denaturation of proteins.

Ans: Denaturation of proteins :
i) Proteins get easily precipitated. It is an inreversible change & the process is called as denaturation of proteins.
ii) Denaturation uncoils the protein and destroy the shape and thus losses their charactoristic biological activity.
iii) Denaturation is brought about by heating the protein with alcohol , concentrated inorganic acid or by salt of
heavy metals.
Ex.: Boiling of egg coagulate egg white , conversion of milk to curd.

C] ENZYMES , LIPIDS , HORMONES & VITAMINS

Q.31. What are Enzymes ?

Ans: The bio-catalyst which are used to catalysed all biological reaction in living organism is called as enzymes.
Maltase
C 12 H 22 O 11 C 6 H 12 O 6
Maltose Glucose
Sparkle Solutions - 11 - Biomolecules
Q.32. What are Lipids ? How are they classified ?
Ans: Lipids :
The naturally occuring biomolecule which have limited solubility in water and can be isolated from
organism by extraction with non-polar solvents is called as lipids.
Classification of lipids :
Lipids are divided into following two parts.
1) Complex lipids :
The complex lipids are the ester of long chain fatty acids. It can be hydrolysed. The complex lipids
includes triglycerides , glycolipids , phospholipids and waxes.
i) Triglycerides : They are the esters of higher fatty acids with glycerol.
CH2 - O - CO - R
CH - O - CO - R’
CH2 - O - CO - R’’
Where R , R’ & R’’ are the alkyl which may be same or different.
ii) Glycolipids : When lipids are associated with sugar , then it form glycolipids.
iii) Phospholipids : In phospholipids , two of the hydroxyl group in glycerol are esterified by fatty acids and one
by phosphate group.
iv) Waxes : They are the ester of long chain carboxylic acid with long chain alcohols. They are secreted by
plants and animals.
2) Simple lipids :
The simple lipids have ester linkages and can not be hydrolysed. The simple lipid include steroids ,
terpenes & prostagelandins.
i) Steroides : They derived from cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene , which has nucleus of four ring.
ii) Sterols : They are the free esters of fatty acid. Sterols are classified into animals sterols and plant sterols.
Animals sterols include cholesterol and lanosterol. Plant sterols is sitosterols.
iii) Terpenes : They are unsaturated hydrocarbon and consist isoprene units.
Ex. : - phellandrene , abscisic acid , cembrene , - carotene etc.
iv) Prostaglandins : These are the group of C20 lipids. It contain five members ring with two long side chain. It
is detected in many body tissues.

Q.33. What are Hormones ? Give examples.

Ans: Hormones :
i) The secretions of endocrine glands (ductless gland) are called as Hormones.
ii) Hormones are derived from amino acid derivatives or peptides and proteins or steroids.
iii) They are easily diffusible.
iv) They have low molecular weight and affect biological process.
v) They are produce in very small amounts and regulates vital body function.
Ex.: Adrenaline & non-adrenaline hormones , Thyroxine , Insuline etc.

Q.34. How are vitamins classified ?

Ans: a) Depending upon the solubility of vitamins :
The vitamins are classified into following two parts.
1) Water soluble vitamins :
Vitamins B and C are soluble in water. They are readily excreted in urine , have low toxycity & cannot be
stored in body.
2) Fat soluble vitamins :
Vitamins A , D , E , K & P are soluble in oils and fats & are stored in body in liver and in tissues.
B) Depending upon chemical structure :
The vitamins are classified into following four parts.
1) Aliphatic series : Vitamins contain a long chain of aliphatic compound. Ex.: Vitamin C.
2) Aromatic series : Vitamins contain a long chain of aromatic compound. Ex.: Vitamin K.
3) Alicyclic series : Vitamins contain alicyclic ring in their structure. Ex.: Vitamin A.
4) Heterocyclic series : They contain rings containing hetero atoms.
Ex.: Vitamin B complex = B1 + B2 + B3 + B5 + B6 + B12 + Follic acid + - biotins

Q.35. What are the different types of RNA which are found in the cell ?
Ans: There are three different type of RNA found in the cell.
1) Messenger RNA : It carries the message to the ribosome.
2) Ribosomal RNA : Where synthesis of protein takes place.
3) Transport RNA.
Sparkle Solutions - 12 - Biomolecules

Q.36. A nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed. What are the product formed ?
Ans: When nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed , then it gives the formation of 2-deoxy-D-ribose,
thymine and phosphoric acid.

Q.37. Write the structure of : 1) Nucleosides & 2) Nucleotides.

Ans: 1) Structure of nucleosides : 2) Structure of nucleotides :
Base
OH O
CH 2 Base
Sugar Sugar - phosphate
C C  ||
O - P - O - H 2C O Base
H H H
H O C C
C C H
H H H
OH OH
C C
OH OH

THE END