TRIGONOMTERY & GEOMETRY

MAT112
(Alpha Semester 2014/2015)

Olasunmbo Agboola
My Coordinates

I am based in the Department of Mathematics.

Faculty Office: Rm. 183, Lecture Theatre

Phone (Mobile): 08032502412

Email: [email protected]
Analytic Geometry

• Co-ordinate Geometry
• Length of lines (Distance)
• Mid points
• Slope (Gradient)
• Equation of lines
 The Distance Between Two
Points & The Mid-Point of a Line

• Learning Objectives : to be able to apply

Pythagoras’ Theorem to calculate the
distance between two points and to be able
to use mean averages to calculate the half
way point on a line
 The distance between two points
Given the coordinates of two points, A and B, we can find the
distance between them by adding a third point, C, to form a right-
angled triangle. We then use Pythagoras’ theorem.
A General Formula:
What is the distance between two general points
with coordinates A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)?

The horizontal distance between the points is x2 – x1.

The vertical distance between the points is y2 – y1.
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, the square of the distance between the
points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2

The distance between the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
 Example
Given the coordinates of two points we can use the formula
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
to directly find the distance between them. For example:

What is the distance between the points

A(5, –1) and B(–4, 5)?
x1 y 1 x2 y2
A(5, –1) B(–4, 5)

( −4 − 5)2 + (5 − −1)2 = ( −9)2 + 62

= 81+ 36
= 117
= 3 13
 Example
Find the distance between (-1, 2) and (4, -3).
Solution Letting (x1, y1) = (-1, 2) and (x2, y2) = (4, -3), we obtain

d = (x 2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 )
2 2

d = (4 − (−1)) + ((−3) − 2)
2 2

d = (5) + (−5)
2 2

d = 25 + 25
d = 50
d=5 2
Task 1 : Calculate the distance between
the following pairs of points. Give your
answers to 3s.f.
1. (3, 7) (9, 4)
2. (3, -5) (6, -3)
3. (-5, -2)(-7, -6)
4. (-3, 4) (5, 4)
5. (-3.5, 4.7) (7.5, 1.3)
6. (2.5, -3.9) (-8.7, 0.9)
The Mid-Point of a Line
In general, the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment
joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are given by:
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
 , 
 2 2 

y
(x2, y2)
x1 + x2 is the mean of the
2 x-coordinates.
(x1, y1)  x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
 , 
 2 2  y1 + y2 is the mean of the
2 y-coordinates.
0 x
 Example

Find the midpoint of the line segment with

endpoints (1, -6) and (-8, -4).
Solution To find the coordinates of the midpoint, we
average the coordinates of the endpoints.
 1 + (−8) −6 + (−4)   −7 −10   −7 
 ,  = ,  =  ,−5
 2 2   2 2   2 
(-7/2, -5) is midway between the points (1, -6) and (-8, -4).
Task 2 : Find the mid- point of each
line segment
1. (3, 7) (9, 4)
2. (3, -5) (6, -3)
3. (-5, -2)(-7, -6)
4. (-3, 4) (5, 4)
5. (-3.5, 4.7) (7.5, 1.3)
6. (2.5, -3.9) (-8.7, 0.9)
Task 3
1. Find the length of the line from the origin to the
point (7, 4).

2. Show, using Pythagoras’ Theorem, that the

lines joining A(1, 6), B(-1, 4) and C(2, 1) form a
right angled triangle.

3. Show that ∆ABC is isosceles where A, B and

C are the points (7, 3), (-4, 1) and (-3, -2).
Then, by finding the mid-point of the base,
calculate the area of the triangle.
 Slope

You will learn to find the slopes of lines and use slope to
identify parallel and perpendicular lines.
 Slope

The steepness of a line is called the _____.

slope

Slope is defined as the ratio of the ____,

rise or vertical change, to the ___,
run or
horizontal change, as you move from one point on the line to another.

y
1
0

x
-10 -5 5 1
0

-5

-10
 Slope

The slope m of the non-vertical line passing through the points ( x1 , y1 )

and ( x2 , y2 ) is
y

( x2 , y2 )

y2 − y1

( x1 , y1 )
x2 − x1

rise change in y y2 − y1
m = = =
run change in x x2 − x1
 Slope

The slope “m” of a line containing two points with coordinates

(x1, y1), and (x2, y2), is given by the formula

Definition
of difference of the y - coordinates
slope =
Slope difference of the corresponding x - coordinates

y2 − y1
m = , where x2 ≠ x1
x 2 − x1
 Slope

The slope m of a non-vertical line is the number of units the line rises or falls
for each unit of horizontal change from left to right.

rise (∆y )
m =
run (∆x)
(3, 6)
6 −1
m = rise = 6 - 1
3 −1 = 5 units

5
m = (1, 1)

2 run = 3 - 1
x

= 2 units
 The slope (gradient )
using coordinates
Find the gradient of the two lines.
y-axis
y2 − y1 y2 − y1
m= (-3,8) (3,8) m=
x2 − x1 x2 − x1
8−2 (1,2) 8−2
m= (-1,2) m=
−3 − (−1) 3 −1
6 6
m= = −3 O x-axis m= =3
−2 2
 Slope
Example: Finding Slopes of Horizontal and Vertical Lines

Find the slope of each line.

A. B.

You cannot
divide by 0

The slope is undefined. The slope is 0.

 Slope
As shown in the previous examples, slope can be positive,
negative, zero or undefined. You can tell which of these is the
case by looking at a graph of a line–you do not need to calculate
the slope.
Rate of Change
 Describes how a quantity is changing
over time.
 The slope of a line can be used to
determine the Rate of Change

Change in quantity (y) ∆y

Change in time (x) =
∆x
 Worked Example:
Recreation: For one manufacturer of camping equipment,
between 1990 and 2000 annual sales increased by $7.4 million
per year. In 2000, the total sales were $85.9 million. If the
sales increase at the same rate, what will be the total sales in
2010? y −y
m= 2 1
7.4(10) = y2 – 85.9
x −x
2 1
74.0 = y2 – 85.9
7.4 y − 85.9 +85.9 +85.9
= 2

1 2010 − 2000 159.9 mill. = y2

7.4 y − 85.9
= 2

1 10
 Slope

Two distinct nonvertical lines are parallel iff they have

the same slope
_____________.

Parallel y1 = m1 x + b1 y2 = m2 x + b2
Lines

L1 L 2 iff m1 = m2
 Quiz

Q1. The points ( 1, 4) and (3, 11) lie on a line.

Find the gradient of the line.

Q2. Complete the table given : y = 3x + 1

x -3 0 3
y
Q3. Are the two lines parallel. Explain your answer

y = x + 2 and y = 2x + 2
 Slope

Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular iff

the product of their slope is -1
___________________________.

y1 = m1 x + b1 y2 = m2 x + b2

L1 ⊥ L2 iff (m1 )(m2 ) = −1

1. If P is the point (2,-3) and Q is the point (-1,6), find the gradient
of the line perpendicular to PQ.

6+3 9
mPQ = = − = −3
−1 − 2 3

To find the gradient of the line perpendicular to PQ we require the

negative reciprocal of –3.
a b
Remember: × − = −1
b a
3 1
Since − 3 = − The negative reciprocal would be
1 3
1
The gradient of the line perpendicular to PQ is .
3
2. Triangle RST has coordinates R(1,2), S(3,7) and T(6,0). Show that
the triangle is right angled at R.

T 7−2 0−2
mRS = mRT =
3 −1 6 −1
5 2
= =−
2 5
5 2
R S mRS × mRT = × − = −1
2 5

Since mRS × mRT = −1, RS is perpendicular to RT.

Hence the triangle is right angled at R.
 Equations of Lines

You will learn to write and graph equations of lines.

linear equation because its graph is

The equation y = 2x – 1 is called a _____________
a straight line.

We can substitute different values for x in the graph to find corresponding

values for y. y
8
X y = 2x -1 y 7

6
1 y = 2(1) -1 1 5
(3, 5)
2 y = 2(2) -1 3 4

3
(2, 3)
3 y = 2(3) -1 5 2

1
There are many more points whose ordered (1, 1)
0 x
pairs are solutions of y = 2x – 1.
-1
These points also lie on the line. -1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 Equations of Lines

Look at the graph of y = 2x – 1 .

The y – value of the point where the line crosses the y-axis is ___.
-1
y - intercept
This value is called the ____________ of the line.
Most linear equations can be written in the form __________.
y = mx + c
This form is called the slope – intercept form
___________________.
y y = 2x – 1
5

y = mx + c 4

3
slope y - intercept
2

0 x

-1
(0, -1)
-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
0
 Equations of Lines

Slope – An equation of the line having slope m and y-intercept c is

Intercept y = mx + c
Form
Example:

What is an equation of the line with slope

3 and y-intercept -5?
 Start with the slope-intercept form of the
equation
y = mx + c
y = 3x + (-5) Substitute 3 for m, and -5
for c

y = 3x - 5 Simplify
Example :

What is an equation of the line with

1
slope − 2 and y-intercept 2?

 Start with the slope-intercept form of the

equation
y = mx + c
1 1
y =− x + 2 Substitute − for m,
2 2
and 2 for c
 Equations of Lines

1) Rewrite the equation in slope – intercept form by solving for y.

2x – 3 y = 18

2) Graph 2x + y = 3 using the slope and y – intercept.

y = –2x + 3 y
5

4
1) Identify and graph the y-intercept.
3
(0, 3)
2) Follow the slope a second point on 2
the line. 1
(1, 1)
3) Draw the line between the two 0 x

points. -1

-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
0
 Finding the equation of a Straight
Line
To find the equation of a straight we need
•A Gradient
•A Point on the line

The equation of a straight line with gradient m passing through (a,b) is

y − b = m( x − a )
 P(x,y) is any point on the line except A.
y
P ( x, y )
For every position P the gradient of AP

m y − y1 m y − y1
m= ⇒ =
x − x1 1 x − x1
A(x1, y1)
x
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
 1
1. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (5, −2) with gradient .
2
1
P(5, −2), m=
2
Equating with y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
1
y − (−2) = ( x − 5)
2
1 5
y+2= x−
2 2
1 9
y = x− or 2 y = x − 9
2 2
 2. Find the equation of the line passing through P(-2,0) and Q(1,6).

6−0 6−0
mPQ = =2 mPQ = =2
1+ 2 1+ 2
Using point P Using point Q
y − 0 = 2( x + 2) y − 6 = 2( x − 1)
y = 2x + 4 y − 6 = 2x − 2
y = 2x + 4
But what if we used point Q?

Regardless of the point you use the equation of the straight line
will ALWAYS be the same as both points lie on the line.
 Forms of Linear Equations
• Slope-Intercept Form -
y = mx + c

slope y-intercept

 Point-Slope Form -
y – y1 = m (x – x1)

y-coordinate slope x-coordinate

Writing Equations Parallel to a Given Line Through a Given Point
1. Rewrite the given equation in slope-intercept form if necessary.
2. Identify the slope of the given line.
3. Write the general point-slope form of a linear equation:
y – y1 = m(x – x1).
4. Substitute the slope of the given line for m in the general
equation.
5. Substitute x and y from the given point into the general
equation for x1 and y1.
6. Simplify the equation.
7. Rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form if necessary.
Worked Example
Write the slope-intercept form of an equation for the line that
passes through the point (5, –2) and is parallel to the graph of
8x – 2y = 6.
Worked Example, continued
1. Rewrite the given equation in slope-
intercept form.
8x – 2y = 6 Given equation
–2y = 6 – 8x Subtract 8x from both sides.
y = –3 + 4x Divide both sides by –2.
y = 4x – 3 Write the equation in slope-
intercept form.
Worked Example, continued
2. Identify the slope of the given line.
The slope of the line y = 4x – 3 is 4.
Worked Example, continued
3. Substitute the slope of the given line for
m in the point-slope form of a linear
equation.
y – y1 = m(x – x1) Point-slope form
y – y1 = 4(x – x1) Substitute m from the given
equation.
Worked Example 1, continued
4. Substitute x and y from the given point into
the equation for x1 and y1.
y – y1 = 4(x – x1) Equation
y – (–2) = 4(x – 5) Substitute (5, –2) for x1 and y1.
Worked Example, continued
5. Simplify the equation.
y – (–2) = 4(x – 5) Equation with substituted
values for x1 and y1
y – (–2) = 4x – 20 Distribute 4 over (x – 5).
y + 2 = 4x – 20 Simplify.
y = 4x – 22 Subtract 2 from both sides.

The equation of the line through the point (5, –2) that
is parallel to the equation 8x – 2y = 6 is y = 4x – 22.
Worked Example, continued
This can be seen on the following graph.

✔
• Writing the equation of a line perpendicular to a given
line through a given point is similar to writing
equations of parallel lines.

• The slopes of perpendicular lines are opposite

reciprocals.
Writing Equations Perpendicular to a Given Line Through a
Given Point
1. Rewrite the given equation in slope-intercept form if necessary.
2. Identify the slope of the given line.
3. Find the opposite reciprocal of the slope of the given line.
4. Write the general point-slope form of a linear equation:
y – y1 = m(x – x1).
5. Substitute the opposite reciprocal of the given line for m in the
general equation.
6. Substitute x and y from the given point into the general
equation for x1 and y1.
7. Simplify the equation.
8. Rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form if necessary.
Worked Example, continued
1. Find the line perpendicular to the given
line, 3x - 2y = 6 , that passes through the
point (–2, 7).
Worked Example, continued
2. Identify the slope of the given line.
(rewrite in slope intercept form)
3x - 2y = 6
- 2y = −3x + 6
3
y = x−3
2

3
Slope = −
2
Worked Example, continued
3. Find the opposite reciprocal of the slope
of the given line.
3 3
The opposite of is − .
2 2
3 2
The reciprocal of − is − .
2 3
Worked Example, continued
4. Substitute the opposite reciprocal for m
in the point-slope form of a linear
equation.
y – y1 = m(x – x1) Point-slope form

2 Substitute m from the given

y − y1 = − ( x − x1 )
3 equation.
Worked Example, continued
5. Substitute x and y from the given point
into the equation for x1 and y1.
2
y − y1 = − ( x − x1 ) Equation
3
2
y − 7 = − ( x − (−2)) Substitute (–2, 7) for x1
3 and y1.
Worked Example, continued
6. Simplify the equation.

2 Equation with substituted

y − 7 = − ( x − (−2)) values for x1 and y1
3
2
2 4 Distribute − over
y−7 = − x− (x – (–2)). 3
3 3
2 17
y =− x+ Add 7 to both sides.
3 3
Worked Example, continued
The equation of the line through the point (–2, 7)
that is perpendicular to the graph of 2y - 3x = - 3
is 2 . 17
y =− x+
3 3
This can be seen on the following graph.
Worked Example, continued
 Equations of Lines

1) Write an equation of the line parallel to the graph of y = 2x – 5 that

passes through the point (3, 7).

2) Write an equation of the line parallel to the graph of 3x + y = 6 that

passes through the point (1, 4).

1
3) Write an equation of the line perpendicualr to the graph of y = x+5
that passes through the point ( - 3, 8). 4
 Writing Equations Horizontal and
Vertical Lines

 We don’t need a slope

 All points on a horizontal line have the
same y-coordinate; so the equation is
y = y 1.
 All points on a vertical line have the
same x-coordinate; so the equation is
x = x 1.
 Where (x1, y1)
Example:

What are the equations for the horizontal and

vertical lines through (2, 4)?
 The horizontal is y = y1
y = 4 Substitute 4 for y1

 The vertical is x = x1
x=2 Substitute 2 for x1
 Acknowledgements
• Melissa Tallman
• Mr Coon
• Iaamathsdata
• Mr. Lafferty
• Sherrill Harris;
• Walch Education
• Robert Fant