Class 10 Biology notes
I want to make notes for class 10th as per the FBISE syllabus. I need your help in this. I'll share
questions from the biology book chapter 4 short questions for class 10th of the national book
foundation, and you are required to share answers in easy English
Sure! Please share the short questions from Class 10 Biology Chapter 4, and I’ll give you answers in easy
English with clear headings so they match the FBISE syllabus.
Question no 1
What is nervous system
Nervous System
Definition:
The nervous system is the control and communication system of the body. It receives information from
the surroundings and the body, processes it, and then sends messages to different body parts to
respond.
Function:
Controls body activities.
Helps the body respond quickly to changes in the environment.
Maintains coordination between different organs.
Example:
If you touch something hot, your nervous system quickly sends a message to move your hand away.
Question no 2
What is the role of nervous system
Role of Nervous System
1. Receiving Information:
It collects information from the surroundings (through sense organs) and from inside the body.
2. Processing Information:
It analyzes and interprets the information to decide what to do.
3. Sending Commands:
It sends messages to muscles and glands to take action.
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4. Coordination:
It makes sure all parts of the body work together smoothly.
Example:
When you see a car coming, your nervous system helps you quickly move aside to stay safe.
Question no 3
Differentiate between central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Difference between Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Feature Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition Main control center of the body. Network of nerves outside the CNS.
Parts Brain and spinal cord. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
Processes information and makes Carries messages between CNS and the rest of the
Function
decisions. body.
Location Located in the skull and vertebral column. Spread throughout the body.
Example Brain controlling movement. Nerves carrying signals from hand to brain.
Question no 3
Name the part of human brain
Parts of Human Brain
The human brain has three main parts:
1. Forebrain – Includes cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
2. Midbrain – Connects forebrain with hindbrain and controls some reflex actions.
3. Hindbrain – Includes cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Question no 5
Write the functions of cerebellum
Functions of Cerebellum
1. Balance: Helps the body maintain posture and balance.
2. Coordination: Coordinates the movement of muscles for smooth actions.
3. Precision: Makes movements accurate and controlled.
4. Learning Motor Skills: Helps in learning activities like cycling or writing.
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Question no 6
How are brain and spinal cord protected
Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
1. Bony Structures:
Brain is protected by the skull.
Spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column (backbone).
2. Membranes (Meninges):
Three protective layers (meninges) cover the brain and spinal cord.
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):
This fluid cushions the brain and spinal cord, protecting them from shocks and injuries.
Question no 7
Describe peripheral nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition:
The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves that connects the central nervous system (CNS)
to the rest of the body.
Parts:
1. Cranial Nerves – Start from the brain and connect it to the head, neck, and face.
2. Spinal Nerves – Start from the spinal cord and connect it to the rest of the body.
Function:
Carries messages from sense organs and body parts to the CNS.
Sends commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.
Question no 8
What are the types of neuron? What are their functions
Types of Neurons and Their Functions
1. Sensory Neurons
Function: Carry messages from sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) to the brain or spinal cord.
2. Motor Neurons
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Function: Carry commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands to take action.
3. Interneurons (Association Neurons)
Function: Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons inside the brain and spinal cord for
processing information.
Question no 9
Define stimulus with examples
Stimulus
Definition:
A stimulus is any change in the environment that can be detected by sense organs and causes a
response in the body.
Examples:
Touching something hot (heat is the stimulus).
Hearing a loud sound (sound is the stimulus).
Smelling food (smell is the stimulus).
Question no 10
Define synapse
Synapse
Definition:
A synapse is the small gap between two neurons where nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the
next.
How it Works:
Messages cross the synapse with the help of special chemicals called neurotransmitters.
Question no 11
How does an impulse cross a synapse
How an Impulse Crosses a Synapse
1. Arrival of Impulse: A nerve impulse reaches the end of the first neuron.
2. Release of Neurotransmitter: The neuron releases chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) into
the synapse.
3. Crossing the Gap: The neurotransmitters move across the synaptic gap.
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4. Reception: They attach to receptors on the next neuron.
5. New Impulse: This triggers a new nerve impulse in the second neuron.
Question no 12
What action or change do neurotransmitters transmit to the target cell
Action of Neurotransmitters on Target Cell
Neurotransmitters cause the target cell to take action. This action depends on the type of target cell:
1. Muscle Cell: Makes the muscle contract or relax.
2. Gland Cell: Makes the gland release its secretion (like saliva or hormones).
3. Neuron: Starts a new nerve impulse in the next neuron.
Question no 13
What happens to neurotransmitters after they deliver their message
Fate of Neurotransmitters After Delivering Their Message
After sending the message across the synapse, neurotransmitters are:
1. Broken Down: Enzymes break them into smaller parts.
2. Reabsorbed: The original neuron takes them back to use again (recycling).
3. Removed: They are removed from the synapse so the message does not continue unnecessarily.
Question no 14
How many different types of neurotransmitters are their?
Types of Neurotransmitters
There are more than 100 different types of neurotransmitters in the human nervous system.
Examples:
Acetylcholine – controls muscle movement.
Dopamine – controls mood, pleasure, and movement.
Serotonin – controls mood and sleep.
GABA – reduces overactivity in the brain.
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Question no 15
What is a reflex action
Reflex Action
Definition:
A reflex action is a quick, automatic response of the body to a stimulus, without thinking about it.
Purpose:
It helps protect the body from harm and saves time.
Example:
Pulling your hand back immediately after touching something hot.
Question no 16
Name the endocrine gland of man
Endocrine Glands in Humans
1. Pituitary gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Parathyroid glands
4. Adrenal glands
5. Pancreas
6. Testes (in males)
7. Ovaries (in females)
8. Pineal gland
9. Thymus
Question no 17
Name the hormones secreted by each of the endocrine gland
Hormones Secreted by Endocrine Glands
1. Pituitary Gland – Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, etc.
2. Thyroid Gland – Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine (T₃), Calcitonin.
3. Parathyroid Glands – Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
4. Adrenal Glands – Adrenaline (epinephrine), Noradrenaline, Cortisol, Aldosterone.
5. Pancreas – Insulin, Glucagon.
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6. Testes – Testosterone.
7. Ovaries – Estrogen, Progesterone.
8. Pineal Gland – Melatonin.
9. Thymus – Thymosin.
Question no 18
Differentiate between
Cerebellum and cerebrum
Sensory and motor neuron
Voluntary and involuntary action
Nerve impulse and hormonal transmission
Endocrine glands and exocrine glands
Differences
Feature Cerebellum Cerebrum
Controls balance, posture, and coordination Controls thinking, memory, senses, emotions, and
Function
of movements. voluntary actions.
Location Below the cerebrum, at the back of the brain. Largest part of the brain, on the top and front.
Feature Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron
Carries messages from sense organs to the Carries messages from brain/spinal cord to
Function
brain/spinal cord. muscles or glands.
Direction of
From body to CNS. From CNS to body.
Impulse
Feature Voluntary Action Involuntary Action
Control Done with conscious control. Happens automatically without thinking.
Example Walking, writing. Heartbeat, breathing.
Feature Nerve Impulse Transmission Hormonal Transmission
Medium Travels through neurons (electrical signals). Travels through blood (chemical signals).
Speed Very fast (milliseconds). Slower (seconds to hours).
Effect Duration Short-lived. Long-lasting.
Feature Endocrine Glands Exocrine Glands
Secretion Hormones directly into the blood. Substances through ducts to target area.
Example Thyroid, adrenal glands. Salivary glands, sweat glands.
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