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MCQs and EMQs in
HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY
6th edition
This page intentionally left blank
MCQs and EMQs in

HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY
with answers and
explanatory comments

6th edition
Ian C Roddie CBE, DSc, MD, FRCPI
Emeritus Professor of Physiology, The Queen's University of Belfast; former
Head of Medical Education, National Guard King Khalid Hospital, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia

William FM Wallace BSc, MD, FRCP, FRCA, FCARCSI, FRCSEd

Emeritus Professor of Applied Physiology, The Queen’s University of Belfast;
former Consultant in Physiology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, N. Ireland

A member of the Hodder Headline Group

LONDON
First published in Great Britain in 1971
Second edition 1977
Third edition 1984
Fourth edition 1994
Fifth edition 1997
This sixth edition published in 2004 by
Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group,
338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH
http://www.arnoldpublishers.com

Distributed in the United States of America by

Oxford University Press Inc.,
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY10016
Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press

© 2004 Ian C. Roddie and William F.M. Wallace

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically,
including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval
system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a
licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences
are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1T 4LP.

Whilst the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and
accurate at the date of going to press, neither the author[s] nor the publisher
can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions
that may be made. In particular (but without limiting the generality of the
preceding disclaimer) every effort has been made to check drug dosages;
however it is still possible that errors have been missed. Furthermore,
dosage schedules are constantly being revised and new side-effects
recognized. For these reasons the reader is strongly urged to consult the
drug companies’ printed instructions before administering any of the drugs
recommended in this book.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 0 340 811919

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Commissioning Editor: Georgina Bentliff

Project Editor: Heather Smith
Production Controller: Jane Lawrence
Cover Design: Amina Dudhia
Index: Dr Laurence Errington

Typeset in 9pt Rotis Serif by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester

Printed and bound in Malta

What do you think about this book? Or any other Arnold title?
Please send your comments to [email protected]
 CONTENTS

Preface vi
How to use the book vii

1 Body fluids
MCQs 1-57 1
EMQs 58-67 21
2 CardiovascuIar system
MCQs 68-126 33
EMQs 127-138 53
3 Respiratory system
MCQs 139-187 63
EMQs 188-194 79
4 Alimentary system
MCQs 195-249 87
EMQs 250-260 107
5 Neuromuscular system
MCQs 261-330 115
EMQs 331-340 139
6 Special senses
MCQs 341-384 149
EMQs 385-394 163
7 Urinary system
MCQs 395-434 171
EMQs 435-444 185
8 Endocrine system
MCQs 445-501 193
EMQs 502-512 211
9 Reproductive system
MCQs 513-567 219
EMQs 568-576 237
l0. General questions
MCQs 577-639 245
EMQs 640-649 265
11 Sport and exercise physiology
MCQs 650-686 273
EMQs 687-691 287
12 Interpretative questions
MCQs 692-708 291
EMQs 709-714 325

Index 337
 PREFACE

This book has now reached its sixth edition since it was first published over 30 years ago. Our
aim to base the questions on generally accepted aspects of physiology most relevant to clini-
cal practice seems to have been fulfilled – medical, dental and other health care students and
doctors in specialty training in countries around the world have told us of the book’s relevance
and usefulness.
We have tried to cover most of the concepts and knowledge typically asked for in physiol-
ogy examinations and to concentrate on the core knowledge that is essential to pass them. We
believe that students who score consistently well in these questions know enough to face most
examinations in physiology with confidence. By concentrating on the area where yes/no
answers can be given to questions with reasonable certainty, we have had to exclude areas
where knowledge is as yet conjectural and speculative. We have tried to avoid excessive detail
in the way of facts and figures; those which are included are of value in medical practice. Both
conventional and SI units are generally quoted. Comments on the answers are given on the
reverse of each question. We hope that, with the comments, the book will provide a compact
revision tutor, encouraging understanding rather than rote learning.
For most questions the common five-branch MCQ format has been used. The stem and a
single branch constitute a statement to be judged True or False by the reader. Care has been
taken that the statements in any question are not mutually exclusive, so five independent deci-
sions are required to answer each question. This system has the advantage of simplicity and
brevity over most other forms of multiple-choice question. In this edition, a further opportu-
nity has been taken to prune and edit questions for greater compactness, clarity and precision
and to bring in new areas of knowledge which have emerged since the last edition went to
press. We have also tended to expand the comments in an effort to increase the clarity of our
explanations and so add to the educational value of the self-assessment exercise.
The book is divided into sections, each section containing questions related to one of the
main physiological systems of the body. They cover both basic and applied aspects of the sub-
ject. The applied questions are designed so that the answers may be deduced mainly by making
use of basic physiological knowledge and should provide a link with clinical practice. There is
also a section on sports and exercise physiology and one containing ‘Interpretative’ questions
to provide practice in the interpretation of data, diagrams and figures. A new feature in this
edition is the addition of a number of Extended Matching Questions (EMQs) for each section of
the book. EMQs are an alternative form of multiple-choice question where answers have to be
selected from lists of options. They are becoming increasingly popular in undergraduate and
postgraduate examinations.
We thank colleagues for suggesting questions and all who commented on previous editions.
We continue to welcome such comments.

ICR
WFMW
September 2003
 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

1. A stimulus to fill gaps in your knowledge

This book is intended as a revision tutor and should help you to revise your physiology in prep-
aration for examinations. It is particularly aimed at helping you to identify areas where your
knowledge and understanding need to be improved. The statements in this book are presented
so that you can commit yourself in written opinion and can then confirm correct information
and identify errors. The comments should reinforce your knowledge when you are correct and
indicate why you were mistaken if your answer is wrong.

2. Scoring your answers – multiple choice questions

A Answer, say, 20 questions (100 decisions), aiming to complete them in about 50 minutes.
In our experience of this type of question (one point tested in each Part), it is best for can-
didates to answer virtually all questions.
B Score your answers by giving ⫹1 for a correct response, ⫺1 for an incorrect response and
0 for any omitted. It is suggested that this approach is in line with professional life when
many true/false decisions must be taken – send the patient to hospital? Begin a certain
treatment? Carry out surgery urgently? The penalties for a wrong decision can be consid-
erable!
C As a very approximate guide, the following scale would apply to candidates who have not
spent time memorizing particular questions:

50–60 fair
60–70 good
70–90 excellent
90–100 outstanding

3. Scoring your answers – extended matching questions

For these questions it is usual not to subtract marks for wrong answers, since the chance of
randomly getting the correct answer is much less than for multiple-choice questions, where it
is 50%. The same stratification of results (above) can then be applied.

4. Range of options
Please note for the MCQs that all, some, or none of the branches in each question may be true.
Also, for the EMQs a given option may be used more than once, or not at all.
This page intentionally left blank
1 BODY FLUIDS 1

MCQs

MCQ
Questions 1–7
1. Extracellular fluid in adults differs from intracellular fluid in that its
A. Volume is greater.
B. Tonicity is lower.
C. Anions are mainly inorganic.
D. Sodium:potassium molar ratio is higher.
E. pH is lower.

2. Blood group antigens (agglutinogens) are

A. Carried on the haemoglobin molecule.
B. Beta globulins.
C. Equally immunogenic.
D. Not present in fetal blood.
E. Inherited as recessive Mendelian characteristics.

3. Total body water, expressed as a percentage of body weight

A. Can be measured with an indicator dilution technique using deuterium oxide.
B. Is smaller on average in women than in men.
C. Rises following injection of posterior pituitary extracts.
D. Falls during starvation.
E. Is less than 80 per cent in young adults.

4. Breakdown of erythrocytes in the body

A. Occurs when they are 6–8 weeks old.
B. Takes place in the reticulo-endothelial system.
C. Yields iron, most of which is excreted in the urine.
D. Yields bilirubin which is carried by plasma protein to the liver.
E. Is required for the synthesis of bile salts.

5. A person with group A blood

A. Has anti-B antibody in the plasma.
B. May have the genotype AB.
C. May have a parent with group O blood.
D. May have children with group A or group O blood only.
E. Whose partner is also A can only have children of groups A or O.

6. Blood platelets assist in arresting bleeding by

A. Releasing factors promoting blood clotting.
B. Adhering together to form plugs when exposed to collagen.
C. Liberating high concentrations of calcium.
D. Releasing factors causing vasoconstriction.
E. Inhibiting fibrinolysis by blocking the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.

7. Plasma bilirubin
A. Is a steroid pigment.
B. Is converted to biliverdin in the liver.
C. Does not normally cross cerebral capillary walls.
D. Is freely filtered in the renal glomerulus.
E. Is sensitive to light.
 2 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

1.
A. False Cells contain half to two-thirds of the total body fluid.
B. False It is the same; if it were lower, osmosis would draw water into the cells.
C. True Mainly Cl⫺ and HCO3⫺; inside, the main anions are protein and organic phos-
phates.
D. True Around 30:1; the intracellular ratio is about 1:10.
E. False Intracellular pH is lower due to cellular metabolism.

2.
A. False They are part of the red cell membrane.
B. False They are glycoproteins.
C. False A, B and D antigens are more immunogenic than the others.
D. False Fetal blood may elicit immune responses if it enters the maternal circulation.
E. False They are Mendelian dominants.

3.
A. True D2O (heavy water) exchanges with water in all body fluid compartments.
B. True Women carry relatively more fat than men and fat has a low water content.
C. True ADH in the extracts inhibits water excretion by the kidneys.
D. False It rises as fat stores are metabolized to provide energy.
E. True 70 per cent, the percentage in the lean body mass, is about the maximum per cent
possible.

4.
A. False The normal erythrocyte lifespan is 16–18 weeks.
B. True The RES removes effete RBCs from the circulation.
C. False Most of the iron is retained for further use.
D. True The protein makes the bilirubin relatively water-soluble.
E. False Bile salts are synthesized from sterols in the liver.

5.
A. True This appears about the time of birth.
B. False This would make them blood group AB.
C. True They could inherit an A gene from the other parent to give genotype AO.
D. False B or AB are possible depending on the partner’s genes.
E. True In this case, neither parent has the B gene.

6.
A. True e.g. Thromboplastin, part of the intrinsic pathway.
B. True Vascular leaks are sealed by such platelet plugs.
C. False High Ca2⫹ levels are not needed for haemostasis; normal levels are adequate.
D. True e.g. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine).
E. False Serotonin from platelets can release vascular plasminogen activators.

7.
A. False It is a porphyrin pigment derived from haem.
B. False Bilirubin is derived from biliverdin formed from haem, not the other way about.
C. True The ‘blood–brain barrier’ normally prevents bilirubin entering brain tissue.
D. False The bilirubin–protein complex is too large to pass the glomerular filter.
E. True Light converts bilirubin to lumirubin which is excreted more rapidly; photo-
therapy may be used in the treatment of haemolytic jaundice in children.
 Body fluids – questions 3

Questions 8–13

MCQ
8. Monocytes
A. Originate from precursor cells in lymph nodes.
B. Can increase in number when their parent cells are stimulated by factors released from
activated lymphocytes.
C. Unlike granulocytes, do not migrate across capillary walls.
D. Can transform into large multinucleated cells in certain chronic infections.
E. Manufacture immunoglobulin M.
9. Erythrocytes
A. Are responsible for the major part of blood viscosity.
B. Contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
C. Metabolize glucose to produce CO2 and H2O.
D. Swell to bursting point when suspended in 0.9 per cent (150 mmol/litre) saline.
E. Have rigid walls.

10. Human plasma albumin

A. Contributes more to plasma colloid osmotic pressure than globulin.
B. Filters freely at the renal glomerulus.
C. Is negatively charged at the normal pH of blood.
D. Carries carbon dioxide in blood.
E. Lacks the essential amino acids.

11. Neutrophil granulocytes

A. Are the most common leukocyte in normal blood.
B. Contain proteolytic enzymes.
C. Have a lifespan in the circulation of 3–4 weeks.
D. Contain actin and myosin microfilaments.
E. Are present in high concentration in pus.

12. Bleeding from a small cut in the skin

A. Is normally diminished by local vascular spasm.
B. Ceases within about five minutes in normal people.
C. Is prolonged in severe factor VIII (antihaemophilic globulin) deficiency.
D. Is greater from warm skin than from cold skin.
E. Is reduced if the affected limb is elevated.

13. Antibodies
A. Are protein molecules.
B. Are absent from the blood in early fetal life.
C. Are produced at a greater rate after a first, than after a second, exposure to an antigen
six weeks later.
D. Circulating as free immunoglobulins are produced by B lymphocytes.
E. With a 1 in 8 titre are more concentrated than ones with a 1 in 4 titre.
 4 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

8.
A. False They originate from stem cells in bone marrow.
B. True Activated T cells release GMCSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating
factor) which stimulates monocyte stem cells to proliferate.
C. False After 4–6 days in the circulation, monocytes migrate out to become tissue macro-
phages.
D. True The ‘giant cells’ seen in tissues affected by tuberculosis and leprosy.
E. False Immunoglobulins are made by ribosomes in lymphocytes.

9.
A. True Blood viscosity rises exponentially with the haematocrit.
B. True It catalyses the reaction CO2 ⫹ H2O⫽H⫹ ⫹ HCO3⫺.
C. True Glycolysis generates the energy needed to maintain electrochemical gradients
across their membranes.
D. False This is isotonic with their contents.
E. False The walls deform easily to squeeze through capillaries.

10.
A. True Its greater mass and lower molecular weight provide more osmotically active par-
ticles.
B. False Only a small amount is filtered normally and this is reabsorbed by the tubules.
C. True Blood pH is well above albumin’s isoelectric point so negative charges (COO⫺)
predominate.
D. True As carbamino protein (R-NH2 ⫹CO2 ⫽R-NH COOH).
E. False It is a first class protein containing essential and non-essential amino acids.

11.
A. True They comprise 60–70 per cent of circulating leukocytes.
B. True Their granules contain such enzymes, which, with toxic oxygen metabolites, can
kill and digest the bacteria they engulf.
C. False Less than a day.
D. True Responsible for their amoeboid motility.
E. True Pus consists largely of dead neutrophils.

12.
A. True Due to the effects of tissue damage and serotonin on vascular smooth muscle.
B. True This is the upper limit of the normal ‘bleeding time’.
C. False Factor VIII increases clotting time, not bleeding time.
D. True Warmth dilates skin blood vessels.
E. True Intravascular pressure is reduced in an elevated limb.

13.
A. True They are made by ribosomes in plasma cells.
B. True Immunological tolerance prevents the fetus forming antibodies to its own pro-
teins.
C. False The response to the second exposure is greater since the immune system has been
sensitized by the first exposure.
D. True T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
E. True Antibody with a 1 in 8 titre is detected at greater dilution than one with a 1 in 4
titre.
 Body fluids – questions 5

Questions 14–19

MCQ
14. Circulating red blood cells
A. Are about 1 per cent nucleated.
B. May show an intracellular network pattern if appropriately stained.
C. Are distributed evenly across the blood stream in large blood vessels.
D. Travel at slower velocity in venules than in capillaries.
E. Deform as they pass through the capillaries.

15. Lymphocytes
A. Constitute 1–2 per cent of circulating white cells.
B. Are motile.
C. Can transform into plasma cells.
D. Decrease in number following removal of the adult thymus gland.
E. Decrease in number during immunosuppressive drug therapy.

16. The specific gravity (relative density) of

A. Red cells is less than that of plasma.
B. Plasma is due more to its protein than to its electrolyte content.
C. Plasma decreases as extracellular fluid and electrolytes are lost.
D. Blood is higher on average in women than in men.
E. Urine can fall below 1.000 in a water diuresis

17. Blood
A. Makes up about 7 per cent of body weight.
B. Forms a higher percentage of body weight in fat than in thin people.
C. Volume can be calculated by multiplying plasma volume by the haematocrit (expressed
as a percentage).
D. Volume rises after water is drunk.
E. Expresses serum when it clots.
18. The cell membranes in skeletal muscle
A. Are impermeable to fat-soluble substances.
B. Are more permeable to sodium than to potassium ions.
C. Become more permeable to glucose in the presence of insulin.
D. Become less permeable to potassium in the presence of insulin.
E. Show invaginations which connect to a system of intracellular tubules involved in exci-
tation contraction coupling.

19. The osmolality of

A. A solution determines its freezing point.
B. Intracellular fluid is about twice that of extracellular fluid.
C. 1.8 per cent sodium chloride is about twice that of normal plasma.
D. 5 per cent dextrose solution is about five times that of 0.9 per cent saline.
E. Plasma is due more to its protein than to its electrolyte content.
 6 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

14.
A. False Nucleated red cells are not normally seen in peripheral blood.
B. True Reticulocytes, the most immature circulating RBCs, show this pattern when
stained with certain dyes.
C. False They form an axial stream away from the vessel wall.
D. False The capillary bed has a greater total cross-sectional area than the venular bed.
E. True Normal cells, around 7 microns in diameter, become bullet-shaped as they pass
through 5 micron diameter capillaries.

15.
A. False About 20 per cent of leukocytes are lymphocytes.
B. True They migrate by amoeboid movement to areas of chronic inflammation.
C. True As plasma cells they manufacture humoral antibodies.
D. False The thymus is atrophied and has little function in the adult.
E. True Lymphocytes and immune responses are closely linked.

16.
A. False Red cells are heavier and hence sediment on standing.
B. True The mass of plasma proteins (70–80 grams/litre) far exceeds that of plasma elec-
trolytes (about 10 grams/litre).
C. False It increases; plasma specific gravity is an index of ECF volume if protein levels
are normal.
D. False It is higher in men, who have a higher haematocrit.
E. False The specific gravity of pure water is 1.000; urine is water plus solutes.

17.
A. True For example, 5 kg (about 5 litres) in a 70 kg man.
B. False Since fat tissue is relatively avascular, the reverse is true.
C. False It can be calculated by multiplying plasma volume by 1/1 minus haematocrit
(expressed as a decimal).
D. True The water is absorbed into the blood.
E. True Serum is plasma minus its clotting factors.

18.
A. False The membrane consists largely of lipid.
B. False The reverse is true; sodium ions, being more hydrated than potassium ions, are
larger complexes.
C. True Thus glucose is stored as muscle glycogen after a meal.
D. False They become more permeable; injections of insulin and glucose lower the serum
potassium level.
E. True These are called the T system of tubules.

19.
A. True Depression of the freezing point is an index of a solution’s osmolality.
B. False Their osmolality is the same; osmotic water movements ensure that this is so.
C. True Plasma has the tonicity of a normal saline solution (0.9 per cent sodium chloride).
D. False They have the same number of particles.
E. False Proteins account for only 1 per cent of plasma osmolality.
 Body fluids – questions 7

Questions 20-25

MCQ
20. The pH
A. Of arterial blood normally ranges from 7.2 to 7.6.
B. Units express [H⫹] in moles/litre.
C. Of blood is directly proportional to the PCO2.
D. Of blood is directly proportional to [HCO3⫺].
E. Of urine is usually less than 7.

21. Cerebrospinal fluid

A. Is an ultrafiltrate of plasma.
B. Is the main source of the brain’s nutrition.
C. Has the same pH as arterial blood.
D. Has a higher glucose concentration than has plasma.
E. Has a higher calcium concentration than has plasma.

22. Antigens
A. Are usually proteins or polypeptide molecules.
B. Can only be recognized by immune system cells previously exposed to that antigen.
C. Are normally absorbed from the gut via lymphatics and carried to mesenteric lymph
nodes.
D. Induce a smaller immune response when protein synthesis is suppressed.
E. Are taken up by antigen-presenting macrophages which activate the immune system.
23. Blood eosinophils
A. Have agranular cytoplasm.
B. Are about a quarter of all leukocytes.
C. Are relatively abundant in the mucosa of the respiratory, urinary and alimentary tracts.
D. Release cytokines.
E. Increase in number in viral infections.

24. Normal blood clotting requires

A. Inactivation of heparin.
B. Inactivation of plasmin (fibrinolysin).
C. Calcium ions.
D. An adequate intake of vitamin K.
E. An adequate intake of vitamin C.

25. Antibodies (agglutinins) of the A and B red cell antigens (agglutinogens)

A. Are present in fetal plasma.
B. Cause haemolysis of RBCs containing the A and B antigens when added to a suspension
of red cells in saline.
C. Do not normally cross the placental barrier.
D. Have a molecular weight in excess of 500 000.
E. Are monovalent.
 8 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

20.
A. False The range is normally between 7.35 and 7.45.
B. False They express it as the negative logarithm of the [H⫹] in moles/litre.
C. False PCO2 raises [H⫹] and hence lowers pH.
D. True [HCO3⫺] lowers [H⫹] by buffering and hence raises pH.
E. True The normal diet leaves acidic, rather than alkaline, residues.

21.
A. False It is secreted actively by the choroid plexuses.
B. False Brain nutrition is delivered mainly by cerebral blood flow.
C. False It is around 7.3 compared with 7.4 in blood.
D. False It is about two-thirds that of plasma.
E. False About half; protein-bound calcium is negligible in CSF.

22.
A. True Large carbohydrate molecules may also be antigenic.
B. False The ability to recognize foreign antigens is innate and does not depend on pre-
vious exposure to them.
C. False Antigens, being proteins or carbohydrates, are not normally absorbed; they are
digested in the gut.
D. True Antibodies are proteins synthesized by ribosomes in activated lymphocytes.
E. True Antigens can also act directly on receptors on lymphocyte membranes.

23.
A. False They have eosinophilic granules (eosinophilic granulocytes).
B. False Only 1–4 per cent of white cells are eosinophils.
C. True They are involved in mucosal immunity.
D. True Interleukin 4 and platelet activating factor (PAF).
E. False Their number increases in parasitic infections and allergic conditions.

24.
A. False The anticoagulant effects of heparin are overwhelmed.
B. False Blood clots in spite of the fibrinolytic system.
C. True Removal of calcium ions prevents clotting.
D. True Vitamin K is needed by the liver for synthesis of prothrombin and other factors.
E. False The spontaneous bleeding from the gums etc. seen in scurvy is due to capillary
abnormality, not a clotting defect.

25.
A. False They form shortly after birth, possibly in response to A and B antigens carried
into the body by invading bacteria.
B. False They cause agglutination (clumping) of A, B and AB cells.
C. True Unlike Rh antibodies which have a smaller molecular size.
D. True Around 1 000 000.
E. False They are divalent and hence cause red cells to adhere to one another during
agglutination.
 Body fluids – questions 9

Questions 26-31

MCQ
26. Lymph
A. Contains plasma proteins.
B. Vessels are involved in the absorption of amino acids from the intestine.
C. Production increases during muscular activity.
D. Does not normally contain cells.
E. Flow is aided by contraction of adjacent skeletal muscles.

27. Blood platelets

A. Are formed in the bone marrow.
B. Are normally more numerous than white cells.
C. Have a small single-lobed nucleus.
D. Increase in number after injury and surgery.
E. Alter shape when in contact with collagen.

28. The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A. Is effected by prothrombin.
B. Involves the disruption of certain peptide linkages by a proteolytic enzyme.
C. Is followed by polymerization of fibrin monomers.
D. Is inhibited by heparin.
E. Is reversed by plasmin (fibrinolysin).

29. An appropriate dilution indicator for measuring

A. Total body water is sucrose.
B. Plasma volume is radioactive sodium.
C. Extracellular fluid volume is inulin.
D. Intracellular fluid volume directly is heavy water (deuterium oxide).
E. Total body potassium is radioactive potassium.

30. Thirst can be

A. Produced by a rise in plasma tonicity.
B. Produced by stimulation of certain areas in the hypothalamus.
C. Produced by a fall in blood volume.
D. Associated with decreased secretion of ADH.
E. Relieved by water intake before the water has been absorbed from the gut.

31. Intravenous infusion of

A. Two litres of normal saline restores blood volume in a patient who suddenly lost two
litres of blood.
B. Bicarbonate is appropriate for patients being treated for cardiac and respiratory arrest.
C. Potassium-free fluids are appropriate for a patient with severe vomiting.
D. Isotonic glucose will expand both intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments.
E. Hypertonic saline will raise intracellular osmolality.
 10 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

26.
A. True Derived from plasma proteins leaked from capillaries into the tissues; it returns
these to the blood.
B. False Lymph vessels are involved in the uptake and transport of absorbed fat.
C. True Increased capillary pressure due to muscle vasodilatation increases tissue fluid
formation.
D. False It contains lymphocytes derived from lymph nodes.
E. True In addition, intrinsic rhythmic contractions in lymphatics help to propel lymph.

27.
A. True They are formed from megalokaryocytes.
B. True By a factor of 20 or more.
C. False No nucleus – but the cytoplasm contains electron dense granules, lysosomes and
mitochondria.
D. True This increases the tendency of blood to clot.
E. True They put out pseudopodia and adhere to the collagen and to one another.

28.
A. False It is effected by thrombin; prothrombin is the inactive precursor of thrombin.
B. True Thrombin breaks off the solubilizing end groups.
C. True Polymerized fibrin monomers form the strands of the clot meshwork.
D. True This is a rapidly acting anticoagulant.
E. False Plasmin does not convert fibrin back to fibrinogen, it degrades both fibrin and
fibrinogen to products which can inhibit thrombin.

29.
A. False Sucrose does not cross the cell membrane freely to equilibrate with ICF.
B. False Sodium ions migrate easily from plasma to equilibrate with interstitial fluid.
C. True Inulin crosses capillary walls freely but does not enter cells.
D. False ICF volume is not measured directly; it is calculated by measuring ECF volume
and total body water and subtracting the former from the latter.
E. True Radioactive K⫹ equilibrates with the body pool of non-radioactive K⫹; both iso-
topes are treated similarly in the body.

30.
A. True Stimulation of osmoreceptors by the increased tonicity generates thirst sensation.
B. True The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors.
C. True This can happen, even though blood tonicity is unchanged; volume receptors
may be involved.
D. False ADH secretion is increased.
E. True Flushing out the mouth with water can provide temporary relief from thirst.

31.
A. False Some of the saline escapes from the circulation to the interstitial fluid.
B. True It corrects the acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid and CO2 in the tis-
sues.
C. False Alimentary secretions are rich in potassium.
D. True Glucose is metabolized, leaving the water to be distributed in both compartments.
E. True Hypertonic extracellular fluid will draw water osmotically from the cells.
 Body fluids – questions 11

Questions 32–37

MCQ
32. Excessive tissue fluid (oedema) in the legs may
A. Be associated with a raised extracellular fluid volume.
B. Result from hepatic disease.
C. Result from blockage of pelvic lymphatics.
D. Increase local interstitial fluid pressure.
E. Result from a high arterial blood pressure in the absence of heart failure.

33. Haemolytic disease of the newborn

A. Affects mainly babies of Rh-positive mothers.
B. Occurs mainly in babies who lack D agglutinogen.
C. Causes jaundice which clears rapidly after birth.
D. Can be treated by transfusing the affected baby with Rh-positive blood.
E. Can be prevented by injecting the mother with anti-D agglutinins just after delivery.

34. The appearance of centrifuged blood may suggest that

A. Anaemia is present if there is more plasma than packed cells.
B. The plasma lipid level is high.
C. The patient has jaundice.
D. Haemolysis has occurred.
E. The patient has leukaemia.

35. Patients with moderate to severe anaemia have a reduced

A. Cardiac output.
B. Incidence of vascular bruits.
C. 2:3-diphosphoglycerate blood level.
D. Arterial PO2.
E. Capacity to raise oxygen consumption in exercise.

36. Iron deficiency

A. Frequently follows persistent loss of blood from the body.
B. Is more common in men than in women.
C. May cause anaemia by inhibiting the rate of multiplication of RBC stem cells.
D. May cause large pale erythrocytes to appear in peripheral blood.
E. Anaemia should normally be treated by injections of iron

37. Severe reactions are likely after transfusion of blood group

A. A to a group B person.
B. O to a group AB person.
C. A to a group O person.
D. A to a group AB person.
E. O Rh- negative to a group AB Rh-positive person.
 12 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

32.
A. True Oedema is an increase in the interstitial component of ECF.
B. True Albumin deficiency reduces plasma colloid osmotic pressure.
C. True Protein accumulates in interstitial fluid and reduces the colloid osmotic pressure
gradient across the capillary wall.
D. True This contributes to a new pressure equilibrium.
E. False Arteriolar constriction in hypertension raises arterial, but not capillary, pressure.

33.
A. False It affects babies of Rh-negative mothers when the child’s red cell membranes
carry the D antigen.
B. False It occurs in Rh-positive babies.
C. False The jaundice deepens rapidly after birth as bilirubin is no longer excreted by the
maternal liver.
D. False This would be attacked by maternal Rh antibodies in the infant’s blood; Rh-
negative blood is given.
E. True These destroy fetal Rh-positive cells in the maternal circulation before such cells
can sensitize her to D antigen.

34.
A. False If the normal percentage of plasma in centrifuged blood is about 55 per cent.
B. True If the plasma is cloudy or even milky.
C. True If the plasma is yellow.
D. True If the plasma is red.
E. True If the buffy coat is greatly thickened.

35.
A. False Output rises to compensate for the blood’s reduced O2 carrying capacity.
B. False Bruits are common since increased flow velocity and decreased blood viscosity
increase the likelihood of turbulent flow.
C. False 2:3-DPG is increased, shifting the dissociation curve to the right so that blood
gives up its oxygen more easily.
D. False Arterial PO2 is normal; it is O2 content which is reduced.
E. True Due to the reduced capacity to deliver O2 to the muscles.

36.
A. True Especially if dietary intake of iron is limited.
B. False It is more common in women due to menstrual blood loss.
C. False It causes anaemia by limiting the rate of haemoglobin synthesis.
D. False In iron deficiency anaemia, RBCs are small and pale due to lack of haemoglobin.
E. False Oral iron is avidly absorbed in iron deficiency states.

37.
A. True The recipients have anti-A antibody.
B. False Group O people are ‘universal donors’.
C. True The recipients have anti-A antibody.
D. False Group AB persons, ‘universal recipients’, lack anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
E. False The recipients lack anti-A, anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies.
 Body fluids – questions 13

Questions 38–43

MCQ
38. The haematocrit (packed cell volume)
A. May be obtained by centrifugation of blood.
B. May be calculated by multiplying the mean cell volume by the red cell count.
C. Rises in a patient who sustains widespread burns.
D. Rises following injections of aldosterone.
E. Rises in macrocytic megaloblastic anaemias such as pernicious (B12 deficiency) anaemia.

39. Red cell formation is increased

A. By giving vitamin B12 injections to healthy people on a normal diet.
B. In blood donors one week after a blood donation.
C. In patients with haemolytic anaemia.
D. By giving injections of erythropoietin to nephrectomized patients.
E. In patients who have a raised blood reticulocyte count.

40. Vitamin B12 deficiency may

A. Result from disease of the terminal part of the ileum.
B. Result in anaemia with small RBCs well filled with haemoglobin.
C. Cause wasting (atrophy) of the gastric mucosa.
D. Cause a reduction in the circulating platelet level.
E. Cause pathological changes in the central nervous system.

41. A raised blood pH and bicarbonate level is consistent with

A. Metabolic acidosis.
B. Partly compensated respiratory alkalosis.
C. A reduced PCO2.
D. Chronic renal failure with a raised PCO2.
E. A history of persistent vomiting of gastric contents.

42. A patient with partly compensated respiratory acidosis

A. Must have a raised PCO2.
B. May have a reduced hydrogen ion concentration [H⫹].
C. Must have a raised bicarbonate concentration [HCO3⫺].
D. May have evidence of renal compensation.
E. May have respiratory failure due to hypoventilation

43. A patient with an uncompensated respiratory alkalosis may have

A. Been exposed to living at high altitudes.
B. A reduced [H2CO3]:[HCO3⫺] ratio.
C. Neuromuscular hyperexcitability.
D. An arterial pH of 7.3.
E. A blood [H⫹] of 30 nmol/litre.
 14 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

38.
A. True Since red cells are heavier than plasma.
B. True This gives a slightly lower value than centrifugation which traps a little plasma
between cells.
C. True Due to loss of plasma and interstitial fluid.
D. False It falls as extracellular fluid and hence plasma volume increases.
E. False Though individual RBCs are large, total red cell mass is decreased.

39.
A. False Healthy normal people do not benefit from vitamin B12 supplements.
B. True The RBC deficit is corrected by bone marrow stimulation by erythropoietin.
C. True The reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood causes release of erythropoie-
tin which stimulates RBC stem cells in the bone marrow.
D. True The anaemia seen in nephrectomized patients is due largely to lack of erythro-
poietin.
E. True A raised reticulocyte count is evidence of a hyperactive bone marrow.

40.
A. True The B12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed in the terminal ileum.
B. False Lack of B12 results in a macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia.
C. False Gastric mucosa atrophy is a cause, not an effect, of B12 lack; gastric mucosa nor-
mally produces the ‘intrinsic factor’ required for B12 absorption.
D. True B12 is used in the DNA synthesis required by platelet precursor cells.
E. True Maintenance of myelin in neural sheaths also depends on vitamin B12.

41.
A. False It is consistent with a metabolic alkalosis.
B. False A partly compensated acidosis has a low pH.
C. False PCO2 is normally raised in metabolic alkalosis as a compensatory mechanism.
D. False All these values are reduced in chronic renal failure.
E. True Pyloric obstruction causes a metabolic alkalosis.

42.
A. True This is the hallmark of a respiratory acidosis.
B. False [H⫹] is raised in uncompensated acidosis.
C. True The raised [HCO3⫺] is compensating partly for the raised PCO2.
D. True The raised [HCO3⫺], compensating the raised PCO2 is generated by the kidneys.
E. True This leads to retention of carbon dioxide.

43.
A. False Living at high altitudes induces partial compensation, i.e. fall in [HCO3⫺]
B. True This is consistent with alkalosis.
C. True Alkalosis favours the development of tetany by increasing the binding power of
plasma protein for ionic calcium.
D. False This is an acidotic pH.
E. True The normal level is 40 nmol/litre.
 Body fluids – questions 15

Questions 44–49

MCQ
44. In investigating a patient’s acid-base status
A. Venous rather than arterial blood should be studied.
B. Blood samples may be stored for up to 12 hours at room temperature before analysis.
C. pH can be calculated if [HCO3⫺] and PCO2 are known.
D. Raised urinary ammonium salts suggest renal compensation for respiratory acidosis.
E. An early fall in [HCO3⫺] suggests that the acid-base disturbance is respiratory in origin.

45. Respiratory alkalosis differs from metabolic alkalosis in that the

A. Likelihood of tetany is less.
B. Urine is alkaline.
C. Arterial blood [HCO3⫺] is normal or low.
D. Arterial blood PCO2 is reduced.
E. Reduction in cerebral blood flow is greater.

46. Rejection of a transplanted organ is made less likely by

A. Treatment which reduces the blood lymphocyte count.
B. Keeping the recipient in a germ-free environment.
C. Irradiation of the transplanted organ with X-rays.
D. Drugs which interfere with mitosis.
E. Transplanting between identical twins.

47. Reduction in the neutrophil granulocyte count may be

A. Caused by drugs suppressing bone marrow activity.
B. A consequence of tissue damage.
C. Associated with painful throat ulcers.
D. Associated with widespread purulent infections.
E. Caused by high levels of circulating glucocorticoids

48. A fall in plasma sodium concentration

A. May result from excessive production of ADH.
B. Decreases intracellular fluid volume.
C. May occur in people engaged in hard physical work in humid tropical climates.
D. Reduces plasma osmolality.
E. Is likely to cause thirst.

49. Sodium retention

A. Occurs for several days after major surgery.
B. Occurs in response to secretion of aldosterone, but not cortisol.
C. Expands the extracellular fluid volume.
D. Expands the blood volume.
E. Increases the severity of oedema.
 16 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

44.
A. False Only arterial blood is precisely regulated for [H⫹].
B. False Analysis should be prompt; acid-base status is affected by blood cell metabolism.
C. True pH is a function of their ratio.
D. True Ammonia is secreted to buffer the hydrogen ions being excreted as the kidneys
manufacture bicarbonate.
E. False A primary respiratory acid–base problem leads initially to an altered PCO2.

45.
A. False Both kinds of alkalosis may result in tetany.
B. False It is likely to be alkaline in both.
C. True [HCO3⫺] is raised in metabolic alkalosis but falls to compensate for the low PCO2
in respiratory alkalosis.
D. True PCO2 is reduced in respiratory alkalosis but rises to compensate for the high
[H2CO3⫺] in metabolic alkalosis.
E. True The greater fall in PCO2 in respiratory alkalosis causes more cerebral vasoconstric-
tion.

46.
A. True T lymphocytes are responsible for tissue rejection.
B. False This environment may be necessary because of suppression of the recipient’s
immune responses; it has no bearing on the rejection process.
C. False This would not affect the transplant antigens.
D. True These suppress the multiplication of lymphocytic stem cells.
E. True Identical twins have identical antigens and do not reject each other’s tissues.

47.
A. True Granulocytes are formed in the bone marrow.
B. False Production of neutrophils increases following tissue damage.
C. True Neutrophils are not available to kill bacterial invaders.
D. False There will not be much pus since pus consists mainly of dead neutrophils.
E. False These suppress lymphocytes and eosinophils.

48.
A. True Due to excessive reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts of the nephron.
B. False Water is drawn into cells from the hypotonic extracellular fluid; water intoxica-
tion may occur.
C. True People sweating heavily may replace their water, but not their salt, deficit; they
tend to get muscle cramps unless they supplement their salt intake.
D. True Sodium ions are responsible for nearly half of plasma osmolality.
E. False The hypothalamic osmoreceptors responsible for thirst respond to hypertonicity,
not hypotonicity of the ECF.

49.
A. True This is part of the metabolic response to trauma.
B. False Both have mineralocorticoid effects.
C. True Sodium chloride is the ‘skeleton’ of the ECF; chloride and water are retained with
the sodium.
D. True Plasma is part of extracellular volume.
E. True Oedema fluid is excess interstitial fluid.
 Body fluids – questions 17

Questions 50-55

MCQ
50. Sodium depletion differs from sodium retention in that it causes a
reduction in
A. Central venous pressure.
B. Renin production.
C. The specific gravity of the blood.
D. Intracellular fluid volume.
E. Total body mass.

51. Sodium depletion differs from water depletion in that

A. Cardiovascular changes are less pronounced.
B. Intracellular fluid volume is less affected.
C. The haematocrit increases.
D. Thirst is more severe.
E. Antidiuretic hormone levels are higher.

52. Potassium depletion

A. Can be detected by analysis of a biopsied sample of muscle.
B. Can result from loss of gastrointestinal secretions.
C. Causes increased activity of intestinal smooth muscle.
D. Exacerbates pre-existing acidosis.
E. Increases T wave amplitude in the electrocardiogram.

53. A high blood potassium level (hyperkalaemia)

A. Occurs in acute renal failure.
B. Follows severe crush injuries to the limbs.
C. May diminish cardiac performance and cause death.
D. Increases skeletal muscle strength.
E. May be reduced by intravenous infusion of insulin and glucose.

54. Deficiency of factor VIII (antihaemophilic globulin)

A. Increases the bleeding time.
B. Is due to an abnormal gene on the Y chromosome.
C. To 75 per cent of its normal value results in excessive bleeding after tooth extraction.
D. Causes small (petechial) haemorrhages into the skin to cause purpura.
E. Affects the extrinsic, rather than the intrinsic, pathway for blood coagulation.

55. A raised level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia)

A. May occur when parathyroid activity decreases.
B. May occur when the plasma protein level falls.
C. May occur in chronic renal failure.
D. Causes increased excitability of nerve and muscle.
E. Increases the risk of stone formation in the urinary tract.
 18 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

50.
A. True Blood volume parallels body sodium levels; it expands with sodium retention and
shrinks with sodium depletion.
B. False A reduced blood volume stimulates release of renin.
C. False It is increased in sodium depletion due to an increased haematocrit.
D. False If anything, ICF volume expands osmotically in sodium depletion.
E. True Due to the loss of extracellular fluid in sodium depletion.

51.
A. False Blood volume is more reduced with sodium depletion; cardiovascular changes are
more pronounced.
B. True Extracellular volume is a function of body sodium content.
C. False It increases in both cases.
D. False Hypertonicity is the main stimulus causing thirst.
E. False Here also, hypertonicity is the main stimulus for ADH secretion.

52.
A. True Since most body potassium is intracellular.
B. True Gastrointestinal secretions are rich in potassium.
C. False Activity decreases and intestinal paralysis (paralytic ileus) may occur.
D. False K⫹ competes with H⫹ for excretion in the renal tubules; a low [K⫹] favours renal
excretion of H⫹ ions and this would reduce the severity of acidosis.
E. False The amplitude of the T waves decreases.

53.
A. True Due to inability to excrete K⫹ ingested and released from cell breakdown in the
body.
B. True Potassium is released from the damaged muscle fibres.
C. True Abnormal rhythms and heart failure may result.
D. False Both hypo- and hyperkalaemia cause skeletal muscle weakness.
E. True This facilitates entry of potassium into cells.

54.
A. False Clotting time is increased, but bleeding time is determined by platelets and by
vascular contraction.
B. False It is due to a recessive abnormality of the X chromosome.
C. False Abnormal bleeding does not occur until the level falls below 50 per cent.
D. False Purpura is caused by capillary or platelet disorders.
E. False It affects the intrinsic pathway.

55.
A. False This reduces blood calcium.
B. False This lowers the protein-bound, and hence the total, calcium level.
C. False In chronic renal failure PO4 retention raises blood PO4 levels; Ca2⫹ levels fall to
maintain a constant [Ca2⫹] [PO4⫺] product.
D. False It depresses excitability.
E. True More calcium is filtered and this increases the urinary [Ca2⫹] [PO4⫺] solubility
product.
 Body fluids – questions 19

Questions 56-57

MCQ
56. Intravenous infusion of one litre of
A. Normal (isotonic) saline increases the ECF more than the ICF volume.
B. 10 per cent dextrose provides sufficient energy for a sedentary adult for one day.
C. A suspension of lipids provides 2–3 times the energy of a suspension of carbohydrates
with the same concentration.
D. Isotonic (5 per cent) dextrose raises total body water by 1–5 per cent in the average
adult.
E. An amino acid solution provides between 3–4 times the energy of a carbohydrate solu-
tion with the same concentration.

57. In patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A. Neutrophils are more affected than lymphocytes.
B. Total white cell count is a better indicator of progression than any subset of white cells.
C. Host DNA is incorporated into the human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus.
D. Occurrence in infancy results from transmission of infection rather than inheritance.
E. There is increased risk of malignant tumours.
 20 Body fluids – answers

Answers
MCQ

56.
A. True Sodium and chloride remain mainly extracellular.
B. False It provides less than a quarter of the daily energy requirement.
C. True A gram of fat when oxidized liberates 2–3 times the energy liberated by a gram
of carbohydrate.
D. True Total body water (about 40 litres) increases to about 41 litres (2.5 per cent
increase).
E. False Amino acids and carbohydrates provide similar energy per unit weight but amino
acids are useful for maintaining body tissue proteins.

57.
A. False Lymphocytes are more involved than neutrophils with immunity.
B. False The CD4 (or T4) count is a major indicator and falls markedly as AIDS progresses.
C. False Viral reverse transcriptase incorporates viral RNA into host DNA.
D. True In contrast to genetic immune disorders such as X-linked hypogammaglobulinae-
mia.
E. True The normal immune system suppresses such tumours.
1 BODY FLUIDS 21

EMQs

EMQ
Questions 58–67
EMQ Question 58
For each case of disordered haemostasis A–E, select the most appropriate option from the fol-
lowing list of findings.
1. Capillary abnormality. 2. Deficiency of factor VIII.
3. Increased fibrinogen level. 4. Deficiency of prothrombin.
5. Deficiency of vitamin K. 6. Excessive heparin activity.
7. Massive blood transfusion. 8. Platelet count 90 ⫻109 per litre.
9. Platelet count 20 ⫻10 per litre.
9

A. A 15-year-old child is admitted to hospital with recent onset of widespread purpura

(pin-head areas of haemorrhage into the skin). Laboratory investigations reveal an
abnormality which accounts for the bleeding tendency.
B. A 50-year-old man is receiving anticoagulant therapy (warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist)
after heart valve replacement. He is admitted to hospital with haematuria (blood in the
urine) and his INR (international normalized ratio, a measure of the prothrombin clot-
ting time in relation to the normal time) is found to be 4.2.
C. A 90-year-old women has blotchy purple areas about 5 cm diameter on her hands and
arms. They are not uncomfortable and she has no health complaints.
D. A 70-year-old man is operated on for aneurysm (swelling) of his aorta. Severe bleeding
requires infusion of forty units of blood. His recovery is complicated by a bleeding ten-
dency and he is found to have a very low level of fibrinogen. His treatment includes
administration of heparin.
E. A 10-year-old child with no known medical problems has been admitted to hospital for
persistent bleeding after tooth extraction. Haemostasis had been achieved initially after
the extraction but subsequently prolonged oozing from the tooth socket began.
 22 Body fluids – answers

Answers for 58
A. Option 9 Platelet count 20 ⫻109 per litre. Widespread purpura is due to failure of
EMQ

platelet plugging of capillaries and may be due to a low platelet count or to capillary
abnormality. An abnormal laboratory test to account for this would be a low platelet
count. Although both those given are below normal, only values below 20–40 ⫻109 per
litre account for serious bleeding.
B. Option 4 Deficiency of prothrombin. The action of warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist,
is to impair formation of several coagulation factors, notably prothrombin. There are a
number of cardiological indications for the use of warfarin, including heart valve replace-
ment. The value quoted is above the usual recommended range and the prolonged pro-
thrombin time due to a low level of prothrombin would account for the bleeding.
C. Option 1 Capillary abnormality. With advancing age, capillaries like tissues generally
become less resilient in the face of stress such as a relatively high internal pressure. This
leads randomly to patchy areas of bleeding such as those described. Apart from their
appearance they cause no problems.
D. Option 7 Massive blood transfusion. Massive blood transfusion may lead to wide-
spread activation of the coagulation mechanism – diffuse intravascular coagulopathy. This
in turn causes so much deposition of fibrin that the circulating fibrinogen level falls to
levels which result in a bleeding tendency. Paradoxically heparin, by preventing the
abnormal coagulation, allows the fibrinogen level to rise and can relieve the condition.
E. Option 2 Deficiency of factor VIII. This condition (haemophilia) does not interfere
with initial haemostasis due to vascular closure, so the bleeding time is normal as in this
case. However, when the vascular spasm wears off, failure to clot is revealed as a persis-
tent ooze of blood. Treatment is by supplying the missing factor VIII.
 Body fluids – questions 23

EMQ Question 59
For each case of disturbed acid–base balance A–E, select the most appropriate option from the

EMQ
following list of results of arterial blood analysis.

pH PO2 PCO2 HCO3

(kPa) (kPa) (mmol/l.)
1 7.15 16 3 11
2 7.4 14 5 25
3 7.25 9 8 32
4 7.55 10 3 20
5 7.55 11 7 32
6 7.2 25 9 32
100 mmHg⫽13.3 kPa

A. A 60-year-old woman who suffers from long standing chronic bronchitis has just been
admitted to hospital because her condition deteriorated when she developed a chest
infection. No treatment had been given before the blood sample was taken.
B. A 50-year-old man with long-standing chronic bronchitis has been in hospital for sev-
eral days for treatment of an exacerbation. He is receiving oxygen therapy but his con-
dition is deteriorating.
C. A 50-year-old woman with long-standing renal disease has been admitted with deteri-
oration of her condition, including marked drowsiness. She is noticed to be hyperventi-
lating.
D. A 25-year-old man is taking part in a mountain climbing expedition in the Himalayas
and the medical officer of the team is carrying out physiological measurements. The
subject has been through the usual protocol for acclimatization to high altitude.
E. A 30-year-old man has been admitted to hospital suffering from abdominal pain and
general malaise. He has long-standing upper abdominal pain for which he has been
treating himself for some years with quite large amounts of sodium bicarbonate which
rapidly relieves the pain. He has begun to get muscle spasms in his hands and feet.
 24 Body fluids – answers

Answers for 59
A. Option 3 This patient has features suggesting respiratory failure – drowsiness and
EMQ

cyanosis in someone with chronic obstructive airways disease. So we are looking for signs
of a respiratory acidosis – low pH due to high carbon dioxide levels and a reduced oxygen
level to account for the cyanosis. Only Option 3 has these three features. In someone with
a long-standing respiratory acidosis the bicarbonate is usually raised as in this case (for
comparison, results in Option 2 are all average normal).
B. Option 6 This patient is very similar to the one above except that he has been receiv-
ing oxygen therapy for his hypoxic hypoxia. Deterioration on oxygen suggests the pos-
sibility that complete relief of the hypoxia has resulted in respiratory depression with a
rising carbon dioxide level and worsening respiratory acidosis. Results in Option 6 confirm
this with the very high oxygen pressure which can be produced by breathing oxygen
together with a high carbon dioxide level and a dangerously low pH. Correct therapy is to
give controlled oxygen at, for example, 24–28 per cent and monitor the blood gases so
that the oxygen level is above dangerous levels but the carbon dioxide does not rise dan-
gerously.
C. Option 1 This patient has the symptoms of severe renal failure, a condition which
leads to a non-respiratory (or metabolic) acidosis. This is confirmed by the very low bicar-
bonate level and the very low pH. Such a condition leads to respiratory compensation by
hyperventilation to lower the carbon dioxide level as shown. The hyperventilation also
raises the oxygen level towards that in the atmosphere.
D. Option 4 High altitudes lead to hyperventilation triggered by the carotid bodies in
response to hypoxic hypoxia. The hyperventilation improves the oxygen level (which is
still below that at sea level) but produces a respiratory alkalosis due to washout of carbon
dioxide. With acclimatization the kidney responds by lowering the bicarbonate level by
reducing tubular secretion of the now scarce hydrogen ions.
E. Option 5 This is now a rather rare cause of metabolic alkalosis – ingestion of large
amounts of sodium bicarbonate which relieves ulcer pain by temporarily buffering the
gastric acid. However the bicarbonate is absorbed and can lead to a metabolic alkalosis.
Alkalosis increases the binding of available calcium ions in the blood by plasma proteins
and can lead to tetany, which usually starts in adults with ‘carpo-pedal’ spasm. Metabolic
alkalosis is compensated by depression of respiration, allowing the carbon dioxide level
to rise and balance the increased bicarbonate level. The oxygen pressure tends to fall with
the hypoventilation.
 Body fluids – questions 25

EMQ Question 60
For each case of fluid balance disturbance A–E, select the most appropriate option from the

EMQ
following list.
1. Increased total body water. 2. Decreased total body water.
3. Increased extracellular fluid. 4. Decreased extracellular fluid.
5. Increased interstitial fluid. 6. Decreased interstitial fluid.
7. Increased blood volume. 8. Decreased blood volume.
9. Increased plasma volume. 10. Decreased plasma volume.
A. A 20-year-old mentally disturbed patient has refused all food and drink for several
days. Urine volume has fallen to around 100 ml in five hours. Plasma osmolality has
risen to 320 mosmol per litre (previously 290 mosmol per litre).
B. A 50-year-old man has suffered from vomiting and diarrhoea for several days. His
peripheries are cold and he has a heart rate of 120 per minute and an arterial blood
pressure of 90/65.
C. A 50-year-old woman is suffering from weakness and mild confusion. She is found to
have a plasma sodium level of 125 mmol/litre (normal about 140 mmol/litre) and has a
raised level of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).
D. An 80-year-old woman has been admitted to hospital after vomiting blood. Following
transfusion of several pints of blood she has become breathless and is found to have an
increased jugular venous pressure.
E. A 40-year-old man has been admitted to hospital with full thickness burns of 40 per
cent of his body surface. Next day his blood pressure has fallen. A blood test shows a
haematocrit of 54 per cent.
 26 Body fluids – answers

Answers for 60
A. Option 2 Decreased total body water. In the absence of any water intake, a person
EMQ

loses a minimum of around 1500 ml per day (500 ml insensible loss from the lungs,
500 ml insensible loss from the skin and 500 ml as the minimum amount of water which
can dissolve excreted solid waste products in the urine). A urine volume of 100 ml in five
hours confirms this condition. After several days there will be a water deficit of around
four to five litres or 10 per cent of total body water, so the osmolality has risen by about
10 per cent. The water deficit is distributed between intracellular and extracellular fluid
and oral water would correct the deficit.
B. Option 4 Decreased extracellular fluid. The patient has lost a considerable volume of
intestinal secretions. This fluid is isotonic and rich in sodium and chloride, the main extra-
cellular ions. His main depletion is of extracellular fluid and this is confirmed by signs of
severe peripheral circulatory failure evidenced by a low arterial blood pressure despite
vasoconstriction (cold peripheries) and a rapid heart rate. He urgently needs replenishment
of his extracellular fluid by intravenous infusion of isotonic (normal) saline. Although
Option 8 accounts for the peripheral circulatory failure, Option 4 is more appropriate as it
includes the underlying mechanism and points to the appropriate treatment.
C. Option l Increased total body water. Inappropriately raised secretion of antidiuretic
hormone causes excessive reabsorption of water as fluid passes through the collecting
ducts. This dilutes all body fluids as indicated by the low sodium level (osmolality would
be correspondingly reduced). The waterlogging of the body cells impairs function and this
effect in the brain is manifested by confusion. Restricted water intake would improve the
condition.
D. Option 7 Increased blood volume. Replacement of blood loss is urgent in the elderly,
but over-transfusion can increase the blood volume above normal. In the elderly there is
an increased risk of heart failure and increasing the blood volume can precipitate this so
that the heart cannot adequately clear the venous return. The filling pressure of the two
sides of the heart increases, causing pulmonary oedema and breathlessness plus increased
systemic venous pressure. Diuretic therapy would reduce blood volume by causing excre-
tion of salt and water, thereby lowering extracellular fluid volume.
E. Option 10 Decreased plasma volume. By damaging capillaries, burns cause increased
loss of fluid and proteins from the circulation. In addition large amounts of interstitial
fluid are lost through the damaged skin. Both effects lower plasma volume, raising the
haematocrit. Low blood volume can lead to peripheral circulatory failure. The standard
treatment is to infuse large quantities of normal saline, in proportion to the area of seri-
ously burnt skin.
 Body fluids – questions 27

EMQ Question 61
For each blood transfusion problem A–E, select the most appropriate option from the follow-

EMQ
ing list.
1. ABO incompatibility. 2. Rhesus incompatibility.
3. Major incompatibility. 4. Minor incompatibility.
5. Multiple repeated transfusions. 6. Massive blood transfusion.
7. Use of stored blood. 8. Use of fresh blood.
A. A patient has been given three units of blood during a surgical operation. Just after the
operation the patient is at risk of inadequate tissue oxygenation despite satisfactory
arterial blood pressure, haemoglobin and arterial blood oxygen saturation levels.
B. A patient has been given two units of blood on the day before a planned surgical oper-
ation. Towards the end of the transfusion the patient was noted to have mild fever, and
the next morning slight jaundice was noted in the conjunctivae.
C. A patient admitted with vomiting of blood shows signs of circulatory failure and is
given a unit of blood quite rapidly. As the transfusion is nearly completed it is discov-
ered that there has been confusion between two patients with exactly the same first and
second names and the patient with the transfusion appears much more unwell than at
the start of the transfusion. In fact the group B patient was given group A blood.
D. During emergency surgery for a dissected aortic aneurysm, a condition notorious for
severe bleeding during operation, a patient is transfused with 20 units of blood. Despite
restoration of a normal blood volume this patient is at risk of hypothermia, tissue
hypoxia and coagulation problems.
E. A patient with failure of bone marrow function causing aplastic anaemia is admitted for
transfusion as the haemoglobin level has fallen to an unacceptable level. The blood
bank report difficulty in finding suitable red cells due to problems with some of the
‘minor’ blood groups, M and Kell.

EMQ Question 62
For each case of anaemia A–E, select the most appropriate option from the following list.
1. Iron deficiency anaemia. 2. Pernicious anaemia.
3. Microcytic anaemia. 4. Macrocytic anaemia.
5. Normocytic anaemia. 6. Bone marrow disease.
7. Compensatory rise in cardiac output. 8. Decreased blood viscosity.
9. Haemolytic anaemia. 10. Increased bone marrow activity.
A. Normal under the microscope. The mean red cell volume is normal at 90 cubic microns.
B. A patient with long-standing indigestion has noticed increasing lack of energy and tir-
edness when walking uphill. On questioning he has noticed that the bowel motions are
unusually dark from time to time. Due to the indigestion the patient takes a bland diet
without much meat or vegetables.
C. A patient with a blood haemoglobin concentration of 60 grams per litre complains of
recent palpitations (an abnormal awareness of the heart beat, often rather fast). When at
rest, the pulse is 110 per minute and the blood pressure 140/60 mmHg.
D. A woman of 75 has noticed unusual lack of energy recently and feels she is paler than
usual. Her haemoglobin level is 110 grams per litre and the red cell count is depressed
beyond that expected with the fall in haemoglobin. The circulating level of vitamin B12
is very low, but the folate level is normal.
E. A patient with moderate anaemia is found to have a bruit (abnormal murmur) when a
stethoscope is used to listen over each of the carotid arteries in the neck. The doctor is
inclined to attribute the murmur to a physical effect of the anaemia on the blood rather
than to an abnormality of the carotid arteries.
 28 Body fluids – answers

Answers for 61
A. Option 7 Use of stored blood. This blood has the characteristic property of stored
EMQ

blood – a low level of 2:3-DPG. Hence the blood oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to
the left, and the blood does not give up adequate oxygen at tissue oxygen tensions.
B. Option 4 Minor incompatibility. There has been a mild antibody rejection of the
donor red cells. A relatively small number of these have been broken down (lysed) to
release bilirubin which causes the jaundice. The immune response also releases products,
including interleukin-1, which cause the fever.
C. Option 3 Major incompatibility. This type of mistake carries a high risk of death
because the recipient’s naturally occurring anti-A antibody (agglutinin) rapidly destroys
the transfused group A red cells, releasing huge amounts of deadly toxins.
D. Option 6 Massive blood transfusion. A massive blood transfusion is defined as one
where the volume of blood transfused equals or exceeds the patient’s original blood
volume. Stored blood carries the problem mentioned in (A) but because large volumes of
blood must be given very rapidly there is not time to heat them to body temperature from
their initial low temperature, so the patient’s core temperature drops (hypothermia). This
compounds the shift in the blood oxygen dissociation curve and also slows the coagula-
tion reactions.
E. Option 5 Multiple repeated transfusions. Such patients require regular blood trans-
fusions on repeated occasions, so their immune system builds up antibodies to minor
blood group antigens such as M, N, Kell and Duffy.

Answers for 62
A. Option 5 Normocytic anaemia. The haemoglobin concentration is about half normal,
indicating moderate anaemia. Since the red cells look normal and mean cell volume is also
normal this is a normocytic anaemia. It could be due to bone marrow disease, lack of
erythropoietin or other chronic disease.
B. Option 1 Iron deficiency anaemia. This patient has symptoms of anaemia, along with
a suggestion of repeated bleeding into the bowel and a diet likely to be low in iron. The
most likely explanation is anaemia due to iron deficiency. This is likely to be a microcytic
anaemia, but no confirmatory details of the presence of small pale red cells are given in
this case.
C. Option 7 Compensatory rise in cardiac output. This patient has severe anaemia. In
order to provide adequate oxygen for the tissues, the low oxygen content per litre must
be compensated by increased flow. This patient shows the features – fast pulse, high pulse
pressure – of an increased resting cardiac output (hyperdynamic circulation).
D. Option 2 Pernicious anaemia. This patient has moderately severe anaemia. Because
the red cell count is disproportionately low, the cells must be larger than normal – macro-
cytic. This is explained by the low level of vitamin B12 and the normal folate excludes
another major macrocytic anaemia. The B12 deficiency at this age is usually due to failure
of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor – pernicious anaemia. The term pernicious was
used because before the discovery of vitamin B12 there was no treatment and the condi-
tion got worse and worse until the patient died from an extremely low level of haemo-
globin.
E. Option 8 Decreased blood viscosity. A bruit or murmur in the circulation indicates tur-
bulent flow. Turbulent flow is much more likely as the viscosity of blood decreases. Since
most of the blood viscosity is due to the haematocrit, moderate anaemia could reduce the
viscosity by around half. The increased velocity of flow due to the increased cardiac
output mentioned in (C) would also increase the chance of turbulence.
 Body fluids – questions 29

EMQ Question 63
For each lipid-related topic A–E, select the most appropriate option from the following list.

EMQ
1. Coronary artery disease risk factor. 2. Source of energy.
3. Cell membrane solubility. 4. Cell membrane structure.
5. Metabolic energy per unit mass. 6. Derived from cholesterol.
7. Body lipid stores. 8. Lipase.
9. Carbohydrate hormones. 10. Protein hormones.
A. When explorers were crossing Antarctica trailing all their food in a hand sleigh there
was an advantage in taking a high proportion of fat rather than carbohydrate.
B. Oestradiol, testosterone and aldosterone share a property which is not shared by insulin
and vasopressin.
C. In life-threatening acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) considerable tissue
damage is produced by a chemical which is detected in the bloodstream in large
amounts.
D. In patients who have had a heart attack due to blockage of the blood supply of the
myocardium, drugs may be given to lower the blood cholesterol level.
E. The interior of muscle fibres contains many glycogen granules and lipid droplets.
EMQ Question 64
For each of the descriptions A–E, select the most appropriate option from the following list.
1. Neutrophil polymorphonuclear 2. Platelet.
1. granulocyte. 3. Lymphocyte.
4. Thrombocytopoenia. 5. Leukaemia.
A. Responsible for ingesting invading bacteria.
B. The blood cell most affected by AIDS.
C. A condition where abnormal white cells invade the bone marrow.
D. The smallest cellular element in the blood.
E. Uniquely capable of becoming sticky.
EMQ Question 65
For each of the descriptions related to body fluids A–E, select the most appropriate option from
the following list.
1. Osmolality. 2. Plasma albumin.
3. Glucose. 4. Sodium.
5. Plasma globulin.
A. Responsible for most of the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma.
B. Responsible for fluid shifts between intracellular and extracellular fluid.
C. Provides about half of osmotically active particles in extracellular fluid.
D. Mainly responsible for opposing the leak of fluid out of capillaries.
E. Determines the freezing point of a solution.
 30 Body fluids – answers

Answers for 63
A. Option 5 Metabolic energy per unit mass. Fat liberates just over twice the metabolic
EMQ

energy per unit mass that is liberated by metabolism of carbohydrates. The two substrates
are both used by the body to provide energy especially in strenuous exercise. So by drag-
ging relatively large amounts of fat the explorers were minimizing the load on their sleigh
and maximizing the energy they obtained from their food.
B. Option 6 Derived from cholesterol. Oestradiol, testosterone and aldosterone are all
derived in the body from cholesterol. Despite being a risk factor for arterial disease when
present in excess in the blood, cholesterol is a precursor of vital hormones and is synthe-
sized in the body. Insulin is a protein hormone and vasopressin a polypeptide hormone.
C. Option 8 Lipase. In acute pancreatitis large amounts of lipase escape into the blood
and this leads to widespread fat necrosis as part of the life-threatening state when the pan-
creatic hormones enter the bloodstream.
D. Option 1 Coronary artery disease risk factor. Excessive lipids in the blood, including
cholesterol, are a risk factor for coronary atheroma. The lipid profile may also be improved
by moderate exercise and avoidance of obesity.
E. Option 2 Source of energy. During prolonged exercise energy is derived in approxi-
mately equal amounts from carbohydrate and fat. The glycogen granules in particular are
a major source of energy. They become more prominent with physical training and are
depleted after prolonged fasting exercise.

Answers for 64
A. Option 1 Neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocyte. These are the commonest of the
white cell types. In an area of serious prolonged infection the ‘neutrophils’ ingest bacte-
ria, eventually die and accumulate as pus.
B. Option 3 Lymphocyte. The lymphocytes are responsible for immunity, so a disease
which damages their function leads to immune deficiency.
C. Option 5 Leukaemia. Leukaemia is a cancerous multiplication of abnormal white cells
which replace normal bone marrow cells, suppressing normal formation of white cells, red
cells and other marrow-derived cells.
D. Option 2 Platelet. Platelets are about half the diameter of red cells, which in turn are
smaller than white cells. Lack of platelets is called thrombocytopoenia.
E. Option 2 Platelet. Areas of endothelial damage expose collagen to which platelets are
attracted. They adhere to the collagen and become sticky for other platelets so that a plate-
let plug develops to close the gap and prevent loss of blood.

Answers for 65
A. Option 2 Plasma albumin. Colloid osmotic pressure is due to protein molecules which
cannot readily cross the capillary wall; albumin constitutes the larger portion of the
plasma protein mass, its molecules are smaller than globulin so it exerts much more
osmotic pressure.
B. Option 1 Osmolality. Water passes across the cell wall by osmotic forces due to the
sum of the effects of all dissolved particles – the osmolality.
C. Option 4 Sodium. Sodium has a concentration around 135 mmol per litre and pro-
vides nearly half of the total osmolality of around 285 mosmol per kg.
D. Option 2 Plasma albumin. Because most particles are in equilibrium across the capil-
lary wall they do not contribute to the osmotic force opposing fluid leak. The proteins pro-
vide an opposing force and albumin is the commonest protein particle.
E. Option 1 Osmolality. Osmolality can be measured by noting the freezing point of the
solution being tested.
 Body fluids – questions 31

EMQ Question 66
For each of the intravenous fluids A–E, select the most appropriate option from the following

EMQ
list of infusions.
1. 50 per cent glucose. 2. 1.8 per cent saline.
3. 5 per cent glucose (dextrose). 4. Normal (0.9 per cent) saline (sodium
5. 8.4 per cent sodium bicarbonate. 4. chloride).
A. An isotonic solution which expands mainly the extracellular fluid volume.
B. An isotonic solution which expands both intra- and extracellular fluid volumes.
C. A major nutrient used in intravenous nutrition.
D. A hypertonic fluid with about twice the osmolality of plasma.
E. A fluid occasionally used to treat severe acidosis.
EMQ Question 67
For each of the body fluid disturbances A–E, select the most appropriate option from the fol-
lowing list of abnormalities.
1. Hyper-osmolality. 2. Hypo-osmolality.
3. Hyponatraemia. 4. Hyperkalaemia.
5. Raised haematocrit.
A. Excessive retention of water by the kidneys.
B. Excessive loss of plasma and extracellular fluid as a result of severe burns.
C. Likely to be present if the blood glucose level is 30 (normal 5–8) mmol/litre.
D. Produced by drinking excessive amounts of water.
E. Likely to cause swelling of brain cells.
 32 Body fluids – answers

Answers for 66
A. Option 4 Normal saline. Normal saline has the same tonicity (osmolality) as plasma
EMQ

and extracellular fluid. Sodium doesn’t enter intracellular fluid appreciably. The chloride
and water remain with the sodium in the extracellular space.
B. Option 3 5 per cent glucose. 5 per cent glucose (dextrose) is also isotonic. It has the
same number of particles as 0.9 per cent saline. Saline dissociates so the average particle
molecular weight is about 30. Dextrose has a molecular weight of 180 and does not dis-
sociate so about six times the mass of dextrose is required for isotonicity.
C. Option 1 50 per cent glucose. A litre of 50 per cent glucose contains 500 grams of
glucose, yielding about 2000 kilocalories (about 9 megajoules, MJ), around the resting
daily requirement of an adult.
D. Option 2 1.8 per cent saline. This is twice the osmolality of normal saline – around
600 as compared with around 300 mosmoles per kg.
E. Option 5 8.4 per cent sodium bicarbonate. This concentrated bicarbonate solution has
a high buffering capacity for hydrogen ions. However correcting acid–base balance is a
complex procedure rarely benefiting from such drastic measures.

Answers for 67
A. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Excessive retention of water dilutes all the body fluids
leading to hypo-osmolality. Water crosses the cell membrane until equilibrium is attained.
Inappropriately high levels of antidiuretic hormone could do this.
B. Option 5 Raised haematocrit. As fluid is lost, plasma volume declines, so the red
blood cells become an increasing proportion of blood volume.
C. Option 1 Hyper-osmolality. The high glucose raises the osmolality proportionately, so
a rise of 25 mmol/litre in the extracellular glucose level would raise the osmolality from
285 to 310 mosmol/kg, an appreciable rise. This would draw fluid from cells, including
brain cells, disturbing function.
D. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Drinking excessive amounts of water has the same effect
as excessive retention by the kidney. However healthy people promptly excrete the excess
fluid.
E. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Excess water is drawn into brain cells by osmosis. This also
disturbs brain function.
2 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 33

MCQs

MCQ
Questions 68–72
68. Coronary blood flow to the left ventricle increases during
A. Early systole.
B. Myocardial hypoxia.
C. Hypothermia.
D. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart.
E. Arterial hypertension.

69. Local metabolic activity is the chief factor determining the rate of blood
flow to the
A. Heart.
B. Skin.
C. Skeletal muscle.
D. Lung.
E. Kidney.

70. The pressure

A. Drop along large veins is similar to that along large arteries.
B. Drop across the hepatic portal bed is similar to that across the splenic vascular bed.
C. In the hepatic portal vein exceeds that in the inferior vena cava.
D. Drop across the vascular bed in the foot is greater when a subject is in the vertical than
when he is in the horizontal position.
E. In foot veins is lower when walking than when standing still.

71. The second heart sound differs from the first heart sound in that it is
A. Related to turbulence set up by valve closure.
B. Longer lasting than the first sound.
C. Higher in frequency.
D. Occasionally split.
E. Heard when the ventricles are relaxing.

72. Pulmonary vascular resistance is

A. Less than one-third that offered by the systemic circuit.
B. Decreased when alveolar oxygen pressure falls.
C. Expressed in units of volume flow per unit time per unit pressure gradient.
D. Decreased during exercise.
E. Regulated reflexly by sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves.
 34 Cardiovascular system – answers

Answers
MCQ

68.
A. False It falls; coronary vessels are compressed by the contracting myocardium.
B. True A fall in PO2 has a potent vasodilator effect on coronary vessels. Adenosine
released from hypoxic myocardium is also a potent vasodilator.
C. False The fall in metabolic rate and cardiac output in hypothermia reduce cardiac work
and lead to a reduction in coronary blood flow.
D. True Sympathetic stimulation increases the rate and force of contraction; the resulting
increase in the rate of production of vasodilator metabolites dilates coronary ves-
sels.
E. True Myocardial work and metabolism are increased in hypertension.
69.
A. True There is a close relationship between the work of the heart and coronary flow.
B. False Skin blood flow is geared mainly to thermoregulation and normally exceeds that
needed for skin’s modest metabolic requirements.
C. True Local blood flow is largely determined by the vasoactive metabolites such as
rising PCO2, H⫹ concentration and falling PO2. The changes produced by vaso-
motornerves are small compared with those produced by metabolites.
D. False The entire cardiac output must pass through the lungs regardless of the local
metabolic needs of the pulmonary tissues. It is greatly in excess of the lungs’
metabolic needs.
E. False As in skin, renal blood flow (about one quarter of total cardiac output) greatly
exceeds local metabolic needs. The blood is sent to the kidneys for processing.
70.
A. True About 10 mmHg or less; both offer little resistance to flow.
B. False The drop across the splenic vascular bed (about 60 mmHg) is much larger; the
hepatic portal bed offers little resistance to flow.
C. True Otherwise blood would not flow through the portal bed.
D. False Changing from the horizontal to the vertical position increases arterial and
venous pressures equally.
E. True The muscle pump in the leg decreases venous pressure.
71.
A. False This applies to both heart sounds.
B. False It is about 20 per cent shorter.
C. True About 50 Hz compared with 35 Hz for the first sound.
D. False Both may be split due to asynchronous valve closure.
E. True The first sound is due to ventricular systole; the second occurs during ventricu-
lar relaxation when the aortic valves snap shut as ventricular pressure falls below
aortic.
72.
A. True The pressure head needed to drive cardiac output through the pulmonary circuit
(about 15 mmHg) is much less than that needed in the systemic circuit (about
90 mmHg).
B. False The reverse is true; low alveolar PO2 may cause pulmonary hypertension.
C. False These are conductance units, the reciprocal of resistance units.
D. True Thus there is little rise in pulmonary arterial pressure during exercise despite the
increased flow rate. Release of nitric oxide from the pulmonary vascular endo-
thelium may account for the vasodilatation.
E. False Pulmonary vascular resistance is controlled by local rather than by nervous
mechanisms.
 Cardiovascular system – questions 35

Questions 73–78

MCQ
73. Ventricular filling
A. Depends mainly on atrial contraction.
B. Begins during isometric ventricular relaxation.
C. Gives rise to a third heart sound in some healthy people.
D. Can occur only when atrial pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
E. Is most rapid in the first half of diastole.

74. Veins
A. Contain most of the blood volume.
B. Have a sympathetic vasoconstrictor innervation.
C. Receive nutrition from vasa vasorum arising from their lumen.
D. Respond to distension by contraction of their smooth muscle.
E. Undergo smooth muscle hypertrophy when exposed to high pressure through an arterio-
venous fistula.

75. In the heart

A. The left atrial wall is about three times thicker than the right atrial wall.
B. Systolic contraction normally begins in the left atrium.
C. Excitation spreads directly from atrial muscle cells to ventricular muscle cells.
D. Atrial and ventricular muscle contracts simultaneously in systole.
E. The contracting ventricles shorten from apex to base.

76. Isometric (static) exercise differs from isotonic (dynamic) exercise in that
it causes a greater increase in
A. Venous return.
B. Pressure in the veins draining the exercising muscle.
C. Muscle blood flow.
D. Mean arterial pressure.
E. Cardiac work for the same increase in cardiac output.

77. The net loss of fluid from capillaries in the legs is increased by
A. Arteriolar dilation.
B. Change from the recumbent to the standing position.
C. Lymphatic obstruction.
D. Leg exercise.
E. Plasma albumin depletion.

78. When measuring blood pressure by the auscultatory method

A. The sounds that are heard are generated in the heart.
B. The cuff pressure at which the first sounds are heard indicate systolic pressure.
C. The cuff pressure at which the loudest sounds are heard indicate diastolic pressure.
D. Systolic pressure estimations tend to be lower than those made by the palpatory
method.
E. Wider cuffs are required for larger arms.
 36 Cardiovascular system – answers

Answers
MCQ

73.
A. False Atrial contraction accounts for only about 20 per cent of filling at rest.
B. False During this phase the AV valves are closed and ventricular volume is constant.
C. True This low-pitched sound is sometimes heard in early diastole.
D. False Filling occurs when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure.
E. True Due to entry of blood accumulated in the atria during ventricular systole.

74.
A. True Around three-quarters; veins are referred to as ‘capacitance’ vessels.
B. True These modulate venous capacity.
C. False Their vasa arise from neighbouring arteries.
D. True This ‘myogenic’ response helps to limit the degree of distension.
E. True Another functional adaptation to resist distension.

75.
A. False Their wall thickness is similar since the workload of the two atria is similar.
B. False It begins at the sinuatrial node in the right atrium.
C. False Excitation can only pass from atria to ventricles via specialized conducting tissue
in the AV bundle.
D. False Delay of excitation in the AV bundle makes atrial precede ventricular contraction.
E. True Due to the spiral arrangement of some muscle fibres; circular fibres reduce ven-
tricular circumference.

76.
A. False The muscle pump is more effective in dynamic than in static exercise.
B. True In dynamic exercise, the muscle pump increases venous return and so decreases
venous pressure in dependent veins.
C. False The increase is less since inflow is obstructed by the sustained compression
exerted by the contracting muscle.
D. True There is relatively little fall in total peripheral resistance with static exercise.
E. True The rise in arterial pressure with static exercise increases cardiac work since car-
diac output has to be ejected against a higher aortic pressure.

77.
A. True This increases capillary hydrostatic pressure.
B. True In the standing position, capillary pressure increases by the hydrostatic equiva-
lent of the column of blood below the heart.
C. False Lymphatic obstruction allows tissue fluid to accumulate; the rise in interstitial
pressure reduces the capillary transmural hydrostatic pressure gradient.
D. True Capillary pressure rises during the exercise hyperaemia.
E. True Hypoproteinaemia decreases the transmural colloid osmotic pressure gradient.

78.
A. False Korotkoff sounds are produced locally by the turbulence of blood being forced
past the narrow segment of a partially occluded artery.
B. True The sharp taps of Phase 1 are generated as the systolic pressure peaks force blood
under the cuff.
C. False Sudden muffling (Phase 4) or disappearance (Phase 5) of the sounds indicate the
diastolic pressure point.
D. False They are usually higher since palpation may fail to detect the first tiny pulses.
E. True Otherwise the full cuff pressure may not be transmitted to the artery.
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